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<li id="toc-Early_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rising_during_the_Meiji_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_during_the_Meiji_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rising during the Meiji Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_during_the_Meiji_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_reaction_against_Yōga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_reaction_against_Yōga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Japanese reaction against Yōga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_reaction_against_Yōga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_of_Yōga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_of_Yōga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Declining of Yōga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_of_Yōga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_(art)" title="Yoga (art) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yoga (art)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga_(um%C4%9Bleck%C3%BD_sm%C4%9Br)" title="Jóga (umělecký směr) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jóga (umělecký směr)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yōga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yōga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D-ga_(peinture)" title="Yō-ga (peinture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yō-ga (peinture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="योगा चित्रकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योगा चित्रकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" 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For the place in Tokyo, see <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga,_Tokyo" title="Yōga, Tokyo">Yōga, Tokyo</a>. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kuroda-seiki-kohan00-6-1b.jpeg/220px-Kuroda-seiki-kohan00-6-1b.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kuroda-seiki-kohan00-6-1b.jpeg/330px-Kuroda-seiki-kohan00-6-1b.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kuroda-seiki-kohan00-6-1b.jpeg/440px-Kuroda-seiki-kohan00-6-1b.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3945" data-file-height="3230" /></a><figcaption><i>Lake Shore</i> (湖畔), by <a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Seiki" title="Kuroda Seiki">Kuroda Seiki</a> (1897)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reminiscence_of_the_Tempyo_Era_by_Fujishima_Takeji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Reminiscence_of_the_Tempyo_Era_by_Fujishima_Takeji.jpg/220px-Reminiscence_of_the_Tempyo_Era_by_Fujishima_Takeji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Reminiscence_of_the_Tempyo_Era_by_Fujishima_Takeji.jpg/330px-Reminiscence_of_the_Tempyo_Era_by_Fujishima_Takeji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Reminiscence_of_the_Tempyo_Era_by_Fujishima_Takeji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Reminiscence_of_the_Tempy%C5%8D_Era" title="Reminiscence of the Tempyō Era">Reminiscence of the Tempyō Era</a></i> (天平の面影), by <a href="/wiki/Fujishima_Takeji" title="Fujishima Takeji">Fujishima Takeji</a> (1902)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Yōga</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">洋画</span></span>, literally "Western-style painting")</span> is a style of artistic <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> in Japan, typically of Japanese subjects, themes, or landscapes, but using Western (European) artistic conventions, techniques, and materials. The term was coined in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> (1868–1912) to distinguish Western-influenced artwork from indigenous, or more traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese paintings</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本画</span></span>)</span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European painting was introduced to Japan during the late <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 1543.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early religious works by Japanese artists in imitation of works brought by the missionaries can be considered some of the earliest forms of <i>Yōga</i>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">policy of national seclusion</a> introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa bakufu">Tokugawa bakufu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> effectively ended the influence of western art on Japanese painting, with the exception of the use of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>, which was discovered by Japanese artists in sketches found in European medical and scientific texts imported from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> via <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. Some Japanese artists incorporated the technique, such as <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Toyoharu" title="Utagawa Toyoharu">Utagawa Toyoharu</a> in <i>Perspective Pictures of Places in Japan</i> (c. 1772–1781).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first half of the nineteenth century, some painting works showed influences of Western Art such as prints of <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a>. (<i>c</i>.1760–1849).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_during_the_Meiji_Period">Rising during the Meiji Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rising during the Meiji Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1855, the Tokugawa <i>bakufu</i> established the <i><a href="/wiki/Bansho_Shirabesho" title="Bansho Shirabesho">Bansho Shirabesho</a></i> (Institute for the Study of Barbarian Documents)<i>,</i> a translation and research institute for western studies, including a section to investigate western art.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section was headed by <a href="/wiki/Kawakami_T%C5%8Dgai" title="Kawakami Tōgai">Kawakami Tōgai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose assistant <a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Yuichi" title="Takahashi Yuichi">Takahashi Yuichi</a> was a student of English artist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wirgman" title="Charles Wirgman">Charles Wirgman</a>. In 1868, Togai started a private art school and published <i>A Guide to Western Style Painting</i> (1871).