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href="#Early_career:_1768–1774"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career: 1768–1774</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career:_1768–1774-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early career: 1768–1774 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career:_1768–1774-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Member of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1782–1783" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary:_1782–1783"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Foreign Secretary: 1782–1783</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1782–1783-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign Secretary: 1782–1783 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_1782–1783-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fox-North_Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fox-North_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fox-North Coalition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fox-North_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Constitutional crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition:_1783–1797" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition:_1783–1797"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opposition: 1783–1797</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition:_1783–1797-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition: 1783–1797 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition:_1783–1797-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Regency_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Regency_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Regency Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Regency_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Pitt's_Terror"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Pitt's_Terror""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>"Pitt's Terror"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Pitt's_Terror"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_wilderness:_1797–1806" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_wilderness:_1797–1806"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political wilderness: 1797–1806</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_wilderness:_1797–1806-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political wilderness: 1797–1806 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_wilderness:_1797–1806-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Final year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Private life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles James Fox</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="تشارلز جيمس فوكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز جيمس فوكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="چارلز جیمز فاکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز جیمز فاکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Չարլզ Ֆոքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Ֆոքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="צ'ארלס ג'יימס פוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס ג'יימס פוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="تشارلز جيمس فوكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز جيمس فوكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="チャールズ・ジェームズ・フォックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・ジェームズ・フォックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="چارلز جیمز فاکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چارلز جیمز فاکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Фокс, Чарльз Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фокс, Чарльз Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles James Fox" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Чарльз Джемс Фокс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарльз Джемс Фокс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A0%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="查理斯·占士·福克斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理斯·占士·福克斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British politician (1749–1806)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Australian newspaper editor, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox_(editor)" title="Charles James Fox (editor)">Charles James Fox (editor)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles James Fox</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_James_Fox_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Charles_James_Fox_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/220px-Charles_James_Fox_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Charles_James_Fox_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/330px-Charles_James_Fox_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Charles_James_Fox_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/440px-Charles_James_Fox_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2875" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Anton_Hickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Anton Hickel">Karl Anton Hickel</a>, 1794</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 February 1806 – 13 September 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grenville">William Grenville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Mulgrave" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Mulgrave">The Lord Mulgrave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Viscount Howick</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 April 1783 – 19 December 1783</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">The Lord Grantham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">The Earl Temple</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 March 1782 – 5 July 1782</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Marquess_of_Rockingham" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marquess of Rockingham">The Marquess of Rockingham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Murray,_2nd_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield">The Viscount Stormont</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northern_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Secretary">Northern Secretary</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">The Lord Grantham</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 February 1806 – 13 September 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grenville">William Grenville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Viscount Howick</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 March 1782 – 5 July 1782</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Marquess_of_Rockingham" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marquess of Rockingham">The Marquess of Rockingham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Thomas Townshend</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Commissioner_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Commissioner of the Treasury">Lord Commissioner of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 January 1773 – 18 February 1774</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jenkinson,_1st_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool">Charles Jenkinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ingram-Seymour-Conway,_2nd_Marquess_of_Hertford" title="Francis Ingram-Seymour-Conway, 2nd Marquess of Hertford">Viscount Beauchamp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wolfran_Cornwall" title="Charles Wolfran Cornwall">Charles Wolfran Cornwall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Commissioner_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty">Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 February 1770 – 20 February 1772</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_1st_Baron_Bayning" title="Charles Townshend, 1st Baron Bayning">Charles Townshend</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet">Sir George Yonge, Bt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradshaw_(MP)" title="Thomas Bradshaw (MP)">Thomas Bradshaw</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1785–1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Parliamentary scrutiny</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardner,_1st_Baron_Gardner" title="Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner">Sir Alan Gardner, Bt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_3rd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland">Earl Percy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1780–1784</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Capel-Coningsby,_5th_Earl_of_Essex" title="George Capel-Coningsby, 5th Earl of Essex">Viscount Malden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Clinton,_3rd_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle">Lord Thomas Pelham-Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Parliamentary scrutiny</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Tain_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tain Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)">Tain Burghs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1784–1785</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Ross</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George Ross</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Malmesbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Malmesbury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1774–1780</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester,_1st_Marquess_of_Donegall" title="Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall">Earl of Donegall</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Suffolk">Hon. Thomas Howard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_2nd_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire">Viscount Fairford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_3rd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth">Viscount Lewisham</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Midhurst_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Midhurst (UK Parliament constituency)">Midhurst</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1768–1774</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Gascoyne_(the_elder)" title="Bamber Gascoyne (the elder)">Bamber Gascoyne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Mackworth" title="Herbert Mackworth">Herbert Mackworth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clement_Tudway" title="Clement Tudway">Clement Tudway</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1749-01-24</span>)</span>24 January 1749<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1806<span style="display:none">(1806-09-13)</span> (aged 57)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chiswick" title="Chiswick">Chiswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foxite" title="Foxite">Foxite</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Armistead" title="Elizabeth Armistead">Elizabeth Armistead</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Caroline Lennox">Lady Caroline Lennox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fox_family_(English_aristocracy)" title="Fox family (English aristocracy)">Fox family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/statesman" class="extiw" title="wikt:statesman">Statesman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Charles_James_Fox.