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</li> <li id="toc-Party_Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Party Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Opposition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Opposition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920–1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920–1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1920–1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920–1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Election of 1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime Minister (1924)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1924)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1924) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term:_January–October_1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term:_January–October_1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First term: January–October 1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term:_January–October_1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinoviev_letter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinoviev_letter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Zinoviev letter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinoviev_letter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Opposition_(1924–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Opposition_(1924–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Opposition (1924–1929)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Opposition_(1924–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1929–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1929–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prime Minister (1929–1935)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1929–1935)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1929–1935) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1929–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_term_(1929–1931)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_(1929–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Second term (1929–1931)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_(1929–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_government_(1931–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_government_(1931–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>National government (1931–1935)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_government_(1931–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_National_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_National_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Formation of the National Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_National_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1931_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1931_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>1931 general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1931_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premiership_of_the_National_Government_(1931–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiership_of_the_National_Government_(1931–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Premiership of the National Government (1931–1935)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premiership_of_the_National_Government_(1931–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_and_death_(1935–1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_and_death_(1935–1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Last years and death (1935–1937)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_and_death_(1935–1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramsay MacDonald</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="رامزي ماكدونالد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رامزي ماكدونالد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Джэймс Рамсей Мак-Дональд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Рамсей Мак-Дональд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джэймз Рэмзі Макдоналд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Рэмзі Макдоналд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Рамзи Макдоналд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рамзи Макдоналд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_MacDonald" title="James Ramsay MacDonald – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_MacDonald" title="James Ramsay MacDonald – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_MacDonald" title="James Ramsay MacDonald – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%8A_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ράμσεϊ ΜακΝτόναλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράμσεϊ ΜακΝτόναλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="رمزی مک‌دونالد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمزی مک‌دونالد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsaigh_MacDh%C3%B2mhnaill" title="Ramsaigh MacDhòmhnaill – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ramsaigh MacDhòmhnaill" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%A8%EC%A7%80_%EB%A7%A5%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C" title="램지 맥도널드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="램지 맥도널드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Ջեյմս Մաքդոնալդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Մաքդոնալդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="रैमसे मैकडोनाल्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रैमसे मैकडोनाल्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_MacDonald" title="James Ramsay MacDonald – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93" title="רמזי מקדונלד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמזי מקדונלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="რემსი მაკდონალდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რემსი მაკდონალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Джеймс Рамсей Макдональд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Рамсей Макдональд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzejs_Makdonalds" title="Ramzejs Makdonalds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ramzejs Makdonalds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Рамзи Мекдоналд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамзи Мекдоналд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="रामसे मॅकडोनाल्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रामसे मॅकडोनाल्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="رامزى ماكدونالد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رامزى ماكدونالد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ラムゼイ・マクドナルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラムゼイ・マクドナルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_MacDonald" title="James Ramsay MacDonald – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%89%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%89" title="رامسي مکډونالډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رامسي مکډونالډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Макдональд, Джеймс Рамсей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макдональд, Джеймс Рамсей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சேம்சு இராம்சே மெக்டொனால்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேம்சு இராம்சே மெக்டொனால்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แรมซีย์ แมกดอนัลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แรมซีย์ แมกดอนัลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Рамсай МакДоналд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рамсай МакДоналд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Джеймс Рамсей Макдональд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Рамсей Макдональд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ramsay MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3" title="拉姆齐·麦克唐纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉姆齐·麦克唐纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1924; 1929–1935)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Prime Minister MacDonald" redirects here. For the first prime minister of Canada, see <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ramsay MacDonald</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3227" data-file-height="4567" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stoneman" title="Walter Stoneman">Walter Stoneman</a>, 1923</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 June 1929 – 7 June 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1924 – 4 November 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 November 1924 – 5 June 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 November 1922 – 22 January 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></li><li>Stanley Baldwin</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1922 – 1 September 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">J. R. Clynes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">J. R. Clynes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 February 1911 – 5 August 1914</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chief Whip</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Roberts_(British_politician)" title="George Roberts (British politician)">George Roberts</a></li><li>Arthur Henderson</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">George Barnes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur Henderson</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 June 1935 – 28 May 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Halifax">The Viscount Halifax</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 June 1929 – 7 June 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January – 3 November 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January – 3 November 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">The Marquess Curzon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Scottish_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Scottish Universities">Combined Scottish Universities</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 January 1936 – 9 November 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton" title="Noel Skelton">Noel Skelton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Anderson">Sir John Anderson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Seaham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Seaham (UK Parliament constituency)">Seaham</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 May 1929 – 25 October 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberavon</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 November 1922 – 10 May 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Edwards_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Edwards (British politician)">Jack Edwards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cove" title="William Cove">William Cove</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Leicester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)">Leicester</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 February 1906 – 25 November 1918<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Broadhurst" title="Henry Broadhurst">Henry Broadhurst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Thomasson" title="Franklin Thomasson">Franklin Thomasson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Crawshay-Williams" title="Eliot Crawshay-Williams">Eliot Crawshay-Williams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hewart,_1st_Viscount_Hewart" title="Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart">Sir Gordon Hewart</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rolleston_(British_politician)" title="John Rolleston (British politician)">John Rolleston</a></li><li>Henry Broadhurst</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)"><i>Constituency abolished</i></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James McDonald Ramsay</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1866-10-12</span>)</span>12 October 1866<br /><a href="/wiki/Lossiemouth" title="Lossiemouth">Lossiemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-11-09)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Spynie" title="Holy Trinity Church, Spynie">Holy Trinity Church, Spynie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (until 1931)</li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour</a> (from 1931)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Gladstone">Margaret Gladstone</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="23 November 1896">1896</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="8 September 1911">1911</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishbel_MacDonald" title="Ishbel MacDonald">Ishbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Lochhead" title="Sheila Lochhead">Sheila</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_Macdonald_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramsay MacDonald's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ramsay_Macdonald_Signature.svg/128px-Ramsay_Macdonald_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ramsay_Macdonald_Signature.svg/192px-Ramsay_Macdonald_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ramsay_Macdonald_Signature.svg/256px-Ramsay_Macdonald_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="72" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg" title="File:Ramsey MacDonald Speech from Lansbury's Labour Weekly.ogg">Ramsay MacDonald's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury's_Labour_Weekly.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg/Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A speech by Ramsay MacDonald campaigning for the Labour Party whilst in opposition (recorded 1926)</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Ramsay MacDonald</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">né</a> <b>James McDonald Ramsay</b></span>; 12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British statesman<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and politician who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, the first who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, leading <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority</a> Labour governments for <a href="/wiki/First_MacDonald_ministry" title="First MacDonald ministry">nine months in 1924</a> and again between <a href="/wiki/Second_MacDonald_ministry" title="Second MacDonald ministry">1929 and 1931</a>. From 1931 to 1935, he headed a <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">National Government</a> dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> and supported by only a few Labour members. MacDonald was expelled from the Labour Party as a result. </p><p>MacDonald, along with <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a>, was one of the three principal founders of the Labour Party in 1900. He was chairman of the Labour MPs before 1914 and, after an eclipse in his career caused by his opposition to the First World War, he was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a> from 1922. The second Labour Government (1929–1931) was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. He formed the National Government to carry out spending cuts to defend the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, but it had to be abandoned after the <a href="/wiki/Invergordon_Mutiny" title="Invergordon Mutiny">Invergordon Mutiny</a>, and he called a <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">general election in 1931</a> seeking a "doctor's mandate" to fix the economy. </p><p>The National coalition won an overwhelming landslide and the Labour Party was reduced to a rump of around 50 seats in the House of Commons. His health deteriorated and he stood down as Prime Minister in 1935, remaining as <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> until retiring in 1937. He died later that year. </p><p>MacDonald's speeches, pamphlets and books made him an important theoretician. Historian John Shepherd states that "MacDonald's natural gifts of an imposing presence, handsome features and a persuasive oratory delivered with an arresting Highlands accent made him the iconic Labour leader". After 1931, MacDonald was repeatedly and bitterly denounced by the Labour movement as a traitor to its cause. Since the 1960s, some historians have defended his reputation, emphasising his earlier role in building up the Labour Party, dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a>, and as a forerunner of the political realignments of the 1990s and 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lossiemouth">Lossiemouth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lossiemouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MacDonald was born at Gregory Place, <a href="/wiki/Lossiemouth" title="Lossiemouth">Lossiemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Illegitimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate">illegitimate</a> son of John MacDonald, a farm labourer, and Anne Ramsay, a housemaid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19774–5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19774–5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registered at birth as James McDonald (sic) Ramsay, he was known as Jaimie MacDonald. Illegitimacy could be a serious handicap in 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> Scotland, but in the north and northeast farming communities this was less of a problem; in 1868, a report of the Royal Commission on the Employment of Children, Young Persons and Women in Agriculture noted that the illegitimacy rate was around 15%—nearly every sixth person was born out of wedlock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19776_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19776-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald's mother had worked as a domestic servant at Claydale farm, near <a href="/wiki/Alves,_Moray" title="Alves, Moray">Alves</a>, where his father was also employed. They were to have been married, but the wedding never took place, either because the couple quarrelled and chose not to marry, or because Anne's mother, Isabella Ramsay, stepped in to prevent her daughter from marrying a man she deemed unsuitable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19775_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19775-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1887BloodySunday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1887BloodySunday.jpg/220px-1887BloodySunday.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1887BloodySunday.jpg/330px-1887BloodySunday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1887BloodySunday.jpg/440px-1887BloodySunday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Bloody Sunday.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ramsay MacDonald received an elementary education at the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> school in Lossiemouth from 1872 to 1875, and then at Drainie Parish School. He left school at the end of the summer term in 1881, at the age of 15, and began work on a nearby farm. In December 1881, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Pupil_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupil teacher">pupil teacher</a> at Drainie parish school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197712_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197712-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> to take up a position as an assistant to Mordaunt Crofton, a clergyman who was attempting to establish a Boys' and Young Men's Guild at <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Bristol" title="St Stephen's Church, Bristol">St Stephen's Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197715_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197715-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bristol Ramsay MacDonald joined the Democratic Federation, a <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a> organisation, which changed its name a few months later to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a> (SDF).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193944_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193944-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained in the group when it left the SDF to become the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Socialist_Society" title="Bristol Socialist Society">Bristol Socialist Society</a>. In early 1886 he moved to London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19779,_17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19779,_17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovering_socialism_in_London">Discovering socialism in London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovering socialism in London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a short period of work addressing envelopes at the <a href="/wiki/National_Cyclists%27_Union" title="National Cyclists' Union">National Cyclists' Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a>, he found himself unemployed and forced to live on the small amount of money he had saved from his time in Bristol. MacDonald eventually found employment as an invoice clerk in the warehouse of Cooper, Box and Co.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he was deepening his socialist credentials, and engaged himself energetically in <a href="/wiki/C._L._Fitzgerald" title="C. L. Fitzgerald">C. L. Fitzgerald</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Union_(UK)" title="Socialist Union (UK)">Socialist Union</a> which, unlike the SDF, aimed to progress socialist ideals through the parliamentary system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197720_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197720-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)" title="Bloody Sunday (1887)">Bloody Sunday</a> of 13 November 1887 in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, and in response, had a pamphlet published by the <i><a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall Mall Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a></i>, titled <i>Remember Trafalgar Square: Tory Terrorism in 1887</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197721_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197721-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald retained an interest in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish politics">Scottish politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladstone">Gladstone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Irish_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="First Irish Home Rule Bill">first Irish Home Rule Bill</a> inspired the setting-up of a Scottish Home Rule Association in Edinburgh. On 6 March 1888, MacDonald took part in a meeting of London-based Scots, who, upon his motion, formed the London General Committee of the Scottish Home Rule Association.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a while he supported home rule for Scotland, but found little support among London's Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197723_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197723-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, MacDonald never lost his interest in Scottish politics and home rule, and in <i>Socialism: critical and constructive</i>, published in 1921, he wrote: "The Anglification of Scotland has been proceeding apace to the damage of its education, its music, its literature, its genius, and the generation that is growing up under this influence is uprooted from its past."<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald1921_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald1921-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politics in the 1880s was still of less importance to MacDonald than furthering his education. In 1886–87, MacDonald studied <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_Literary_and_Scientific_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution">Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution</a> (now Birkbeck, University of London) but his health suddenly failed him due to exhaustion one week before his examinations, which put an end to any thought of a scientific career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193956–57_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193956–57-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would however, later be appointed a Governor of the institution in 1895, and continued to have a great fondness for the mission of Birkbeck into his later years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888, MacDonald took employment as private secretary to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lough" title="Thomas Lough">Thomas Lough</a> who was a tea merchant and a <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a> politician.