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class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57371421">View All (6)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57371421" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libertarianism"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1","location":"/StephenSherlock1","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/StephenSherlock1","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Libertarianism"]}" data-trace="false" 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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-242bf985-ad68-41e7-9ca5-7a92ca48069a"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-242bf985-ad68-41e7-9ca5-7a92ca48069a"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Stephen Sherlock</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="122626873"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/122626873/War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_By_Todung_Mulya_Lubis_Melbourne_Melbourne_University_Press_2023_Pp_xix_244_Paperback_A_40_E_book_A_26"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience <i>War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience</i> . By Todung Mulya Lubis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2023. Pp xix + 244. Paperback: A$40. E-book: A$26" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/122626873/War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_By_Todung_Mulya_Lubis_Melbourne_Melbourne_University_Press_2023_Pp_xix_244_Paperback_A_40_E_book_A_26">War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience <i>War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience</i> . By Todung Mulya Lubis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2023. Pp xix + 244. Paperback: A$40. E-book: A$26</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bulletin of Indonesian economic studies</span><span>, Jan 2, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122626873"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122626873"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122626873; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122626873]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122626873]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122626873; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122626873']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122626873]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122626873,"title":"War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience \u003ci\u003eWar on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience\u003c/i\u003e . 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=113352544]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":113352544,"title":"Democratic Achievement and Policy Paralysis","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113352544/Democratic_Achievement_and_Policy_Paralysis","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="96400311"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/96400311/Strengthening_Substantive_Representation_of_Women_through_the_Engagement_Model_of_the_Women_s_Movement_with_the_DPR_and_DPRD_in_Indonesia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Strengthening Substantive Representation of Women through the Engagement Model of the Women’s Movement with the DPR and DPRD in Indonesia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98308787/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/96400311/Strengthening_Substantive_Representation_of_Women_through_the_Engagement_Model_of_the_Women_s_Movement_with_the_DPR_and_DPRD_in_Indonesia">Strengthening Substantive Representation of Women through the Engagement Model of the Women’s Movement with the DPR and DPRD in Indonesia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Jurnal Perempuan</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although it has not yet reached an ideal composition, the adoption of a 30% quota of women in ele...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although it has not yet reached an ideal composition, the adoption of a 30% quota of women in elections in Indonesia has increased the number of women in parliament, both at the central level (House of Representative/DPR) and at the regional level (Regional House of Representatives/DPRD). However, the issue of women’s representation in parliament is not only a matter of representation based on sex, but also of substantive representation, where women’s political agenda can be voiced. One of the concepts developed by feminist thinking is the concept of critical actors. This article seeks to explain how women’s organizations and parliamentarians are critical actors that encourage women’s involvement with parliament. This article explains how the involvement between women’s organizations and parliament can strengthen the substantive representation of women in both the DPR and the DPRD. The article is developed based on studies on engagement models of MAMPU’s partners with the DPR and DPRD.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="963d7d66e4fcdba3d3426df1ffc7b59f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":98308787,"asset_id":96400311,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98308787/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="96400311"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="96400311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 96400311; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89578184"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89578184/The_2004_Indonesian_Elections_How_the_System_Works_and_What_the_Parties_Stand_For_A_Report_on_Political_Parties"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The 2004 Indonesian Elections: How the System Works and What the Parties Stand For A Report on Political Parties" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93357468/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89578184/The_2004_Indonesian_Elections_How_the_System_Works_and_What_the_Parties_Stand_For_A_Report_on_Political_Parties">The 2004 Indonesian Elections: How the System Works and What the Parties Stand For A Report on Political Parties</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">is a political analyst and development consultant, specializing in Indonesia and South and Southe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">is a political analyst and development consultant, specializing in Indonesia and South and Southeast Asia. He had ten years experience as an analyst and policy adviser on Indonesia and East Timor in the Australian Parliament. He was also a Governance Adviser to the World Bank office in Jakarta. He is currently working as an independent consultant on governance and political change in Indonesia.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cfa5139c813994ec57a34b7100bf1c8f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93357468,"asset_id":89578184,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93357468/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89578184"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89578184"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89578184; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81653019"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653019/Democracy_promotion_and_and_039_new_and_039_democracies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Democracy promotion and &#039;new&#039; democracies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653019/Democracy_promotion_and_and_039_new_and_039_democracies">Democracy promotion and &#039;new&#039; democracies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the notion that democratic ideals are universal and that their spread across the globe can be encouraged by governments. One of the more recent expressions of the idea has been the “democracy promotion” programs funded by official aid agencies of developed democracies, but the idea has changed and evolved over time. But from the very beginning, debate over the promotion of democracy could never be neatly disentangled from arguments about the interests of the countries doing the promoting.