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles James Fox's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Signatur_Charles_James_Fox.PNG/128px-Signatur_Charles_James_Fox.PNG" decoding="async" width="128" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Signatur_Charles_James_Fox.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="69" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_(BaronHolland)_Arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png/220px-Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png/330px-Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png/440px-Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting arms</a> of Fox, Baron Holland: <i>Ermine, on a chevron azure three fox's heads and necks erased or on a canton of the second a fleur-de-lys of the third</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Charles James Fox</b> (24 January 1749 – 13 September 1806), styled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></i> from 1762, was a British <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> politician and statesman whose parliamentary career spanned 38 years of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He was the <a href="/wiki/Rival" class="mw-redirect" title="Rival">arch-rival</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> politician <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>; his father <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland</a>, a leading Whig of his day, had similarly been the great rival of Pitt's famous father, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a> ("Pitt the Elder"). </p><p>Fox rose to prominence in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> as a forceful and eloquent speaker with a notorious and colourful private life, though at that time with rather conservative and conventional opinions. However, with the coming of the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> and the influence of the Whig <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, Fox's opinions evolved into some of the most <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radical</a> to be aired in the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> of his era. </p><p>Fox became a prominent and staunch opponent of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, whom he regarded as an aspiring tyrant. He supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Patriots" class="mw-redirect" title="American Patriots">American Patriots</a> and even dressed in the colours of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">army</a>. Briefly serving as Britain's first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> during the ministry of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Marquess of Rockingham</a> in 1782, he returned to the post in a <a href="/wiki/Fox-North_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox-North Coalition">coalition government</a> with his old enemy, <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a>, in 1783. However, the King forced Fox and North out of government before the end of the year and replaced them with the 24-year-old <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a>. Fox spent the following 22 years facing Pitt and the government from the opposition benches of the House of Commons. </p><p>Though Fox had little interest in the actual exercise of power<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._264_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._264-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spent almost the entirety of his political career in <a href="/wiki/Political_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opposition">opposition</a>, he became noted as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">anti-slavery</a> campaigner, a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and a leading parliamentary advocate of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> and individual liberty. His friendship with his mentor, Burke, and his parliamentary credibility were both casualties of Fox's support for France during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, but Fox went on to attack Pitt's wartime legislation and to defend the liberty of religious minorities and political radicals. After Pitt's death in January 1806, Fox served briefly as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> in the '<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a>' of <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grenville">William Grenville</a> before he died on 13 September 1806, aged 57. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life:_1749–1758"><span id="Early_life:_1749.E2.80.931758"></span>Early life: 1749–1758</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life: 1749–1758"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fox was born in London on 24 January 1749, the second surviving son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland</a>, and Lady <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Lennox">Caroline Lennox</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_2nd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond">Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Fox (1705–1774) was an ally of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> and rival of <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Elder">Pitt the Elder</a>, and had amassed a considerable fortune by exploiting his position as <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster General of the Forces</a>. Charles James Fox's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox,_2nd_Baron_Holland" title="Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland">Stephen</a> (1745–1774) became the 2nd Baron Holland, and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Fox" title="Henry Edward Fox">Henry</a> (1755–1811) had a distinguished military career.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox was the darling of his father, who found Charles "infinitely engaging & clever & pretty" and, from the time that his son was three years old, apparently preferred his company at meals to that of anyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories of Charles's over-indulgence by his doting father are legendary. It was said that Charles once expressed a great desire to break his father's watch and was not restrained or punished when he duly smashed it on the floor. On another occasion, when Henry had promised his son that he could watch the demolition of a wall on his estate and found that it had already been destroyed, he ordered the workmen to rebuild the wall and demolish it again, with Charles watching.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesJamesFox_ByJoshuaReynolds.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CharlesJamesFox_ByJoshuaReynolds.png/220px-CharlesJamesFox_ByJoshuaReynolds.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CharlesJamesFox_ByJoshuaReynolds.png/330px-CharlesJamesFox_ByJoshuaReynolds.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CharlesJamesFox_ByJoshuaReynolds.png/440px-CharlesJamesFox_ByJoshuaReynolds.png 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Mezzotint, <i>Ladies Sarah Lennox and Susan Strangeways, with Charles James Fox</i> (1762) at Holland House; after the original by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>, British Museum. Fox stands beside his first cousin Lady Susan Fox-Strangways (1743–1827), who holds a pigeon, while his aunt <a href="/wiki/Lady_Sarah_Lennox" title="Lady Sarah Lennox">Lady Sarah Lennox</a> (1745–1826) (his mother's youngest sister) leans out of a window above. In 1760, whilst at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, Fox had developed a schoolboy crush on Susan and composed a prize-winning Latin verse describing a pigeon he found to deliver his love-letters to her "to please both Venus its mistress and him".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Given <i>carte blanche</i> to choose his own education, Fox in 1758 attended a fashionable <a href="/wiki/Wandsworth" title="Wandsworth">Wandsworth</a> school run by a Monsieur Pampellonne, followed by <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, where he began to develop his lifelong love of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical literature</a>. In later life he was said to have always carried a copy of <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> in his coat pocket. He was taken out of school by his father in 1761 to attend the coronation of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, who would become one of his most bitter enemies, and once more in 1763 to travel to <a href="/wiki/The_Continent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Continent">the Continent</a> (where he visited Paris and <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a>). On this trip Charles was given a substantial amount of money with which to learn to gamble by his father, who also arranged for him to lose his virginity, aged fourteen, to a Madame de Quallens.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox returned to Eton later that year, "attired in red-heeled shoes and Paris cut-velvet, adorned with a pigeon-wing hair style tinted with blue powder, and a newly acquired French accent", and was duly flogged by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnard_(provost)" title="Edward Barnard (provost)">Dr. Barnard</a>, the headmaster.