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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early doctrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_exhibitions_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_exhibitions_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First exhibitions and publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_exhibitions_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Public controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later developments and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of artists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_artists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of artists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_artists_and_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_artists_and_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Associated artists and figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_artists_and_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loosely_associated_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loosely_associated_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Loosely associated artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loosely_associated_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustration_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustration_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Illustration and poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustration_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Portrayal in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ما قبل الرفائيلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ما قبل الرفائيلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermand%C3%A1_Prerrafaelita" title="Hermandá Prerrafaelita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hermandá Prerrafaelita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Прэрафаэліты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэрафаэліты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Прэрафаэліты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прэрафаэліты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Прерафаелити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прерафаелити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaeliti" title="Prerafaeliti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prerafaeliti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakrafaelouriezh" title="Rakrafaelouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rakrafaelouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaelitisme" title="Prerafaelitisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prerafaelitisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Прерафаэлитсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Прерафаэлитсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaelit%C3%A9" title="Prerafaelité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prerafaelité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawdoliaeth_y_Cyn-Raffa%C3%ABliaid" title="Brawdoliaeth y Cyn-Raffaëliaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brawdoliaeth y Cyn-Raffaëliaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6rafaelitter" title="Prærafaelitter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prærafaelitter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4raffaeliten" title="Präraffaeliten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präraffaeliten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Προραφαηλίτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προραφαηλίτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermandad_Prerrafaelita" title="Hermandad Prerrafaelita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermandad Prerrafaelita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Anta%C5%AD-Rafaelida_Frataro" title="La Antaŭ-Rafaelida Frataro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Antaŭ-Rafaelida Frataro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerrafaelismo" title="Prerrafaelismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prerrafaelismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%8C" title="انجمن برادری پیشارافائلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن برادری پیشارافائلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9rapha%C3%A9lisme" title="Préraphaélisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Préraphaélisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmandade_Prerrafaelista" title="Irmandade Prerrafaelista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irmandade Prerrafaelista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%98_%EC%A0%84%ED%8C%8C" title="라파엘 전파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라파엘 전파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պրեռաֆայելիտներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրեռաֆայելիտներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaeliti" title="Prerafaeliti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prerafaeliti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persaudaraan_Pra-Raphaelite" title="Persaudaraan Pra-Raphaelite – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persaudaraan Pra-Raphaelite" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preraffaelliti" title="Preraffaelliti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Preraffaelliti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האחווה הפרה-רפאליטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האחווה הפרה-רפאליטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პრერაფაელიტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრერაფაელიტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareraffaelloeva" title="Dareraffaelloeva – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Dareraffaelloeva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Прерафаэлиттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прерафаэлиттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternitas_Praeraphaelitarum" title="Fraternitas Praeraphaelitarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fraternitas Praeraphaelitarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafael%C4%ABtu_br%C4%81l%C4%ABba" title="Prerafaelītu brālība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prerafaelītu brālība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaelit%C5%B3_brolija" title="Prerafaelitų brolija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prerafaelitų brolija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preraffaelit%C3%A1k" title="Preraffaeliták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Preraffaeliták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ما قبل الرفائيليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ما قبل الرفائيليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafa%C3%ABlieten" title="Prerafaëlieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prerafaëlieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%B4%BE" title="ラファエル前派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラファエル前派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_prerafaelittiske_broderskap" title="Det prerafaelittiske broderskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det prerafaelittiske broderskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaelittane" title="Prerafaelittane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prerafaelittane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafelisme" title="Prerafelisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prerafelisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaelitlar" title="Prerafaelitlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prerafaelitlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="پيشارافايلي ورورولي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پيشارافايلي ورورولي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaelici" title="Prerafaelici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prerafaelici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmandade_Pr%C3%A9-Rafaelita" title="Irmandade Pré-Rafaelita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irmandade Pré-Rafaelita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaeli%C8%9Bii" title="Prerafaeliții – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prerafaeliții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Прерафаэлиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прерафаэлиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preraffaelitas" title="Preraffaelitas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Preraffaelitas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preraffaelisti" title="Preraffaelisti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Preraffaelisti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaeliti" title="Prerafaeliti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prerafaeliti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Прерафаелити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прерафаелити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaeliti" title="Prerafaeliti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prerafaeliti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaeliitit" title="Prerafaeliitit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prerafaeliitit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerafaeliterna" title="Prerafaeliterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prerafaeliterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="กลุ่มนิยมแบบก่อนราฟาเอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มนิยมแบบก่อนราฟาเอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96n_Raffaeloculuk_ak%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Ön Raffaeloculuk akımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ön Raffaeloculuk akımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Прерафаеліти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прерафаеліти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Raphael" title="Tiền Raphael – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiền Raphael" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE%E6%B4%BE%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E6%9C%83" title="前拉斐爾派兄弟會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前拉斐爾派兄弟會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Group of English painters, poets, and critics founded in 1848</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(Rossetti_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proserpine (Rossetti painting)">Proserpine</a></i>, 1874, by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a> as model</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Periods and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque art">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (art)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Decorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Art of the Middle East</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#Art" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Art" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Ottoman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art of Central Asia</a></b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of East Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of South Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_art" title="Newar art">Newar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">Art of Southeast Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_art" title="Lao art">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Bruneian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of ancient Rus">Rus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art of Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_art" title="Kuba art">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_art" title="Luba art">Luba</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art of the Americas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oceania">Art of Oceania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_art" title="Cook Islands art">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_art" title="Hawaiian art">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papuan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Religions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="Haitian Vodou art">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodun_art" title="Vodun art">Vodun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">Graphic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">Figurative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Naturalist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood </b> (<b>PRB</b>), later known as the <b>Pre-Raphaelites</b>, was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Collinson" title="James Collinson">James Collinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_George_Stephens" title="Frederic George Stephens">Frederic George Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a> who formed a seven-member "Brotherhood" partly modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brotherhood was only ever a loose association and their principles were shared by other artists of the time, including <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a>. Later followers of the principles of the Brotherhood included <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>. </p><p>The group sought a return to the abundant detail, intense colours and complex compositions of <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> Italian art. They rejected what they regarded as the mechanistic approach first adopted by <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> artists who succeeded <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. The Brotherhood believed the <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classical</a> poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic</a> teaching of art, hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite". In particular, the group objected to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a>, founder of the English <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a>, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton1971[httpsarchiveorgdetailspreraphaelites00hiltpage46mode1up_46]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton1971[httpsarchiveorgdetailspreraphaelites00hiltpage46mode1up_46]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group associated their work with <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an English critic whose influences were driven by his religious background. Christian themes were abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group continued to accept the concepts of <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a>, imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. The Pre-Raphaelites defined themselves as a reform movement, created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Germ_(periodical)" title="The Germ (periodical)">The Germ</a></i>, to promote their ideas. The group's debates were recorded in the <i>Pre-Raphaelite Journal</i>. The Brotherhood separated after almost five years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Germ.jpg/220px-Germ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Germ.jpg/330px-Germ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Germ.jpg/440px-Germ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">Holman Hunt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a>'s poem "My Beautiful Lady", published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Germ_(periodical)" title="The Germ (periodical)">The Germ</a></i>, 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded in John Millais's parents' house on <a href="/wiki/Gower_Street_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower Street (London)">Gower Street</a>, London in 1848. At the first meeting, the painters <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a> were present. Hunt and Millais were students at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a> and had met in another loose association, the Cyclographic Club, a sketching society. At his own request Rossetti became a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a> in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-McGann_et_al_2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGann_et_al_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that date, Rossetti and Hunt shared lodgings in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Street,_London" title="Cleveland Street, London">Cleveland Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitzrovia" title="Fitzrovia">Fitzrovia</a>, Central London. Hunt had started painting <i>The Eve of St. Agnes</i> based on <a href="/wiki/The_Eve_of_St._Agnes" title="The Eve of St. Agnes">Keats's poem of the same name</a>, but it was not completed until 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-hilton28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an aspiring poet, Rossetti wished to develop the links between <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> poetry and art. By autumn, four more members, painters <a href="/wiki/James_Collinson" title="James Collinson">James Collinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_George_Stephens" title="Frederic George Stephens">Frederic George Stephens</a>, Rossetti's brother, poet and critic <a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a>, and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a>, had joined to form a seven-member-strong brotherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-hilton28_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford Madox Brown was invited to join, but the more senior artist remained independent but supported the group throughout the PRB period of Pre-Raphaelitism and contributed to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Germ_(periodical)" title="The Germ (periodical)">The Germ</a></i>. Other young painters and sculptors became close associates, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allston_Collins" title="Charles Allston Collins">Charles Allston Collins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Munro_(sculptor)" title="Alexander Munro (sculptor)">Alexander Munro</a>. The PRB intended to keep the existence of the brotherhood secret from members of the Royal Academy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_doctrines">Early doctrines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early doctrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brotherhood's early doctrines, as defined by William Michael Rossetti, were expressed in four declarations: </p> <blockquote> <ol><li>to have genuine ideas to express;</li> <li>to study Nature attentively, so as to know how to express them;</li> <li>to sympathise with what is direct and serious and heartfelt in previous art, to the exclusion of what is conventional and self-parading and learned by rote; and</li> <li>most indispensable of all, to produce thoroughly good pictures and statues.