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takahashi is regarded by many as the first true Yōga painter.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuichi believed that Western style could help to build a Japanese national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876, the <i>Kobu Bijutsu Gakkō</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Tokyo Institute of Technology">Technical Art School</a>) was established by the Meiji government as Japan's first dedicated <i>Yōga</i> art school.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/O-yatoi_gaikokujin" class="mw-redirect" title="O-yatoi gaikokujin">Foreign advisors</a>, such as the Italian artists <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fontanesi" title="Antonio Fontanesi">Antonio Fontanesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Ragusa" title="Vincenzo Ragusa">Vicenzo Ragusa</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cappelletti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Cappelletti (page does not exist)">Giovanni Cappelletti</a> were hired by the government to teach Japanese artists,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Asai_Ch%C5%AB" title="Asai Chū">Asai Chū</a> in the latest western techniques. </p><p>French artist <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Collin" title="Raphaël Collin">Raphael Collin</a> also taught the Western-style to Japanese artists such as Kuroda Seiki, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji_Masazo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji Masazo (page does not exist)">Fuji Masazo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asai_Ch%C5%AB" title="Asai Chū">Asai Chū</a>. Despite that Impressionism was emerging, Collin was more interested in Neoclassical Academic painting and Naturalism of the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_reaction_against_Yōga"><span id="Japanese_reaction_against_Y.C5.8Dga"></span>Japanese reaction against Yōga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese reaction against Yōga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1880s, the general reaction against Westernization and the growth in popularity and strength of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></i> movement caused the temporary decline of <i>Yōga</i>. The <i>Kobu Bijutsu Gakkō</i> was forced to close in 1883, and when the <i>Tokyo Bijutsu Gakkō</i> (the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_University_of_Fine_Arts_and_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music">Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music</a>) was established in 1887, only <i>Nihonga</i> subjects were taught. </p><p>However, in 1889, the <i>Meiji Bijutsukai</i> (Meiji Fine Arts Society) was established by <i>Yōga</i> artists, and in 1893, the return of <a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Seiki" title="Kuroda Seiki">Kuroda Seiki</a> from his studies in Europe gave fresh impetus to the <i>Yōga</i> genre, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hakuba-kai" title="Hakuba-kai">Hakuba-kai</a> (White Horse Society). From 1896, a Yōga department was added to the curriculum of the <i>Tokyo Bijutsu Gakkō</i>, and from that point onwards, <i>Yōga</i> has been an accepted component of Japanese painting. Later yōga art societies in Japan included <a href="/wiki/Shunyo-kai_art_society" title="Shunyo-kai art society">Shunyo-kai art society</a> (related to <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Bijutsuin" title="Nihon Bijutsuin">Nihon Bijutsuin</a>), Teikoku Bijutsuin (the Imperial Fine Arts Academy), and the Nika Association.<sup id="cite_ref-TS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since that time, <i>Yōga</i> and <i>Nihonga</i> have been the two main divisions of modern Japanese painting. This division is reflected in education, the mounting of exhibitions, and the identification of artists. However, in many cases <i>Nihonga</i> artists also adopted realistic Western painting techniques, such as perspective and shading. Because of this tendency to synthesize, although <i>Nihonga</i> forms a distinct category within the Japanese annual <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Art_Academy" title="Japan Art Academy">Nitten</a></i> exhibitions, in recent years, it has become increasingly difficult to draw a distinct separation in either techniques or materials between <i>Nihonga</i> and <i>Yōga</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declining_of_Yōga"><span id="Declining_of_Y.C5.8Dga"></span>Declining of Yōga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Declining of Yōga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, Yōga’s oil painters used the Western style for highlighting the Japanese War effort. In the post-war, Yōga was perceived as a conservative style linked to the Japanese establishment of the prewar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yōga has been defined by using the medium and format of the <a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">European tradition</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oils on canvas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">pastels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">pencil on paper</a>. However, Yōga artists were criticized abroad for lack of authenticity and originality. As an answer to these critics, between the 1920s and 1930s, Yōga painters adopted materials associated with Nihonga and premodern painting traditions for Western topics. <i>Reclining Nude with Toile de Jouy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tsuguharu_Foujita" title="Tsuguharu Foujita">Foujita Tsuguharu</a> (1886–1968) was an example of this trend. Tsuguharu combined oils with materials proper to Nihonga for the nude.