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Fox was once known as a <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_(fashion)" title="Macaroni (fashion)">macaroni</a>, despite him being a tad too overweight to look decent in his tight clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three pursuits – gambling, womanising and the love of things and fashions foreign – would become, once inculcated in his adolescence, notorious habits of Fox's later life. </p><p>Fox entered <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College, Oxford</a>, in October 1764. His tutor there was <a href="/wiki/William_Newcome" title="William Newcome">William Newcome</a>. By the standards of aristocratic students, he worked hard while at Oxford, especially at mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-Trevelyan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevelyan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was rather contemptuous of Oxford's "nonsenses".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left without graduating in spring 1766, to tour Europe with his family.<sup id="cite_ref-Trevelyan_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevelyan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on several further expeditions to Europe, becoming well known in the great Parisian salons, meeting influential figures such as <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">duc d'Orléans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, and becoming the co-owner of a number of racehorses with the <a href="/wiki/Armand_Louis_de_Gontaut" title="Armand Louis de Gontaut">duc de Lauzun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career:_1768–1774"><span id="Early_career:_1768.E2.80.931774"></span>Early career: 1768–1774</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career: 1768–1774"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_Parliament">Member of Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the 1768 general election, Henry Fox bought his son a seat in Parliament for the <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a> constituency of <a href="/wiki/Midhurst_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Midhurst (UK Parliament constituency)">Midhurst</a>, though Charles was still nineteen and technically ineligible for Parliament. Fox was to address the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> some 254 times between 1768 and 1774<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rapidly gathered a reputation as a superb orator, but he had not yet developed the radical opinions for which he would become famous. Thus, he spent much of his early years unwittingly manufacturing ammunition for his later critics and their accusations of hypocrisy. A supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Fitzroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Henry Fitzroy">Grafton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">North</a> ministries, Fox was prominent in the campaign to punish the radical <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a> for challenging the Commons. "He thus opened his career by speaking in behalf of the Commons against the people and their elected representative."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, both Fox and his brother Stephen were insulted and pelted with mud in the street by the pro-Wilkes London crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1770 and 1774, Fox's seemingly promising career in the political establishment was spoiled. He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty" title="Board of Admiralty">Board of Admiralty</a> by Lord North in February 1770, but on the 15th of the same month, he resigned due to his enthusiastic opposition to the government's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marriages_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marriages Act">Royal Marriages Act</a>, the provisions of which – incidentally – cast doubt on the legitimacy of his parents' marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 December 1772, North appointed him to the board of the <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">Treasury</a>; in February 1774, Fox again surrendered his post, this time over the Government's allegedly feeble response to the contemptuous printing and public distribution of copies of parliamentary debates. Behind these incidents lay his family's resentment towards Lord North for refusing to elevate the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Holland" title="Baron Holland">Holland barony</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Earldom" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom">earldom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the fact that such a young man could seemingly treat ministerial office so lightly was noted at <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1773 he was taken advantage of by the swindler <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Harriet_Grieve" title="Elizabeth Harriet Grieve">Elizabeth Harriet Grieve</a>. She had lent him £300 for which she got his name to use as a customer of her advice. Fox was promised that Grieve could arrange a marriage for him to a West Indian heiress named Miss Phipps. Fox was so taken in that he started to powder his eyebrows in order that he might appeal to her. Grieve was eventually sent to trial but the resulting scandal resulted in news stories, rhymes and a play at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket.<sup id="cite_ref-fleecum_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleecum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III, also observing Fox's licentious private behaviour, took it to be presumption and judged that Fox could not be trusted to take anything seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1774, Fox began to reconsider his political position under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> – who had sought out the promising young Whig and would become his mentor – and the unfolding <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">events in America</a>. He drifted from his rather non-ideological family-oriented politics into the orbit of the <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_Whig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockingham Whig">Rockingham Whig</a> party. </p><p>During this period, Fox became possibly the most prominent and vituperative parliamentary critic of Lord North and the conduct of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War</a>. In 1775, he denounced North in the Commons as </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the blundering pilot who had brought the nation into its present difficulties ... <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Elder">Lord Chatham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">King of Prussia</a>, nay, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, never gained more in one campaign than the noble lord has lost – he has lost a whole continent.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fox, who occasionally corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and had met <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> in Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> correctly predicted that Britain had little practical hope of subduing the colonies and interpreted the American cause approvingly as a struggle for liberty against the oppressive policies of a despotic and unaccountable executive.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at this time that Fox and his supporters took up the habit of dressing in buff and blue, the colours of the uniforms in <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington's</a> army. Fox's friend, the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle">Earl of Carlisle</a>, observed that any setback for the British Government in America was "a great cause of amusement to Charles."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> in 1776, Fox stated that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I hope that it will be a point of honour among us all to support the American pretensions in adversity as much as we did in their prosperity, and that we shall never desert those who have acted <i>unsuccessfully</i> upon Whig principles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 31 October the same year, Fox responded to the King's address to Parliament with "one of his finest and most animated orations, and with severity to the answered person", so much so that, when he sat down, no member of the Government would attempt to reply.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox shared a mutual antipathy with <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> that profoundly shaped Fox's political career. George III was among the most enthusiastic prosecutors of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Fox became convinced, that George III was determined to challenge the authority of parliament and the balance of the constitution established in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 to achieve a continental-style tyranny. George III in return thought that Fox had "cast off every principle of common honour and honesty ... [a man who is] as contemptible as he is odious ... [and has an] aversion to all restraints."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 6 April 1780 <a href="/wiki/John_Dunning,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton">John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton</a> introduced a motion, asking that "The influence of the Crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished". It was passed by the Commons in a vote of 233 to 215.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox thought that the motion is "glorious", saying on 24 April that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> the question now was ... whether that beautiful fabric [i.e. the constitution] ... was to be maintained in that freedom ... for which blood had been spilt; or whether we were to submit to that system of despotism, which had so many advocates in this country.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fox, however, had not been present in the House of parliament for the beginning of the Dunning debate, as he had been occupied in the adjoining eleventh-century <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, serving as chairman of a mass public meeting before a large banner that read "Annual Parliaments and Equal Representation".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the period when Fox, hardening against the influence of the British Crown, was embraced by the radical movement of the late eighteenth century. When the shocking <a href="/wiki/Gordon_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon riots">Gordon riots</a> exploded in London in June 1780, Fox, though deploring the violence of the crowd, declared that he would "much rather be governed by a mob than a standing army."