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lough was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Islington_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Islington West (UK Parliament constituency)">West Islington</a>, in 1892. Many doors now opened to MacDonald: he had access to the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Club" title="National Liberal Club">National Liberal Club</a> as well as the editorial offices of Liberal and Radical newspapers; he made himself known to various London Radical clubs among Radical and labour politicians; and he gained valuable experience in the workings of electioneering. At the same time he left Lough's employment to branch out as a freelance journalist. Elsewhere, as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> for some time, MacDonald toured and lectured on its behalf at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197722_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197722-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_politics">Active politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Active politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> (TUC) had created the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Electoral_Association" title="Labour Electoral Association">Labour Electoral Association</a> (LEA) and entered into an unsatisfactory alliance with the Liberal Party in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197731_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197731-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1892, MacDonald was in Dover to give support to the candidate for the LEA in the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>, who was well beaten. MacDonald impressed the local press<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (January 2021)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the Association and was adopted as its candidate, announcing that his candidature would be under a Labour Party banner.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He denied the Labour Party was a wing of the Liberal Party but saw merit in a working political relationship. In May 1894, the local Southampton Liberal Association was trying to find a labour-minded candidate for the constituency. Two others joined MacDonald to address the Liberal Council: one was offered but turned down the invitation, while MacDonald failed to secure the nomination despite strong support among Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197735_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197735-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a> had formed the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> (ILP) which had established itself as a mass movement. In May 1894 MacDonald applied for membership and was accepted. He was officially adopted as the ILP candidate for one of the Southampton seats on 17 July 1894<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but was heavily defeated at the election of 1895. MacDonald stood for Parliament again in 1900 for one of the two Leicester seats; he lost, and was accused of splitting the Liberal vote to allow the Conservative candidate to win.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197773_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197773-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year he became Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Representation Committee</a> (LRC), the forerunner of the Labour Party, allegedly in part because many delegates confused him with prominent London trade unionist <a href="/wiki/James_MacDonald_(trade_unionist)" title="James MacDonald (trade unionist)">Jimmie MacDonald</a> when they voted for "Mr. James R. MacDonald".<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1940_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald retained membership of the ILP; while it was not a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> organisation it was more rigorously socialist than the Labour Party would prove to be, and ILP members would operate as a "<a href="/wiki/Ginger_group" title="Ginger group">ginger group</a>" within the Labour Party for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1962457_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1962457-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Party Secretary, MacDonald negotiated <a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">an agreement</a> with the leading Liberal politician <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a> (son of the late Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>), which allowed Labour to contest a number of working class seats without Liberal opposition,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus giving Labour its first breakthrough into the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. He married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ethel_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Ethel Gladstone">Margaret Ethel Gladstone</a>, who was unrelated to the Gladstones of the Liberal Party, in 1896. Although not wealthy, Margaret MacDonald was comfortably well off,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this allowed them to indulge in foreign travel, visiting <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1897, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in 1902, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1906 and India several times. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labour_Representation_Committee_leaders_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Labour_Representation_Committee_leaders_1906.jpg/220px-Labour_Representation_Committee_leaders_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Labour_Representation_Committee_leaders_1906.jpg/330px-Labour_Representation_Committee_leaders_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Labour_Representation_Committee_leaders_1906.jpg/440px-Labour_Representation_Committee_leaders_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Macdonald (third from left) in 1906, with other leading figures in the party</figcaption></figure> <p>It was during this period that MacDonald and his wife began a long friendship with the social investigator and reforming civil servant <a href="/wiki/Clara_Collet" title="Clara Collet">Clara Collet</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with whom he discussed women's issues. She was an influence on MacDonald and other politicians in their attitudes towards women's rights. In 1901, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> for <a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Central_(London_County_Council_constituency)" title="Finsbury Central (London County Council constituency)">Finsbury Central</a> as a joint Labour–<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(London)" title="Progressive Party (London)">Progressive Party</a> candidate, but he was disqualified from the register in 1904 due to his absences abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan198730_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198730-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1906, the LRC changed its name to the "<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>", amalgamating with the ILP.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same year, 29 Labour MPs were elected, including MacDonald, for <a href="/wiki/Leicester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)">Leicester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who then became one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party">Parliamentary Labour Party</a>. These Labour MPs undoubtedly owed their election to the '<a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">Gladstone–MacDonald pact</a>' between the Liberals and Labour, a minor party supporting the Liberal governments of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>. MacDonald became the leader of the left-wing of the party, arguing that Labour must seek to displace the Liberals as the main party of the left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan198740_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198740-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_Leadership">Party Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Party Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(James)_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%28James%29_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg/170px-%28James%29_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%28James%29_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg/255px-%28James%29_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%28James%29_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg/340px-%28James%29_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Ramsay MacDonald by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Joseph_Solomon" title="Solomon Joseph Solomon">Solomon Joseph Solomon</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17629.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ramsay_MacDonald_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17629.png/220px-Ramsay_MacDonald_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17629.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ramsay_MacDonald_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17629.png/330px-Ramsay_MacDonald_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17629.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ramsay_MacDonald_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17629.png/440px-Ramsay_MacDonald_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17629.png 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2533" /></a><figcaption><b>Hoist with his own petard.</b><br />Mr. Ramsay MacDonald (<i>Champion of Independent Labour</i>). "Of course I'm all for peaceful picketing—on principle. But it must be applied to the proper parties."<br /> Cartoon from <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> 20 June 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1911 MacDonald became "Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party", the leader of the party. He was the chief intellectual leader of the party, paying little attention to class warfare and much more to the emergence of a powerful state as it exemplified the Darwinian evolution of an ever more complex society. He was an Orthodox Edwardian progressive, keen on intellectual discussion, and averse to agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a short period, his wife became ill with blood poisoning and died. This deeply and permanently affected MacDonald.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald had always taken a keen interest in foreign affairs and knew from his visit to South Africa, just after the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a> had ended, what the effects of modern conflict would be. Although the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party">Parliamentary Labour Party</a> generally held an anti-war opinion, when <a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">war was declared in August 1914</a>, patriotism came to the fore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197777,_168_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197777,_168-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Foreign Secretary, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey</a>, warned the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> on 3 August that war with Germany was likely, MacDonald responded by declaring that "this country ought to have remained neutral".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977168_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977168-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leader" title="Labour Leader">Labour Leader</a></i> he claimed that the real cause of the war was the "policy of the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> through alliance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977169_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977169-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Party supported the government in its request for £100,000,000 of war credits and, as MacDonald could not, he resigned from the party Chairmanship. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a> became the new leader, while MacDonald took the party Treasurer's post.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his opposition to the war, MacDonald visited the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in December 1914 with the approval of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a>. MacDonald and <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Seely,_1st_Baron_Mottistone" title="J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone">General Seely</a> set off for the front at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ypres" title="Battle of Ypres">Ypres</a> and soon found themselves in the thick of an action in which both behaved with the utmost coolness. Later, MacDonald was received by the Commander-in-Chief at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">St Omer</a> and made an extensive tour of the front. Returning home, he paid a public tribute to the courage of the French troops, but said nothing then or later of having been under fire himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1939269–271_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1939269–271-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early part of the war, he was extremely unpopular and was accused of treason and cowardice. Former Liberal Party MP and publisher <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Bottomley" title="Horatio Bottomley">Horatio Bottomley</a> attacked him through his magazine <i><a href="/wiki/John_Bull_(magazine)" title="John Bull (magazine)">John Bull</a></i> in September 1915, by publishing an article carrying details of MacDonald's birth and his so-called deceit in not disclosing his real name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977189_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977189-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His illegitimacy was no secret and he had not seemed to have suffered by it, but, according to the journal he had, by using a false name, gained access to parliament falsely and should suffer heavy penalties and have his election declared void. MacDonald received much internal support, but how the disclosures were made public had affected him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977190,_191_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977190,_191-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in his diary: </p> <blockquote><p>...I spent hours of terrible mental pain. Letters of sympathy began to pour in upon me. ... Never before did I know that I had been registered under the name of Ramsay, and cannot understand it now. From my earliest years, my name has been entered in lists, like the school register, etc. as MacDonald.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacDonald_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/MacDonald_Poster.jpg/220px-MacDonald_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/MacDonald_Poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Election poster produced for the 1923 election</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1916 the <a href="/wiki/Moray_Golf_Club" title="Moray Golf Club">Moray Golf Club</a> passed a resolution declaring that MacDonald's anti-war activities "had endangered the character and interests of the club" and that he had forfeited his right to membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977192_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977192-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1917 MacDonald published <i>National Defence</i>, in which he argued that open diplomacy and disarmament were necessary to prevent future wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977205_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977205-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the war dragged on, his reputation recovered but he still lost his seat in the 1918 "<a href="/wiki/Coupon_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupon Election">Coupon Election</a>", which saw the Liberal <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>'s coalition government win a large majority. The election campaign in <a href="/wiki/Leicester_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester West">Leicester West</a> focused on MacDonald's opposition to the war, with MacDonald writing after his defeat: "I have become a kind of mythological demon in the minds of the people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977236_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977236-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald denounced the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>: "We are beholding an act of madness unparalleled in history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977250_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977250-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Opposition">In Opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920–1923"><span id="1920.E2.80.931923"></span>1920–1923</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1920–1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MacDonald stood for Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/1921_Woolwich_East_by-election" title="1921 Woolwich East by-election">1921 Woolwich East by-election</a> and lost. His opponent, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gee" title="Robert Gee">Captain Robert Gee</a>, had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Cambrai</a>; MacDonald tried to counter this by having ex-soldiers appear on his platforms. MacDonald also promised to pressure the government into converting the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Woolwich Arsenal</a> to civilian use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977273_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977273-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horatio Bottomley intervened in the by-election, opposing MacDonald's election because of his anti-war record.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bottomley's influence may have been decisive in MacDonald's failure to be elected as there were under 700 votes difference between Gee and MacDonald.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274–275_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274–275-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, MacDonald was returned to the House as MP for <a href="/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberavon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, with a vote of 14,318 against 11,111 and 5,328 for his main opponents. His rehabilitation was complete; the Labour <i>New Leader</i> magazine opined that his election was, "enough in itself to transform our position in the House. We have once more a voice which must be heard".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977283_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977283-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now, the party was reunited and MacDonald was <a href="/wiki/1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">re-elected as Leader</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Kenneth O. Morgan</a> examines his newfound stature: </p> <dl><dd>as dissolution set in with the Lloyd George coalition in 1921–22, and unemployment mounted, MacDonald stood out as the leader of a new kind of broad-based left. His opposition to the war had given him a new charisma. More than anyone else in public life, he symbolised peace and internationalism, decency and social change.... [He] had become The voice of conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922 election</a>, Labour replaced the Liberals as the main opposition party to the Conservative government of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, making MacDonald <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a>. By now, he had moved away from the Labour left and abandoned the socialism of his youth: he strongly opposed the wave of radicalism that swept through the labour movement in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> and became a determined enemy of Communism. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, the Labour Party did not split and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> remained small and isolated. </p><p>In 1922, MacDonald visited <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Cesarani_2006_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Cesarani_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later account of his visit, he contrasted <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> pioneers with 'the rich plutocratic Jew'.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Cesarani_2006_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Cesarani_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald believed the latter "was the true economic materialist. He is the person whose views upon life make one anti-Semitic. He has no country, no kindred. Whether as a sweater or a financier, he is an exploiter of everything he can squeeze. He is behind every evil that Governments do, and his political authority, always exercised in the dark, is greater than that of Parliamentary majorities. He is the keenest of brains and the bluntest of consciences. He detests Zionism because it revives the idealism of his race, and has political implications which threaten his economic interests."