&nbsp; Reviewing a paper that examines recent trends in the foreign policy positions of Brazil, India, South Africa, Indonesia and Turkey, this artlcle discusses how the US and other Western countries should respond to those policies and how these rising democracies’ foreign policies should be engaged with in order to encourage increased commitment to the promotion of democracy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81653019"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81653019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81653019; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81653019]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81653019]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81653019; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81653019']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81653019]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81653019,"title":"Democracy promotion and \u0026#039;new\u0026#039; democracies","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81653019/Democracy_promotion_and_and_039_new_and_039_democracies","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81653017"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653017/East_Timorese_asylum_seekers_legal_issues_and_policy_implications_ten_years_on"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of East Timorese asylum seekers: legal issues and policy implications ten years on" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653017/East_Timorese_asylum_seekers_legal_issues_and_policy_implications_ten_years_on">East Timorese asylum seekers: legal issues and policy implications ten years on</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This brief provides an overview of the current predicament in which approximately 1650 East Timor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This brief provides an overview of the current predicament in which approximately 1650 East Timorese who sought protection from Australia in early 1990s now find themselves. The paper examines the reasons for the lengthy delay in processing their claims for asylum, overviews the pertinent legal history, the current political and popular responses to the issue, and canvasses a number of policy options open to the Government that would allow it to resolve the status of these East Timorese without repatriation to East Timor.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81653017"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81653017"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81653017; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81653017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81653017]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81653017; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81653017']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81653017]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81653017,"title":"East Timorese asylum seekers: legal issues and policy implications ten years on","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81653017/East_Timorese_asylum_seekers_legal_issues_and_policy_implications_ten_years_on","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81652815"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81652815/Research_for_Better_Aid_An_Evaluation_of_DFATs_Investments"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Research for Better Aid: An Evaluation of DFAT's Investments" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87623130/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81652815/Research_for_Better_Aid_An_Evaluation_of_DFATs_Investments">Research for Better Aid: An Evaluation of DFAT's Investments</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Assesses the degree to which the investment by the Australian aid program into research has been ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Assesses the degree to which the investment by the Australian aid program into research has been appropriate, effective and efficient, and provides recommendations for improving DFAT’s future management of research investment. Foreword Explores how research investment can be best managed to ensure DFAT supports aid innovation and high-quality aid program and policy decision-making. The evaluation focuses on whether the management of DFAT’s considerable development research investment has been appropriate, effective and efficient. Employing a multi-dimensional evaluation method, it draws on the experiences of DFAT staff and stakeholders, as well as the available expenditure data, in arriving at a set of well-supported findings and recommendations. The report makes several important points about the need for DFAT to have a clear sense about why and how it funds research. The department’s managers and officers need especially to be conscious of the effectiveness and efficiency risks im...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="042fb1b7cb260eb0ff9c5f0c49d9b6ed" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87623130,"asset_id":81652815,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87623130/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81652815"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81652815"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81652815; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76598572"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598572/6_A_balancing_act_relations_between_state_institutions_under_Yudhyono"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 6 A balancing act: relations between state institutions under Yudhyono" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598572/6_A_balancing_act_relations_between_state_institutions_under_Yudhyono">6 A balancing act: relations between state institutions under Yudhyono</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When Susilo Bambang Yudhyono was sworn into office in October 2004, he was stepping into a set of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When Susilo Bambang Yudhyono was sworn into office in October 2004, he was stepping into a set of constitutional arrangements and political circumstances that was without historical precedent in Indonesia. Following the constitutional reforms of 1999–2002, Yudhoyono faced the task of managing new and untested relationships among the major institutions of state, especially between the presidency and the parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR). But while Yudhoyono was Indo nesia&amp;#39;s first directly elected president, popular and elite views of the office of the presidency were characterised by a sense of continuity rather than difference. There was a widespread, if unspoken, assumption that Yudhoyono was occupying the same office as his predecessors, just doing so in a democratic environment. Echoing this default view, Anies Baswedan (2007: 232) explained that &amp;#39;an important and enduring feature of Indonesian politics has been the dominance of the president. … Indo-nesia&amp;#39;s first two presidents set a precedent for the role and stature of their successors&amp;#39;. Clearly, the towering figures of Sukarno and Suharto had stamped an indelible impression on the minds of Indonesians that the president was the most powerful personage in the land. This left a legacy of expectations for Yudhoyono about the supposedly superior role and power of the presidency. Thus, when the parliament , with its new constitutional powers and popular legitimacy, asserted itself on a number of occasions during his presidency, some observers believed that the relative powers of the executive and legislative branches had become unbalanced and, even more importantly, that the DPR was attempting to usurp the powers of the president (Susanti</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598572"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598572"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598572; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598572]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598572; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76598572']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76598572]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76598572,"title":"6 