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></blockquote> <p>The principles were deliberately non-dogmatic, since the brotherhood wished to emphasise the personal responsibility of individual artists to determine their own ideas and methods of depiction. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, the members thought freedom and responsibility were inseparable. Nevertheless, they were particularly fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> culture, believing it to possess a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> and creative integrity that had been lost in later eras. The emphasis on medieval culture clashed with principles of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> which stress the independent observation of nature. In its early stages, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood believed its two interests were consistent with one another, but in later years the movement divided and moved in two directions. The realists were led by Hunt and Millais, while the medievalists were led by Rossetti and his followers, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>. The split was never absolute, since both factions believed that art was essentially spiritual in character, opposing their <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> realism associated with <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Courbet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>. </p><p>The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was greatly influenced by nature and its members used great detail to show the natural world using bright and sharp-focus techniques on a white canvas. In attempts to revive the brilliance of colour found in <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> art, Hunt and Millais developed a technique of painting in thin <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)" title="Glaze (painting technique)">glazes</a> of pigment over a wet white ground in the hope that the colours would retain jewel-like transparency and clarity. Their emphasis on brilliance of colour was a reaction to the excessive use of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> by earlier British artists, such as Reynolds, <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">David Wilkie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robert_Haydon" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Robert Haydon">Benjamin Robert Haydon</a>. Bitumen produces unstable areas of muddy darkness, an effect the Pre-Raphaelites despised. </p><p>In 1848, Rossetti and Hunt made a list of "Immortals", artistic heroes whom they admired, especially from literature, some of whose work would form subjects for PRB paintings, notably including <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Tennyson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_exhibitions_and_publications">First exhibitions and publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First exhibitions and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first exhibitions of Pre-Raphaelite work occurred in 1849. Both Millais's <i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(Millais_painting)" title="Isabella (Millais painting)">Isabella</a></i> (1848–1849) and Holman Hunt's <i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice_for_the_death_of_his_young_brother,_slain_in_a_skirmish_between_the_Colonna_and_the_Orsini_factions" title="Rienzi vowing to obtain justice for the death of his young brother, slain in a skirmish between the Colonna and the Orsini factions">Rienzi</a></i> (1848–1849) were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Rossetti's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girlhood_of_Mary_Virgin" title="The Girlhood of Mary Virgin">The Girlhood of Mary Virgin</a></i> was shown at a Free Exhibition on Hyde Park Corner. As agreed, all members of the brotherhood signed their work with their name and the initials "PRB". Between January and April 1850, the group published a literary magazine, <i>The Germ</i> edited by William Rossetti which published poetry by the Rossettis, Woolner, and Collinson and essays on art and literature by associates of the brotherhood, such as <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Patmore" title="Coventry Patmore">Coventry Patmore</a>. As the short run-time implies, the magazine did not manage to achieve sustained momentum. (Daly 1989) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_controversy">Public controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Everett_Millais_-_Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents_(%60The_Carpenter%27s_Shop%27)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_Everett_Millais_-_Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents_%28%60The_Carpenter%27s_Shop%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/320px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents_%28%60The_Carpenter%27s_Shop%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_Everett_Millais_-_Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents_%28%60The_Carpenter%27s_Shop%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/480px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents_%28%60The_Carpenter%27s_Shop%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_Everett_Millais_-_Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents_%28%60The_Carpenter%27s_Shop%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/640px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents_%28%60The_Carpenter%27s_Shop%27%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents" title="Christ in the House of His Parents">Christ in the House of His Parents</a></i>, by John Everett Millais, 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1850, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood became the subject of controversy after the exhibition of Millais' painting <i><a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents" title="Christ in the House of His Parents">Christ in the House of His Parents</a></i> was considered to be <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemous</a> by many reviewers, notably <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens considered Millais's Mary to be ugly.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millais had used his sister-in-law, Mary Hodgkinson, as the model for Mary in his painting. The brotherhood's medievalism was attacked as backward-looking and its extreme devotion to detail was condemned as ugly and jarring to the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dickens, Millais made the Holy Family look like alcoholics and slum-dwellers, adopting contorted and absurd "medieval" poses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the controversy, James Collinson resigned from the Brotherhood due to his belief that it was bringing the Christian religion into disrepute. The remaining members met to discuss whether he should be replaced by Charles Allston Collins or <a href="/wiki/Walter_Howell_Deverell" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Howell Deverell">Walter Howell Deverell</a>, but were unable to make a decision. From that point the group disbanded, though its influence continued. Artists who had worked in the style initially continued but no longer signed works "PRB".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7087" data-file-height="4820" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(painting)" title="Ophelia (painting)">Ophelia</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, 1851–52</figcaption></figure> <p>The brotherhood found support from the critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, who praised its devotion to nature and rejection of conventional methods of composition. The Pre-Raphaelites were influenced by Ruskin's theories. He wrote to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> defending their work and subsequently met them. Initially, he favoured Millais, who travelled to Scotland in the summer of 1853 with Ruskin and Ruskin's wife, Euphemia Chalmers Ruskin, née Gray (now best known as <a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a>). The main object of the journey was to paint Ruskin's portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearden199936–37_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearden199936–37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effie became increasingly attached to Millais,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a crisis. In subsequent annulment proceedings, Ruskin himself made a statement to his lawyer to the effect that his marriage had been unconsummated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage was annulled on grounds of non-<a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">consummation</a>, leaving Effie free to marry Millais,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearden199943_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearden199943-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but causing a public scandal. Millais began to move away from the Pre-Raphaelite style after his marriage, and Ruskin ultimately attacked his later works. Ruskin continued to support Hunt and Rossetti and provided funds to encourage the art of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddall" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Siddall">Elizabeth Siddall</a>, Rossetti's wife. </p><p>By 1853 the original PRB had virtually dissolved,<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only Holman Hunt remaining true to its stated aims.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> But the term "Pre-Raphaelite" stuck to Rossetti and others, including <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, with whom he became involved in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiteley_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiteley-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the term Pre-Raphaelite is associated with a much wider and long-lived art movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments_and_influence">Later developments and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later developments and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Morgan_Medea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/De_Morgan_Medea.jpg/170px-De_Morgan_Medea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/De_Morgan_Medea.jpg/255px-De_Morgan_Medea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/De_Morgan_Medea.jpg/340px-De_Morgan_Medea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Evelyn De Morgan">Evelyn De Morgan</a>, 1889, in <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">quattrocento</a> style</figcaption></figure> <p>Artists influenced by the brotherhood include <a href="/wiki/John_Brett_(artist)" title="John Brett (artist)">John Brett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Calderon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Calderon">Philip Calderon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Evelyn De Morgan">Evelyn De Morgan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hilton202_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton202-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Sandys">Frederic Sandys</a> (who entered the Pre-Raphaelite circle in 1857)<sup id="cite_ref-hilton202_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton202-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a>, who was associated with them from the beginning, is often seen as most closely adopting the Pre-Raphaelite principles. One follower who developed his own distinct style was <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a>, who was pre-eminently influenced by Burne-Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-hilton202_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton202-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1856, Dante Gabriel Rossetti became an inspiration for the medievalising strand of the movement. He was the link between the two types of Pre-Raphaelite painting (nature and Romance) after the PRB became lost in the later decades of the century. Rossetti, although the least committed to the brotherhood, continued the name and changed its style. He began painting versions of femme fatales using models including <a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a>, in paintings such as <i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(Rossetti)" title="Proserpine (Rossetti)">Proserpine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Dream_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Day Dream (painting)">The Day Dream</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei_(Rossetti_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pia de' Tolomei (Rossetti painting)">La Pia de' Tolomei</a></i>. His work influenced his friend <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, in whose firm <a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.</a> he became a partner, and with whose wife Jane he may have had an affair. Ford Madox Brown and Edward Burne-Jones also became partners in the firm. Through Morris's company, the ideals of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood influenced many interior designers and architects, arousing interest in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> designs and other crafts leading to the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> headed by William Morris. Holman Hunt was involved with the movement to reform design through the <a href="/wiki/Della_Robbia_Pottery" title="Della Robbia Pottery">Della Robbia Pottery</a> company. </p><p>After 1850, Hunt and Millais moved away from direct imitation of medieval art. They stressed the realist and scientific aspects of the movement, though Hunt continued to emphasise the spiritual significance of art, seeking to reconcile religion and science by making accurate observations and studies of locations in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> for his paintings on biblical subjects. In contrast, Millais abandoned Pre-Raphaelitism after 1860, adopting a much broader and looser style influenced by Reynolds. William Morris and others condemned his reversal of principles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_King_Arthur_by_James_Archer_(1860).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Death_of_King_Arthur_by_James_Archer_%281860%29.jpg/220px-The_Death_of_King_Arthur_by_James_Archer_%281860%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Death_of_King_Arthur_by_James_Archer_%281860%29.jpg/330px-The_Death_of_King_Arthur_by_James_Archer_%281860%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Death_of_King_Arthur_by_James_Archer_%281860%29.jpg/440px-The_Death_of_King_Arthur_by_James_Archer_%281860%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Archer_(artist)" title="James Archer (artist)">James Archer</a>, <i>The Death of King Arthur</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Pre-Raphaelitism had a significant impact in Scotland and on Scottish artists. The figure in Scottish art most associated with the Pre-Raphaelites was the Aberdeen-born <a href="/wiki/William_Dyce" title="William Dyce">William Dyce</a> (1806–1864). Dyce befriended the young Pre-Raphaelites in London and introduced their work to Ruskin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His later work was Pre-Raphaelite in its spirituality, as can be seen in his <i>The Man of Sorrows</i> and <i>David in the Wilderness</i> (both 1860), which contain a Pre-Raphaelite attention to detail.