<sup id="cite_ref-David_Cesarani_2006_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Cesarani_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald became noted for "woolly" rhetoric such as the occasion at the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a> of 1930 at <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a> when he appeared to imply <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">unemployment</a> could be solved by encouraging the jobless to return to the fields "where they till and they grow and they sow and they harvest". Equally, there were times when it was unclear what his policies were. There was already some unease in the party about what he would do if Labour was able to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1923">Election of 1923</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Election of 1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923 election</a>, the Conservatives had lost their majority, and when they lost a vote of confidence in the House in January 1924, <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> called on MacDonald to form a minority Labour government, with the tacit support of the Liberals under Asquith from the corner benches. On 22 January 1924,<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_Bennett_2014_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill_Bennett_2014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he took office as the first Labour Prime Minister,<sup id="cite_ref-scot_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scot-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first from a working-class background<sup id="cite_ref-scot_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scot-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_education" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by education">very few without a university education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1924)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281924.29"></span>Prime Minister (1924)<span class="anchor" id="First_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term:_January–October_1924"><span id="First_term:_January.E2.80.93October_1924"></span>First term: January–October 1924</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First term: January–October 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_MacDonald_ministry" title="First MacDonald ministry">First MacDonald ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%B8rste_Labour-regering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/F%C3%B8rste_Labour-regering.jpg/220px-F%C3%B8rste_Labour-regering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/F%C3%B8rste_Labour-regering.jpg/330px-F%C3%B8rste_Labour-regering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/F%C3%B8rste_Labour-regering.jpg/440px-F%C3%B8rste_Labour-regering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>MacDonald with ministers of his first government, January 1924</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_MacDonald-TIME-1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ramsay_MacDonald-TIME-1924.jpg/220px-Ramsay_MacDonald-TIME-1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ramsay_MacDonald-TIME-1924.jpg/330px-Ramsay_MacDonald-TIME-1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Ramsay_MacDonald-TIME-1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> cover, 18 August 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>MacDonald had never held office but demonstrated energy, executive ability, and political astuteness. He consulted widely within his party, making the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Lord_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Haldane">Lord Haldane</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. He took the foreign office himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_Bennett_2014_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill_Bennett_2014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides himself, ten other cabinet members came from working-class origins, a dramatic breakthrough in British history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965209_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965209-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first priority was to undo the perceived damage caused by the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, by settling the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> issue and coming to terms with <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a>. King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> noted in his diary, "He wishes to do the right thing.... Today, 23 years ago, dear Grandmama [<a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>] died. I wonder what she would have thought of a Labour Government!"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there were no major labour strikes during his term, MacDonald acted swiftly to end those that did erupt. When the Labour Party executive criticised the government, he replied that "public doles, <a href="/wiki/Poplarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poplarism">Poplarism</a> [local defiance of the national government], strikes for increased wages, limitation of output, not only are not Socialism, but may mislead the spirit and policy of the Socialist movement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965213–214_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965213–214-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government lasted only nine months and did not have a majority in either House of the Parliament, but it was still able to support the unemployed with the extension of benefits and amendments to the Insurance Acts. In a personal triumph for <a href="/wiki/John_Wheatley" title="John Wheatley">John Wheatley</a>, Minister for Health, a <a href="/wiki/Wheatley_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheatley Housing Act">Housing Act</a> was passed, which greatly expanded <a href="/wiki/Municipal_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal housing">municipal housing</a> for low-paid workers.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></div> <p>MacDonald had long been a leading spokesman for internationalism in the Labour movement; at first, he verged on pacifism. He founded the Union of Democratic Control in early 1914 to promote international socialist aims, but it was overwhelmed by the war. His 1917 book, <i>National Defence</i>, revealed his own long-term vision for peace. Although disappointed at the harsh terms of the Versailles Treaty, he supported the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> – but, by 1930, he felt that the internal cohesion of the British Empire and a strong, independent British defence programme might turn out to be the wisest British government policy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald moved in March 1924 to end construction work on the Singapore military base, despite strong opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a>. He believed the building of the base would endanger the <a href="/wiki/Conference_for_the_Reduction_and_Limitation_of_Armaments" title="Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments">disarmament conference</a>; the <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Beatty,_1st_Earl_Beatty" title="David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty">Lord Beatty</a> considered the absence of such a base as dangerously imperilling British trade and territories East of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden">Aden</a> and could mean the security of the British Empire in the Far East being dependent on the goodwill of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977315–317_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977315–317-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1924, MacDonald convened a conference in London of the wartime <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> and achieved an agreement on a new plan for settling the reparations issue and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">French-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr</a>. German delegates joined the meeting, and the London Settlement was signed. It was followed by an Anglo-German commercial treaty. Another major triumph for MacDonald was the conference held in London in July and August 1924 to deal with the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks248_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks248-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald, who accepted the popular view of the economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">German reparations</a> as impossible to pay, pressured French Premier <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> until many concessions were made to Germany, including the evacuation of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks248_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks248-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_Christian_Rakovsky_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ramsay_MacDonald_Christian_Rakovsky_1924.jpg/201px-Ramsay_MacDonald_Christian_Rakovsky_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ramsay_MacDonald_Christian_Rakovsky_1924.jpg/301px-Ramsay_MacDonald_Christian_Rakovsky_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ramsay_MacDonald_Christian_Rakovsky_1924.jpg/402px-Ramsay_MacDonald_Christian_Rakovsky_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Ramsay MacDonald and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, Head of the Soviet diplomatic delegation. Feb 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>A British onlooker commented, "The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary ... as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railroad Régie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald was proud of what had been achieved, which was the pinnacle of his short-lived administration's achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977329–351_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977329–351-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September, he made a speech to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, the main thrust of which was for general European disarmament, which was received with great acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald recognised the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and MacDonald informed <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> in February 1924 that negotiations would begin to negotiate a treaty with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was to cover Anglo-Soviet trade and the repayment of the British bondholders, who had lent billions to the pre-revolutionary Russian government and been rejected by the Bolsheviks. There were, in fact, two proposed treaties: one would cover commercial matters, and the other would cover a fairly vague future discussion on the problem of the bondholders. If the treaties were signed, the British government would conclude a further treaty and guarantee a loan to the Bolsheviks. The treaties were popular neither with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> nor with the Liberals, who, in September, criticised the loan so vehemently that negotiation with them seemed impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the government's fate was determined by the "<a href="/wiki/Campbell_Case" title="Campbell Case">Campbell Case</a>", the abrogation of prosecuting the left-wing newspaper the <i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Weekly_(UK)" title="Workers' Weekly (UK)">Workers' Weekly</a></i> for inciting servicemen to mutiny. The Conservatives put down a censure motion, to which the Liberals added an amendment. MacDonald's Cabinet resolved to treat both motions as <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of confidence">matters of confidence</a>. The Liberal amendment was carried, and the King granted MacDonald a dissolution of Parliament the following day. The issues that dominated the election campaign were the Campbell Case and the Russian treaties, which soon combined into the single issue of the Bolshevik threat.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinoviev_letter">Zinoviev letter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zinoviev letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></div> <p>On 25 October 1924, just four days before the election, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> reported that a letter had come into its possession which purported to be a letter sent from <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, to the British representative on the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Communist_International" title="Executive Committee of the Communist International">Comintern Executive</a>. The letter was dated 15 September and so before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">dissolution of parliament</a>: it stated that it was imperative for the agreed treaties between Britain and the Bolsheviks to be ratified urgently. The letter said that those Labour members who could apply pressure on the government should do so. It went on to say that a resolution of the relationship between the two countries would "assist in the revolutionising of the international and British proletariat ... make it possible for us to extend and develop the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> in England and the Colonies". </p><p>The government had received the letter before its publication in the newspapers. It had protested to the Bolsheviks' London chargé d'affaires and had already decided to make public the contents of the letter with details of the official protest but it had not been swift-footed enough.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977382_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977382-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians mostly agree the Zinoviev letter was a forgery, but it closely reflected attitudes current in the Comintern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Opposition_(1924–1929)"><span id="In_Opposition_.281924.E2.80.931929.29"></span>In Opposition (1924–1929)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Opposition (1924–1929)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Baldwin_ministry" title="Second Baldwin ministry">Second Baldwin ministry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg" title="File:Ramsey MacDonald Speech from Lansbury's Labour Weekly.ogg">Speech by Ramsay MacDonald published by Lansbury's Labour Weekly</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury's_Labour_Weekly.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg/Ramsey_MacDonald_Speech_from_Lansbury%27s_Labour_Weekly.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A speech by Ramsay MacDonald campaigning for the Labour Party whilst in opposition</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>On 29 October 1924, the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924 United Kingdom general election</a> was held and the Conservative Party under <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> was returned decisively, gaining 155 seats for a total of 413 members of parliament. This was a landslide victory against the Liberals, who lost 118 seats (leaving them with only 40); their vote fell by over a million. </p><p>For Labour the result was a defeat not a disaster, holding on to 151 seats and losing 40. The real significance of the election was that the Liberal Party, which Labour had displaced as the second-largest political party in 1922, was now clearly the third party. Labour had put up more candidates than in 1923, and its total vote increased, suggesting that the Zinoviev letter had little effect. But for years many Labourites blamed their defeat on the Letter, through misunderstanding the political forces at work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965219–220,_226–227_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965219–220,_226–227-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1929–1935)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281929.E2.80.931935.29"></span>Prime Minister (1929–1935)<span class="anchor" id="Second_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1929–1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_MacDonald_ministry" title="Second MacDonald ministry">Second MacDonald ministry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term_(1929–1931)"><span id="Second_term_.281929.E2.80.931931.29"></span>Second term (1929–1931)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second term (1929–1931)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The strong majority held by the Conservatives gave Baldwin a full term during which the government had to deal with the <a href="/wiki/1926_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 General Strike">1926 General Strike</a>. Unemployment remained high but relatively stable at just over 10% and, apart from 1926, strikes were at a low level.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">May 1929 election</a>, Labour won 288 seats to the Conservatives' 260, with 59 Liberals under Lloyd George holding the balance of power. MacDonald was increasingly out of touch with his supposedly safe Welsh seat at <a href="/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberavon</a>; he largely ignored the district, and had little time or energy to help with its increasingly difficult problems regarding coal disputes, strikes, unemployment and poverty. The miners expected a wealthy man who would fund party operations, but he had no money. He disagreed with the increasingly radical activism of party leaders in the district, as well as the permanent agent, and the <a href="/wiki/Mineworkers%27_Federation_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineworkers' Federation of Great Britain">South Wales Mineworkers' Federation</a>. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Seaham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Seaham (UK Parliament constituency)">Seaham Harbour</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, a safer seat, to avoid a highly embarrassing defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacDonald_at_Tomb_of_Unknown_Soldier-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MacDonald_at_Tomb_of_Unknown_Soldier-edit.jpg/220px-MacDonald_at_Tomb_of_Unknown_Soldier-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MacDonald_at_Tomb_of_Unknown_Soldier-edit.jpg/330px-MacDonald_at_Tomb_of_Unknown_Soldier-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MacDonald_at_Tomb_of_Unknown_Soldier-edit.jpg/440px-MacDonald_at_Tomb_of_Unknown_Soldier-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4419" data-file-height="3321" /></a><figcaption>MacDonald at Tomb of Unknown Soldier, Washington, DC, 9 October 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Baldwin resigned and MacDonald again formed a minority government, with intermittent Liberal support. This time, MacDonald knew he had to concentrate on domestic matters. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a> became Foreign Secretary, with Snowden again at the Exchequer. <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Thomas">JH Thomas</a> became Lord Privy Seal with a mandate to tackle unemployment, assisted by the young radical <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bondfield" title="Margaret Bondfield">Margaret Bondfield</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a>, becoming the first-ever woman cabinet minister.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald's second government was in a stronger parliamentary position than his first, and in 1930 he was able to raise <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment pay</a>, pass an act to improve wages and conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal industry</a> (i.e. the issues behind the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">General Strike</a>) and pass the <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_1930" title="Housing Act 1930">Housing Act 1930</a> which focused on <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearances</a>. However, an attempt by the Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Charles Trevelyan</a> to introduce an act to raise the school-leaving age to 15 was defeated by opposition from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Labour MPs, who feared that the costs would lead to increasing local authority control over faith schools.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In international affairs, he also convened the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table conferences</a> in London with the political leaders of India, at which he offered them <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status. In April 1930 he negotiated the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a>, limiting naval armaments, with France, Italy, Japan, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.37952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.37952.jpg/170px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.37952.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.37952.jpg/255px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.37952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.37952.jpg/340px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.37952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>MacDonald <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1929</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>MacDonald's government had no effective response to the economic crisis which followed the <a href="/wiki/Stock_Market_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock Market Crash of 1929">Stock Market Crash of 1929</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a> was a rigid exponent of orthodox finance and would not permit any <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending#Government_deficits" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a> to stimulate the economy, despite the urgings of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and the economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>. Mosley put forward a memorandum in January 1930, calling for the public control of imports and banking as well as an increase in pensions to boost spending power. When this was repeatedly turned down, Mosley resigned from the government in February 1931 and formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a>. He later converted to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>. </p><p>By the end of 1930, unemployment had doubled to over two and a half million.<sup id="cite_ref-To_Build_A_New_Jerusalem_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_Build_A_New_Jerusalem-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government struggled to cope with the crisis and found itself attempting to reconcile two contradictory aims: achieving a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budget</a> to maintain <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, and maintaining assistance to the poor and unemployed, at a time when tax revenues were falling. During 1931, the economic situation deteriorated, and pressure from orthodox economists for sharp cuts in government spending increased. Under pressure from its Liberal allies, as well as the Conservative opposition who feared that the budget was unbalanced, Snowden appointed a committee headed by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_May,_1st_Baron_May" title="George May, 1st Baron May">George May</a> to review the state of public finances. The <a href="/wiki/May_Report" title="May Report">May Report</a> of July 1931, urged large public-sector wage cuts and large cuts in public spending, notably in payments to the unemployed, to avoid a budget deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government_(1931–1935)"><span id="National_government_.281931.E2.80.931935.29"></span>National government (1931–1935)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National government (1931–1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)">National Government (1931)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_the_National_Government">Formation of the National Government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Formation of the National Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there was a narrow majority in the Cabinet for drastic reductions in spending, the minority included senior ministers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a> who made it clear they would resign rather than acquiesce in the cuts. With this unworkable split, on 24 August 1931, MacDonald submitted his resignation and then agreed, on the urging of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, to form a <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a> with the Conservatives and Liberals. With Henderson taking the lead, MacDonald, Snowden, and Thomas were quickly expelled from the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They responded by forming a new <a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour Organisation</a>, which provided a nominal party base for the expelled MPs, but received little support in the country or the unions. Great anger in the labour movement greeted MacDonald's move. Riots took place in protest in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. Many in the Labour Party viewed this as a cynical move by MacDonald to rescue his career, and accused him of 'betrayal'. MacDonald, however, argued that the sacrifice was for the common good.