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in July, Fox was returned for the populous and prestigious parliamentary constituency of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a>, with around 12,000 electors, and acquired the title "Man of the People".<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Secretary:_1782–1783"><span id="Foreign_Secretary:_1782.E2.80.931783"></span>Foreign Secretary: 1782–1783</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary: 1782–1783"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fox-North_Coalition">Fox-North Coalition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fox-North Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reynolds_Charles_James_Fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reynolds_Charles_James_Fox.jpg/220px-Reynolds_Charles_James_Fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reynolds_Charles_James_Fox.jpg/330px-Reynolds_Charles_James_Fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reynolds_Charles_James_Fox.jpg/440px-Reynolds_Charles_James_Fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Charles James Fox (1782) by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When North finally resigned under the strains of office and the disastrous American War in March 1782, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Earl Cornwallis</a> surrendered at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yorktown">Battle of Yorktown</a>, and was gingerly replaced with the new ministry of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Marquess of Rockingham</a>, Fox was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a>. But Rockingham, after finally acknowledging the independence of the former <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, died unexpectedly on 1 July. Fox refused to serve in the successor administration of the <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Earl of Shelburne</a>, splitting the Whig party; Fox's father had been convinced that Shelburne – a supporter of the elder Pitt – had thwarted his ministerial ambitions at the time of the <a href="/wiki/1763_Treaty_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="1763 Treaty of Paris">Treaty of Paris in 1763</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox now found himself in common opposition to Shelburne with his old and bitter enemy, Lord North. Based on this single conjunction of interests and the fading memory of the happy co-operation of the early 1770s, the two men who had vilified one another throughout the American war together formed a coalition and forced their Government, with an overwhelming majority composed of North's Tories and Fox's opposition Whigs, on to the King. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fox-North_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox-North Coalition">Fox-North Coalition</a> came to power on 2 April 1783, in spite of the King's resistance. It was the first time that George had been allowed no role in determining who should hold government office.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one occasion, Fox, who returned enthusiastically to the post of Foreign Secretary, ended an epistle to the King: "Whenever Your Majesty will be graciously pleased to condescend even to hint your inclinations upon any subject, that it will be the study of Your Majesty's Ministers to show how truly sensible they are of Your Majesty's goodness." The King replied: "No answer."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III seriously thought of abdicating at this time, after the comprehensive defeat of his American policy and the imposition of Fox and North,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but refrained from doing so, mainly because of the thought of his succession by his son <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George, Prince of Wales</a>, the notoriously extravagant womaniser, gambler and associate of Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in many ways the King considered Fox his son's tutor in debauchery. "George III let it be widely broadcast that he held Fox principally responsible for the Prince's many failings, not least a tendency to vomit in public."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg/220px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg/330px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>1792 Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Dupont" title="Gainsborough Dupont">Gainsborough Dupont</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_crisis">Constitutional crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constitutional crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Happily for George, the unpopular coalition would not outlast the year. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on 3 September 1783, formally ending the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Fox proposed an <a href="/wiki/East_India_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="East India Bill">East India Bill</a> to place the government of the ailing and oppressive <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, at that time in control of a considerable expanse of India, on a sounder footing with a board of governors responsible to Parliament and more resistant to Crown patronage. It passed the Commons by 153 to 80, but, when the King made it clear that any peer who voted in favour of the bill would be considered a personal enemy of the Crown, the Lords divided against Fox by 95 to 76.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III now felt justified in dismissing Fox and North from government and in nominating <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a> in their place, the King appointed the youngest <a href="/wiki/British_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British prime minister">British prime minister</a> to date at twenty-four years of age. Fox used his parliamentary majority to oppose Pitt's nomination, and every subsequent measure that he put before the House, until March 1784, when the King dissolved Parliament and, in the following <a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784 British general election</a>, Pitt was returned with a substantial majority. </p><p>In Fox's own constituency of Westminster, the contest was particularly fierce. An energetic campaign in his favour was run by <a href="/wiki/Georgiana,_Duchess_of_Devonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire">Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire</a>, allegedly a lover of Fox's who was said to have won at least one vote for him by kissing a shoemaker with a rather romantic idea of what constituted a bribe. In the end, Fox was re-elected by a very slender margin, but legal challenges encouraged, to an extent, by Pitt and the King<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prevented a final declaration of the result for over a year. In the meantime, Fox sat for the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tain_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tain Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)">Tain or Northern Burghs</a>, for which he was qualified by being made an unlikely <a href="/wiki/Burgess_of_Kirkwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess of Kirkwall">burgess of Kirkwall</a> in Orkney. The experience of these years was crucial in Fox's political formation. His suspicions had been confirmed. It seemed to him that George III had personally scuppered both the Rockingham-Shelburne and Fox-North governments, interfered in the legislative process and now dissolved Parliament when its composition inconvenienced him. Pitt, a man of little property and no party, seemed to Fox a blatant tool of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the King and Pitt had great popular support, and many in the press and general population saw Fox as the trouble-maker challenging the composition of the constitution and the King's remaining powers. He was often caricatured as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a> during this period, as well as <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition:_1783–1797"><span id="Opposition:_1783.E2.80.931797"></span>Opposition: 1783–1797</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opposition: 1783–1797"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/280px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/420px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/560px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Pitt facing Fox in <a href="/wiki/Anton_Hickel" title="Anton Hickel">Anton Hickel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Commons,_1793%E2%80%9394" title="The House of Commons, 1793–94">The House of Commons, 1793–94</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>One of Pitt's first major actions as prime minister was, in 1785, to put a scheme of parliamentary reform before the Commons, proposing to rationalise somewhat the existing, decidedly unrepresentative, electoral system by eliminating thirty-six <a href="/wiki/Rotten_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten boroughs">rotten boroughs</a> and redistributing seats to represent London and the larger counties. Fox supported Pitt's reforms, despite apparent political expediency, but they were defeated by 248 to 174.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform would not be considered seriously by Parliament for another decade. </p><p>In 1787, the most dramatic political event of the decade came to pass in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Warren_Hastings" title="Impeachment of Warren Hastings">Impeachment of Warren Hastings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Bengal">Governor of Bengal</a> until 1785, on charges of corruption and extortion. Fifteen of the eighteen Managers appointed to the trial were <a href="/wiki/Foxites" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxites">Foxites</a>, one of them being Fox himself.