A balancing act: relations between state institutions under Yudhyono","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76598572/6_A_balancing_act_relations_between_state_institutions_under_Yudhyono","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76598571"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598571/Railway_Workers_and_Their_Unions_Origins_of_1974_Indian_Railways_Strike"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598571/Railway_Workers_and_Their_Unions_Origins_of_1974_Indian_Railways_Strike">Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economic and Political Weekly</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... The recognised unions at-tempted to persuade the loco running staff to return to work, arguin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... The recognised unions at-tempted to persuade the loco running staff to return to work, arguing that they had long been taking up the locomen&amp;#x27;s case with the railway administration;43 For several days the railway minister, LN Mishra, hoped that the combination of pressure frQm ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598571"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598571"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598571; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598570]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598570]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598570; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76598570']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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A couple of the women could be seen as continuing in the tradition of Megawati, Benazir Bhutto or Indira Gandhi and being elected because ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598569"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598569"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598569; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598569]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598569]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598569; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76598569']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76598569]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76598569,"title":"Indonesia's regional assembly: Democracy, representation and the regions","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76598569/Indonesias_regional_assembly_Democracy_representation_and_the_regions","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76598485"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598485/Class_Re_formation_in_Mumbai_Has_Organised_Labour_Risen_to_the_Challenge"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Class Re-formation in Mumbai: Has Organised Labour Risen to the Challenge?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598485/Class_Re_formation_in_Mumbai_Has_Organised_Labour_Risen_to_the_Challenge">Class Re-formation in Mumbai: Has Organised Labour Risen to the Challenge?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economic and Political Weekly</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... The RMMS&#x27;s connections in the new state government of Mumbai allowed the Sangh to become...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... The RMMS&#x27;s connections in the new state government of Mumbai allowed the Sangh to become the ... The RMMS often signed agreements with the mill-owners following strikes it had done its ... demand in most textile industry disputes ever since, including the historic strike of 1982 ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598485"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598485"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598485; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598485]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598485]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598485; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76598485']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76598485]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76598485,"title":"Class Re-formation in Mumbai: Has Organised Labour Risen to the Challenge?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76598485/Class_Re_formation_in_Mumbai_Has_Organised_Labour_Risen_to_the_Challenge","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651810"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651810/Democracy_promotion_as_development_assistance_and_diplomacy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Democracy promotion as development assistance and diplomacy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588290/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651810/Democracy_promotion_as_development_assistance_and_diplomacy">Democracy promotion as development assistance and diplomacy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the notion that democratic ideals are universal and that their spread across the globe can be encouraged by governments. One of the more recent expressions of the idea has been the “democracy promotion” programs funded by official aid agencies of developed democracies, but the idea has changed and evolved over time. In fact, the first advocates of the idea of universal economic and political rights were mainly non-government organisations, particularly the international labour movement, which organised across borders from the late 19th century onwards to defend workers’ conditions and to fight for the right to vote. But following the First World War and the break-up of a number of European empires, the earliest state-sponsored initiative was US President Woodrow Wilson’s promotion of the ideal of an international system of states based on the rights of peoples to self-determination. While not...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="26ef2a2115f410142d450b418d88c41c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588290,"asset_id":64651810,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588290/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651810"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651810"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651810; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651809"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651809/Indonesia_s_anti_pornography_bill_A_Case_study_of_decision_making_in_the_Indonesian_Parliament_DPR_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Indonesia’s anti-pornography bill : A Case study of decision making in the Indonesian Parliament (DPR)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588288/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651809/Indonesia_s_anti_pornography_bill_A_Case_study_of_decision_making_in_the_Indonesian_Parliament_DPR_">Indonesia’s anti-pornography bill : A Case study of decision making in the Indonesian Parliament (DPR)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The question is as old as the nation: What role is Islam supposed to play in society and, more im...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The question is as old as the nation: What role is Islam supposed to play in society and, more importantly, in governing Muslim Indonesia. While having a paramount Muslim majority, the country is, after all, a multi-cultural and multi-religious country. Its Muslim majority traditionally embraces values of tolerance and understanding towards those who practice another faith. The authors of Indonesia’s constitution saw this as a constitutive principle of the Indonesian society as well as a prerequisite for the unity of the nation. They intended to protect the legitimate interests of all faiths through article 29 of the constitution which stipulates that “the state guarantees the freedom of all residents to embrace their own religion and to worship according to the own religion and beliefs”.