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1931_general_election">1931 general election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1931 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931 general election</a>, the National Government won 554 seats, comprising 473 Conservatives, 13 National Labour, 68 Liberals (<a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">Liberal National</a> and Liberal) and various others, while Labour, now led by Arthur Henderson won only 52 and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberals_(UK,_1931)" title="Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)">Lloyd George Liberals</a> four. Henderson and his deputy <a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">J. R. Clynes</a> both lost their seats in Labour's worst-ever rout. Labour's disastrous performance at the 1931 election greatly increased the bitterness felt by MacDonald's former colleagues towards him. MacDonald was genuinely upset to see the Labour Party so badly defeated at the election. He had regarded the National Government as a temporary measure, and had hoped to return to the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-To_Build_A_New_Jerusalem_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_Build_A_New_Jerusalem-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premiership_of_the_National_Government_(1931–1935)"><span id="Premiership_of_the_National_Government_.281931.E2.80.931935.29"></span>Premiership of the National Government (1931–1935)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Premiership of the National Government (1931–1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">National Government (1931–1935)</a></div> <p>The National Government's huge majority left MacDonald with the largest mandate ever won by a British Prime Minister at a democratic election, but MacDonald had only a small following of National Labour men in Parliament. He was ageing rapidly, and was increasingly a figurehead. In control of domestic policy were Conservatives <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> as Lord President and <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> the chancellor of the exchequer, together with <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter Runciman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald, Chamberlain and Runciman devised a compromise tariff policy, which stopped short of protectionism while ending free trade and, at the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Economic_Conference" title="British Empire Economic Conference">1932 Ottawa Conference</a>, cementing commercial relations within the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides his preference for a cohesive British Empire and a <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariff" title="Protective tariff">protective tariff</a>, he felt an independent British defence programme would be the wisest policy. However, budget pressures and a strong popular pacifist sentiment forced a reduction in the military and naval budgets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965359–370_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965359–370-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald involved himself heavily in foreign policy. Assisted by the National Liberal leader and Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a>, he continued to lead British delegations to international conferences, including the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Disarmament_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Disarmament Conference">Geneva Disarmament Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_(1932)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Conference (1932)">Lausanne Conference</a> in 1932, and the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Stresa Conference">Stresa Conference</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in March 1933 to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s return to the concert of European powers and to continue the policy of appeasement.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 August 1932 he granted the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a> upon India, partitioning it into separate electorates for <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Untouchables</a>. Most important of all, he presided at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Conference_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Economic Conference (London)"> World Economic Conference in London</a> in June 1933. Nearly every nation was represented, but no agreement was possible. The American president torpedoed the conference with a bombshell message that the US would not stabilise the depreciating dollar. The failure marked the end of international economic cooperation for another decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965334–335_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965334–335-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald was deeply affected by the anger and bitterness caused by the fall of the Labour government. He continued to regard himself as a true Labour man, but the rupturing of virtually all his old friendships left him an isolated figure. One of the only other leading Labour figures to join the government, Philip Snowden, was a firm believer in <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and resigned from the government in 1932 following the introduction of tariffs after the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa agreement">Ottawa agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987213_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987213-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1933 MacDonald's health was so poor that his doctor had to personally supervise his trip to Geneva. By 1934 MacDonald's mental and physical health declined further, and he became an increasingly ineffective leader as the international situation grew more threatening. His speeches in the House of Commons and at international meetings became incoherent. One observer noted how "Things ... got to the stage where nobody knew what the Prime Minister was going to say in the House of Commons, and, when he did say it, nobody understood it". Newspapers did not report MacDonald denying to reporters that he was seriously ill because he only had "loss of memory".<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gunther1940_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pacifism, which had been widely admired in the 1920s, led <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and others to accuse him of failure to stand up to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. His government began the negotiations for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a>. </p><p>In these years he was irritated by the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Houston" title="Lucy, Lady Houston">Lucy, Lady Houston</a>, the strongly nationalistic proprietor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review (London)">Saturday Review</a></i>. Lady Houston believed that MacDonald was under the control of the Soviets and amused the nation by giving MacDonald such epithets as the 'Spider of Lossiemouth,' and hanging a large sign in electric lights from the rigging of her luxury yacht, the <a href="/wiki/SY_Liberty" title="SY Liberty">SY <i>Liberty</i></a>. According to some versions, it read 'Down with Ramsay MacDonald,' and to others 'To Hell with Ramsay MacDonald.' Lady Houston also sent agents to disrupt his election campaigns. In 2020 new research revealed how she purchased three letters, supposedly written by Ramsay MacDonald to Soviet officials but actually the work of an American forger. In 1935 Lady Houston stated that she intended to publish them but eventually handed them over to <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Special Branch</a>, and MacDonald's solicitors entered a legal battle with her.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>MacDonald was aware of his fading powers, and in 1935 he agreed to a timetable with Baldwin to stand down as Prime Minister after King George V's <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Jubilee">Silver Jubilee</a> celebrations in May 1935. He resigned on 7 June in favour of Baldwin, and remained in the cabinet, taking the largely honorary post of <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President</a> vacated by Baldwin.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years_and_death_(1935–1937)"><span id="Last_years_and_death_.281935.E2.80.931937.29"></span>Last years and death (1935–1937)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Last years and death (1935–1937)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">the November 1935 election</a> MacDonald was defeated at Seaham by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Shinwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuel Shinwell">Emanuel Shinwell</a>, but he was re-elected to Parliament at a <a href="/wiki/1936_Combined_Scottish_Universities_by-election" title="1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election">by-election in January 1936</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Scottish_Universities_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency)">Combined Scottish Universities seat</a>. After Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">re-militarisation of the Rhineland</a> in 1936, MacDonald declared that he was "pleased" that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> was "vanishing", expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson".<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_1998_p10_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_1998_p10-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald was one of the signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His health was failing. King George V died a week before voting began in the Scottish by-election, and MacDonald deeply mourned his death,<sup id="cite_ref-Marquand1977_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquand1977-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987234_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987234-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paying tribute to him in his diary as "a gracious and kingly friend whom I have served with all my heart".<sup id="cite_ref-Marquand1977_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquand1977-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987234_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987234-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been genuine affection between the two and the king is said to have regarded MacDonald as his favourite prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the king's death MacDonald's physical and mental health collapsed. </p><p>A sea voyage (with his youngest daughter <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Lochhead" title="Sheila Lochhead">Sheila</a>) was recommended to restore MacDonald's health, but he died on board the liner <a href="/wiki/MV_Reina_del_Pacifico" title="MV Reina del Pacifico">MV <i>Reina del Pacifico</i></a>, which operated between <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, the West Indies and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, on 9 November 1937, aged 71. </p><p>MacDonald's body was transferred to the Royal Navy at Bermuda for return to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>. All of the Bermuda-based cruisers of the <a href="/wiki/America_and_West_Indies_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="America and West Indies Station">America and West Indies Station</a> were away from Bermuda at that time except for <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orion_(85)" title="HMS Orion (85)">HMS <i>Orion</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Hobart_(D63)" title="HMAS Hobart (D63)">HMS <i>Apollo</i></a>. As <i>Apollo</i> was undergoing a refit at the dockyard, it would have fallen to <i>Orion</i> to deliver MacDonald's body, but as she was temporary flagship since <a href="/wiki/HMS_York_(90)" title="HMS York (90)">HMS <i>York</i></a> had departed on 27 October for <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> (due to civil unrest there) she could not leave the station and <i>Apollo</i> was consequently hurried through her refit instead. <i>Orion</i> was tasked with the memorial service for Macdonald. His body was taken aboard the Royal Navy tug <i>Sandboy</i> from the <i>Reina del Pacifico</i> and landed on Front Street in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard</a> Chaplain, the <i>Orion</i>'s Chaplain, an honour guard, sentries and coffin bearers. MacDonald's coffin was borne on a gun carriage to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Bermuda" title="Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Bermuda">Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity</a>, in a procession that included the ship's company of <i>Orion</i> and a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters_(Nottinghamshire_and_Derbyshire_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)">Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)</a>, serving in the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Garrison" title="Bermuda Garrison">Bermuda Garrison</a>. At the cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Browne_(bishop)" title="Arthur Browne (bishop)">Arthur Browne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bermuda" title="Bishop of Bermuda">Bishop of Bermuda</a>, conducted the memorial service, which was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a>. Thousands visited to pay their respects. MacDonald's body and his daughter departed Bermuda the following day aboard <i>Apollo</i>, arriving at Plymouth on 25 November. His funeral was in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 26 November, followed by a private cremation service at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green</a>. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Lossiemouth, where a service commenced in his house, The Hillocks, followed by a procession to <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Spynie" title="Holy Trinity Church, Spynie">Holy Trinity Church, Spynie</a>, where they were buried alongside his wife Margaret and their son David in his native <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg/170px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg/255px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg/340px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>MacDonald <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Ramsay MacDonald married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ethel_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Ethel Gladstone">Margaret Ethel Gladstone</a> (no relation to Prime Minister William Gladstone) in 1896. The marriage was a very happy one, and they had six children, including <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a> (1901–81), who had a distinguished career as a politician, colonial governor and diplomat, and <a href="/wiki/Ishbel_MacDonald" title="Ishbel MacDonald">Ishbel</a> (1903–82) and <a href="/wiki/Sheila_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila MacDonald">Sheila MacDonald</a>, who were both very close to their father.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son, Alister Gladstone MacDonald (1898–1993) was a <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, serving in the <a href="/wiki/Friends%27_Ambulance_Unit" title="Friends' Ambulance Unit">Friends' Ambulance Unit</a>; he became a prominent architect who worked on promoting the planning policies of his father's government, and specialised in cinema design.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald was devastated by Margaret's death from blood poisoning in 1911, and had few significant personal relationships after that time, apart from with Ishbel, who acted as his consort while he was Prime Minister and cared for him for the rest of his life. Following his wife's death, MacDonald commenced a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Sackville" title="Lady Margaret Sackville">Lady Margaret Sackville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s he was frequently entertained by the society hostess <a href="/wiki/Edith_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_Marchioness_of_Londonderry" title="Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry">Lady Londonderry</a>, which was much disapproved of in the Labour Party since her husband was a Conservative cabinet minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987124_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987124-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>MacDonald was born into a religious family, and was originally quite devout in his own beliefs. However as an adult, put off by "creeds or ritual"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193938_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193938-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attracted to morality resting "upon no supernatural sanction",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193994_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193994-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he became an activist and a leader in the British <a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">humanist movement</a>. Raised in the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> church, he later joined the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> as an adult "but neither creeds or ritual attracted him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193938_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193938-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, he became interested in the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> movement during his time in London, and led Unitarian worship sessions. In fact, MacDonald was a passionate and prolific Unitarian preacher leading more than 500 services.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Unitarianism led him to discover the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a>, and he attended services at the South Place Ethical Society (now <a href="/wiki/Conway_Hall" title="Conway Hall">Conway Hall</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197724_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197724-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became intensely involved in the Union of Ethical Societies, and friends with its founder, <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Coit" title="Stanton Coit">Stanton Coit</a>, writing regularly in Coit's <i>Ethical World</i> publication.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On more than one occasion he took the Chair at the annual meeting of the Union of Ethical Societies. His motives are evidenced in the manifesto of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Ethical_Propagandists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Ethical Propagandists (page does not exist)">Society of Ethical Propagandists</a> to which Macdonald was a signatory (including Coit). The manifesto stated that Ethical societies "are founded upon a conviction that the good life is desirable for its own sake, and rests upon no supernatural sanction".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193994_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193994-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald's unpopularity in the country following his stance against Britain's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> spilled over into his private life. In 1916, he was expelled from <a href="/wiki/Moray_Golf_Club" title="Moray Golf Club">Moray Golf Club</a> in Lossiemouth for being deemed to bring the club into disrepute because of his pacifist views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977190,_191_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977190,_191-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manner of his expulsion was regretted by some members but an attempt to re-instate him by a vote in 1924 failed. However, a Special General Meeting held in 1929 finally voted for his reinstatement. By this time, MacDonald was Prime Minister for the second time. He felt the initial expulsion very deeply and refused to take up the final offer of membership, which he had framed and mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ultimately became a member of nearby Spey Bay Golf Club where he gifted the Club Championship trophy that is still used to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" 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title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. 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href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For half a century, MacDonald was demonised by the Labour Party as a turncoat who consorted with the enemy and drove the Labour Party to its nadir. Later, however, scholarly opinion raised his status as an important founder and leader of the Labour Party, and a man who held Britain together during its darkest economic times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–33_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–33-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald's expulsion from Labour along with his National Labour Organisation's coalition with the Conservatives, combined with the decline in his physical and mental powers after 1931, left him a discredited figure. The downfall of the Labour government in 1931, his National coalition with the Conservatives and the electoral defeat were blamed on him, and few spoke on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004700_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004700-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MacNeill_Weir" title="MacNeill Weir">MacNeill Weir</a>, MacDonald's former parliamentary private secretary, published the first major biography <i>The Tragedy of Ramsay MacDonald</i> in 1938. Weir demonised MacDonald for obnoxious careerism, class betrayal and treachery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> in his autobiography <i>As it Happened</i> (1954) called MacDonald's decision to abandon the Labour government in 1931 "the greatest betrayal in the political history of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coming of war in 1939 led to a search for the politicians who had appeased Hitler and failed to prepare Britain; MacDonald was grouped among the "<a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1960s, while union activists maintained their hostile attitude, scholars wrote with more appreciation of his challenges and successes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837Shepherd200731–33_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837Shepherd200731–33-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in 1977 he received a long scholarly biography that historians have judged to be "definitive".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labour MP <a href="/wiki/David_Marquand" title="David Marquand">David Marquand</a>, a trained historian, wrote <i>Ramsay MacDonald</i> with the stated intention of giving MacDonald his due for his work in founding and building the Labour Party, and in trying to preserve peace in the years between the two world wars. He argued also to place MacDonald's fateful decision in 1931 in the context of the crisis of the times and the limited choices open to him. Marquand praised the prime minister's decision to place national interests before that of party in 1931. He also emphasised MacDonald's lasting intellectual contribution to socialism and his pivotal role in transforming Labour from an outside protest group to an inside party of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003837_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003837-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, scholarly analysis of the economic decisions taken in the inter-war period, such as the return to the Gold Standard in 1925 and MacDonald's desperate efforts to defend it in 1931, has changed. Thus <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a>, in his classic 1967 account of the 1929–31 government, <i>Politicians and the Slump</i>, compared the orthodox policies advocated by leading politicians of both parties unfavourably with the more radical, proto-Keynesian measures proposed by David Lloyd George and Oswald Mosley; subsequently, in the preface to the 1994 edition Skidelsky argued that recent experience of currency crises and <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> made it hard to be critical of politicians who wanted to achieve stability by cutting so-called "labour costs" and defending the value of the currency.