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the matter was really Burke's area of expertise, Fox was, at first, enthusiastic. If the trial could demonstrate the misrule of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> by Hastings and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> more widely, then Fox's India Bill of 1784 – the point on which the <a href="/wiki/Fox-North_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox-North Coalition">Fox-North Coalition</a> had been dismissed by the King – would be vindicated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was also expedient for Fox in that it placed Pitt in an uncomfortable political position. The premier was forced to equivocate over the Hastings trial, because to oppose Hastings would have been to endanger the support of the King and the East India Company, while to support him openly would have alienated country gentlemen and principled supporters like <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">Wilberforce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the trial's intricacies dragged on (it would be 1795 before Hastings was finally acquitted), Fox's interest waned and the burden of managing the trial devolved increasingly on Burke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Regency_Crisis">The Regency Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Regency Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-voluptuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A-voluptuary.jpg/220px-A-voluptuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A-voluptuary.jpg/330px-A-voluptuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A-voluptuary.jpg/440px-A-voluptuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">Gillray</a> <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a>, an ally of Fox</figcaption></figure> <p>In late October 1788, George III descended into a bout of mental illness. He had declared that Pitt was "a rascal" and Fox "his friend".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._80_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._80-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King was placed under restraint, and a rumour went round that Fox had poisoned him.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._80_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._80-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the opportunity revealed itself for the establishment of a regency under Fox's friend and ally, the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a>, which would take the reins of government out of the hands of the incapacitated George III and allow the replacement of his "minion" Pitt with a Foxite ministry. </p><p>Fox, however, was incommunicado in Italy as the crisis broke; he had resolved not to read any newspapers while he was abroad, except the racing reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_232_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_232-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three weeks passed before he returned to Britain on 25 November 1788, and then he was taken seriously ill (partly due to the stress of his rapid journey across Europe). He would not recover entirely until December 1789. He again absented himself to <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> from 27 January to 21 February 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Fox did make it into Parliament, he seemed to make a serious political error. In the Commons on 10 December, he declared that it was the right of the Prince of Wales to install himself as regent immediately. It is said that Pitt, upon hearing this, slapped his thigh in an uncharacteristic display of emotion and declared that he would "unwhig" Fox for the rest of his life. Fox's argument did indeed seem to contradict his lifelong championing of Parliament's rights over the Crown. Pitt pointed out that the Prince of Wales had no more right to the throne than any other Briton, though he might well have a better claim to it as the King's firstborn son. It was Parliament's constitutional right to decide who the monarch could be. </p><p>There was more than naked thirst for power in Fox's seemingly hypocritical Tory assertion. Fox believed that the King's illness was permanent, and therefore that George III was, constitutionally speaking, dead. To challenge the Prince of Wales's right to succeed him would be to challenge fundamental contemporary assumptions about property rights and <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>. Pitt, on the other hand, considered the King's madness temporary (or, at least, hoped that it would be), and thus saw the throne not as vacant but as merely temporarily unoccupied.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Fox drew up lists for his proposed Cabinet under the new Prince Regent, Pitt spun out the legalistic debates over the constitutionality of and precedents for instituting a regency, as well as the actual process of drawing up a <a href="/wiki/Regency_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Bill">Regency Bill</a> and navigating it through Parliament. He negotiated a number of restrictions on the powers of the Prince of Wales as regent (which would later provide the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts#Care_of_King_During_his_Illness.2C_etc._Act_1811" title="Regency Acts">Regency Act of 1811</a>), but the bill finally passed the Commons on 12 February. As the Lords too prepared to pass it, they learned that the King's health was improving and decided to postpone further action. The King soon regained lucidity in time to prevent the establishment of his son's regency and the elevation of Fox to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">premiership</a>, and, on 23 April, a service of thanksgiving was conducted at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's">St Paul's</a> in honour of George III's return to health.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox's opportunity had passed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/220px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/330px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/440px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July 1789</figcaption></figure> <p>Fox welcomed the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789, interpreting it as a late <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental</a> imitation of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688. In response to the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July, he famously declared, "How much the greatest event it is that ever happened in the world! and how much the best!"<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1791, Fox told the Commons that he "admired the new constitution of France, considered altogether, as the most stupendous and glorious edifice of liberty, which had been erected on the foundation of human integrity in any time or country."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was thus somewhat bemused by the reaction of his old Whig friend, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, to the dramatic events across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a>. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i>, Burke warned that the revolution was a violent rebellion against tradition and proper authority, motivated by <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopian</a>, abstract ideas disconnected from reality, which would lead to anarchy and eventual dictatorship. Fox read the book and found it "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles",<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but avoided pressing the matter for a while to preserve his relationship with Burke. The more radical Whigs, like <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Sheridan</a>, broke with Burke more readily at this point. </p><p>Fox instead turned his attention – despite the politically volatile situation – to repealing the <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation Act">Corporation</a> Acts, which restricted the liberties of <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a> and Catholics. On 2 March 1790, Fox gave a long and eloquent speech to a packed House of Commons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Birmingham_toast,_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July,_by_the_-_Revolution_Society_(BM_1851,0901.538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July%2C_by_the_-_Revolution_Society_%28BM_1851%2C0901.538%29.jpg/220px-A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July%2C_by_the_-_Revolution_Society_%28BM_1851%2C0901.538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July%2C_by_the_-_Revolution_Society_%28BM_1851%2C0901.538%29.jpg/330px-A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July%2C_by_the_-_Revolution_Society_%28BM_1851%2C0901.538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July%2C_by_the_-_Revolution_Society_%28BM_1851%2C0901.538%29.jpg/440px-A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July%2C_by_the_-_Revolution_Society_%28BM_1851%2C0901.538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><i>A Birmingham toast, as given on the 14 July</i>: Fox is caricatured by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">Gillray</a> as toasting the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> and other Dissenters (23 July 1791)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Persecution always says, 'I know the consequences of your opinion better than you know them yourselves.' But the language of toleration was always amicable, liberal, and just: it confessed its doubts, and acknowledged its ignorance ... Persecution had always reasoned from cause to effect, from opinion to action, [that such an opinion would invariably lead to but one action], which proved generally erroneous; while toleration led us invariably to form just conclusions, by judging from actions and not from opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_1969,_p._261_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_1969,_p._261-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pitt, in turn, came to the defence of the Acts as adopted </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> by the wisdom of our ancestors to serve as a bulwark to the Church, whose constituency was so intimately connected with that of the state, that the safety of the one was always liable to be affected by any danger which might threaten the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_1969,_p._261_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_1969,_p._261-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Burke, with fear of the radical upheaval in France foremost in his mind, took Pitt's side in the debate, dismissing <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> as "men of factious and dangerous principles", to which Fox replied that Burke's "strange dereliction from his former principles ... filled him with grief and shame". Fox's motion was defeated in the Commons by 294 votes to 105.