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Various adjustments and simplifications of meeting and decision-making mechanisms" /> <title>(PDF) Public Participation and Implementation of the Representative Function of the Indonesian Parliament during the Enforcement of the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency | Fitra Arsil - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/61562442/Public_Participation_and_Implementation_of_the_Representative_Function_of_the_Indonesian_Parliament_during_the_Enforcement_of_the_Covid_19_Pandemic_Emergency" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732470473000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732470473000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"When the Covid 19 pandemic hit the world and there was a state of emergency in various countries, the parliament also responded so that they could continue to work. Various adjustments and simplifications of meeting and decision-making mechanisms were made. The House of Representatives of Indonesia issued a new regulatory regulation to accommodate the virtual meeting mechanism and the use of information technology in meetings and decision making. Armed with these new rules and regulations during the 2020 pandemic emergency, the House of Representatives of Indonesia carried out its functions such as forming laws, supervising, and forming the state budget. However, the interesting fact that appears is that House of Representatives of Indonesia\u0026amp;#39;s products have a low level of public participation and a reduced representation function. Information technology and virtual meetings have not been able to facilitate the quality and quantity of the implementation of democratic procedures in the House of Representatives of Indonesia.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Fitra Arsil"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-11-11","dateModified":"2021-11-11","datePublished":"2021-01-01","headline":"Public Participation and Implementation of the Representative Function of the Indonesian Parliament during the Enforcement of the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Political Participation","Political Representation","Congressional Politics","Parliamentary Politics","Public Policy","Pandemic Coronavirus COVID19"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"2nd International Conference on Universal Wellbeing 12 December 2020 At: 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F61562442%2FPublic_Participation_and_Implementation_of_the_Representative_Function_of_the_Indonesian_Parliament_during_the_Enforcement_of_the_Covid_19_Pandemic_Emergency%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":74558403,"identifier":"Attachment_74558403","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":61562442,"created_at":"2021-11-11T22:53:20.817-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-11-24T21:38:32.187-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"When the Covid 19 pandemic hit the world and there was a state of emergency in various countries, the parliament also responded so that they could continue to work. Various adjustments and simplifications of meeting and decision-making mechanisms were made. The House of Representatives of Indonesia issued a new regulatory regulation to accommodate the virtual meeting mechanism and the use of information technology in meetings and decision making. Armed with these new rules and regulations during the 2020 pandemic emergency, the House of Representatives of Indonesia carried out its functions such as forming laws, supervising, and forming the state budget. However, the interesting fact that appears is that House of Representatives of Indonesia's products have a low level of public participation and a reduced representation function. Information technology and virtual meetings have not been able to facilitate the quality and quantity of the implementation of democratic procedures in the House of Representatives of Indonesia.","publication_date":"2021,,","publication_name":"2nd International Conference on Universal Wellbeing 12 December 2020 At: Jakarta"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Public Participation and Implementation of the Representative Function of the Indonesian Parliament during the Enforcement of the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4061210]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":74558403,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Public Participation and Implementation of the Representative Function of the Indonesian Parliament during the Enforcement of the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/74558403/mini_magick20211111-32470-op4qpc.png?1636700039" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Public Participation and Implementation of the Representative Function of the Indonesian Parliament during the Enforcement of the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4061210" href="https://ui.academia.edu/FitraArsil"><img alt="Profile image of Fitra Arsil" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4061210/1555767/23903010/s65_fitra.arsil.jpg" />Fitra Arsil</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021, 2nd International Conference on Universal Wellbeing 12 December 2020 At: Jakarta</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">When the Covid 19 pandemic hit the world and there was a state of emergency in various countries, the parliament also responded so that they could continue to work. Various adjustments and simplifications of meeting and decision-making mechanisms were made. The House of Representatives of Indonesia issued a new regulatory regulation to accommodate the virtual meeting mechanism and the use of information technology in meetings and decision making. Armed with these new rules and regulations during the 2020 pandemic emergency, the House of Representatives of Indonesia carried out its functions such as forming laws, supervising, and forming the state budget. However, the interesting fact that appears is that House of Representatives of Indonesia's products have a low level of public participation and a reduced representation function. Information technology and virtual meetings have not been able to facilitate the quality and quantity of the implementation of democratic procedures in the House of Representatives of Indonesia.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":74558403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/61562442/Public_Participation_and_Implementation_of_the_Representative_Function_of_the_Indonesian_Parliament_during_the_Enforcement_of_the_Covid_19_Pandemic_Emergency"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":74558403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/61562442/Public_Participation_and_Implementation_of_the_Representative_Function_of_the_Indonesian_Parliament_during_the_Enforcement_of_the_Covid_19_Pandemic_Emergency"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="74558403" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/61562442/Public_Participation_and_Implementation_of_the_Representative_Function_of_the_Indonesian_Parliament_during_the_Enforcement_of_the_Covid_19_Pandemic_Emergency" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="64651657" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651657/Struggling_to_change_the_Indonesian_Parliament_in_an_era_of_Reformasi">Struggling to change: the Indonesian Parliament in an era of Reformasi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57371421" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1">Stephen Sherlock</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study was commissioned by CDI as a contribution to developing international understanding of the Indonesian parliament. 