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 Marquand advanced a similar argument: </p> <blockquote><p>In the harsher world of the 1980s and 1990s it was no longer obvious that Keynes was right in 1931 and the bankers wrong. Pre-Keynesian orthodoxy had come in from the cold. Politicians and the public had learned anew that confidence crises feed on themselves; that currencies can collapse; that the public credit can be exhausted; that a plummeting currency can be even more painful than deflationary expenditure cuts; and that governments which try to defy the foreign exchange markets are apt to get their—and their countries'—fingers burnt. Against that background, MacDonald's response to the 1931 crisis increasingly seemed not just honourable and consistent, but right ... he was the unacknowledged precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blairs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Schröders</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clintons</a> of the 1990s and 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_British_prime_ministers#Ramsay_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of British prime ministers">Cultural depictions of British prime ministers § Ramsay MacDonald</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1930, MacDonald was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS) under <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society#Former_Statute_12_Fellowships" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Statute 12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary degrees">honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LLD) degrees by the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_McGill" class="mw-redirect" title="University of McGill">McGill</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWW_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWW-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/james-ramsay-macdonald">"James Ramsay MacDonald"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Ramsay+MacDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fjames-ramsay-macdonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2007">Shepherd 2007</a>, pp. 31–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19774–5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19774–5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19776-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19776_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19775-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19775_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197712-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197712_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197715-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197715_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryher, Samual: <i>An Account of the Labour and Socialist Movement in Bristol</i>, 1929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193944-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193944_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1939">Elton 1939</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand19779,_17-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand19779,_17_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, pp. 9, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracey, Herbert: <i>J. Ramsay MacDonald</i>, 1924, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197720-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197720_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197721-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197721_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, <i>J. Ramsay MacDonald</i> (1987) p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197723-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197723_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald1921-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald1921_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1921" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, James Ramsay (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismcritica00macdiala"><i>Socialism: critical and constructive</i></a>. Cassell's social economics series. Cassell and Company Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+critical+and+constructive&rft.series=Cassell%27s+social+economics+series&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company+Ltd&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=James+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismcritica00macdiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193956–57-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193956–57_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1939">Elton 1939</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/letter-from-ramsay-mcdonald-to-birkbeck-college-birkbeck-university-of-london/0gG6ATbzWgb9-A">"Letter from Ramsay McDonald to Birkbeck College – Birkbeck, University of London"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Ramsay+McDonald+to+Birkbeck+College+%E2%80%93+Birkbeck%2C+University+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fasset%2Fletter-from-ramsay-mcdonald-to-birkbeck-college-birkbeck-university-of-london%2F0gG6ATbzWgb9-A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conor Cruise O' Brien, <i>Parnell and his Party</i>, 1957, p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197722-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197722_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197731-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197731_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dover Express</i>, 17 June 1892; 12 August 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dover Express</i>, 7 October 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197735-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197735_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Southampton Times</i>, 21 July 1894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197773-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197773_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther1940-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n357/mode/2up"><i>Inside Europe</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 335, 337–340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=335%2C+337-340&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.149663%2F2015.149663.Inside-Europe%23page%2Fn357%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1962457-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1962457_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1962">Jennings 1962</a>, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackintosh, John P. (Ed.): <i>British Prime Ministers in the twentieth Century</i>, London, 1977, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald Papers, P.R.O. 3/95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald, Deborah, <i>Clara Collet 1860–1948: An Educated Working Woman</i>; Routledge: 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diary of Clara Collet: Warwick Modern Records Office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198730-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan198730_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1987">Morgan 1987</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clegg, H.A;, Fox, Alan; Thompson, A.F.: <i>A History of British Trade Unions since 1889</i>, 1964, vol I, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leicester Pioneer</i>, 20 January 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198740-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan198740_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1987">Morgan 1987</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Morgan (1987) pp 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Laurence: <i>The Enthusiasts,</i> (1971), p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197777,_168-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197777,_168_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, pp. 77, 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977168-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977168_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1914/aug/03/statement-by-sir-edward-grey#column_1831">"HC Deb 03 August 1914 vol 65 c. 1831"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HC+Deb+03+August+1914+vol+65+c.+1831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1914%2Faug%2F03%2Fstatement-by-sir-edward-grey%23column_1831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977169-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977169_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacKintosh, John P (Ed.): <i>British Prime Ministers in the Twentieth Century</i>, (1977), p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1939269–271-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1939269–271_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1939">Elton 1939</a>, pp. 269–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977189-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977189_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symons, Julian, <i>Horatio Bottomley</i>, Cressett Press, London, 1955, pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977190,_191-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977190,_191_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977190,_191_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, pp. 190, 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977192-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977192_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977205-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977205_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977236-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977236_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977250-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977250_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977273-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977273_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274–275-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977274–275_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, pp. 274–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977283-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977283_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Morgan (1987) pp. 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Cesarani_2006-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Cesarani_2006_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Cesarani_2006_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Cesarani_2006_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Cesarani. "Anti-Zionism in Britain, 1922–2002: Continuities and Discontinuities" The Journal of Israeli History 25.1 (2006): 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilsonOtte2008" class="citation book cs1">Neilson, Keith; Otte, T.G. (2008). <i>The Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1854–1946</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134231393" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134231393"><bdi>978-1134231393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Permanent+Under-Secretary+for+Foreign+Affairs%2C+1854%E2%80%931946&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1134231393&rft.aulast=Neilson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Otte%2C+T.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill_Bennett_2014-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_Bennett_2014_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_Bennett_2014_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2014" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Gill (22 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.blog.gov.uk/2014/01/22/whats-the-context-britains-first-labour-government-takes-office-22-january-1924/">"What's the context? 22 January 1924: Britain's first Labour government takes office – History of government – What's the context? series"</a>. <i>history.blog.gov.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives of the United Kingdom</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Ramsay MacDonald took office as both Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary of a minority government on 22 January 1924.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.blog.gov.uk&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+context%3F+22+January+1924%3A+Britain%27s+first+Labour+government+takes+office+%E2%80%93+History+of+government+%E2%80%93+What%27s+the+context%3F+series&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Gill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.blog.gov.uk%2F2014%2F01%2F22%2Fwhats-the-context-britains-first-labour-government-takes-office-22-january-1924%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scot-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scot_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scot_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.scot/culture/14872000.Scotland_Back_in_the_Day__Remembering_the_first_working_class_PM__Ramsay_MacDonald__150_years_after_his_birth/">"Scotland Back in the Day: Remembering the first working-class PM, Ramsay MacDonald, 150 years after his birth"</a>, The National.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/PRmacdonald.htm">"Ramsay MacDonald"</a>, Spartacus Educational, John Simkin, September 1997 (updated February 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965209-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965209_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1965">Taylor 1965</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Harold Nicolson, <i>King George V: His life and reign</i> (1952)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965213–214-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965213–214_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1965">Taylor 1965</a>, pp. 213–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_65-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Kevin. (2006) <i>MacDonald (20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century)</i>, Haus Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1904950612" title="Special:BookSources/1904950612">1904950612</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Robbins, "Labour Foreign Policy and International Socialism: MacDonald and the League of Nations," in Robbins, <i>Politicians, Diplomacy and War</i> (2003) pp. 239–272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977315–317-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977315–317_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, pp. 315–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks248-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marks248_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks248_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1978" class="citation journal cs1">Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations". <i>Central European History</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 231–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0008938900018707">10.1017/s0008938900018707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144072556">144072556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=The+Myths+of+Reparations&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-255&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0008938900018707&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144072556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902"><i>The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191518812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191518812"><bdi>978-0191518812</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">86068902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lights+that+failed+%3A+European+international+history%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86068902&rft.isbn=978-0191518812&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F86068902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, "The Myths of Reparations", p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977329–351-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977329–351_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, pp. 329–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Limam: <i>The First Labour Government</i>, 1924, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis_Keeble1990" class="citation book cs1">Curtis Keeble (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGGxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Britain and the Soviet Union 1917–89</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349206438" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349206438"><bdi>978-1349206438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Soviet+Union+1917%E2%80%9389&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1349206438&rft.au=Curtis+Keeble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGGxCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, <i>The First Labour Government, 1924</i> pp. 195–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.J.P._Taylor1965" class="citation book cs1">A.J.P. Taylor (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb0RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217"><i>English History, 1914–1945</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 217–20, 225–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198217152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198217152"><bdi>978-0198217152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+History%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=217-20%2C+225-226&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0198217152&rft.au=A.J.P.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSb0RDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977382-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand1977382_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965219–220,_226–227-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965219–220,_226–227_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1965">Taylor 1965</a>, pp. 219–220, 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._L._Mowat1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">C. L. Mowat</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA188"><i>Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 188–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Between+the+Wars%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=188-194&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1955&rft.au=C.+L.+Mowat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNgOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Century of Change: Trends in UK statistics since 1900," Research Paper 99/111, 1999, House of Commons Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000317/19280817/003/0001">"Mr. W. G. Covr, M.P., May Not Stand Again at Wellingborough"</a></span>. <i>Northampton Mercury</i>. 17 August 1928<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northampton+Mercury&rft.atitle=Mr.+W.+G.+Covr%2C+M.P.%2C+May+Not+Stand+Again+at+Wellingborough&rft.date=1928-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000317%2F19280817%2F003%2F0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Howard, "Ramsay MacDonald and Aberavon, 1922–29," <i>Llafur: Journal of Welsh Labour History</i> 7#1 (1996) pp. 68–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Shepherd, <i>The Second Labour Government: A reappraisal</i> (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000378/19290608/144/0007">"The New Ministry"</a></span>. <i>Hartlepool Mail</i>. 8 June 1929<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartlepool+Mail&rft.atitle=The+New+Ministry&rft.date=1929-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000378%2F19290608%2F144%2F0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-To_Build_A_New_Jerusalem-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-To_Build_A_New_Jerusalem_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_Build_A_New_Jerusalem_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, A.J. (1996) <i>To Build A New Jerusalem: The British Labour Party from Keir Hardie to Tony Blair</i>, Abacus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0349108099" title="Special:BookSources/0349108099">0349108099</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">C. L. Mowat</a>, <i>Britain between the Wars, 1918–1940</i> (1955) pp. 379–401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Thorpe, "Arthur Henderson and the British political crisis of 1931." <i>Historical Journal</i> 31#1 (1988): 117–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Pugh (author)">Martin Pugh</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Speak_for_Britain!:_A_New_History_of_the_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party">Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party</a></i> (2010) pp. 212–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reginald Bassett, <i>1931 Political Crisis</i> (MacMillan, 1958) defends MacDonald.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarford_Montgomery_Hyde1973" class="citation book cs1">Harford Montgomery Hyde (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baldwinunexpecte0000hyde"><i>Baldwin; the unexpected Prime Minister</i></a></span>. Hart-Davis MacGibbon. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baldwinunexpecte0000hyde/page/345">345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0246640932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0246640932"><bdi>978-0246640932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baldwin%3B+the+unexpected+Prime+Minister&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Hart-Davis+MacGibbon&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0246640932&rft.au=Harford+Montgomery+Hyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaldwinunexpecte0000hyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrench2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wrench, David (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Very Peculiar Circumstances': Walter Runciman and the National Government, 1931–3". <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 61–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2F11.1.61">10.1093/tcbh/11.1.61</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=%27Very+Peculiar+Circumstances%27%3A+Walter+Runciman+and+the+National+Government%2C+1931%E2%80%933&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-82&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2F11.1.61&rft.aulast=Wrench&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965359–370-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965359–370_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1965">Taylor 1965</a>, pp. 359–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Morgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Morgan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0ubhRtZ13kC&pg=PA79"><i>Ramsay MacDonald</i></a>. Haus Publishing. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904950615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904950615"><bdi>978-1904950615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramsay+MacDonald&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1904950615&rft.au=Kevin+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0ubhRtZ13kC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aage Trommer, "MacDonald in Geneva in March 1933: A study in Britain's European policy." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 1#1–4 (1976): 293–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965334–335-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965334–335_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1965">Taylor 1965</a>, pp. 334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987213-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987213_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1987">Morgan 1987</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrompton2020" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, Teresa (2020). <i>Adventuress, the Life and Loves of Lucy, Lady Houston</i>. The History Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventuress%2C+the+Life+and+Loves+of+Lucy%2C+Lady+Houston&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson_1998_p10-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_1998_p10_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stevenson_(historian)" title="David Stevenson (historian)">Stevenson, David</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xZFKfQHAtMC&pg=PA10">"France at the Paris Peace Conference: Addressing the Dilemmas of Security"</a>. In Robert W. D. Boyce (ed.). <i>French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power</i>. London: Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415150392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415150392"><bdi>978-0415150392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference%3A+Addressing+the+Dilemmas+of+Security&rft.btitle=French+Foreign+and+Defence+Policy%2C+1918%E2%80%931940%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+a+Great+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0415150392&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xZFKfQHAtMC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/27/historic-anglo-egyptian-treaty-signed-in-london-archive-1936">"Historic Anglo-Egyptian treaty signed in London – archive, 1936"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 27 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Historic+Anglo-Egyptian+treaty+signed+in+London+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+1936&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Faug%2F27%2Fhistoric-anglo-egyptian-treaty-signed-in-london-archive-1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marquand1977-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marquand1977_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquand1977_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ramsaymacdonald0000marq/page/784">784</a> "George V's death in January 1936, had been a heavy blow to MacDonald; it is clear from his diary that he must have taken some time to recover from it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987234-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987234_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987234_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1987">Morgan 1987</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkeley1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Berkeley" title="Humphry Berkeley">Berkeley, Humphry</a> (1978). <i>The myth that will not die: the formation of the National Government 1931</i>. Croom Helm. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0856647734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0856647734"><bdi>978-0856647734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+myth+that+will+not+die%3A+the+formation+of+the+National+Government+1931&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0856647734&rft.aulast=Berkeley&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1978" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watkins" title="Alan Watkins">Watkins, Alan</a> (2 September 1978). "History without heroes". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>. Vol. 241. F.C. Westley. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=History+without+heroes&rft.volume=241&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1978-09-02&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ramsay MacDonald's Last Homecoming: Bermuda to Lossiemouth". <i>The Illustrated London News</i>. London. 4 December 1937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=Ramsay+MacDonald%27s+Last+Homecoming%3A+Bermuda+to+Lossiemouth&rft.date=1937-12-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>H.M.S. Orion 1937–1939</i>. Flood & Son, Ltd, The Borough Press, Lowestoft: Royal Navy (HMS Orion). 1939. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.M.S.+Orion+1937%E2%80%931939.&rft.place=Flood+%26+Son%2C+Ltd%2C+The+Borough+Press%2C+Lowestoft&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Royal+Navy+%28HMS+Orion%29&rft.date=1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lyon, Peter (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31388">"MacDonald, Malcolm John (1901–1981), politician and diplomatist"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31388">10.1093/ref:odnb/31388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MacDonald%2C+Malcolm+John+%281901%E2%80%931981%29%2C+politician+and+diplomatist&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31388&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-31388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Goold2008" class="citation web cs1">David Goold (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=202048">"Alister Gladstone MacDonald (or Alistair Gladstone MacDonald)"</a>. Dictionary of Scottish Architects<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alister+Gladstone+MacDonald+%28or+Alistair+Gladstone+MacDonald%29&rft.pub=Dictionary+of+Scottish+Architects&rft.date=2008&rft.au=David+Goold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottisharchitects.org.uk%2Farchitect_full.php%3Fid%3D202048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2006" class="citation news cs1">Fenton, Ben (2 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1533044/Secret-love-affair-of-Labour-Prime-Minister-and-Lady-Margaret-is-revealed-80-years-on.html">"Secret love affair of Labour Prime Minister and Lady Margaret is revealed 80 years on"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Secret+love+affair+of+Labour+Prime+Minister+and+Lady+Margaret+is+revealed+80+years+on&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1533044%2FSecret-love-affair-of-Labour-Prime-Minister-and-Lady-Margaret-is-revealed-80-years-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987124-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1987124_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1987">Morgan 1987</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193938-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193938_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193938_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1939">Elton 1939</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton193994-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193994_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton193994_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1939">Elton 1939</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom McReady (2015) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpuc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Ramsay-MacDonald.pdf">Blessed is the Peacemaker: The Religious Vision of Ramsay MacDonald</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Putney_Unitarian_Church" title="Richmond and Putney Unitarian Church">Richmond and Putney Unitarian Church</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand197724-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand197724_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand1977">Marquand 1977</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2018" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jacqueline (2018). <i>The Labour Church: Religion and Politics in Britain 1890–1914</i>. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Church%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Britain+1890%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, James D. (2005). <i>An American Looks at Gandhi: Essays in Satyagraha, Civil Rights, and Peace</i>. Promilla & Co Publishers Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Looks+at+Gandhi%3A+Essays+in+Satyagraha%2C+Civil+Rights%2C+and+Peace&rft.pub=Promilla+%26+Co+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_E_BackhouseTamotsu_Nishizawa2010" class="citation book cs1">Roger E Backhouse; Tamotsu Nishizawa, eds. (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowealthbutlifew00back"><i>No Wealth But Life: Welfare Economics and the Welfare State in Britain, 1880–1945</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowealthbutlifew00back/page/n130">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521197861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521197861"><bdi>978-0521197861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Wealth+But+Life%3A+Welfare+Economics+and+the+Welfare+State+in+Britain%2C+1880%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521197861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowealthbutlifew00back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McConnachie, John. <i>The Moray Golf Club at Lossiemouth</i>, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morayspeysidegolf.com/spey-bay-golf-club/">"Spey Bay Golf Club"</a>. <i>Moray Speyside Golf</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moray+Speyside+Golf&rft.atitle=Spey+Bay+Golf+Club&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorayspeysidegolf.com%2Fspey-bay-golf-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–33-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd200731–33_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2007">Shepherd 2007</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, Nicholas (2007). "MacDonald's Parties: The Labour Party and the 'Aristocratic Embrace' 1922–31". <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwl043">10.1093/tcbh/hwl043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=MacDonald%27s+Parties%3A+The+Labour+Party+and+the+%27Aristocratic+Embrace%27+1922%E2%80%9331&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-53&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwl043&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004700-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004700_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand2004">Marquand 2004</a>, p. 700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2003">Martin 2003</a>, pp. 836–837.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement Attlee, <i>As it Happened</i>. Heinemann: 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/70/70401.html"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837Shepherd200731–33-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003836–837Shepherd200731–33_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2003">Martin 2003</a>, pp. 836–837; <a href="#CITEREFShepherd2007">Shepherd 2007</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Dutton2008" class="citation book cs1">David Dutton (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_BeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT88"><i>Liberals in Schism: A History of the National Liberal Party</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857737113" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857737113"><bdi>978-0857737113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberals+in+Schism%3A+A+History+of+the+National+Liberal+Party&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0857737113&rft.au=David+Dutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_BeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003837-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003837_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2003">Martin 2003</a>, p. 837.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Skidelsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Robert Skidelsky (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEW5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Politicians and the slump: The Labour Government of 1929–1931</i></a>. Papermac. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333605929" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333605929"><bdi>978-0333605929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicians+and+the+slump%3A+The+Labour+Government+of+1929%E2%80%931931&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0333605929&rft.au=Robert+Skidelsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEW5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquand2004_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquand2004">Marquand 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frs_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1939" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory, R. A. (1939). "James Ramsay MacDonald. 1866–1937". <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>2</b> (7): 475–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1939.0007">10.1098/rsbm.1939.0007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=James+Ramsay+MacDonald.+1866%E2%80%931937&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=475-482&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1939.0007&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWW-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWW_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"MacDonald, Rt Hon. James Ramsay, (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937), JP Morayshire; MP (Lab.) Aberavon Division of Glamorganshire, 1922–29, Seaham Division Co. Durham, 1929–31, (Nat. Lab.) 1931–35, Scottish Universities since 1936". <i>MacDonald, Rt Hon. James Ramsay</i>. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U213229">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U213229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MacDonald%2C+Rt+Hon.+James+Ramsay%2C+%2812+October+1866+%E2%80%93+9+November+1937%29%2C+JP+Morayshire%3B+MP+%28Lab.%29+Aberavon+Division+of+Glamorganshire%2C+1922%E2%80%9329%2C+Seaham+Division+Co.+Durham%2C+1929%E2%80%9331%2C+%28Nat.+Lab.%29+1931%E2%80%9335%2C+Scottish+Universities+since+1936&rft.btitle=MacDonald%2C+Rt+Hon.+James+Ramsay&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U213229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Barker, Rodney. "Political Myth: Ramsay MacDonald and the Labour Party." <i>History</i> 61.201 (1976): 46–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24409554">online</a></li> <li>Byrne, Christopher, Nick Randall, and Kevin Theakston. "Disjunctive Leadership in Interwar Britain: Stanley Baldwin, Ramsay MacDonald, and Neville Chamberlain." in <i>Disjunctive Prime Ministerial Leadership in British Politics</i> (Palgrave Pivot, Cham, 2020) pp. 17–49.</li> <li>Carlton, David. <i>MacDonald versus Henderson: The Foreign Policy of the Second Labour Government</i> (2014).</li> <li>Eccleshall, Robert, and Graham Walker, eds. <i>Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers</i> (1998) pp. 281–288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_k7v1">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Elton,_1st_Baron_Elton" title="Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton">Elton, Lord</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjamesramsa0000elto"><i>The Life of James Ramsay MacDonald (1866–1919</i></a>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406730456" title="Special:BookSources/978-1406730456"><bdi>978-1406730456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+James+Ramsay+MacDonald+%281866%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-1406730456&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjamesramsa0000elto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Heppell, Timothy, and Kevin Theakston, eds. <i>How Labour Governments Fall: From Ramsay MacDonald to Gordon Brown</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).</li> <li>Hinks, John <i>Ramsay MacDonald: the Leicester years (1906–1918)</i>, Leicester, 1996</li> <li>Howard, Christopher. "MacDonald, Henderson, and the Outbreak of War, 1914." <i>Historical Journal</i> 20.4 (1977): 871–891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638412">online</a></li> <li>Howell, David <i>MacDonald's Party. Labour Identities and Crisis, 1922–1931</i>, Oxford: OUP 2002; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198203047" title="Special:BookSources/0198203047">0198203047</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1962" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Ivor (1962). <i>Party Politics: Volume 3, The Stuff of Politics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521054348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521054348"><bdi>978-0521054348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Stuff+of+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0521054348&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kitching, Carolyn J. "Prime minister and foreign secretary: the dual role of James Ramsay MacDonald in 1924." <i>Review of International Studies</i> 37#3 (2011): 1403–1422. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23025426">online</a></li> <li>Lloyd, Trevor. "Ramsay MacDonald: Socialist or Gentleman?." <i>Canadian Journal of History/Annales Canadiennes d'Histoire</i> 15#3 (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utpjournalsreview.com/index.php/CJOH/article/download/7744/6648">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808052416/http://utpjournalsreview.com/index.php/CJOH/article/download/7744/6648">Archived</a> 8 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Lyman, Richard W. <i>The First Labour Government, 1924</i> (Chapman & Hall, 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstlabourgover0000lyma">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Lyman, Richard W. "James Ramsay MacDonald and the Leadership of the Labour Party, 1918–22." <i>Journal of British Studies</i> 2#1 (1962): 132–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175310">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, David E. (2003). "MacDonald, (James) Ramsay". In Loades, David (ed.). <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MacDonald%2C+%28James%29+Ramsay&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+British+History&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McKibbin, Ross I. "James Ramsay MacDonald and the Problem of the Independence of the Labour Party, 1910–1914." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 42#2 (1970): 216–235. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1905942">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquand1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marquand" title="David Marquand">Marquand, David</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ramsaymacdonald0000marq"><i>Ramsay MacDonald</i></a>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0224012959" title="Special:BookSources/0224012959"><bdi>0224012959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramsay+MacDonald&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0224012959&rft.aulast=Marquand&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Framsaymacdonald0000marq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span>; 902pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquand2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Marquand, David (2004). "MacDonald, (James) Ramsay (1866–1937)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34704">10.1093/ref:odnb/34704</a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MacDonald%2C+%28James%29+Ramsay+%281866%E2%80%931937%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34704&rft.aulast=Marquand&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> online edn, Oct 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34704,">accessed 9 Sept 2012</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1987" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Austen (1987). <i>J. Ramsay MacDonald</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719021688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719021688"><bdi>978-0719021688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Ramsay+MacDonald&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0719021688&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Austen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morgan, Kenneth O. <i>Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants Hardy to Kinnock</i> (1987) pp. 39–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/labourpeoplelead0000morg">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Morgan, Kevin. <i>Ramsay MacDonald</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macdonald0000morg">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowat,_C._L." class="mw-redirect" title="Mowat, C. L.">Mowat, C. L.</a> "Ramsay MacDonald and the Labour Party," in <i>Essays in Labour History 1886–1923,</i> edited by Asa Briggs, and John Saville, (1971)</li> <li>Mowat, Charles L. "The Fall of the Labour Government in Great Britain, August, 1931," <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i> 7#4 (1944), pp. 353–386 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3815737">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3815737</a> online</li> <li>Mowat, Charles Loch. <i>Britain between the Wars: 1918–1945</i> (1955) PP 413–79</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, Nicholas (2007). "MacDonald's Parties: The Labour Party and the 'Aristocratic Embrace' 1922–31". <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwl043">10.1093/tcbh/hwl043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=MacDonald%27s+Parties%3A+The+Labour+Party+and+the+%27Aristocratic+Embrace%27+1922%E2%80%9331&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-53&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwl043&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Phillips, Gordon: <i>The Rise of the Labour Party 1893–1931</i>, (Routledge 1992).</li> <li>Riddell, Neil. <i>Labour in Crisis: The Second Labour Government, 1929–31</i> (1999).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins,_Keith1994" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Keith (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXmvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239"><i>Politicians, Diplomacy and War in Modern British History</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 239–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826460479" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826460479"><bdi>978-0826460479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicians%2C+Diplomacy+and+War+in+Modern+British+History&rft.pages=239-272&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0826460479&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXmvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rosen, Greg (ed.) <i>Dictionary of Labour Biography</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Politicos_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicos Publishing">Politicos Publishing</a> 2001; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902301181" title="Special:BookSources/978-1902301181">978-1902301181</a></li> <li>Rosen, Greg (ed.) <i>Old Labour to New. The Dreams That Inspired, the Battles That Divided</i> (London: Politicos Publishing 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842750452" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842750452">978-1842750452</a>).</li> <li>Sacks, Benjamin. <i>J. Ramsay MacDonald in Thought and Action</i> (University of New Mexico Press, 1952), favourable biography by American scholar</li> <li>Shepherd, John and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Laybourn" title="Keith Laybourn">Keith Laybourn</a>. <i>Britain's First Labour Government</i> (2006).</li> <li>Shepherd, John. <i>The Second Labour Government: A reappraisal</i> (2012).</li> <li>Skidelsky, Robert. <i>Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929–1931</i> (1967).</li> <li>Smart, Nick. <i>The National Government. 1931–40</i> (Macmillan 1999) ISBN 0-333-69131-8</li> <li>Stewart, John. "Ramsay MacDonald, the Labour Party, and child welfare, 1900–1914." <i>Twentieth Century British History</i> 4.2 (1993): 105–125.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1965" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishhistory1900tayl"><i>English History: 1914–1945</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+History%3A+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishhistory1900tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thorpe, Andrew. "Arthur Henderson and the British political crisis of 1931." <i>Historical Journal</i> 31#1 (1988): 117–139, On the expulsion of MacDonald from the Labour Party.</li> <li>Thorpe, Andrew <i>Britain in the 1930s. The Deceptive Decade</i> (Blackwell 1992; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631174117" title="Special:BookSources/0631174117">0631174117</a>)</li> <li>Ward, Stephen R. <i>James Ramsay MacDonald: Low Born among the High Brows</i> (1990).