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Later, Fox successfully supported the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1791" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791</a>, extending the rights of British Catholics. He explained his stance to his Roman Catholic friend, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Charles Butler (lawyer)">Charles Butler</a>, declaring:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the best ground, and the only ground to be defended in all points is, that <i>action</i>, not <i>principle</i> is the object of law and legislation; with a person's principles no government has any right to interfere.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the world stage of 1791, war with Great Britain was threatened more with Spain and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> than <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">revolutionary France</a>. Fox opposed the bellicose stances of Pitt's ministry in the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a> crisis and over the Russian occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkish</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Ochakiv" title="Ochakiv">Ochakiv</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Fox contributed to the peaceful resolution of these entanglements and gained a new admirer in <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, who bought a bust of Fox and placed it between <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> in her collection.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 April, Fox spoke in the Commons – together with <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, Pitt and Burke – in favour of a measure to <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolish the slave trade</a>, but – despite their combined rhetorical talents – the vote went against them by a majority of 75.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg/220px-The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg/330px-The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg/440px-The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>In <i>The Hopes of the Party</i> (1791), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">Gillray</a> caricatured Fox with an axe about to strike off the head of George III, in imitation of the French Revolution.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 May 1791, a tearful confrontation on the floor of the Commons finally shattered the quarter-century friendship of Fox and Burke, as the latter dramatically crossed the floor of the House to sit down next to Pitt, taking the support of a good deal of the more conservative Whigs with him. Officially, and rather irrelevantly, this happened during a debate on the particulars of a bill for the government of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, on his deathbed in 1797, Burke would have his wife turn Fox away rather than allow a final reconciliation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Pitt's_Terror""><span id=".22Pitt.27s_Terror.22"></span>"Pitt's Terror"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Pitt's Terror""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_liberty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tree_of_liberty.jpg/220px-Tree_of_liberty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tree_of_liberty.jpg/330px-Tree_of_liberty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tree_of_liberty.jpg/440px-Tree_of_liberty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><i>The Tree of LIBERTY, – with, the Devil tempting John Bull</i> (1798): Fox is caricatured by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">Gillray</a> as <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, tempting <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> with the rotten fruit of the opposition's Tree of liberty.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fox continued to defend the French Revolution, even as its fruits began to collapse into war, repression and the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>. Though there were few developments in France after 1792 that Fox could positively favour,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox maintained that the old monarchical system still proved a greater threat to liberty than the new, degenerating experiment in France. Fox thought of revolutionary France as the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_of_two_evils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser of two evils">lesser of two evils</a> and emphasised the role of traditional despots in perverting the course of the revolution: he argued that <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and the French aristocracy had brought their fates upon themselves by abusing the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">constitution of 1791</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">coalition of European autocrats</a>, which was currently dispatching its armies against France's borders, had driven the revolutionary government to desperate and bloody measures by exciting a profound national crisis. Fox was not surprised when Pitt and the King brought Britain into the war as well and would afterwards blame the pair and their prodigal European subsidies for the long-drawn-out continuation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. In 1795, he wrote to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vassall-Fox,_3rd_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland">Lord Holland</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Peace is the wish of the French of Italy Spain Germany and all the world, and Great Britain alone the cause of preventing its accomplishment, and this not for any point of honour or even interest, but merely lest there should be an example in the modern world of a great powerful Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rather ironically, while Fox was being denounced by many in Britain as a <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> traitor, across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a> he featured on a 1798 list of the Britons to be transported after a successful French invasion of Britain. According to the document, Fox was a "false patriot; having often insulted the French nation in his speeches, and particularly in 1786."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one of his biographers, Fox's "loyalties were not national but were offered to people like himself at home or abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1805 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Horner" title="Francis Horner">Francis Horner</a> wrote, "I could name to you gentlemen, with good coats on, and good sense in their own affairs, who believe that Fox...is actually in the pay of France".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Fox's radical position soon became too extreme for many of his followers, particularly old Whig friends like the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_FitzWilliam,_4th_Earl_FitzWilliam" class="mw-redirect" title="William FitzWilliam, 4th Earl FitzWilliam">Earl Fitzwilliam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle">Earl of Carlisle</a>. Around July 1794 their fear of France outgrew their resentment towards Pitt for his actions in 1784, and they <a href="/wiki/Crossed_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossed the floor">crossed the floor</a> to the Government benches. Fox could not believe that they "would disgrace" themselves in such a way.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these defections, the Foxites could no longer constitute a credible parliamentary opposition, reduced, as they were, to some fifty MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox, however, still insisted on challenging the repressive wartime legislation introduced by Pitt in the 1790s that would become known as "Pitt's Terror". In 1792, Fox had seen through the only piece of substantial legislation in his career, the <a href="/wiki/Libel_Act_1792" title="Libel Act 1792">Libel Act 1792</a> (<a href="/wiki/32_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="32 Geo. 3">32 Geo. 3</a>. c. 60), which restored to juries the right to decide what was and was not libellous, in addition to whether a defendant was guilty. <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a> thought it "Fox's greatest service to the common people, passed at the eleventh hour before the tide turned toward repression."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the act was passed by Parliament on 21 May, the same day as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_Against_Seditious_Writings_and_Publications" title="Royal Proclamation Against Seditious Writings and Publications">royal proclamation against seditious writings</a> was issued, and more libel cases would be brought by the government in the following two years than had been in all the preceding years of the eighteenth century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fox spoke in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">King's Speech</a> on 13 December 1793, but was defeated in the subsequent division by 290 to 50.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued against war measures like the stationing of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian troops">Hessian troops</a> in Britain, the employment of royalist French émigrés in the British army and, most of all, Pitt's <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1794" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1794">suspension</a> of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> in 1794. He told the Commons that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We had no invasion to fear but an invasion of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1795, the King's carriage was assaulted in the street, providing an excuse for Pitt to introduce the infamous Two Acts: the <a href="/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1795" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1795">Seditious Meetings Act 1795</a>, which prohibited unlicensed gatherings of over fifty people, and the <a href="/wiki/Treasonable_Practices_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasonable Practices Act">Treasonable Practices Act</a>, which greatly widened the legal definition of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, making any assault on the constitution punishable by seven years' transportation. Fox spoke ten times in the debate on the acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._140_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._140-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that, according to the principles of the proposed legislation, Pitt should have been transported a decade before in 1785, when he had been advocating parliamentary reform.