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dd039f190c2d639ff2568747893294c0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588288,"asset_id":64651809,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588288/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651809"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651809"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651809; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651808"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651808/Democracy_promotion_and_new_democracies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Democracy promotion and “ new ” democracies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588287/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651808/Democracy_promotion_and_new_democracies">Democracy promotion and “ new ” democracies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early decades of the 20 th century, an element of international relations has been the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early decades of the 20 th century, an element of international relations has been the notion that democratic ideals are universal and that their spread across the globe can be encouraged by governments. One of the more recent expressions of the idea has been the “democracy promotion” programs funded by official aid agencies of developed democracies, but the idea has changed and evolved over time. In fact, the first advocates of the idea of universal economic and political rights were mainly non-government organisations, particularly the international labour movement, which organised across borders from the late 19 th century onwards to defend workers’ conditions and to fight for the right to vote. But following the First World War and the break-up of a number of European empires, the earliest state-sponsored initiative was US President Woodrow Wilson’s promotion of the ideal of an international system of states based on the rights of peoples to self-determination. While n...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a3528e7afc452318ac0085cd04963432" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588287,"asset_id":64651808,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588287/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651808"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651808"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651808; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651806"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651806/Alliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supporting_Women_s_Agency_in_Civil_Society_Organisations_in_Indonesia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Alliances of Instrumental Advantage: Supporting Women’s Agency in Civil Society Organisations in Indonesia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588283/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651806/Alliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supporting_Women_s_Agency_in_Civil_Society_Organisations_in_Indonesia">Alliances of Instrumental Advantage: Supporting Women’s Agency in Civil Society Organisations in Indonesia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Politics and Governance</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines how Indonesian civil society organisations (CSOs) working for women’s empow...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines how Indonesian civil society organisations (CSOs) working for women’s empowerment and gender equality have worked together with members of parliament (MPs) to support processes of developmental change. Examples are taken from initiatives supported by MAMPU, an Australian government funded project that promotes gender equality and women’s empowerment in Indonesia, describing ways in which gender-focused organisations have engaged with, and had an impact upon, the actions of political leaders in parliament. The article focuses on interaction between institutions and the agency exercised by individuals within institutions. MPs act within a structure of institutional and political incentives, but they also have the power to make choices about how they respond to incentives. Moreover, the leaders of outside actors such as CSOs can modify the structure of incentives by both applying pressure on MPs and providing opportunities for legislators to make different choices...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="83c3ec16146d0f561fc53667bd099fc6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588283,"asset_id":64651806,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588283/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651806"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651806"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651806; 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The first wave of reform under the unelected Habibie government of 1998-99 saw the removal of restrictions on civil rights such as freedom of speech, association and assembly, the creation of a range of new political parties and organisations and the country’s first democratic election in over 40 years in June 1999. The movement of the parliament (DPR1) back into the centre stage of political life and the subsequent election of a new President then led to a series of constitutional reforms that were completed in 2003. The constitutional reforms strengthened the powers of the parliament and eliminated most of the powers of the previously powerful quasi-legislative body, the MPR.2 The power to elect the President was removed from the MPR and was placed in the hands of the people through direct election. In addition, a new assembly, the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) or Regional Re...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5181fb769afeece5e1f5f500bc02a063" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588281,"asset_id":64651805,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588281/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651805"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651805"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651805; 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By Todung Mulya Lubis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2023. Pp xix + 244. Paperback: A$40. E-book: A$26" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/122626873/War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_By_Todung_Mulya_Lubis_Melbourne_Melbourne_University_Press_2023_Pp_xix_244_Paperback_A_40_E_book_A_26">War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience <i>War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience</i> . By Todung Mulya Lubis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2023. Pp xix + 244. Paperback: A$40. E-book: A$26</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bulletin of Indonesian economic studies</span><span>, Jan 2, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122626873"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122626873"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122626873; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122626873]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122626873]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122626873; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122626873']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122626873]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122626873,"title":"War on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience \u003ci\u003eWar on Corruption: An Indonesian Experience\u003c/i\u003e . 