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Yōga</i> in its broadest sense encompasses <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastels">pastels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen-and-ink_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen-and-ink drawing">ink sketches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> and other techniques developed in western culture. However, in a more limited sense, <i>Yōga</i> is sometimes used specifically to refer to oil painting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Y%C5%8Dga_painters" title="List of Yōga painters">List of Yōga painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a> - "Dutch pictures", the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> predecessor to <i>yōga</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a> - "floating pictures", woodblock prints utilizing western linear perspective.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a> - "New prints", an art movement contemporary with Yōga within the <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">Japanese woodblock print tradition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">List of art techniques</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartstory.org/movement/yoga-western-style-japanese-painting/history-and-concepts/">"Yōga - Concepts & Styles"</a>. <i>The Art Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Story&rft.atitle=Y%C5%8Dga+-+Concepts+%26+Styles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartstory.org%2Fmovement%2Fyoga-western-style-japanese-painting%2Fhistory-and-concepts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY%C5%8Dga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartstory.org/movement/yoga-western-style-japanese-painting/">"Yōga Movement Overview"</a>. <i>The Art Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Story&rft.atitle=Y%C5%8Dga+Movement+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartstory.org%2Fmovement%2Fyoga-western-style-japanese-painting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY%C5%8Dga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artspace.com/magazine/art_101/three-movements-youve-never-heard-of-yoga-painting-nabis-juste-milieu">"Three Movements You've Never Heard Of: Yōga Painting, Nabis, Juste Milieu"</a>. <i>Artspace</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artspace&rft.atitle=Three+Movements+You%27ve+Never+Heard+Of%3A+Y%C5%8Dga+Painting%2C+Nabis%2C+Juste+Milieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artspace.com%2Fmagazine%2Fart_101%2Fthree-movements-youve-never-heard-of-yoga-painting-nabis-juste-milieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY%C5%8Dga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisenfeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Weisenfeld, Gennifer S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46777379"><i>Mavo: Japanese artists and the avant-garde, 1905-1931</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22338-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22338-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46777379">46777379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mavo%3A+Japanese+artists+and+the+avant-garde%2C+1905-1931&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46777379&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22338-7&rft.aulast=Weisenfeld&rft.aufirst=Gennifer+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46777379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY%C5%8Dga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/gallery/english/archive_202309_shunyo-kai.html">"Artists of Shunyo-kai: Celebrating Its 100th Anniversary"</a>. <i>Tokyo Station</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Station&rft.atitle=Artists+of+Shunyo-kai%3A+Celebrating+Its+100th+Anniversary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejrcf.or.jp%2Fgallery%2Fenglish%2Farchive_202309_shunyo-kai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY%C5%8Dga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Keene, Donald</a>. <i>Dawn to the West</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>; (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11435-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11435-4">0-231-11435-4</a></li> <li>Mason, Penelope. <i>History of Japanese Art </i>. <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a> (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-117602-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-117602-1">0-13-117602-1</a></li> <li>Sadao, Tsuneko. <i>Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha International</a> (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-2939-X" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-2939-X">4-7700-2939-X</a></li> <li>Schaarschmidt Richte. <i>Japanese Modern Art Painting From 1910 </i>. Edition Stemmle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-908161-85-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-908161-85-1">3-908161-85-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennifer_Weisenfeld" title="Gennifer Weisenfeld">Weisenfeld, Gennifer</a>. <i>MAVO: Japanese Artists and the Avant-Garde, 1905-1931</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22338-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22338-1">0-520-22338-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8Dga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Y%C5%8Dga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yōga">Yōga</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yōga&oldid=1230076303">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yōga&oldid=1230076303</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artistic_techniques" title="Category:Artistic techniques">Artistic techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_painting" title="Category:Japanese painting">Japanese painting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rangaku" title="Category:Rangaku">Rangaku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_Japanese_art" title="Category:Schools of Japanese art">Schools of Japanese art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_art_in_Japan" title="Category:History of art in Japan">History of art in Japan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2020">Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 June 2024, at 13:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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