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox warned the Commons that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>if you silence remonstrance and stifle complaint, you then leave no other alternative but force and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._140_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._140-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He argued that "the best security for the due maintenance of the constitution was in the strict and incessant vigilance of the people over parliament itself. Meetings of the people, therefore, for the discussion of public objects were not merely legal, but laudable."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_James_Fox_by_Joseph_Nollekens_1792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_James_Fox_by_Joseph_Nollekens_1792.jpg/220px-Charles_James_Fox_by_Joseph_Nollekens_1792.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_James_Fox_by_Joseph_Nollekens_1792.jpg/330px-Charles_James_Fox_by_Joseph_Nollekens_1792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_James_Fox_by_Joseph_Nollekens_1792.jpg/440px-Charles_James_Fox_by_Joseph_Nollekens_1792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Fox by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nollekens" title="Joseph Nollekens">Joseph Nollekens</a>, 1792. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Parliament passed the acts. But Fox enjoyed a swell of extra-parliamentary support during the course of the controversy. A substantial petitioning movement arose in support of him, and on 16 November 1795, he addressed a public meeting of between two- and thirty-thousand people on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._140_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._140-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this came to nothing in the long run. The Foxites were becoming disenchanted with the Commons, overwhelmingly dominated by Pitt, and began to denounce it to one another as unrepresentative.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._141_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._141-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_wilderness:_1797–1806"><span id="Political_wilderness:_1797.E2.80.931806"></span>Political wilderness: 1797–1806</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political wilderness: 1797–1806"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stealing-Off-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stealing-Off-Gillray.jpeg/220px-Stealing-Off-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stealing-Off-Gillray.jpeg/330px-Stealing-Off-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stealing-Off-Gillray.jpeg/440px-Stealing-Off-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3878" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>In <i>Stealing off</i> (1798), Gillray caricatured Fox's secession from Parliament.</figcaption></figure> <p>By May 1797, an overwhelming majority – both in and outside of Parliament – had formed in support of Pitt's war against France. </p><p>Fox's following in Parliament had shrivelled to about 25, compared with around 55 in 1794 and at least 90 during the 1780s. Many of the Foxites purposefully seceded from Parliament in 1797; Fox himself retired for lengthy periods to his wife's house in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._141_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._141-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance from the stress and noise of Westminster was an enormous psychological and spiritual relief to Fox,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but still he defended his earlier principles: "It is a great comfort to me to reflect how steadily I have opposed this war, for the miseries it seems likely to produce are without end."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 1 May 1798, Fox proposed a toast to "Our Sovereign, the Majesty of the People". The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_11th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> had made the same toast in January at Fox's birthday dinner and had been dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire">Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire</a> as a result. Pitt thought of sending Fox to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> for the duration of the parliamentary session but instead removed him from the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox believed that it was "impossible to support the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution</a> [of 1688] and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Brunswick Succession</a> upon any other principle" than the sovereignty of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Pitt's resignation in February 1801, Fox had undertaken a partial return to politics. Having opposed the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a> ministry (though he approved of its negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>) as a Pitt-style tool of the King, Fox gravitated towards the <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grenville">Grenvillite</a> faction, which shared his support for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> and composed the only parliamentary alternative to a coalition with the Pittites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the French Revolutionary Wars, Fox supported the French Republic against the monarchies that comprised the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox thought the <i>coup d'état</i> of 1799 that brought <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to power "a very bad beginning ... the manner of the thing [was] quite odious",<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was convinced that the French leader sincerely desired peace in order to consolidate his rule and rebuild his shattered country. </p><p>By July 1800, Fox had "forgiven" the means by which he had come into power and claimed Napoleon had "surpassed...<a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> & <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>, not to mention the great advantage he has over them in the Cause he fights in".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1801, a preliminary peace agreement between Britain and France was published and Fox was delighted. In a speech to his constituents on 10 October Fox said, "We have not, I acknowledge, obtained the objects for which the War was undertaken – so much the better – I rejoice that we have not. I like the Peace the more on this very account".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his friends were shocked at such open language, but as Fox said in his reply to a remonstrance from Grey: "...the truth is, I am gone something further in hate to the English Government than perhaps you and the rest of my friends are, and certainly further than can with prudence be avowed. The triumph of the French Government over the English does in fact afford me a degree of pleasure which it is very difficult to disguise".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the subsequent Treaty of Amiens was signed in March 1802, Fox joined the thousands of English tourists flocking across the Channel to see the sights of the revolution. Fox and his retinue were kept under surveillance by officials from the British embassy during their trip of 20 July to 17 November.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Paris, he presented his wife for the first time in seven years of marriage, creating yet another stir back at court in London, and had three interviews with Napoleon, who – though he tried to flatter his most prominent British sympathiser – had to spend most of the time arguing about the freedom of the press and the perniciousness of a standing army.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox's stay in France enabled him, through his connections with <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a>, to search the French archives for his planned history of the reign of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="James II of Great Britain">James II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> and the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="William III of Great Britain">William III</a>. Fox left the work unfinished at his death, however, and only covered the first year of James' reign (1685). It was posthumously published in 1808 as <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Early_Part_of_the_Reign_of_James_II" title="A History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II">A History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox confessed in December 1802 that he was "obstinate" in his belief that Napoleon's "wish is Peace, nay that he is afraid of war to the last degree".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_201_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_201-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1803 he believed that Napoleon's belligerence towards <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, Malta and Switzerland was regrettable but did not constitute a <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i>, writing to the Duchess of Devonshire "if I am to shew a feeling for the wounded honour of the country you or somebody must shew me the wound, for the life of me I cannot find as single instance since the definitive treaty where the Govt. of France has behaved ill to <i>us</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_201_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_201-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">war</a> broke out again in May 1803, Fox blamed the Prime Minister Henry Addington for not standing up to the King. The British government had not left Napoleon "any alternative but War or the most abject humiliation" and that the war "is entirely the fault of our Ministers and not of Bonaparte".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing of the spectacular French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">victories at Ulm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a> later in 1805, Fox commented: "These are wonders indeed but they are not <i>much</i> more than I expected".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_218_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_218-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pitt (who had taken over from Addington as premier in 1804) tried to persuade Prussia into an anti-French alliance, Prussia refused, to Fox's delight.