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noel_Paton" title="Joseph Noel Paton">Joseph Noel Paton</a> (1821–1901) studied at the Royal Academy schools in London, where he became a friend of Millais and he subsequently followed him into Pre-Raphaelitism, producing pictures that stressed detail and melodrama such as <i>The Bludie Tryst</i> (1855). His later paintings, like those of Millais, have been criticised for descending into popular sentimentality.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also influenced by Millais was <a href="/wiki/James_Archer_(artist)" title="James Archer (artist)">James Archer</a> (1823–1904), whose work includes <i>Summertime, Gloucestershire</i> (1860)<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who from 1861 began a series of <a href="/wiki/Arthurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian">Arthurian</a>-based paintings including <i>La Morte d'Arthur</i> and <i>Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-Raphaelism also inspired painters like <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement influenced many later British artists into the 20th century. </p><p>Rossetti came to be seen as a precursor of the wider European <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist</a> movement. There is evidence to suggest that a number of paintings by the German artist <a href="/wiki/Paula_Modersohn-Becker" title="Paula Modersohn-Becker">Paula Modersohn-Becker</a> were influenced by Rossetti.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery</a> has a world-renowned collection of works by Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelites that, some claim, strongly influenced the young <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, with influences taken from the same mythological scenes portrayed by the Pre-Raphaelites. Tolkien considered his own group of school friends and artistic associates, the so-called TCBS, as a group in the vein of the Pre-Raphaelites. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Hughes_-_Fair_Rosamund_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Arthur_Hughes_-_Fair_Rosamund_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Fair_Rosamund_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Arthur_Hughes_-_Fair_Rosamund_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Fair_Rosamund_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Arthur_Hughes_-_Fair_Rosamund_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Fair_Rosamund_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4449" data-file-height="5934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a>, <i>Fair Rosamund</i>, 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century artistic ideals changed, and art moved away from representing reality. After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Pre-Raphaelite art was devalued for its literary qualities<sup id="cite_ref-Treuherz_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treuherz_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was scorned by critics as sentimental and concocted "artistic bric-a-brac".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s there was a major revival of Pre-Raphaelitism. Exhibitions and catalogues of works, culminating in a 1984 exhibition in London's <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>, re-established a canon of Pre-Raphaelite work.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among many other exhibitions, there was another large show at <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a> in 2012–13.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Ruralists" title="Brotherhood of Ruralists">Brotherhood of Ruralists</a> based its aims on Pre-Raphaelitism, while the <a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Group_(artists)" title="Birmingham Group (artists)">Birmingham Group</a> have also derived inspiration from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_artists">List of artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Collinson" title="James Collinson">James Collinson</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> (painter, poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a> (critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_George_Stephens" title="Frederic George Stephens">Frederic George Stephens</a> (critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a> (sculptor, poet)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_artists_and_figures">Associated artists and figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Associated artists and figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brett_(artist)" title="John Brett (artist)">John Brett</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a> (painter, designer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Madox_Brown" title="Lucy Madox Brown">Lucy Madox Brown</a> (painter, writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burchett" title="Richard Burchett">Richard Burchett</a> (painter, educator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> (painter, designer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allston_Collins" title="Charles Allston Collins">Charles Allston Collins</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cadogan_Cowper" title="Frank Cadogan Cowper">Frank Cadogan Cowper</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cornforth" title="Fanny Cornforth">Fanny Cornforth</a> (artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Evelyn De Morgan">Evelyn De Morgan</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Deverell" title="Walter Deverell">Walter Deverell</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Eaton" title="Fanny Eaton">Fanny Eaton</a> (artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Startridge_Ellis" title="Frederick Startridge Ellis">Frederick Startridge Ellis</a> (publisher, editor, poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Godward" title="John William Godward">John William Godward</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a> (artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holiday" title="Henry Holiday">Henry Holiday</a> (painter, stained-glass artist, <a href="/wiki/File:ReligionLiberty_CareHope.png" title="File:ReligionLiberty CareHope.png">illustrator</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a> (painter, book illustrator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robert_Hughes" title="Edward Robert Hughes">Edward Robert Hughes</a> (painter and artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic,_Lord_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic, Lord Leighton">Frederic, Lord Leighton</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lizzie_Macomber" title="Mary Lizzie Macomber">Mary Lizzie Macomber</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Braithwaite_Martineau" title="Robert Braithwaite Martineau">Robert Braithwaite Martineau</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Miller" title="Annie Miller">Annie Miller</a> (artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a> (artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa,_Marchioness_of_Waterford" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford">Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford</a> (painter and artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Morris" title="May Morris">May Morris</a> (embroiderer and designer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> (designer, writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a> (poet and artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> (critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Frederick_Augustus_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys">Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Sandys" title="Emma Sandys">Emma Sandys</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seddon" title="Thomas Seddon">Thomas Seddon</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Shields" title="Frederic Shields">Frederic Shields</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddal" title="Elizabeth Siddal">Elizabeth Siddal</a> (artist, poet, and artist's model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a> (poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wallis" title="Henry Wallis">Henry Wallis</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Windus" title="William Lindsay Windus">William Lindsay Windus</a> (painter)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loosely_associated_artists">Loosely associated artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Loosely associated artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gengembre_Anderson" title="Sophie Gengembre Anderson">Sophie Gengembre Anderson</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyke_Bayliss" title="Wyke Bayliss">Wyke Bayliss</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Price_Boyce" title="George Price Boyce">George Price Boyce</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Mary_Boyce" title="Joanna Mary Boyce">Joanna Mary Boyce</a> (painter)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Burton">Frederick William Burton</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Elizabeth_Bunce" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Elizabeth Bunce">Kate Elizabeth Bunce</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a> (photographer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(artist)" title="James Campbell (artist)">James Campbell</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clare" title="Joseph Clare">Joseph Clare</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(Pre-Raphaelite_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)">John Collier</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Collier_(painter)" title="Marian Collier (painter)">Marian Collier (painter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Davis_(artist)" title="William Davis (artist)">William Davis</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bernard_Dicksee" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Bernard Dicksee">Frank Bernard Dicksee</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_Gotch" title="Thomas Cooper Gotch">Thomas Cooper Gotch</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Hall%C3%A9" title="Charles Edward Hallé">Charles Edward Hallé</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(artist)" title="John Lee (artist)">John Lee</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leighton" title="Edmund Leighton">Edmund Leighton</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lionel_Michael" title="James Lionel Michael">James Lionel Michael</a> (minor poet, mentor to Henry Kendall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Mitchell" title="Charles William Mitchell">Charles William Mitchell</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noel_Paton" title="Joseph Noel Paton">Joseph Noel Paton</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Perugini" title="Charles Edward Perugini">Charles Edward Perugini</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Pope" title="Gustav Pope">Gustav Pope</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Meynell_Rheam" title="Henry Meynell Rheam">Henry Meynell Rheam</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smallfield" title="Frederick Smallfield">Frederick Smallfield</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Vedder" title="Elihu Vedder">Elihu Vedder</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts" title="George Frederic Watts">George Frederic Watts</a> (painter, sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Webbe" title="William James Webbe">William James Webbe</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Alexander_Williamson" title="Daniel Alexander Williamson">Daniel Alexander Williamson</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a> (painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a> (painter)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illustration_and_poetry">Illustration and poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Illustration and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many members of the 'inner' Pre-Raphaelite circle (<a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>) and 'outer' circle (<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hugh_Armstead" title="Henry Hugh Armstead">Henry Hugh Armstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noel_Paton" title="Joseph Noel Paton">Joseph Noel Paton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Shields" title="Frederic Shields">Frederic Shields</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_James_Lawless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew James Lawless (page does not exist)">Matthew James Lawless</a>) were working concurrently in painting, illustration, and sometimes poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victorian morality judged literature as superior to painting, because of its "noble grounds for noble emotion."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Buchanan" title="Robert Williams Buchanan">Robert Buchanan</a> (a writer and opponent of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood) felt so strongly about this artistic hierarchy that he wrote: "The truth is that literature, and more particularly poetry, is in a very bad way when one art gets hold of another, and imposes upon it its conditions and limitations."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the hostile environment in which Pre-Raphaelites were defiantly working in various media. The Pre-Raphaelites attempted to revitalize <a href="/wiki/Subject_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject painting">subject painting</a>, which had been dismissed as artificial. Their belief that each picture should tell a story was an important step for the unification of painting and literature (eventually deemed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sister Arts (page does not exist)">Sister Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or at least a break in the rigid hierarchy promoted by writers like Robert Buchanan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pre-Raphaelite desire for more extensive affiliation between painting and literature also manifested in illustration. Illustration is a more direct unification of these media and, like subject painting, can assert a narrative of its own. For the Pre-Raphaelites, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti specifically, there was anxiety about the constraints of illustration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, Rossetti wrote to <a href="/wiki/William_Allingham" title="William Allingham">William Allingham</a> about the independence of illustration: "I have not begun even designing for them yet, but fancy I shall try the 'Vision of Sin' and 'Palace of Art' etc. – those where one can allegorize on one's own hook, without killing for oneself and everyone a distinct idea of the poet's."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passage makes apparent Rossetti's desire to not just support the poet's narrative, but to create an allegorical illustration that functions separately from the text as well. In this respect, Pre-Raphaelite illustrations go beyond depicting an episode from a poem, but rather function like subject paintings within a text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Holman_Hunt_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Holman_Hunt_001.jpg/220px-William_Holman_Hunt_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Holman_Hunt_001.jpg/330px-William_Holman_Hunt_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Holman_Hunt_001.jpg/440px-William_Holman_Hunt_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hireling_Shepherd" title="The Hireling Shepherd">The Hireling Shepherd</a></i>, 1851</figcaption></figure> <p>There are major collections of Pre-Raphaelite work in United Kingdom museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery" title="Manchester Art Gallery">Manchester Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery" title="Lady Lever Art Gallery">Lady Lever Art Gallery</a>, and Liverpool's <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Gallery" title="Walker Art Gallery">Walker Art Gallery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Art_Museum" title="Delaware Art Museum">Delaware Art Museum</a> in the US have the most significant collections of Pre-Raphaelite art outside the UK. The <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce" title="Museo de Arte de Ponce">Museo de Arte de Ponce</a> in Puerto Rico also has a notable collection of Pre-Raphaelite works, including Sir Edward Burne-Jones' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon" title="The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon">The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lord_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Lord Leighton">Frederic Lord Leighton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Flaming_June" title="Flaming June">Flaming June</a></i>, and works by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Sandys">Frederic Sandys</a>. The Ger Eenens Collection The Netherlands includes a work by John Collier, Circe (signed and dated 1885), that was exhibited at the Chicago World Fair 1893. The British exhibit occupied 14 rooms, showcased a theme familiar with the Fair's outlook, hence they had a sizeable exhibit of Pre-Raphaelite and New-Classical painters. They were extremely well received. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIRCE,_John_Collier_1885_-_Ger_Eenens_Collection_The_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CIRCE%2C_John_Collier_1885_-_Ger_Eenens_Collection_The_Netherlands.jpg/220px-CIRCE%2C_John_Collier_1885_-_Ger_Eenens_Collection_The_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CIRCE%2C_John_Collier_1885_-_Ger_Eenens_Collection_The_Netherlands.jpg/330px-CIRCE%2C_John_Collier_1885_-_Ger_Eenens_Collection_The_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CIRCE%2C_John_Collier_1885_-_Ger_Eenens_Collection_The_Netherlands.jpg/440px-CIRCE%2C_John_Collier_1885_-_Ger_Eenens_Collection_The_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption><i>Circe</i>, 1885, by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a>, depicts the seductive enchantress from Homer's <i>Odyssey</i> and was exhibited at the Chicago World Art Fair 1893, World's Columbian Exposition, Department K Britannica</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a set of Pre-Raphaelite murals in the Old Library at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>, depicting scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legends</a>, painted between 1857 and 1859 by a team of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris, and Edward Burne-Jones. The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> houses at <a href="/wiki/Wightwick_Manor" title="Wightwick Manor">Wightwick Manor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Wallington_Hall" title="Wallington Hall">Wallington Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, both have significant and representative collections. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> is an avid collector of Pre-Raphaelite works, and a selection of 300 items from his collection were shown at an exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in London in 2003. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_Manor" title="Kelmscott Manor">Kelmscott Manor</a>, the country home of <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> from 1871 until his death in 1896, is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a> and is open to the public. The Manor is featured in Morris' 1890 novel <i><a href="/wiki/News_from_Nowhere" title="News from Nowhere">News from Nowhere</a></i>. It also appears in the background of <a href="/wiki/Water_Willow_(Rossetti)" title="Water Willow (Rossetti)"><i>Water Willow</i></a>, a portrait of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> in 1871. There are exhibitions connected with Morris and Rossetti's early experiments with photography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_popular_culture">Portrayal in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Portrayal in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of the brotherhood, from its controversial first exhibition to being embraced by the art establishment, has been depicted in two <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television series. The first, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i>, was broadcast in 1975; the second is the 2009 BBC television drama serial <i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bowker" title="Peter Bowker">Peter Bowker</a>. Although much of the latter's material is derived from <a href="/wiki/Franny_Moyle" title="Franny Moyle">Franny Moyle</a>'s factual book <i>Desperate Romantics: The Private Lives of the Pre-Raphaelites</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the series occasionally departs from established facts in favour of dramatic licence and is prefaced by the disclaimer: "In the mid-19th century, a group of young men challenged the art establishment of the day. The pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were inspired by the real world around them, yet took imaginative licence in their art. This story, based on their lives and loves, follows in that inventive spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</a>'s television film <i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 TV film)">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (1967) contains brief scenes on some of the leading Pre-Raphaelites but mainly concentrates on the life of Rossetti, played by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Reed" title="Oliver Reed">Oliver Reed</a>. </p><p>Chapter 36 of the 1952 novel <i><a href="/wiki/East_of_Eden_(novel)" title="East of Eden (novel)">East of Eden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> references pre-Raphaelite influenced images used to identify different classrooms: "The pictures identified the rooms, and the pre-Raphaelite influence was overwhelming. <a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a> standing in full armor pointed the way for third-graders; <a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a>'s race urged on the fourth, the <i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_and_the_Pot_of_Basil" title="Isabella and the Pot of Basil">Pot of Basil</a></i> confused the fifth grade, and so on until the denunciation of <a href="/wiki/Catiline" title="Catiline">Catiline</a> sent the eighth-graders on to high school with a sense of high civic virtue. Cal and Aron were assigned to the seventh grade because of their age, and they learned every shadow of its picture—Laocoön completely wrapped in snakes". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="English school of painting">English school of painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Claxton" title="Florence Claxton">Florence Claxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wharlton_Bunney" title="John Wharlton Bunney">John Wharlton Bunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pre-Raphaelite_paintings" title="List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings">List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Art_Club" title="New English Art Club">New English Art Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smetham" title="James Smetham">James Smetham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)" title="The Light of the World (painting)">The Light of the World</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dorra" title="Henri Dorra">Henri Dorra</a>, <i>Symbolist Art Theories: A Critical Anthology</i> (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton1971[httpsarchiveorgdetailspreraphaelites00hiltpage46mode1up_46]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton1971[httpsarchiveorgdetailspreraphaelites00hiltpage46mode1up_46]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton1971">Hilton 1971</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preraphaelites00hilt/page/46/mode/1up">46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLandow" class="citation web cs1">Landow, George P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/prb/1.html">"Pre-Raphaelites: An Introduction"</a>. <i>The Victorian Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=Pre-Raphaelites%3A+An+Introduction&rft.aulast=Landow&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fpainting%2Fprb%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://byfaith.org/2020/09/15/christianity-and-art-the-pre-raphaelites/">"Christianity and Art: The Pre-Raphaelites"</a>. <i>byfaith.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=byfaith.org&rft.atitle=Christianity+and+Art%3A+The+Pre-Raphaelites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbyfaith.org%2F2020%2F09%2F15%2Fchristianity-and-art-the-pre-raphaelites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Pre-Raphaelite-Brotherhood">"Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FPre-Raphaelite-Brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGann_et_al_2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGann_et_al_2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGann2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_McGann" title="Jerome McGann">McGann, Jerome J.</a>, ed. (7 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323172857/https://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/s40.rap.html">"The Girlhood of Mary Virgin"</a>. <i>The Rossetti Archive</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/s40.rap.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rossetti+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Girlhood+of+Mary+Virgin&rft.date=2005-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rossettiarchive.org%2Fdocs%2Fs40.rap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilton28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hilton28_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hilton28_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton1971">Hilton 1971</a>, pp. 28–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Latham, pp. 11–12; see also his comments</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-pre-raphaelites">"The Pre-Raphaelites"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Raphaelites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fthe-pre-raphaelites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slater, Michael (2009). <i>Charles Dickens</i>, p. 309. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andres, Sophia (2005). <i>The Pre-Raphaelite Art of the Victorian Novel: Narrative Challenges to Visual Gendered Boundaries</i>, p. 9. Ohio State University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, Saturday, 3 May 1851; pg. 8; Issue 20792: Exhibition of the Royal Academy. (Private View.), First Notice: "We cannot censure at present, as amply or as strongly as we desire to do, that strange disorder of the mind or the eyes which continues to rage with unabated absurdity among a class of juvenile artists who style themselves "P.R.B.," which being interpreted means <i>Pre-Raphael Brethren</i>. Their faith seems to consist in an absolute contempt for perspective and the known laws of light and shade, an aversion to beauty in every shape, and a singular devotion to the minute accidents of their subjects, including, or rather seeking out, every excess of sharpness and deformity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowle2000" class="citation web cs1">Fowle, Frances (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-christ-in-the-house-of-his-parents-the-carpenters-shop-n03584">"Sir John Everett Millais, Bt, Christ in the House of His Parents ('The Carpenter's Shop'), 1849–50"</a>. <i>Tate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Everett+Millais%2C+Bt%2C+Christ+in+the+House+of+His+Parents+%28%27The+Carpenter%27s+Shop%27%29%2C+1849%E2%80%9350&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fowle&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fartworks%2Fmillais-christ-in-the-house-of-his-parents-the-carpenters-shop-n03584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/prb/1.html">"Pre-Raphaelites: An Introduction"</a>. <i>www.victorianweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.victorianweb.org&rft.atitle=Pre-Raphaelites%3A+An+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fpainting%2Fprb%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearden199936–37-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearden199936–37_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDearden1999">Dearden 1999</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyllis Rose, <i>Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages</i>, 1983, pp. 49–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutyens1967" class="citation book cs1">Lutyens, Mary. (1967). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millais_and_the_Ruskins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millais and the Ruskins (page does not exist)">Millais and the Ruskins</a></i>. London: John Murray. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719517001" title="Special:BookSources/0719517001"><bdi>0719517001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millais+and+the+Ruskins&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0719517001&rft.aulast=Lutyens&rft.aufirst=Mary.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearden199943-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearden199943_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDearden1999">Dearden 1999</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2010" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Michael (2010). <i>The concise Oxford dictionary of art terms – Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199569922" title="Special:BookSources/9780199569922"><bdi>9780199569922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concise+Oxford+dictionary+of+art+terms+%E2%80%93+Pre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199569922&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiteley-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whiteley_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteley1989" class="citation book cs1">Whiteley, Jon (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preraphaelitepai0000whit"><i>Oxford and the Pre-Raphaelites</i></a></span>. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907849946" title="Special:BookSources/0907849946"><bdi>0907849946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+and+the+Pre-Raphaelites&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Ashmolean+Museum&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0907849946&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreraphaelitepai0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilton202-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hilton202_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hilton202_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hilton202_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton1971">Hilton 1971</a>, pp. 202–05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Macmillan, <i>Scottish Art 1460–1990</i> (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500203334" title="Special:BookSources/0500203334">0500203334</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. MacDonald, <i>Scottish Art</i> (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500203334" title="Special:BookSources/0500203334">0500203334</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Macmillan, <i>Scottish Art 1460–1990</i> (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500203334" title="Special:BookSources/0500203334">0500203334</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Barber, <i>The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief</i> (Harvard University Press, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674013905" title="Special:BookSources/0674013905">0674013905</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fineartbookstore.com/s-120-Pre-Raphaelites">"Fine Art Books Art Instruction | Photography Books | Visual Arts Periods, Groups & Movements: Pre-Raphaelites"</a>. <i>fineartbookstore.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fineartbookstore.com&rft.atitle=Fine+Art+Books+Art+Instruction+%7C+Photography+Books+%7C+Visual+Arts+Periods%2C+Groups+%26+Movements%3A+Pre-Raphaelites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffineartbookstore.com%2Fs-120-Pre-Raphaelites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Jelbert: "Paula Modersohn-Becker’s self-portraits and the influence of Dante Gabriel Rossetti." <i>The Burlington Magazine</i>, vol.159, no.1373 (2017): 617–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Bucher (2004) for a brief discussion on the influence of the Pre-Raphaelites on Tolkien.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treuherz_2003-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treuherz_2003_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreuherz2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Treuherz, Julian (2003). "Pre-Raphaelitism". In Turner, Jane (ed.). <i>The Dictionary of Art</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t069496">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t069496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5104656181">5104656181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Raphaelitism&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Art&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5104656181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t069496&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Treuherz&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burroughs, B. (1935). "1935 Views the Pre-Raphaelites". <i>The American Magazine of Art</i>, <b>28</b>(1): 6–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barringer, Tim (1999). <i>Reading the Pre-Raphaelites</i>, p. 17. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/pre-raphaelites-victorian-avant-garde"><i>Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde</i></a>, Tate Britain, accessed 27 August 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2004" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Paul (2004). <i>Victorian Illustration: The Pre-Raphaelites, the Idyllic School and the High Victorians</i>. Burlington, VT: Lund Humphries. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Illustration%3A+The+Pre-Raphaelites%2C+the+Idyllic+School+and+the+High+Victorians&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelland1953" class="citation book cs1">Welland, Dennis S. R. (1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preraphaelitesin0000well"><i>The Pre-Raphaelites in Literature and Art</i></a></span>. London, UK: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preraphaelitesin0000well/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836960464" title="Special:BookSources/9780836960464"><bdi>9780836960464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Raphaelites+in+Literature+and+Art&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=George+G.+Harrap+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9780836960464&rft.aulast=Welland&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreraphaelitesin0000well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1871" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, Robert W. (October 1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924013268887">"The Fleshly School of Poetry: Mr. D.G. Rossetti"</a>. <i>The Contemporary Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=The+Fleshly+School+of+Poetry%3A+Mr.+D.G.+Rossetti&rft.date=1871-10&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924013268887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span> as cited in Welland, D.S.R. The Pre-Raphaelites in Literature and Art. London, UK: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd., 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/atheories/1.1.html">"Chapter One: Ruskin's Theories of the Sister Arts — Ut Pictura Poesis"</a>. <i>www.victorianweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.victorianweb.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+One%3A+Ruskin%27s+Theories+of+the+Sister+Arts+%E2%80%94+Ut+Pictura+Poesis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fruskin%2Fatheories%2F1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossetti1855" class="citation book cs1">Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (1855). <i>Letter from D.G. Rossetti to William Allingham</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+from+D.G.+Rossetti+to+William+Allingham&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Rossetti&rft.aufirst=Dante+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/06_june/25/romantics.shtml">Desperate Romantics press pack: introduction</a> BBC Press Office. Retrieved on 24 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Stephen2009" class="citation news cs1">Armstrong, Stephen (5 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826200013/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6626470.ece">"BBC2 drama on icons among Pre-Raphaelites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6626470.ece">the original</a> on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=BBC2+drama+on+icons+among+Pre-Raphaelites&rft.date=2009-07-05&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Ftv_and_radio%2Farticle6626470.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarringer1998" class="citation book cs1">Barringer, Tim (1998). <i>Reading the Pre-Raphaelites</i>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300177336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300177336"><bdi>978-0300177336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Pre-Raphaelites&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0300177336&rft.aulast=Barringer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barringer, Tim, Jason Rosenfeld, and Alison Smith (2012). <i>Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde</i>, London, England: Tate Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854379306" title="Special:BookSources/978-1854379306">978-1854379306</a></li> <li>Bucher, Gregory (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091231160442/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2004/2004-r3.html">Review</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dickerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Dickerson">Matthew Dickerson</a>. 'Following Gandalf. Epic Battles and Moral Victory in The Lord of the Rings'", <i>Journal of Religion & Society</i>, <b>6</b>, ISSN 1522-5658, webpage accessed 13 October 2007</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1989" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Gay (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preraphaelitesin00daly"><i>Pre-Raphaelites in Love</i></a>. New York: Ticknor & Fields. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-450-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89919-450-8"><bdi>0-89919-450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Raphaelites+in+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ticknor+%26+Fields&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-89919-450-8&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreraphaelitesin00daly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearden1999" class="citation book cs1">Dearden, James S. (1999). <i>John Ruskin: A Life in Pictures</i>. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-045-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-045-6"><bdi>978-1-84127-045-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247338280">247338280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ruskin%3A+A+Life+in+Pictures&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247338280&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-045-6&rft.aulast=Dearden&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dickerson, Matthew (2003). <i>Following Gandalf : epic battles and moral victory in the Lord of the rings</i>, Grand Rapids, Mich. : Brazos Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58743-085-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58743-085-1">1-58743-085-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt1975" class="citation book cs1">Gaunt, William (1975). <i>The Pre-Raphaelite Tragedy</i> (rev. ed.). London: Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-01106-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-01106-5"><bdi>0-224-01106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Raphaelite+Tragedy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Cape&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-224-01106-5&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksley1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Hawksley" title="Lucinda Hawksley">Hawksley, Lucinda</a> (1999). <i>Essential Pre-Raphaelites</i>. Bath: Dempsey Parr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84084-524-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84084-524-4"><bdi>1-84084-524-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Pre-Raphaelites&rft.place=Bath&rft.pub=Dempsey+Parr&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-84084-524-4&rft.aulast=Hawksley&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton1971" class="citation book cs1">Hilton, Timothy (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preraphaelites00hilt"><i>The Pre-Raphaelites</i></a></span>. New York: H.N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0424-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0424-8"><bdi>978-0-8109-0424-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/691232293">691232293</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Raphaelites&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.N.+Abrams&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F691232293&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-0424-8&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreraphaelites00hilt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Pre-Raphaelites</i>, 1984 (exhibition catalogue, various authors), Tate Gallery, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713916389" title="Special:BookSources/0713916389">0713916389</a></li> <li>Latham, David, <i>Haunted Texts: Studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in Honour of William E. Fredeman</i>, William Evan Fredeman, David Latham, eds, 2003, University of Toronto Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802036627" title="Special:BookSources/0802036627">0802036627</a>, 9780802036629, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R81qhmUO2BoC&pg=PA12">google books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrettejohn2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Prettejohn" title="Elizabeth Prettejohn">Prettejohn, Elizabeth</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofpreraphaeli0000pret"><i>The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites</i></a></span>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07057-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07057-1"><bdi>0-691-07057-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Pre-Raphaelites&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-07057-1&rft.aulast=Prettejohn&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofpreraphaeli0000pret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ramm, John (2003). "The Forgotten Pre-Raphaelite: Henry Wallis", <i>Antique Dealer & Collectors Guide</i>, <b>56</b> (March/April), p. 8–9</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andres, Sophia. (2005) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibdvfLXn_10C">The Pre-Raphaelite Art of the Victorian Novel: Narrative Challenges to Visual Gendered Boundaries</a>.</i> Ohio State University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-5129-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-5129-3">0-8142-5129-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1982" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Kenneth (10 August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-08-10_11_32/page/n60/mode/1up">"Truth and not beauty: Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite dream"</a>. <i>The Boston Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Truth+and+not+beauty%3A+Dante+Gabriel+Rossetti+and+the+Pre-Raphaelite+dream&rft.date=1982-08-10&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1982-08-10_11_32%2Fpage%2Fn60%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Raphaelite+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bate, P.H. [1901] (1972) <i>The English Pre-Raphaelite painters : their associates and successors</i>, New York : AMS Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-00691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-00691-4">0-404-00691-4</a></li> <li>Daly, G. (1989) <i>Pre-Raphaelites in Love</i>, New York : Ticknor & Fields, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-450-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89919-450-8">0-89919-450-8</a></li> <li>des Cars, L. (2000) <i>The Pre-Raphaelites : Romance and Realism</i>, "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Abrams Discoveries</a>" series, New York : Harry N. Abrams, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-2891-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-2891-4">0-8109-2891-4</a></li> <li>Mancoff, D.N. (2003) <i>Flora symbolica : flowers in Pre-Raphaelite art</i>, Munich; London; New York : Prestel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-2851-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-2851-4">3-7913-2851-4</a></li> <li>Marsh, J. and Nunn, P.G. (1998) <i>Pre-Raphaelite women artists</i>, London : Thames & Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28104-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28104-1">0-500-28104-1</a></li> <li>Sharp, Frank C and Marsh, Jan, (2012) <i>The Collected Letters of Jane Morris</i>, Boydell & Brewer, London</li> <li>Staley, A. and Newall, C. (2004) <i>Pre-Raphaelite vision : truth to nature</i>, London : Tate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85437-499-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85437-499-0">1-85437-499-0</a></li> <li>Townsend, J., Ridge, J. and Hackney, S. (2004) <i>Pre-Raphaelite painting techniques : 1848–56</i>, London : Tate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85437-498-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85437-498-2">1-85437-498-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Pre-Raphaelitism" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Pre-Raphaelitism">Pre-Raphaelitism</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preraphaelites.org/">Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite Online Resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/pre-raphaelites-victorian-avant-garde">Pre-Raphaelites exhibition at Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416083323/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/pre-raphaelites/index.asp">Liverpool Walker Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite collection</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23593/23593-h/23593-h.htm#LECTURE_IV"><i>Pre-Raphaelitism</i></a> – lecture by <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pre-raphaelitesociety.org/">The Pre-Raphaelite Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preraphaelites.org/">Pre-Raphaelite online resource project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museums_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery">Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812235635/http://www.preraph.org/">The Samuel and Mary R. Bancroft Collection of Pre-Raphaelite Art</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/67586">Edward Burne-Jones, Victorian artist-dreamer</a></i>, full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxford-union.org/library/murals">Pre-Raphaelite murals</a> in the Old Library at the Oxford Union. This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/mp3_file/0018/140517/muralsaudioguidepodcast.mp3#OUL">podcast</a> covers their painting. Oxford Brookes University has a series of podcasts on the Pre-Raphaelites in Oxford, with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4DbKkeqP-A"><span class="plainlinks">this one</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> dedicated to the Union murals.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.masterworksfineart.com/2022/12/13/pre-raphaelites-art-movement">Pre-Raphaelites: Born Out of Desire for Change</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood_(paintings)742" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Template:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Template talk:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood_(paintings)742" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pre-Raphaelite_paintings" title="List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings">(paintings)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collinson" title="James Collinson">James Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_George_Stephens" title="Frederic George Stephens">Frederic George Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated <br />artists and <br />figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Price_Boyce" title="George Price Boyce">George Price Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brett_(artist)" title="John Brett (artist)">John Brett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Madox_Brown" title="Lucy Madox Brown">Lucy Madox Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burchett" title="Richard Burchett">Richard Burchett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Burne-Jones" title="Georgiana Burne-Jones">Georgiana Burne-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(artist)" title="James Campbell (artist)">James Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allston_Collins" title="Charles Allston Collins">Charles Allston Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cadogan_Cowper" title="Frank Cadogan Cowper">Frank Cadogan Cowper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Evelyn De Morgan">Evelyn De Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Deverell" title="Walter Deverell">Walter Deverell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Treffry_Dunn" title="Henry Treffry Dunn">Henry Treffry Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dyce" title="William Dyce">William Dyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holiday" title="Henry Holiday">Henry Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robert_Hughes" title="Edward Robert Hughes">Edward Robert Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Braithwaite_Martineau" title="Robert Braithwaite Martineau">Robert Braithwaite Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Beresford,_Marchioness_of_Waterford" title="Louisa Beresford, Marchioness of Waterford">Louisa Beresford, Marchioness of Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Munro_(sculptor)" title="Alexander Munro (sculptor)">Alexander Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noel_Paton" title="Joseph Noel Paton">Joseph Noel Paton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Cameron_Prinsep" title="Valentine Cameron Prinsep">Valentine Cameron Prinsep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Sandys" title="Emma