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class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94031528/Weaknesses_of_the_Legislation_Function_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council_in_the_Bicameral_Parliament_System_in_Indonesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="108433197" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108433197/Instruments_of_Democracy_in_Law_Making_in_Indonesia">Instruments of Democracy in Law-Making in Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="104094522" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DodiJWardana">Dodi J Wardana</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Law is basis for the implementation of all policies made by the government. The legal policy as outlined in the law, becomes a means of social change, which contains policies to be achieved by the government, to direct people to accept the new values. The purpose of writing this paper is to examine the instruments of democracy in law-making, especially Indonesian law. This research uses statute and conceptual approach to study and analyze the conceptual framework that is suitable with this research, namely the instrument of democracy in law-making. Finding of the research is principle of democracy in law-making in Indonesia can be identified into three fundamental aspect: guarantee of information disclosure, public participation and public-rights mechanisms. Information Disclosure can be in the form of: (a) Guaranteed information disclosure, (b) Accountability, and (c) Consensus. Community participation is carried out through: (a) Public hearing, (b) Work visit, (c) Socialization, a...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Instruments of Democracy in Law-Making in Indonesia","attachmentId":106818376,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108433197/Instruments_of_Democracy_in_Law_Making_in_Indonesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108433197/Instruments_of_Democracy_in_Law_Making_in_Indonesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="44278131" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44278131/Legality_and_Legitimacy_of_the_Questionnaire_Rights_of_the_House_of_Representatives_in_Indonesia">Legality and Legitimacy of the Questionnaire Rights of the House of Representatives in Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2594470" href="https://independent.academia.edu/iosrjournals">IOSR Journals</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The manifestation of People's Sovereignty based on democracy led by solemn wisdom in representative deliberations, it is necessary to have a people's representative institution that can absorb and fight for the aspirations of the people to achieve national goals for the interests of the nation and the Republic of Indonesia optimally. For this purpose, a supervisory institution that is credible, honest, brave, and has the spirit of knights and statesmen is required. Supervision is intended as a means of governance that is formulated both philosophically and in the normative formulation so that the administration of government runs and achieves the stated goals. One of the characteristics of a modern (classical) state is the existence of supervision, in addition to the distribution of power and protection and a guarantee of human rights. Article 20A of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (the result) of the second amendment states that the House of Representatives has a legislative function, a budget function, and a supervisory function.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Legality and Legitimacy of the Questionnaire Rights of the House of Representatives in Indonesia","attachmentId":64656691,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44278131/Legality_and_Legitimacy_of_the_Questionnaire_Rights_of_the_House_of_Representatives_in_Indonesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44278131/Legality_and_Legitimacy_of_the_Questionnaire_Rights_of_the_House_of_Representatives_in_Indonesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="66655993" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66655993/Bureaucracy_Reform_Implementation_of_Legislative_Institutions_in_Indonesia">Bureaucracy Reform Implementation of Legislative Institutions in Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5314729" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EllyYuliawati">Elly Yuliawati</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the International Conference on Psychology and Communication 2018 (ICPC 2018), 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bureaucracy Reform Implementation of Legislative Institutions in Indonesia","attachmentId":77762131,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66655993/Bureaucracy_Reform_Implementation_of_Legislative_Institutions_in_Indonesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66655993/Bureaucracy_Reform_Implementation_of_Legislative_Institutions_in_Indonesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="2446343" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2446343/Deliberation_of_the_State_Budget_Bill_RUU_APBN_and_Border_Issues_at_the_Indonesian_House_of_Representatives_DPR_A_Current_Study_on_Access_to_">Deliberation of the State Budget Bill (RUU APBN) and Border Issues at the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR): A Current Study on Access to …</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1318102" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EndangSrihadi">Endang Srihadi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Deliberation of the State Budget Bill (RUU APBN) and Border Issues at the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR): A Current Study on Access to …","attachmentId":30469490,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2446343/Deliberation_of_the_State_Budget_Bill_RUU_APBN_and_Border_Issues_at_the_Indonesian_House_of_Representatives_DPR_A_Current_Study_on_Access_to_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2446343/Deliberation_of_the_State_Budget_Bill_RUU_APBN_and_Border_Issues_at_the_Indonesian_House_of_Representatives_DPR_A_Current_Study_on_Access_to_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="30174269" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30174269/The_Indonesian_Parliament_after_Two_Elections_What_has_Really_Changed">The Indonesian Parliament after Two Elections: What has Really Changed</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57371421" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1">Stephen Sherlock</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Foreword This paper follows from a study on the structure and operation of the Indonesian parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Raykat (DPR)) commissioned by the Centre for Democratic Institutions (CDI) and published in 2003. 1 The 2003 paper described the role, composition and structure of the DPR and made an assessment of its effectiveness as an institution in the context of the rapidly changing political scene in Indonesia after the fall of the Suharto regime. The paper concluded that great changes had occurred in Indonesian politics and that the DPR was part of those changes and was being forced to accommodate to continuing change. But it was also argued that the DPR was heavily marked by the traditions, procedures and practices of authoritarianism and that popular opinions about the Members of the DPR were dominated by perceptions of corruption, inefficiency and self-seeking behaviour. The first CDI study should be read in conjunction with this paper. In October 2004, the second democratically elected DPR was sworn into office. But unlike the chamber elected in 1999, this DPR did not then meet as the Majelis Permusyawarahan Rakyat (MPR) and choose the President. Constitutional changes meant that the President had been chosen by the electorate in a direct popular election. The President was no longer answerable to the DPR but to the electorate. This reform fundamentally altered the relationship between the DPR and the Presidency, turning Indonesia from something of a hybrid parliamentary-presidential system into a more straightforward presidential style of government with a clearer separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Indonesian Parliament after Two Elections: What has Really Changed","attachmentId":50631997,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30174269/The_Indonesian_Parliament_after_Two_Elections_What_has_Really_Changed","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30174269/The_Indonesian_Parliament_after_Two_Elections_What_has_Really_Changed"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":74558403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":74558403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_74558403" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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