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E-book: A$26","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122626873/War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_War_on_Corruption_An_Indonesian_Experience_i_By_Todung_Mulya_Lubis_Melbourne_Melbourne_University_Press_2023_Pp_xix_244_Paperback_A_40_E_book_A_26","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="113353273"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/113353273/The_Consequences_of_Halfway_Constitutional_Reform"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Consequences of Halfway Constitutional Reform" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/113353273/The_Consequences_of_Halfway_Constitutional_Reform">The Consequences of Halfway Constitutional Reform</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press eBooks</span><span>, Nov 25, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113353273"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113353273"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113353273; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=113352544]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":113352544,"title":"Democratic Achievement and Policy Paralysis","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113352544/Democratic_Achievement_and_Policy_Paralysis","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="96400311"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/96400311/Strengthening_Substantive_Representation_of_Women_through_the_Engagement_Model_of_the_Women_s_Movement_with_the_DPR_and_DPRD_in_Indonesia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Strengthening Substantive Representation of Women through the Engagement Model of the Women’s Movement with the DPR and DPRD in Indonesia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98308787/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/96400311/Strengthening_Substantive_Representation_of_Women_through_the_Engagement_Model_of_the_Women_s_Movement_with_the_DPR_and_DPRD_in_Indonesia">Strengthening Substantive Representation of Women through the Engagement Model of the Women’s Movement with the DPR and DPRD in Indonesia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Jurnal Perempuan</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although it has not yet reached an ideal composition, the adoption of a 30% quota of women in ele...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although it has not yet reached an ideal composition, the adoption of a 30% quota of women in elections in Indonesia has increased the number of women in parliament, both at the central level (House of Representative/DPR) and at the regional level (Regional House of Representatives/DPRD). However, the issue of women’s representation in parliament is not only a matter of representation based on sex, but also of substantive representation, where women’s political agenda can be voiced. One of the concepts developed by feminist thinking is the concept of critical actors. This article seeks to explain how women’s organizations and parliamentarians are critical actors that encourage women’s involvement with parliament. This article explains how the involvement between women’s organizations and parliament can strengthen the substantive representation of women in both the DPR and the DPRD. The article is developed based on studies on engagement models of MAMPU’s partners with the DPR and DPRD.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="963d7d66e4fcdba3d3426df1ffc7b59f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":98308787,"asset_id":96400311,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98308787/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="96400311"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="96400311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 96400311; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89578184"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89578184/The_2004_Indonesian_Elections_How_the_System_Works_and_What_the_Parties_Stand_For_A_Report_on_Political_Parties"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The 2004 Indonesian Elections: How the System Works and What the Parties Stand For A Report on Political Parties" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93357468/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89578184/The_2004_Indonesian_Elections_How_the_System_Works_and_What_the_Parties_Stand_For_A_Report_on_Political_Parties">The 2004 Indonesian Elections: How the System Works and What the Parties Stand For A Report on Political Parties</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">is a political analyst and development consultant, specializing in Indonesia and South and Southe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">is a political analyst and development consultant, specializing in Indonesia and South and Southeast Asia. He had ten years experience as an analyst and policy adviser on Indonesia and East Timor in the Australian Parliament. He was also a Governance Adviser to the World Bank office in Jakarta. He is currently working as an independent consultant on governance and political change in Indonesia.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cfa5139c813994ec57a34b7100bf1c8f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93357468,"asset_id":89578184,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93357468/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89578184"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89578184"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89578184; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89578184]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89578184]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89578184; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89578184']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cfa5139c813994ec57a34b7100bf1c8f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89578184]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89578184,"title":"The 2004 Indonesian Elections: How the System Works and What the Parties Stand For A Report on Political Parties","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89578184/The_2004_Indonesian_Elections_How_the_System_Works_and_What_the_Parties_Stand_For_A_Report_on_Political_Parties","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[{"id":93357468,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93357468/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Sherlock.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93357468/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_2004_Indonesian_Elections_How_the_Sy.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/93357468/Sherlock-libre.pdf?1667197346=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_2004_Indonesian_Elections_How_the_Sy.pdf\u0026Expires=1740054767\u0026Signature=V40Q3oY~Tp1lkgChaL~kareegP8ZycLWRXFkJtNQOAiiJpLiJajtWVP0MB4A~Pzo2Ods9cVTQXacRe9E~UpTplBPAnPqzt8qRAly1QeaBfmG3NwIUQXTH~UdaWdM7ea4bker5wLMeSsqwyHMr52eW7pZfEXDaDi5BjKzrMPF3nbe6XlqrTAaoJPQWVl8fYq69wtQXYULklfdgwOcax5E-pcIHx0oAICpn1at5RzF1H-C~UhNrekKPd--DdOLngTgoiwZEO2GnCkrwrNqZQEOj~C8oMCKL9tPXld8UPzCRJR2UKFoSTNwZPhAvtK1Giiw7j6VLhdVQRC5eZXjvPx8Fw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81653019"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653019/Democracy_promotion_and_and_039_new_and_039_democracies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Democracy promotion and &#039;new&#039; democracies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653019/Democracy_promotion_and_and_039_new_and_039_democracies">Democracy promotion and &#039;new&#039; democracies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the notion that democratic ideals are universal and that their spread across the globe can be encouraged by governments. One of the more recent expressions of the idea has been the “democracy promotion” programs funded by official aid agencies of developed democracies, but the idea has changed and evolved over time. But from the very beginning, debate over the promotion of democracy could never be neatly disentangled from arguments about the interests of the countries doing the promoting.