Sandys">Emma Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seddon" title="Thomas Seddon">Thomas Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddal" title="Elizabeth Siddal">Elizabeth Siddal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smetham" title="James Smetham">James Smetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Solomon" title="Rebecca Solomon">Rebecca Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roddam_Spencer_Stanhope" title="John Roddam Spencer Stanhope">John Roddam Spencer Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Melhuish_Strudwick" title="John Melhuish Strudwick">John Melhuish Strudwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wallis" title="Henry Wallis">Henry Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Webbe" title="William James Webbe">William James Webbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Windus" title="William Lindsay Windus">William Lindsay Windus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Some <br />well-known <br />works<br /><span class="nobold">(period and <br />post-period)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(painting)" title="Ophelia (painting)">Ophelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents" title="Christ in the House of His Parents">Christ in the House of His Parents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Converted_British_Family_Sheltering_a_Christian_Missionary_from_the_Persecution_of_the_Druids" title="A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids">A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Ancilla_Domini" title="Ecce Ancilla Domini">Ecce Ancilla Domini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariana_(Millais)" title="Mariana (Millais)">Mariana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)" title="The Light of the World (painting)">The Light of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_English_Coasts" title="Our English Coasts">Our English Coasts ('Strayed Sheep')</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scapegoat_(painting)" title="The Scapegoat (painting)">The Scapegoat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Paolo and Francesca da Rimini">Paolo and Francesca da Rimini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_England_(painting)" title="The Last of England (painting)">The Last of England</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Work_(painting)" title="Work (painting)">Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Awakening_Conscience" title="The Awakening Conscience">The Awakening Conscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hireling_Shepherd" title="The Hireling Shepherd">The Hireling Shepherd</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/April_Love_(painting)" title="April Love (painting)">April Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Found_(Rossetti)" title="Found (Rossetti)">Found</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Leaves_(painting)" title="Autumn Leaves (painting)">Autumn Leaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bocca_Baciata" title="Bocca Baciata">Bocca Baciata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_murals" title="Oxford Union murals">Oxford Union murals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Lilith" title="Lady Lilith">Lady Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Widow_(Rossetti)" title="Roman Widow (Rossetti)">Roman Widow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(Sandys)" title="Mary Magdalene (Sandys)">Mary Magdalene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple" title="The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple">The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay_(painting)" title="Morgan le Fay (painting)">Morgan le Fay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beata_Beatrix" title="Beata Beatrix">Beata Beatrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Death" title="The Shadow of Death">The Shadow of Death</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(Rossetti)" title="Proserpine (Rossetti)">Proserpine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Fiammetta" title="A Vision of Fiammetta">A Vision of Fiammetta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_the_Image_series" title="Pygmalion and the Image series">Pygmalion and the Image series</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beloved_(Rossetti)" title="The Beloved (Rossetti)">The Beloved</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymon_and_Iphigenia_(Leighton_painting)" title="Cymon and Iphigenia (Leighton painting)">Cymon and Iphigenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Cophetua_and_the_Beggar_Maid_(painting)" title="King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid (painting)">King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Dream_(Rossetti)" title="The Day Dream (Rossetti)">The Day Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Stairs" title="The Golden Stairs">The Golden Stairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_and_Beatrice_(painting)" title="Dante and Beatrice (painting)">Dante and Beatrice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Messenger" title="Love's Messenger">Love's Messenger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(Waterhouse_paintings)" title="The Magic Circle (Waterhouse paintings)">The Magic Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Briar_Rose" title="The Legend of Briar Rose">The Legend of Briar Rose</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_(painting)" title="The Lady of Shalott (painting)"><i>The Lady of Shalott</i> (Waterhouse)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(painting)" title="Lilith (painting)">Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eos_(painting)" title="Eos (painting)">Eos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flaming_June" title="Flaming June">Flaming June</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hope_(Burne-Jones)" title="Hope (Burne-Jones)">Hope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylas_and_the_Nymphs_(painting)" title="Hylas and the Nymphs (painting)">Hylas and the Nymphs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Godiva_(painting)" title="Lady Godiva (painting)">Lady Godiva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Potion" title="The Love Potion">The Love Potion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_(William_Holman_Hunt)" title="The Lady of Shalott (William Holman Hunt)"><i>The Lady of Shalott</i> (Hunt)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Half-Sick_of_Shadows,_Said_the_Lady_of_Shalott" title="I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott">I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddal" title="Elizabeth Siddal">Elizabeth Siddal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cornforth" title="Fanny Cornforth">Fanny Cornforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gray" title="Sophie Gray">Sophie Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Miller" title="Annie Miller">Annie Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexa_Wilding" title="Alexa Wilding">Alexa Wilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Zambaco" title="Maria Zambaco">Maria Zambaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dene" title="Dorothy Dene">Dorothy Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Eaton" title="Fanny Eaton">Fanny Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Herbert" title="Ruth Herbert">Ruth Herbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Germ_(periodical)" title="The Germ (periodical)">The Germ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rossetti_and_His_Circle" title="Rossetti and His Circle">Rossetti and His Circle</a></i> (1922 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i> (1967 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School"><i>The Love School</i> (1975 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics"><i>Desperate Romantics</i> (2009 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray_(film)" title="Effie Gray (film)"><i>Effie Gray</i> (2014 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Category:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Everett_Millais103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Everett_Millais" title="Template:John Everett Millais"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Everett_Millais" title="Template talk:John Everett Millais"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Everett_Millais" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Everett Millais"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Everett_Millais103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_John_Everett_Millais" title="List of paintings by John Everett Millais">List of paintings</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru" title="Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru">Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(Millais_painting)" title="Isabella (Millais painting)">Isabella</a></i> (1848–1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents" title="Christ in the House of His Parents">Christ in the House of His Parents</a></i> (1849–1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lured_by_Ariel" title="Ferdinand Lured by Ariel">Ferdinand Lured by Ariel</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariana_(Millais)" title="Mariana (Millais)">Mariana</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Dove_to_the_Ark" title="The Return of the Dove to the Ark">The Return of the Dove to the Ark</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Huguenot,_on_St._Bartholomew%27s_Day" title="A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day">A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(painting)" title="Ophelia (painting)">Ophelia</a></i> (1851–1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Release,_1746" title="The Order of Release, 1746">The Order of Release, 1746</a></i> (1852–1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Proscribed_Royalist,_1651" title="The Proscribed Royalist, 1651">The Proscribed Royalist, 1651</a></i> (1852–1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_(Millais)" title="John Ruskin (Millais)">John Ruskin</a></i> (1853–1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescue_(painting)" title="The Rescue (painting)">The Rescue</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Leaves_(painting)" title="Autumn Leaves (painting)">Autumn Leaves</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Girl" title="The Blind Girl">The Blind Girl</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_Concluded" title="Peace Concluded">Peace Concluded</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_the_Past:_Sir_Isumbras_at_the_Ford" title="A Dream of the Past: Sir Isumbras at the Ford">A Dream of the Past: Sir Isumbras at the Ford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_of_Rest" title="The Vale of Rest">The Vale of Rest</a></i> (1858–1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Brunswicker" title="The Black Brunswicker">The Black Brunswicker</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esther_(Millais)" title="Esther (Millais)">Esther</a></i> (1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_(Millais)" title="Vanessa (Millais)">Vanessa</a></i> (1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh" title="The Boyhood of Raleigh">The Boyhood of Raleigh</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chill_October" title="Chill October">Chill October</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_O_Lord!" title="Victory O Lord!">Victory O Lord!</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North-West_Passage" title="The North-West Passage">The North-West Passage</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle_(Millais)" title="Thomas Carlyle (Millais)">Thomas Carlyle</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Benjamin_Disraeli_(Millais)" title="Portrait of Benjamin Disraeli (Millais)">Portrait of Benjamin Disraeli</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ruling_Passion" title="The Ruling Passion">The Ruling Passion</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(painting)" title="Bubbles (painting)">Bubbles</a></i> (1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Guille_Millais" title="John Guille Millais">John Guille Millais</a> (son)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_John_Everett_Millais" title="Portrait of John Everett Millais">Portrait of John Everett Millais</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i> (1975 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Countess_(play)" title="The Countess (play)">The Countess</a></i> (1999 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> (2009 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray_(film)" title="Effie Gray (film)">Effie Gray</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Template:Dante Gabriel Rossetti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Template talk:Dante Gabriel Rossetti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dante Gabriel Rossetti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="List of paintings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Girlhood_of_Mary_Virgin" title="The Girlhood of Mary Virgin">The Girlhood of Mary Virgin</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Ancilla_Domini" title="Ecce Ancilla Domini">Ecce Ancilla Domini</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Paolo and Francesca da Rimini">Paolo and Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bocca_Baciata" title="Bocca Baciata">Bocca Baciata</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_Kissing_the_Sword_of_Deliverance" title="Joan of Arc Kissing the Sword of Deliverance">Joan of Arc Kissing the Sword of Deliverance</a></i> (1863)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beloved_(Rossetti)" title="The Beloved (Rossetti)">The Beloved</a></i> (1865–1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monna_Vanna_(Rossetti)" title="Monna Vanna (Rossetti)">Monna Vanna</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monna_Rosa" title="Monna Rosa">Monna Rosa</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Verticordia_(Rossetti)" title="Venus Verticordia (Rossetti)">Venus Verticordia</a></i> (1864–1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei_(Rossetti)" title="Pia de' Tolomei (Rossetti)">Pia de' Tolomei</a></i> (c. 1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beata_Beatrix" title="Beata Beatrix">Beata Beatrix</a></i> (c. 1864–1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Dream" title="Dante's Dream">Dante's Dream</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Water_Willow_(Rossetti)" title="Water Willow (Rossetti)">Water Willow</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Veronese" title="Veronica Veronese">Veronica Veronese</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Lilith" title="Lady Lilith">Lady Lilith</a></i> (1866–1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ghirlandata" title="La Ghirlandata">La Ghirlandata</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(Rossetti)" title="Proserpine (Rossetti)">Proserpine</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Widow_(Rossetti)" title="Roman Widow (Rossetti)">Roman Widow</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sea-Spell" title="A Sea-Spell">A Sea-Spell</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blessed_Damozel" title="The Blessed Damozel">The Blessed Damozel</a></i> (1875–1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Fiammetta" title="A Vision of Fiammetta">A Vision of Fiammetta</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Dream_(Rossetti)" title="The Day Dream (Rossetti)">The Day Dream</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne_(Rossetti)" title="Mnemosyne (Rossetti)">Mnemosyne</a></i> (1876–1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Found_(Rossetti)" title="Found (Rossetti)">Found</a></i> (1854–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Murals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_murals" title="Oxford Union murals">Oxford Union murals</a> (with other artists, 1857–1859)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligeia_Siren" title="Ligeia Siren">Ligeia Siren</a></i> (1873)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddal" title="Elizabeth Siddal">Elizabeth Siddal</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Polidori" title="Frances Polidori">Frances Polidori</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Rossetti" title="Gabriele Rossetti">Gabriele Rossetti</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Francesca_Rossetti" title="Maria Francesca Rossetti">Maria Francesca Rossetti</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Polidori" title="Gaetano Polidori">Gaetano Polidori</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Germ_(periodical)" title="The Germ (periodical)">The Germ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_and_Isoude_stained_glass_panels" title="Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels">Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bookcase" title="Great Bookcase">Great