</li> <li>Weir, L. MacNeill. <i>The Tragedy of Ramsay MacDonald: A Political Biography</i> (1938). Highly influential and extremely negative account by a former aide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176512">online</a></li> <li>Williamson, Philip: <i>National Crisis and National Government. British Politics, the Economy and the Empire, 1926–1932</i>, Cambridge: CUP 1992; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521361370" title="Special:BookSources/0521361370">0521361370</a></li> <li>Wrigley, Chris. "James Ramsay MacDonald 1922–1931," in <i>Leading Labour: From Keir Hardie to Tony Blair,</i> edited by Kevin Jefferys, (1999)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Callaghan, John, et al. eds. <i>Interpreting the Labour Party: Approaches to Labour Politics and History</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=341347#page=34">online</a></li> <li>Loades, David, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (2003) 2:836–837.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Shepherd, John (November 2007). "The Lad from Lossiemouth". <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 57, no. 11. pp. 31–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Lad+from+Lossiemouth&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=31-33&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Barker, Bernard (ed.) <i>Ramsay MacDonald's Political Writings</i> (Allen Lane, 1972).</li> <li>Cox, Jane <i>A Singular Marriage: A Labour Love Story in Letters and Diaries</i> (of Ramsay and Margaret MacDonald), London: Harrap 1988; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0245546761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0245546761">978-0245546761</a></li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay <i>The Socialist Movement</i> (1911) online; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/668199/the-socialist-movement">free copy</a></li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay <i>Socialism and Society</i> (1914) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismandsoc01macdgoog">online</a></li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay. <i>Labour and Peace</i>, Labour Party 1912</li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay. <i>Parliament and Revolution</i>, Labour Party 1919</li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay. <i>Parliament and revolution</i> (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924011410820">online</a></li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay. <i>Foreign Policy of the Labour Party,</i> Labour Party 1923</li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay. <i>Margaret Ethel MacDonald</i> (1924) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463509">online</a></li> <li>MacDonald, Ramsay. <i>Socialism: critical and constructive</i> (1924) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismcritic00macdgoog">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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title="c:Ramsay MacDonald">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ramsay_MacDonald" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Ramsay MacDonald">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" class="extiw" title="q:Ramsay MacDonald">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ramsay_MacDonald" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ramsay MacDonald">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ramsay_MacDonald" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ramsay MacDonald">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ramsay_MacDonald" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Ramsay MacDonald">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-ramsay-macdonald">contributions in Parliament by Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/collections/labhousing1/labgov1/">Ramsay MacDonald – 1924 First Labour Government – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr203/mcdonald.htm">A left-wing criticism of Macdonald's career</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227191659/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr203/mcdonald.htm">Archived</a> 27 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Socialist Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080825211359/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/james-ramsay-macdonald">More about Ramsay MacDonald</a> Prime Minister's Office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb133-rmd">Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 1893–1937</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02872">Portraits of Ramsay MacDonald</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166646#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F67261">"Archival material relating to Ramsay MacDonald"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Ramsay+MacDonald&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF67261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsay+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166646#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/019057">Newspaper clippings about Ramsay MacDonald</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (UK)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1922–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Stanley Baldwin</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1924–1924 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1924 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Austen_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Austen Chamberlain">Sir Austen Chamberlain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Stanley Baldwin</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (UK)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1924–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Stanley Baldwin</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Prime Minister of the United Kingdom </b><br />1929–1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1929–1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1935–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Halifax">The Viscount Halifax</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Rolleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Rolleston">Sir John Rolleston</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Broadhurst" title="Henry Broadhurst">Henry Broadhurst</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Leicester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)">Leicester</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a>–<a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Broadhurst" title="Henry Broadhurst">Henry Broadhurst</a>, to March 1906<br /><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Thomasson" title="Franklin Thomasson">Franklin Thomasson</a>, 1906–1910<br /><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Crawshay-Williams" title="Eliot Crawshay-Williams">Eliot Crawshay-Williams</a>, 1910–1913<br /><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hewart,_1st_Viscount_Hewart" title="Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart">Sir Gordon Hewart</a>, 1913–1918 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Edwards_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Edwards (British politician)">John Edwards</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberavon</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a>–<a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cove" title="William Cove">William Cove</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Seaham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Seaham (UK Parliament constituency)">Seaham</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a>–<a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton" title="Noel Skelton">Noel Skelton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for the<br /><a href="/wiki/Combined_Scottish_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Scottish Universities">Combined Scottish Universities</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1936_Combined_Scottish_Universities_by-election" title="1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election">1936</a>–<a href="/wiki/1938_Combined_Scottish_Universities_by-election" title="1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election">1937</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Anderson">Sir John Anderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party Secretary">Labour Party Secretary</a> </b><br />1900–1912 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Chairman of the Independent Labour Party</a> </b><br />1906–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Jowett" title="Fred Jowett">Fred Jowett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">George Barnes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party">Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party</a> </b><br />1911–1914 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Arthur Henderson</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Arthur Henderson</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party">Treasurer of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1912–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Arthur Henderson</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">J. R. Clynes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_British_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the British Labour Party">Leader of the British Labour Party</a> </b><br />1922–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Arthur Henderson</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">Chair of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1923–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Cramp" title="Charlie Cramp">Charlie Cramp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">Leader of National Labour</a> </b><br />1931–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_People_on_the_Cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of People on the Cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">Cover of Time Magazine</a> </b><br />18 August 1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Cummings" title="Edith Cummings">Edith Cummings</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramsay_MacDonald" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Template:Ramsay MacDonald"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Template talk:Ramsay MacDonald"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsay MacDonald"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramsay_MacDonald" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premierships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_MacDonald_ministry" title="First MacDonald ministry">Labour Government, 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_MacDonald_ministry" title="Second MacDonald ministry">Labour Government, 1929-1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)">First National Government, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">Second National Government, 1931-1935</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3227" data-file-height="4567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberavon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Seaham (UK Parliament constituency)">Seaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Scottish_Universities_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency)">Combined Scottish Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">Gladstone–MacDonald pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1922 party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Case" title="Campbell Case">Campbell Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_votes_of_no_confidence_in_British_governments#Defeat_of_the_MacDonald_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="List of votes of no confidence in British governments">Defeat of the MacDonald ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">India Round Table Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">MacDonald Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ethel_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Ethel MacDonald">Margaret Ethel MacDonald</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbel_MacDonald" title="Ishbel MacDonald">Ishbel MacDonald</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Lochhead" title="Sheila Lochhead">Sheila MacDonald</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill:_The_Wilderness_Years" title="Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years">Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years</a></i> (TV, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i> (Film, 1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_10_(TV_series)" title="Number 10 (TV series)">Number 10</a></i> (TV, 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_(TV_serial)" title="Mosley (TV serial)">Mosley</a></i> (TV, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Woolwich_East_by-election" title="1921 Woolwich East by-election">1921 Woolwich East by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Combined_Scottish_Universities_by-election" title="1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election">1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Sackville" title="Lady Margaret Sackville">Lady Margaret Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_letter" title="MacDonald letter">MacDonald letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Reina_del_Pacifico" title="MV Reina del Pacifico">MV <i>Reina del Pacifico</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Labour" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labour_Party_Leader" title="Template:Labour Party Leader"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labour_Party_Leader" title="Template talk:Labour Party Leader"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labour_Party_Leader" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labour Party Leader"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Labour" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Leaders of Labour</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">George Barnes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">William Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">J. R. Clynes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown, Baron George-Brown</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Margaret Beckett</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Deputy Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Margaret Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">General Secretaries</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Middleton_(political_organiser)" title="James Middleton (political organiser)">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Phillips" title="Morgan Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Williams_(politician)" title="Leonard Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Barker" title="Sara Barker">Barker</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Hayward" title="Ron Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mortimer" title="Jim Mortimer">Mortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Whitty,_Baron_Whitty" title="Larry Whitty, Baron Whitty">Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer,_Baron_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McDonagh,_Baroness_McDonagh" title="Margaret McDonagh, Baroness McDonagh">McDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Triesman,_Baron_Triesman" title="David Triesman, Baron Triesman">Triesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Carter_(politician)" title="Matt Carter (politician)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Watt" title="Peter Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins,_Baron_Collins_of_Highbury" title="Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_McNicol" title="Iain McNicol">McNicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Formby" title="Jennie Formby">Formby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Evans_(political_official)" title="David Evans (political official)">Evans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Treasurers</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lathan" title="George Lathan">Lathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Davies_(trade_unionist)" title="Dai Davies (trade unionist)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Atkinson" title="Norman Atkinson">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Booth" title="Albert Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_McCluskie" title="Sam McCluskie">McCluskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burlison" title="Tom Burlison">Burlison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Prosser,_Baroness_Prosser" title="Margaret Prosser, Baroness Prosser">Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Elsby" title="Jimmy Elsby">Elsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dromey" title="Jack Dromey">Dromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Holland" title="Diana Holland">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders in the Lords</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jay,_Baroness_Jay_of_Paddington" title="Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Mostyn" title="Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos,_Baroness_Amos" title="Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Scottish Labour Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McLeish" title="Henry McLeish">McLeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_McConnell" title="Jack McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Alexander" title="Wendy Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lamont" title="Johann Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Murphy" title="Jim Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale" title="Kezia Dugdale">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rowley" title="Alex Rowley">Rowley</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leonard" title="Richard Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">PLP Chairs</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(politician)" title="John Hodge (politician)">Hodge</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wardle" title="George Wardle">Wardle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Willey" title="Fred Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dormand" title="Jack Dormand">Dormand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Orme" title="Stan Orme">Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoyle" title="Doug Hoyle">Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Soley" title="Clive Soley">Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corston,_Baroness_Corston" title="Jean Corston, Baroness Corston">Corston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Clwyd" title="Ann Clwyd">Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lloyd" title="Tony Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Watts,_Baron_Watts" title="David Watts, Baron Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cryer" title="John Cryer">Cryer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">EPLP Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Lomas" title="Alf Lomas">Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(Scottish_politician)" title="David Martin (Scottish politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Seal_(politician)" title="Barry Seal (politician)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Ford" title="Glyn Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Green" title="Pauline Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_David" title="Wayne David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Donnelly" title="Alan Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Murphy_(British_politician)" title="Simon Murphy (British politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Titley" title="Gary Titley">Titley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenis_Willmott" title="Glenis Willmott">Willmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corbett" title="Richard Corbett">Corbett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labour_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labour_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">History of the Labour Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Labour Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party">European Parliamentary Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party_(1888)" title="Scottish Labour Party (1888)">Scottish Labour Party (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Representation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">Gladstone–MacDonald pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Independent_Group" title="Labour Independent Group">Labour Independent Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Democratic_Socialism" title="Campaign for Democratic Socialism">Campaign for Democratic Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)#Creation_of_the_SDP" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Formation of SDP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(SDP)" title="Gang of Four (SDP)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Declaration" title="Limehouse Declaration">Limehouse Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_tendency" title="Militant tendency">Militant tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_longest_suicide_note_in_history" title="The longest suicide note in history">The longest suicide note in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_more_heave" title="One more heave">One more heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony%27s_Cronies" title="Tony's Cronies">Tony's Cronies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Labour" title="One Nation Labour">One Nation Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabarti_Inquiry" title="Chakrabarti Inquiry">Chakrabarti Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Deputy Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">General Secretaries</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Middleton_(political_organiser)" title="James Middleton (political organiser)">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Phillips" title="Morgan Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Williams_(politician)" title="Leonard Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Barker" title="Sara Barker">Barker</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Hayward" title="Ron Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mortimer" title="Jim Mortimer">Mortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Whitty,_Baron_Whitty" title="Larry Whitty, Baron Whitty">Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer,_Baron_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McDonagh,_Baroness_McDonagh" title="Margaret McDonagh, Baroness McDonagh">McDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Triesman,_Baron_Triesman" title="David Triesman, Baron Triesman">Triesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Carter_(politician)" title="Matt Carter (politician)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Watt" title="Peter Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins,_Baron_Collins_of_Highbury" title="Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_McNicol" title="Iain McNicol">McNicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Formby" title="Jennie Formby">Formby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Evans_(political_official)" title="David Evans (political official)">Evans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Treasurers</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lathan" title="George Lathan">Lathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Davies_(trade_unionist)" title="Dai Davies (trade unionist)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Atkinson" title="Norman Atkinson">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Booth" title="Albert Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_McCluskie" title="Sam McCluskie">McCluskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burlison" title="Tom Burlison">Burlison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Prosser,_Baroness_Prosser" title="Margaret Prosser, Baroness Prosser">Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Elsby" title="Jimmy Elsby">Elsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dromey" title="Jack Dromey">Dromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Holland" title="Diana