&nbsp; Reviewing a paper that examines recent trends in the foreign policy positions of Brazil, India, South Africa, Indonesia and Turkey, this artlcle discusses how the US and other Western countries should respond to those policies and how these rising democracies’ foreign policies should be engaged with in order to encourage increased commitment to the promotion of democracy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81653019"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81653019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81653019; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81653019]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81653019,"title":"Democracy promotion and \u0026#039;new\u0026#039; democracies","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81653019/Democracy_promotion_and_and_039_new_and_039_democracies","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81653017"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653017/East_Timorese_asylum_seekers_legal_issues_and_policy_implications_ten_years_on"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of East Timorese asylum seekers: legal issues and policy implications ten years on" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/81653017/East_Timorese_asylum_seekers_legal_issues_and_policy_implications_ten_years_on">East Timorese asylum seekers: legal issues and policy implications ten years on</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This brief provides an overview of the current predicament in which approximately 1650 East Timor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This brief provides an overview of the current predicament in which approximately 1650 East Timorese who sought protection from Australia in early 1990s now find themselves. The paper examines the reasons for the lengthy delay in processing their claims for asylum, overviews the pertinent legal history, the current political and popular responses to the issue, and canvasses a number of policy options open to the Government that would allow it to resolve the status of these East Timorese without repatriation to East Timor.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81653017"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81653017"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81653017; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81653017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81653017]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81653017; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81653017']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81653017]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81653017,"title":"East Timorese asylum seekers: legal issues and policy implications ten years on","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81653017/East_Timorese_asylum_seekers_legal_issues_and_policy_implications_ten_years_on","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81652815"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81652815/Research_for_Better_Aid_An_Evaluation_of_DFATs_Investments"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Research for Better Aid: An Evaluation of DFAT's Investments" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87623130/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81652815/Research_for_Better_Aid_An_Evaluation_of_DFATs_Investments">Research for Better Aid: An Evaluation of DFAT's Investments</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Assesses the degree to which the investment by the Australian aid program into research has been ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Assesses the degree to which the investment by the Australian aid program into research has been appropriate, effective and efficient, and provides recommendations for improving DFAT’s future management of research investment. Foreword Explores how research investment can be best managed to ensure DFAT supports aid innovation and high-quality aid program and policy decision-making. The evaluation focuses on whether the management of DFAT’s considerable development research investment has been appropriate, effective and efficient. Employing a multi-dimensional evaluation method, it draws on the experiences of DFAT staff and stakeholders, as well as the available expenditure data, in arriving at a set of well-supported findings and recommendations. The report makes several important points about the need for DFAT to have a clear sense about why and how it funds research. The department’s managers and officers need especially to be conscious of the effectiveness and efficiency risks im...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="042fb1b7cb260eb0ff9c5f0c49d9b6ed" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87623130,"asset_id":81652815,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87623130/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81652815"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81652815"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81652815; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "042fb1b7cb260eb0ff9c5f0c49d9b6ed" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81652815]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81652815,"title":"Research for Better Aid: An Evaluation of DFAT's Investments","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81652815/Research_for_Better_Aid_An_Evaluation_of_DFATs_Investments","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[{"id":87623130,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87623130/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"162229565.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87623130/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Research_for_Better_Aid_An_Evaluation_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87623130/162229565-libre.pdf?1655421370=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DResearch_for_Better_Aid_An_Evaluation_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740054767\u0026Signature=PLaJe3PMiXTC2z4l2jvcEMl-xpB4hAWknJt56oqjYGlA30Q2zptgCOMaGLKcyw4zUDzv39Ybt1YwzzYLDdOet9EJBg-a6nIq23pl8VbvgWOo1bJaK4ZAU2AaNMC7zpesjqBxOicSVG-rWT9VOae2K6px5Fwc4ALRvKkuoQ0uS2KVvlbbUTw1D2PGXXMi6ZP1XTMKaoG3WC85RRvUGuYG3ol7iUbojHRyXb74PIH8S00n8x6smqa-WdxpRoxJnUbRi27mOlkcfhP6~nxxEPe0tLx1CJ7HUJ6TVtD7LTg-BQx-moDd7q2sooAi4locKja10low6ESWxDIXPZO0oIneug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76598572"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598572/6_A_balancing_act_relations_between_state_institutions_under_Yudhyono"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 6 A balancing act: relations between state institutions under Yudhyono" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598572/6_A_balancing_act_relations_between_state_institutions_under_Yudhyono">6 A balancing act: relations between state institutions under Yudhyono</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">When Susilo Bambang Yudhyono was sworn into office in October 2004, he was stepping into a set of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">When Susilo Bambang Yudhyono was sworn into office in October 2004, he was stepping into a set of constitutional arrangements and political circumstances that was without historical precedent in Indonesia. Following the constitutional reforms of 1999–2002, Yudhoyono faced the task of managing new and untested relationships among the major institutions of state, especially between the presidency and the parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR). But while Yudhoyono was Indo nesia&amp;#39;s first directly elected president, popular and elite views of the office of the presidency were characterised by a sense of continuity rather than difference. There was a widespread, if unspoken, assumption that Yudhoyono was occupying the same office as his predecessors, just doing so in a democratic environment. Echoing this default view, Anies Baswedan (2007: 232) explained that &amp;#39;an important and enduring feature of Indonesian politics has been the dominance of the president. … Indo-nesia&amp;#39;s first two presidents set a precedent for the role and stature of their successors&amp;#39;. Clearly, the towering figures of Sukarno and Suharto had stamped an indelible impression on the minds of Indonesians that the president was the most powerful personage in the land. This left a legacy of expectations for Yudhoyono about the supposedly superior role and power of the presidency. Thus, when the parliament , with its new constitutional powers and popular legitimacy, asserted itself on a number of occasions during his presidency, some observers believed that the relative powers of the executive and legislative branches