Bookcase</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Damoiselle_%C3%A9lue" title="La Damoiselle élue">La Damoiselle élue</a></i> (1893 cantata)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rossetti_and_His_Circle" title="Rossetti and His Circle">Rossetti and His Circle</a></i> (1922 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 film)">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (1967 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i> (1975 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> (2009 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Category:Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Holman_Hunt54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Holman_Hunt" title="Template:William Holman Hunt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Holman_Hunt" title="Template talk:William Holman Hunt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Holman_Hunt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Holman Hunt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Holman_Hunt54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice_for_the_death_of_his_young_brother,_slain_in_a_skirmish_between_the_Colonna_and_the_Orsini_factions" title="Rienzi vowing to obtain justice for the death of his young brother, slain in a skirmish between the Colonna and the Orsini factions">Rienzi</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Converted_British_Family_Sheltering_a_Christian_Missionary_from_the_Persecution_of_the_Druids" title="A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids">A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids</a></i> (1849–1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudio_and_Isabella" title="Claudio and Isabella">Claudio and Isabella</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hireling_Shepherd" title="The Hireling Shepherd">The Hireling Shepherd</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Rescuing_Sylvia_from_Proteus" title="Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus">Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_English_Coasts" title="Our English Coasts">Our English Coasts</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Awakening_Conscience" title="The Awakening Conscience">The Awakening Conscience</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scapegoat_(painting)" title="The Scapegoat (painting)">The Scapegoat</a></i> (1854–1855; 1854–1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple" title="The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple">The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales" title="London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales">London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_and_the_Pot_of_Basil" title="Isabella and the Pot of Basil">Isabella and the Pot of Basil</a></i> (1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Death" title="The Shadow of Death">The Shadow of Death</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_of_the_Holy_Fire_(painting)" title="The Miracle of the Holy Fire (painting)">The Miracle of the Holy Fire</a></i> (1892–1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_(William_Holman_Hunt)" title="The Lady of Shalott (William Holman Hunt)">The Lady of Shalott</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1888</span>–1905)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Painting series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)" title="The Light of the World (painting)">The Light of the World</a></i> (1849–1854; 1851–1856; 1900–1904)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Germ_(periodical)" title="The Germ (periodical)">The Germ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Holman-Hunt" title="Diana Holman-Hunt">Diana Holman-Hunt</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i> (1975 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> (2009 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Ruskin37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Ruskin" title="Template:John Ruskin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Ruskin" title="Template talk:John Ruskin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Ruskin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Ruskin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Ruskin37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">The King of the Golden River</a></i> (written 1842, published 1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a></i> (1843–1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" title="The Seven Lamps of Architecture">The Seven Lamps of Architecture</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a></i> (1851–1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a></i> (1870s)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/90px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/135px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/180px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ruskin (painting)">John Ruskin</a></i> (1854 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 film)">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (1967 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i> (1975 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_John_Ruskin" title="The Passion of John Ruskin">The Passion of John Ruskin</a></i> (1994 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Countess_(play)" title="The Countess (play)">The Countess</a></i> (1999 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> (2009 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray_(film)" title="Effie Gray (film)">Effie Gray</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantwood" title="Brantwood">Brantwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" title="Guild of St George">Guild of St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruskin" title="Mount Ruskin">Mount Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathetic_fallacy" title="Pathetic fallacy">Pathetic fallacy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_La_Touche" title="Rose La Touche">Rose La Touche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Gallery" title="Ruskin Gallery">Ruskin Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Monument" title="Ruskin Monument">Ruskin Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Museum" title="Ruskin Museum">Ruskin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_School_of_Art" title="Ruskin School of Art">Ruskin School of Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ruskin,_Lancaster" title="The Ruskin, Lancaster">The Ruskin, Lancaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_artists85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_artists85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated artists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lawrence_Alma-Tadema40" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Template:Lawrence Alma-Tadema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Template talk:Lawrence Alma-Tadema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lawrence Alma-Tadema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lawrence_Alma-Tadema40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sappho_and_Alcaeus" title="Sappho and Alcaeus">Sappho and Alcaeus</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Reading_from_Homer" title="A Reading from Homer">A Reading from Homer</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Women_of_Amphissa" title="The Women of Amphissa">The Women of Amphissa</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(Alma-Tadema_painting)" title="Spring (Alma-Tadema painting)">Spring</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_Moses_(Alma-Tadema)" title="The Finding of Moses (Alma-Tadema)">The Finding of Moses</a></i> (1904)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Theresa_Alma-Tadema" title="Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema">Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema (second wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Alma-Tadema" title="Laurence Alma-Tadema">Laurence Alma-Tadema (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Alma-Tadema" title="Anna Alma-Tadema">Anna Alma-Tadema (daughter)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Barrow" title="Rosemary Barrow">Rosemary Barrow</a> (scholar)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ford_Madox_Brown42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Template:Ford Madox Brown"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Template talk:Ford Madox Brown"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ford Madox Brown"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ford_Madox_Brown42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Ford_Madox_Brown" title="List of paintings by Ford Madox Brown">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_(Madox_Brown)" title="Manfred on the Jungfrau (Madox Brown)">Manfred on the Jungfrau</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pretty_Baa-Lambs" title="The Pretty Baa-Lambs">The Pretty Baa-Lambs</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Take_your_Son,_Sir!" title="Take your Son, Sir!">Take your Son, Sir!</a></i> (1851–1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Work_(painting)" title="Work (painting)">Work</a></i> (1852–1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_England_(painting)" title="The Last of England (painting)">The Last of England</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stages_of_Cruelty" title="Stages of Cruelty">Stages of Cruelty</a></i> (1856–1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_on_his_Farm" title="Cromwell on his Farm">Cromwell on his Farm</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell,_Protector_of_the_Vaudois" title="Cromwell, Protector of the Vaudois">Cromwell, Protector of the Vaudois</a></i> (1877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Murals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Murals" title="The Manchester Murals">The Manchester Murals</a></i> (1879–1893)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Madox_Brown" title="Lucy Madox Brown">Lucy Madox Brown (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Madox_Brown" title="Catherine Madox Brown">Catherine Madox Brown (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(physician,_born_1735)" title="John Brown (physician, born 1735)">John Brown (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edward_Burne-Jones115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Template:Edward Burne-Jones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Template talk:Edward Burne-Jones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edward Burne-Jones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edward_Burne-Jones115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Edward_Burne-Jones" title="List of paintings by Edward Burne-Jones">List of paintings</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merciful_Knight" title="The Merciful Knight">The Merciful Knight</a></i> (1863)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_Among_the_Ruins_(Burne-Jones)" title="Love Among the Ruins (Burne-Jones)">Love Among the Ruins</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beguiling_of_Merlin" title="The Beguiling of Merlin">The Beguiling of Merlin</a></i> (1872–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_the_Image_series" title="Pygmalion and the Image series"><i>Pygmalion and the Image</i> series</a> (1875–1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheel_of_Fortune_(Burne-Jones)" title="The Wheel of Fortune (Burne-Jones)">The Wheel of Fortune</a></i> (1875–1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Stairs" title="The Golden Stairs">The Golden Stairs</a></i> (1876–1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Sleep_of_Arthur_in_Avalon" title="The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon">The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon</a></i> (1881–1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flower_Book_(Edward_Burne-Jones)" title="The Flower Book (Edward Burne-Jones)">The Flower Book</a></i> (1882–1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mill_(Burne-Jones)" title="The Mill (Burne-Jones)">The Mill</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Cophetua_and_the_Beggar_Maid_(painting)" title="King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid (painting)">King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Briar_Rose" title="The Legend of Briar Rose">The Legend of Briar Rose</a></i> (1885–1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Pan" title="The Garden of Pan">The Garden of Pan</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nativity_(Burne-Jones)" title="The Nativity (Burne-Jones)">The Nativity</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem_(painting)" title="Star of Bethlehem (painting)">Star of Bethlehem</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sponsa_de_Libano" title="Sponsa de Libano">Sponsa de Libano</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hope_(Burne-Jones)" title="Hope (Burne-Jones)">Hope</a></i> (1896)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Murals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_murals" title="Oxford Union murals">Oxford Union murals</a> (1857–1859) (co-artist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapestries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(tapestry)" title="Adoration of the Magi (tapestry)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail_tapestries" title="Holy Grail tapestries">Holy Grail tapestries</a> (1891–1894)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Burne-Jones" title="Georgiana Burne-Jones">Georgiana Burne-Jones (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Burne-Jones" title="Philip Burne-Jones">Philip Burne-Jones (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Thirkell" title="Angela Thirkell">Angela Thirkell (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_and_Isoude_stained_glass_panels" title="Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels">Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bookcase" title="Great Bookcase">Great Bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Zambaco" title="Maria Zambaco">Maria Zambaco (model)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Collier105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Collier" title="Template:John Collier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Collier" title="Template talk:John Collier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Collier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Collier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Collier105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pre-Raphaelite_paintings#John_Collier" title="List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings">Paintings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_(Collier)" title="Charles Darwin (Collier)">Charles Darwin</a></i> (1881; 1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Voyage_of_Henry_Hudson" title="The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson">The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra_(Collier)" title="Clytemnestra (Collier)">Clytemnestra</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(painting)" title="Lilith (painting)"><i>Lilith</i> (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Godiva_(painting)" title="Lady Godiva (painting)"><i>Lady Godiva</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Campbell_McInnes_(painting)" title="Mrs Campbell McInnes (painting)">Mrs Campbell McInnes</a></i> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Collier" title="Laurence Collier">Laurence Collier (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Collier,_1st_Baron_Monkswell" title="Robert Collier, 1st Baron Monkswell">Robert Collier (father)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evelyn_De_Morgan36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Template:Evelyn De Morgan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Template talk:Evelyn De Morgan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evelyn De Morgan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evelyn_De_Morgan36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Evelyn De Morgan">Evelyn De Morgan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_and_Sleep" title="Night and Sleep">Night and Sleep</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Triumphans" title="Aurora Triumphans">Aurora Triumphans</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_(De_Morgan)" title="Flora (De Morgan)">Flora</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eos_(painting)" title="Eos (painting)">Eos</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(painting)" title="Helen of Troy (painting)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Potion" title="The Love Potion">The Love Potion</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gilded_Cage_(De_Morgan)" title="The Gilded Cage (De Morgan)">The Gilded Cage</a></i> (1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_De_Morgan" title="William De Morgan">William De Morgan</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Pickering" title="Percival Pickering">Percival