Holland">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders in the Lords</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jay,_Baroness_Jay_of_Paddington" title="Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Mostyn" title="Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos,_Baroness_Amos" title="Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Scottish Labour Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McLeish" title="Henry McLeish">McLeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_McConnell" title="Jack McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Alexander" title="Wendy Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lamont" title="Johann Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Murphy" title="Jim Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale" title="Kezia Dugdale">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rowley" title="Alex Rowley">Rowley</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leonard" title="Richard Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">PLP Chairs</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(politician)" title="John Hodge (politician)">Hodge</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wardle" title="George Wardle">Wardle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Willey" title="Fred Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dormand" title="Jack Dormand">Dormand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Orme" title="Stan Orme">Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoyle" title="Doug Hoyle">Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Soley" title="Clive Soley">Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corston,_Baroness_Corston" title="Jean Corston, Baroness Corston">Corston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Clwyd" title="Ann Clwyd">Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lloyd" title="Tony Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Watts,_Baron_Watts" title="David Watts, Baron Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cryer" title="John Cryer">Cryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Morden" title="Jessica Morden">Morden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">EPLP Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Lomas" title="Alf Lomas">Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(Scottish_politician)" title="David Martin (Scottish politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Seal_(politician)" title="Barry Seal (politician)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Ford" title="Glyn Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Green" title="Pauline Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_David" title="Wayne David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Donnelly" title="Alan Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Murphy_(British_politician)" title="Simon Murphy (British politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Titley" title="Gary Titley">Titley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenis_Willmott" title="Glenis Willmott">Willmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corbett" title="Richard Corbett">Corbett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div>* = wartime, in opposition <br /> ^ Interim/Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Internal_elections_and_selections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Internal elections and selections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1922</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1931 Labour Party leadership election">1931</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1932 Labour Party leadership election">1932</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Labour Party leadership election">1935</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1955 Labour Party leadership election">1955</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party leadership election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1961 Labour Party leadership election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1963</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party leadership election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1980 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1983 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1992 Labour Party leadership election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party leadership election">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2007 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2010 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2010</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2015</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Deputy Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1952 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1952</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1953 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1956 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1956</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Jim Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1959 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1959</a> <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1960</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1961 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1962 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1970</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1971 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1972 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1972</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1980 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1981 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1983 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1988 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1992 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Margaret Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2007 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2015 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2015</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Tom Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Shadow Cabinet elections and reshuffles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=September_1931_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="September 1931 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">Sep 1931 (Henderson)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1931_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1931 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">Nov 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1932 (Lansbury)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1935 (Attlee)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1951 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1952 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1953 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1954 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1955 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1956 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1956 (Gaitskell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1957 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1958 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1959 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1960 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1961 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1962 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1963 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1963 (Wilson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1970 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1971 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1972 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1973 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1979 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1979 (Callaghan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1980 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1980 (Foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1981 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1982 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1983 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1983 (Kinnock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1984 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1985 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1986 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1987 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1988 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1989 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1990 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1991 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1992 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1992 (Smith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1993 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1994 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1994 (Blair)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1995 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1996 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="2010 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">2010 (Miliband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_shadow_cabinet_resignations" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United Kingdom shadow cabinet resignations">June 2016 (Corbyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2021_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="May 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">May 2021 (Starmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2021_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="November 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2023 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Constitution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party">Treasurer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party">Parliamentary Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Labour Party">Chief Whip of the Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Labour Party in Northern Ireland">Labour Party in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour" title="London Labour">London Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">CLPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_Labour_Party" title="Constituency Labour Party">Constituency Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_International" title="Labour International">Labour International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Forum" title="National Policy Forum">National Policy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)_affiliated_trade_union" title="Labour Party (UK) affiliated trade union">Affiliated trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Party_Liaison_Organisation" title="Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation">Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour Co-operative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_%E2%80%93_Federation_of_Labour_Groups" title="Labour – Federation of Labour Groups">Labour – Federation of Labour Groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Labour Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Labour_(UK)" title="Young Labour (UK)">Young Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_International" title="Labour International">Labour International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Labour" title="LGBT+ Labour">LGBT+ Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Campaign_for_Trans_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Campaign for Trans Rights">Labour Campaign for Trans Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Students" title="Labour Students">Labour Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAME_Labour" title="BAME Labour">BAME Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Labour" title="Disability Labour">Disability Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Labour_Party_Democracy" title="Campaign for Labour Party Democracy">Campaign for Labour Party Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_on_the_Left" title="Christians on the Left">Christians on the Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_(think_tank)" title="Compass (think tank)">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Fabians" title="Young Fabians">Young Fabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Britain_Group" title="Future Britain Group">Future Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Left_Grassroots_Alliance" title="Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance">Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labour_Movement" title="Jewish Labour Movement">Jewish Labour Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Campaign_for_Electoral_Reform" title="Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform">Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_CND" title="Labour CND">Labour CND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Friends_of_Israel" title="Labour Friends of Israel">Labour Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Friends_of_Palestine_and_the_Middle_East" title="Labour Friends of Palestine and the Middle East">Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Growth_Group" title="Labour Growth Group">Labour Growth Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Irish_Society" title="Labour Party Irish Society">Labour Party Irish Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(2004)" title="Labour Representation Committee (2004)">Labour Representation Committee (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Women%27s_Network" title="Labour Women's Network">Labour Women's Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_(organisation)" title="Momentum (organisation)">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Labour" title="Open Labour">Open Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Labour_and_Socialist_Clubs" title="National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs">National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Britain" title="Progressive Britain">Progressive Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a> <small>Formerly Socialist Appeal</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Health_Association" title="Socialist Health Association">Socialist Health Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Educational_Association" title="Socialist Educational Association">Socialist Educational Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Environment_and_Resources_Association" title="Socialist Environment and Resources Association">Socialist Environment and Resources Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Campaign_Group" title="Socialist Campaign Group">Socialist Campaign Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">Socialist Youth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_society_(Labour_Party)" title="Socialist society (Labour Party)">Socialist societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Media publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LabourList" title="LabourList">LabourList</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Template:1922 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Template talk:1922 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="Discuss this 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R. Clynes"><span style="color:white;">J. R. Clynes</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">J. R. Clynes</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsay MacDonald</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Secretary" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign<br />and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign,<br />Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Ramsay_MacDonald_(1924)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg/100px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg/150px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg/200px-Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Noel-Buxton,_1st_Baron_Noel-Buxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Noel Noel-Buxton, 1st Baron Noel-Buxton">Noel Buxton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Thomson" title="Christopher Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson">The Lord Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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Clynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education_and_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Education and Skills">President of the Board of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Charles Trevelyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olivier,_1st_Baron_Olivier" title="Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier">Sydney Olivier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood,_1st_Baron_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postmaster General of the United Kingdom">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Hartshorn" title="Vernon Hartshorn">Vernon Hartshorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Sidney Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Jowett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Jowett">Frederick William Jowett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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<li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independent_Labour_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independent_Labour_Party" title="Template:Independent Labour Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independent_Labour_Party" title="Template talk:Independent Labour Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independent_Labour_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independent Labour Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent_Labour_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party"><span style="color:white">Independent Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a></li> <li>1900: <a href="/wiki/John_Bruce_Glasier" title="John Bruce Glasier">Bruce Glasier</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></li> <li>1906: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Jowett" title="Fred Jowett">Fred Jowett</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Crawford Anderson">W. C. Anderson</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Jowett" title="Fred Jowett">Fred Jowett</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/R._C._Wallhead" title="R. C. Wallhead">R. C. Wallhead</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Allen,_1st_Baron_Allen_of_Hurtwood" title="Clifford Allen, 1st Baron Allen of Hurtwood">Clifford Allen</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/James_Maxton" title="James Maxton">James Maxton</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Fenner_Brockway,_Baron_Brockway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway">Fenner Brockway</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/James_Maxton" title="James Maxton">James Maxton</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/C._A._Smith" title="C. A. Smith">C. A. Smith</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/John_McGovern_(politician)" title="John McGovern (politician)">John McGovern</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Edwards_(politician)" title="Bob Edwards (politician)">Bob Edwards</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/David_Gibson_(British_politician)" title="David Gibson (British politician)">David Gibson</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Barton_(politician)" title="Fred Barton (politician)">Fred Barton</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Maxton" title="Annie Maxton">Annie Maxton</a></li> <li>1957: Jim Graham</li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Maxton" title="Annie Maxton">Annie Maxton</a></li> <li>1961: Fred Morel</li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Emrys_Thomas" title="Emrys Thomas">Emrys Thomas</a></li> <li>1974: Stan Iveson</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1893: <a href="/wiki/James_Shaw_Maxwell" title="James Shaw Maxwell">Shaw Maxwell</a></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mann" title="Tom Mann">Tom Mann</a></li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/John_Robertson_(New_Zealand_politician,_born_1875)" title="John Robertson (New Zealand politician, born 1875)">John Robertson</a></li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/John_Penny_(politician)" title="John Penny (politician)">John Penny</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Johnson_(ILP_politician)" title="Francis Johnson (ILP politician)">Francis Johnson</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_(ILP_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Taylor (ILP politician) (page does not exist)">John Taylor</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/John_Paton_(British_politician)" title="John Paton (British politician)">John Paton</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Fenner_Brockway,_Baron_Brockway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway">Fenner Brockway</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/John_McNair_(British_politician)" title="John McNair (British politician)">John McNair</a></li> <li>1955: Wilfred Wigham</li> <li>1962: Penny Lockett</li> <li>1963: Jenny Morel</li> <li>1964: Hira Mukherjee</li> <li>1971: Barry Winter</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Treasurers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1893: <a href="/wiki/John_Lister_(philanthropist)" title="John Lister (philanthropist)">John Lister</a></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/France_Littlewood" title="France Littlewood">France Littlewood</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/T._D._Benson" title="T. D. Benson">T. D. Benson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Benson_(British_politician)" title="George Benson (British politician)">George Benson</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Roden_Buxton" title="Charles Roden Buxton">Charles Roden Buxton</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Jowett" title="Fred Jowett">Fred Jowett</a></li> <li>1944: Percy Williams</li> <li>1949: Harley Millichap</li> <li>1953: Anne Gill</li> <li>1963: Don Bateman</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;">Variants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166646#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166646#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122759518">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5067361">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16401/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGVV9HF7MQkqYGkPW7HC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118729896">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047992">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1350615">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/142416">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069459878">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90636495">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=123351">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660146005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/209684">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007308582705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523974806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01404537?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ec9982b3-48c1-4cca-8931-cd24d4fc11fc">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/909976">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118729896.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118729896">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/057403376">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gt66nq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&oldid=1253282396">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacDonald&oldid=1253282396</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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