had become unbalanced and, even more importantly, that the DPR was attempting to usurp the powers of the president (Susanti</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598572"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598572"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598572; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598572]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598572; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76598572']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76598572]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76598572,"title":"6 A balancing act: relations between state institutions under Yudhyono","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76598572/6_A_balancing_act_relations_between_state_institutions_under_Yudhyono","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76598571"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598571/Railway_Workers_and_Their_Unions_Origins_of_1974_Indian_Railways_Strike"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598571/Railway_Workers_and_Their_Unions_Origins_of_1974_Indian_Railways_Strike">Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economic and Political Weekly</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... The recognised unions at-tempted to persuade the loco running staff to return to work, arguin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... The recognised unions at-tempted to persuade the loco running staff to return to work, arguing that they had long been taking up the locomen&amp;#x27;s case with the railway administration;43 For several days the railway minister, LN Mishra, hoped that the combination of pressure frQm ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598571"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598571"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598571; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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A couple of the women could be seen as continuing in the tradition of Megawati, Benazir Bhutto or Indira Gandhi and being elected because ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598569"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598569"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598569; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598569]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598569]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598569; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76598569']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76598569]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76598569,"title":"Indonesia's regional assembly: Democracy, representation and the regions","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76598569/Indonesias_regional_assembly_Democracy_representation_and_the_regions","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76598485"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598485/Class_Re_formation_in_Mumbai_Has_Organised_Labour_Risen_to_the_Challenge"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Class Re-formation in Mumbai: Has Organised Labour Risen to the Challenge?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76598485/Class_Re_formation_in_Mumbai_Has_Organised_Labour_Risen_to_the_Challenge">Class Re-formation in Mumbai: Has Organised Labour Risen to the Challenge?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Economic and Political Weekly</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... The RMMS&#x27;s connections in the new state government of Mumbai allowed the Sangh to become...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... The RMMS&#x27;s connections in the new state government of Mumbai allowed the Sangh to become the ... The RMMS often signed agreements with the mill-owners following strikes it had done its ... demand in most textile industry disputes ever since, including the historic strike of 1982 ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76598485"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76598485"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598485; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598485]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76598485]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76598485; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76598485']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76598485]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76598485,"title":"Class Re-formation in Mumbai: Has Organised Labour Risen to the Challenge?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76598485/Class_Re_formation_in_Mumbai_Has_Organised_Labour_Risen_to_the_Challenge","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651810"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651810/Democracy_promotion_as_development_assistance_and_diplomacy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Democracy promotion as development assistance and diplomacy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588290/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651810/Democracy_promotion_as_development_assistance_and_diplomacy">Democracy promotion as development assistance and diplomacy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early decades of the 20th century, an element of international relations has been the notion that democratic ideals are universal and that their spread across the globe can be encouraged by governments. One of the more recent expressions of the idea has been the “democracy promotion” programs funded by official aid agencies of developed democracies, but the idea has changed and evolved over time. In fact, the first advocates of the idea of universal economic and political rights were mainly non-government organisations, particularly the international labour movement, which organised across borders from the late 19th century onwards to defend workers’ conditions and to fight for the right to vote. But following the First World War and the break-up of a number of European empires, the earliest state-sponsored initiative was US President Woodrow Wilson’s promotion of the ideal of an international system of states based on the rights of peoples to self-determination. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651809"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651809/Indonesia_s_anti_pornography_bill_A_Case_study_of_decision_making_in_the_Indonesian_Parliament_DPR_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Indonesia’s anti-pornography bill : A Case study of decision making in the Indonesian Parliament (DPR)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588288/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651809/Indonesia_s_anti_pornography_bill_A_Case_study_of_decision_making_in_the_Indonesian_Parliament_DPR_">Indonesia’s anti-pornography bill : A Case study of decision making in the Indonesian Parliament (DPR)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The question is as old as the nation: What role is Islam supposed to play in society and, more im...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The question is as old as the nation: What role is Islam supposed to play in society and, more importantly, in governing Muslim Indonesia. While having a paramount Muslim majority, the country is, after all, a multi-cultural and multi-religious country. Its Muslim majority traditionally embraces values of tolerance and understanding towards those who practice another faith. The authors of Indonesia’s constitution saw this as a constitutive principle of the Indonesian society as well as a prerequisite for the unity of the nation. They intended to protect the legitimate interests of all faiths through article 29 of the constitution which stipulates that “the state guarantees the freedom of all residents to embrace their own religion and to worship according to the own religion and beliefs”.