Pickering</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._W._Stirling" title="A. M. W. Stirling">A. M. W. Stirling</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Spencer_Umfreville_Pickering" title="Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering">Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Centre" title="De Morgan Centre">De Morgan Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Foundation" title="De Morgan Foundation">De Morgan Foundation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Morris84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Morris" title="Template:William Morris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Morris" title="Template talk:William Morris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Morris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Morris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Morris84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Wings_and_Other_Stories" title="Golden Wings and Other Stories">Golden Wings and Other Stories</a></i> (1856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Haystack_in_the_Floods" title="The Haystack in the Floods">The Haystack in the Floods</a>" (1858)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Masters_in_This_Hall" title="Masters in This Hall">Masters in This Hall</a>" (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Earthly_Paradise" title="The Earthly Paradise">The Earthly Paradise</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Sigurd_the_Volsung_and_the_Fall_of_the_Niblungs" title="The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs">The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs</a></i> (1876)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_John_Ball" title="A Dream of John Ball">A Dream of John Ball</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Wolfings" title="The House of the Wolfings">The House of the Wolfings</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_the_Mountains" title="The Roots of the Mountains">The Roots of the Mountains</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/News_from_Nowhere" title="News from Nowhere">News from Nowhere</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Glittering_Plain" title="The Story of the Glittering Plain">The Story of the Glittering Plain</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wood_Beyond_the_World" title="The Wood Beyond the World">The Wood Beyond the World</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Child_Christopher_and_Goldilind_the_Fair" title="Child Christopher and Goldilind the Fair">Child Christopher and Goldilind the Fair</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well_at_the_World%27s_End" title="The Well at the World's End">The Well at the World's End</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_of_the_Wondrous_Isles" title="The Water of the Wondrous Isles">The Water of the Wondrous Isles</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sundering_Flood" title="The Sundering Flood">The Sundering Flood</a></i> (1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_murals" title="Oxford Union murals">Oxford Union murals</a> (1857-1859) (co-creator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_and_Isoude_stained_glass_panels" title="Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels">Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Thief_(William_Morris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry Thief (William Morris)">Strawberry Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(tapestry)" title="Adoration of the Magi (tapestry)"><i>Adoration of the Magi</i> tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail_tapestries" title="Holy Grail tapestries">Holy Grail tapestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_textile_designs" title="William Morris textile designs">William Morris textile designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_wallpaper_designs" title="William Morris wallpaper designs">William Morris wallpaper designs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Printing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_Press" title="Kelmscott Press">Kelmscott Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_the_Kelmscott_Press" title="List of works by the Kelmscott Press">List of works by the Kelmscott Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Type" title="Golden Type">Golden Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Gallery" title="William Morris Gallery">William Morris Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Society" title="William Morris Society">William Morris Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Alice_Morris" title="Jane Alice Morris">Jane Alice Morris</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Morris" title="May Morris">May Morris</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_Manor" title="Kelmscott Manor">Kelmscott Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_House" title="Kelmscott House">Kelmscott House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fight_for_Right" title="Fight for Right">Fight for Right</a>" (1916 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i> (1975 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> (2009 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Frederic_Leighton53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frederic_Leighton" title="Template:Frederic Leighton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frederic_Leighton" title="Template talk:Frederic Leighton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frederic_Leighton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frederic Leighton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frederic_Leighton53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cimabue%27s_Celebrated_Madonna" title="Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna">Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna</a></i> (1853–55)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren" title="The Fisherman and the Syren">The Fisherman and the Syren</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1858</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Painter%27s_Honeymoon" title="The Painter's Honeymoon">The Painter's Honeymoon</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1864</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Syracusan_Bride_leading_Wild_Animals_in_Procession_to_the_Temple_of_Diana" title="The Syracusan Bride leading Wild Animals in Procession to the Temple of Diana">The Syracusan Bride leading Wild Animals in Procession to the Temple of Diana</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Disrobing_for_the_Bath" title="Venus Disrobing for the Bath">Venus Disrobing for the Bath</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actaea,_the_Nymph_of_the_Shore" title="Actaea, the Nymph of the Shore">Actaea, the Nymph of the Shore</a></i> (1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acme_and_Septimius_(Leighton)" title="Acme and Septimius (Leighton)">Acme and Septimius</a></i> (1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Frescoes" title="Leighton Frescoes">The Arts of Industry as Applied to War</a></i> (1870–72)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Frescoes" title="Leighton Frescoes">The Arts of Industry as Applied to Peace</a></i> (1870–72)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daphnephoria_(Leighton)" title="The Daphnephoria (Leighton)">The Daphnephoria</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Lesson_(Leighton)" title="The Music Lesson (Leighton)">The Music Lesson</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winding_the_Skein" title="Winding the Skein">Winding the Skein</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1878</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nausicaa_(Leighton)" title="Nausicaa (Leighton)">Nausicaa</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1878</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Leighton)" title="Psamathe (Leighton)">Psamathe</a></i> (1879–80)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crenaia,_the_Nymph_of_the_Dargle" title="Crenaia, the Nymph of the Dargle">Crenaia, the Nymph of the Dargle</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymon_and_Iphigenia_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymon and Iphigenia (painting)">Cymon and Iphigenia</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1884</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captive_Andromache" title="Captive Andromache">Captive Andromache</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bath_of_Psyche" title="The Bath of Psyche">The Bath of Psyche</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_and_Andromeda_(Leighton)" title="Perseus and Andromeda (Leighton)">Perseus and Andromeda</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachrymae_(Frederic_Leighton)" title="Lachrymae (Frederic Leighton)">Lachrymae</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flaming_June" title="Flaming June">Flaming June</a></i> (1895)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Athlete_Wrestling_with_a_Python" title="An Athlete Wrestling with a Python">An Athlete Wrestling with a Python</a></i> (1877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_House_Museum" title="Leighton House Museum">Leighton House Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Orr" title="Alexandra Orr">Alexandra Orr (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Park_Circle" title="Holland Park Circle">Holland Park Circle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dene" title="Dorothy Dene">Dorothy Dene (model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Risi" title="Anna Risi">Anna Risi</a> (model)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Frederick_Sandys36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frederick_Sandys" title="Template:Frederick Sandys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frederick_Sandys" title="Template talk:Frederick Sandys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frederick_Sandys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frederick Sandys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frederick_Sandys36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Eleanor_(painting)" title="Queen Eleanor (painting)">Queen Eleanor</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(Sandys)" title="Mary Magdalene (Sandys)">Mary Magdalene</a></i> (1858–1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay_(painting)" title="Morgan le Fay (painting)">Morgan le Fay</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Shadow" title="Love's Shadow">Love's Shadow</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Sandys_painting)" title="Medea (Sandys painting)">Medea</a></i> (1868)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Sandys" title="Emma Sandys">Emma Sandys</a> (sister)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marie_Spartali_Stillman53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Template:Marie Spartali Stillman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Template talk:Marie Spartali Stillman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marie Spartali Stillman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marie_Spartali_Stillman53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Messenger" title="Love's Messenger">Love's Messenger</a></i> (1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Fiammetta" title="A Vision of Fiammetta">A Vision of Fiammetta</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mill_(Burne-Jones_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mill (Burne-Jones painting)">The Mill</a></i> (1882)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Stillman" title="William James Stillman">William J. Stillman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_William_Waterhouse259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_William_Waterhouse" title="Template:John William Waterhouse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_William_Waterhouse" title="Template talk:John William Waterhouse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_William_Waterhouse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John William Waterhouse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_William_Waterhouse259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_John_William_Waterhouse" title="List of paintings by John William Waterhouse">List of paintings</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unwelcome_Companion:_A_Street_Scene_in_Cairo" title="The Unwelcome Companion: A Street Scene in Cairo">The Unwelcome Companion: A Street Scene in Cairo</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_His_Half-Brother_Death" title="Sleep and His Half-Brother Death">Sleep and His Half-Brother Death</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius" title="The Favourites of the Emperor Honorius">The Favourites of the Emperor Honorius</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consulting_the_Oracle" title="Consulting the Oracle">Consulting the Oracle</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Eulalia_(Waterhouse_painting)" title="Saint Eulalia (Waterhouse painting)">Saint Eulalia</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(Waterhouse_paintings)" title="The Magic Circle (Waterhouse paintings)">The Magic Circle</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_(painting)" title="The Lady of Shalott (painting)">The Lady of Shalott</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Ulysses" title="Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses">Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_and_the_Sirens_(Waterhouse)" title="Ulysses and the Sirens (Waterhouse)">Ulysses and the Sirens</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_Invidiosa" title="Circe Invidiosa">Circe Invidiosa</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_Looking_at_Lancelot" title="The Lady of Shalott Looking at Lancelot">The Lady of Shalott Looking at Lancelot</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(John_William_Waterhouse)" title="Ophelia (John William Waterhouse)">Ophelia</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylas_and_the_Nymphs_(painting)" title="Hylas and the Nymphs (painting)">Hylas and the Nymphs</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(painting)" title="Pandora (painting)">Pandora</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariana_in_the_South_(1897)" title="Mariana in the South (1897)">Mariana in the South</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Siren_(Waterhouse_painting)" title="The Siren (Waterhouse painting)">The Siren</a></i> (c. 1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Ball_(painting)" title="The Crystal Ball (painting)">The Crystal Ball</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(painting)" title="Boreas (painting)">Boreas</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echo_and_Narcissus_(Waterhouse_painting)" title="Echo and Narcissus (Waterhouse painting)">Echo and Narcissus</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jason_and_Medea_(painting)" title="Jason and Medea (painting)">Jason and Medea</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gather_Ye_Rosebuds_While_Ye_May_(Waterhouse_painting_1908)" title="Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May (Waterhouse painting 1908)"><i>Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May</i></a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gather_Ye_Rosebuds_While_Ye_May_(Waterhouse_painting_1909)" title="Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May (Waterhouse painting 1909)"><i>Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May</i></a> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorceress_(Waterhouse)" title="The Sorceress (Waterhouse)">The Sorceress</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Half-Sick_of_Shadows,_Said_the_Lady_of_Shalott" title="I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott">I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott</a></i> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_William_Waterhouse_001.jpg/85px-John_William_Waterhouse_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_William_Waterhouse_001.jpg/128px-John_William_Waterhouse_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_William_Waterhouse_001.jpg/170px-John_William_Waterhouse_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kenworthy_Waterhouse" title="Esther Kenworthy Waterhouse">Esther Kenworthy Waterhouse</a> (wife)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_William_Waterhouse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John William Waterhouse">Commons: John William Waterhouse</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184814#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000099935375">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148445290">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4175547-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055680">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pre-Raphaelites"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106390">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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