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dd039f190c2d639ff2568747893294c0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588288,"asset_id":64651809,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588288/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651809"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651809"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651809; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651808"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651808/Democracy_promotion_and_new_democracies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Democracy promotion and “ new ” democracies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588287/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651808/Democracy_promotion_and_new_democracies">Democracy promotion and “ new ” democracies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early decades of the 20 th century, an element of international relations has been the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early decades of the 20 th century, an element of international relations has been the notion that democratic ideals are universal and that their spread across the globe can be encouraged by governments. One of the more recent expressions of the idea has been the “democracy promotion” programs funded by official aid agencies of developed democracies, but the idea has changed and evolved over time. In fact, the first advocates of the idea of universal economic and political rights were mainly non-government organisations, particularly the international labour movement, which organised across borders from the late 19 th century onwards to defend workers’ conditions and to fight for the right to vote. But following the First World War and the break-up of a number of European empires, the earliest state-sponsored initiative was US President Woodrow Wilson’s promotion of the ideal of an international system of states based on the rights of peoples to self-determination. While n...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a3528e7afc452318ac0085cd04963432" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588287,"asset_id":64651808,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588287/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651808"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651808"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651808; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64651806"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651806/Alliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supporting_Women_s_Agency_in_Civil_Society_Organisations_in_Indonesia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Alliances of Instrumental Advantage: Supporting Women’s Agency in Civil Society Organisations in Indonesia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588283/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64651806/Alliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supporting_Women_s_Agency_in_Civil_Society_Organisations_in_Indonesia">Alliances of Instrumental Advantage: Supporting Women’s Agency in Civil Society Organisations in Indonesia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Politics and Governance</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines how Indonesian civil society organisations (CSOs) working for women’s empow...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines how Indonesian civil society organisations (CSOs) working for women’s empowerment and gender equality have worked together with members of parliament (MPs) to support processes of developmental change. Examples are taken from initiatives supported by MAMPU, an Australian government funded project that promotes gender equality and women’s empowerment in Indonesia, describing ways in which gender-focused organisations have engaged with, and had an impact upon, the actions of political leaders in parliament. The article focuses on interaction between institutions and the agency exercised by individuals within institutions. MPs act within a structure of institutional and political incentives, but they also have the power to make choices about how they respond to incentives. Moreover, the leaders of outside actors such as CSOs can modify the structure of incentives by both applying pressure on MPs and providing opportunities for legislators to make different choices...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="83c3ec16146d0f561fc53667bd099fc6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76588283,"asset_id":64651806,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588283/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64651806"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64651806"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64651806; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "83c3ec16146d0f561fc53667bd099fc6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64651806]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64651806,"title":"Alliances of Instrumental Advantage: Supporting Women’s Agency in Civil Society Organisations in Indonesia","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64651806/Alliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supporting_Women_s_Agency_in_Civil_Society_Organisations_in_Indonesia","owner_id":57371421,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57371421,"first_name":"Stephen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sherlock","page_name":"StephenSherlock1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-11-28T19:00:38.147-08:00","display_name":"Stephen Sherlock","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephenSherlock1"},"attachments":[{"id":76588283,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588283/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3347.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588283/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Alliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/76588283/3347-libre.pdf?1639701890=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAlliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supp.pdf\u0026Expires=1740054767\u0026Signature=GPbDBqxu-jTTEG5vLX9627QnUkJb4F-upD3Q25Xm2WCQhEvsVXU~rs41YObjuliciSzct10u1UkL~NgMCcyzc1w-a8lSGRGpoFKJbxzHY5a50IznNRtVCzojNLjO5QU-SUiKh7~u03Ga2PXqXp2q59dEE0RCV3pDdB9B69QKTyVxvRGkYTK2WeOvkQk5vcgpSHD6kzSy7WYF40qgw0o0FC~kOZMH0cHoXlNWeuIXlCuOioApblL49HOEe1Pt~qwlNQ1W2iDMYAHoREBgrwcMbhl1pshUafvAE7-ODGVvaFvHzI6NTYQVql8GameGjF47qOF6kRCU6byLM4dcsAqN~w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":76588284,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76588284/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3347.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76588284/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Alliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/76588284/3347-libre.pdf?1639701891=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAlliances_of_Instrumental_Advantage_Supp.pdf\u0026Expires=1740054767\u0026Signature=ReQLIbbCbKgZU2dIsIXV5zvR2vnqvrcH2AQVqxuZbFQa7Vvx558lR~-4mZhPwXtAz1-~LAUGXE78b3w5JuJQYIb9prXXdMG3DgmHy2ngXEPe-BxOEVuH8yMW9ayaILLSFLdZfjoBtrH-d2tB4VynZ2h-~BURccbttgzsQL8cSuNoR8fRaM0zSfK75TawpkLnL0~J6djeusKud2RnUzd5W60arAS9PwB1eusmklZjcYOI1o42cHcTYbJJr7K9twyyPQhIfu9EirDMB1ZTCXq6zaH2aZGdEDhc8d-6hjOhzI025NQnk5TxRu3tRAAjL9uLi3HLqn-OwIMfbYh4PdxjBg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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The first wave of reform under the unelected Habibie government of 1998-99 saw the removal of restrictions on civil rights such as freedom of speech, association and assembly, the creation of a range of new political parties and organisations and the country’s first democratic election in over 40 years in June 1999. The movement of the parliament (DPR1) back into the centre stage of political life and the subsequent election of a new President then led to a series of constitutional reforms that were completed in 2003. The constitutional reforms strengthened the powers of the parliament and eliminated most of the powers of the previously powerful quasi-legislative body, the MPR.2 The power to elect the President was removed from the MPR and was placed in the hands of the people through direct election. 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