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_218_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_218-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a close friend and colleague of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whitbread_(1764%E2%80%931815)" title="Samuel Whitbread (1764–1815)">Samuel Whitbread</a> and supported by Fox, Whitbread in 1805, led the campaign to have <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Viscount Melville</a> removed from office; Melville resigned. However, The House of Lords found Melville not guilty and he was acquitted of all charges.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_year">Final year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Final year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visiting_the_sick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Visiting_the_sick.jpg/220px-Visiting_the_sick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Visiting_the_sick.jpg/330px-Visiting_the_sick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Visiting_the_sick.jpg/440px-Visiting_the_sick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4324" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>In <i>Visiting the Sick</i> (1806), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured Fox's last months.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Pitt died on 23 January 1806, Fox was the last remaining great political figure of the era and could no longer be denied a place in government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When Grenville formed a "<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a>" out of his supporters, the followers of Addington and the Foxites, Fox was once again offered the post of Foreign Secretary, which he accepted in February. Fox was convinced (as he had been since Napoleon's accession) that France desired a lasting peace and that he was "sure that two civil sentences from the Ministers would ensure Peace".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, peace talks were speedily entered into by Fox and his old friend Talleyrand, now French foreign minister. The mood had completely changed by July, however, and Fox was forced to acknowledge that his assessment of Napoleon's pacific intentions was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations over Hanover, Naples, Sicily, and Malta faltered and Talleyrand vetoed Russian participation in the negotiations. King George believed this was a ploy to divide Britain and Russia as French interests would suffer if she had to deal with an Anglo-Russian alliance. Fox was forced to agree that the King's belief was "but too well founded".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_232_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_232-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Yarmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Yarmouth">Lord Yarmouth</a> was sent on a peace mission to Paris. Fox wrote to him: "I feel my own Glory highly interested in such an event, but to make peace by acceding to worse terms than those first suggested...wd. be as repugnant to my own feelings as it wd. be to the Duty I owe to K. & Country".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_234_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_234-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yarmouth confirmed that Russia was negotiating separately with France. Fox was appalled at what he called this "extraordinary step".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_234_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_234-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Yarmouth reported successive new French demands, Fox replied that the British government "continues ardently to wish for the Conclusion of Peace". In August, <a href="/wiki/James_Maitland,_8th_Earl_of_Lauderdale" title="James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale">Lord Lauderdale</a> was sent to join Yarmouth (with full negotiating powers), and he reported back to Fox of "the complete system of Terror which prevails here". Fox's French friends were too frightened to call on him.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_235_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_235-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_James_Fox_(1749-1806).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Charles_James_Fox_%281749-1806%29.jpg/220px-Charles_James_Fox_%281749-1806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Charles_James_Fox_%281749-1806%29.jpg/330px-Charles_James_Fox_%281749-1806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Charles_James_Fox_%281749-1806%29.jpg/440px-Charles_James_Fox_%281749-1806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nollekens" title="Joseph Nollekens">Joseph Nollekens</a>' "last bust" of Charles James Fox (1808)</figcaption></figure><p> Fox's biographer notes that these failed negotiations were "a stunning experience" for Fox, who had always insisted that France desired peace and that the war was the responsibility of King George and his fellow monarchs: "All of this was being proved false...It was a tragic end to Fox's career".<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_235_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992_235-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To observers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Rickman_(parliamentary_official)" title="John Rickman (parliamentary official)">John Rickman</a>, "Charley Fox eats his former opinions daily and even ostentatiously showing himself the worse man, but the better minister of a corrupt government", and who further claimed that "He should have died, for his fame, a little sooner; before Pitt".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the administration failed to achieve either Catholic emancipation or peace with France, Fox's last great achievement would be the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">abolition of the slave trade</a> in 1807. Though Fox was to die before abolition was enacted, he oversaw a Foreign Slave Trade Bill in spring 1806 that prohibited <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> from contributing to the trading of slaves with the colonies of Britain's wartime enemies, thus eliminating two-thirds of the slave trade passing through British ports.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 10 June 1806, Fox offered a resolution for total abolition to Parliament: "this House, conceiving the African slave trade to be contrary to the principles of justice, humanity, and sound policy, will, with all practicable expedition, proceed to take effectual measures for abolishing the said trade..." The House of Commons voted 114 to 15 in favour and the Lords approved the motion on 24 June.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox said that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So fully am I impressed with the vast importance and necessity of attaining what will be the object of my motion this night, that if, during the almost forty years that I have had the honour of a seat in parliament, I had been so fortunate as to accomplish that, and that only, I should think I had done enough, and could retire from public life with comfort, and the conscious satisfaction, that I had done my duty.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comforts-of-a-Bed-of-Roses-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Comforts-of-a-Bed-of-Roses-Gillray.jpeg/220px-Comforts-of-a-Bed-of-Roses-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Comforts-of-a-Bed-of-Roses-Gillray.jpeg/330px-Comforts-of-a-Bed-of-Roses-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Comforts-of-a-Bed-of-Roses-Gillray.jpeg/440px-Comforts-of-a-Bed-of-Roses-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="2908" /></a><figcaption>In <i>Comforts of a Bed of Roses</i> (1806), Gillray depicts <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a> crawling out from under Fox's covers, entwined with a scroll inscribed "Intemperance, Dropsy, Dissolution".</figcaption></figure> <p>Fox died – still in office – at <a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a>, west of London, on 13 September 1806, not eight months after the younger Pitt. An autopsy revealed a hardened liver, thirty-five <a href="/wiki/Gallstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallstones">gallstones</a> and around seven pints of transparent fluid in his abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox left £10,000-worth of debts, though this was only a quarter of the £40,000 that the charitable public had to raise to pay off Pitt's arrears.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Fox had wanted to be buried near his home in <a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a>, his funeral took place in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 10 October 1806, the anniversary of his initial election for Westminster in 1780. Unlike Pitt's, Fox's funeral was a private affair, but the multitude that turned out to pay their respects were at least as large as those at his rival's service.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_coup_de_maitre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Le_coup_de_maitre.jpg/220px-Le_coup_de_maitre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Le_coup_de_maitre.jpg/330px-Le_coup_de_maitre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Le_coup_de_maitre.jpg/440px-Le_coup_de_maitre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Coup de Maitre. – This Print copied from the French Original, is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a></i> (1797): a caricature of Fox by <a href="/wiki/Gillray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillray">Gillray</a>, showing the Whig as a <a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a> taking aim at the constitutional target of Crown, Lords and Commons.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloria_Mundi,_or_The_Devil_addressing_the_sun_-_Pare._Lost,_Book_IV_LCCN2001695204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gloria_Mundi%2C_or_The_Devil_addressing_the_sun_-_Pare._Lost%2C_Book_IV_LCCN2001695204.jpg/220px-Gloria_Mundi%2C_or_The_Devil_addressing_the_sun_-_Pare._Lost%2C_Book_IV_LCCN2001695204.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gloria_Mundi%2C_or_The_Devil_addressing_the_sun_-_Pare._Lost%2C_Book_IV_LCCN2001695204.jpg/330px-Gloria_Mundi%2C_or_The_Devil_addressing_the_sun_-_Pare._Lost%2C_Book_IV_LCCN2001695204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gloria_Mundi%2C_or_The_Devil_addressing_the_sun_-_Pare._Lost%2C_Book_IV_LCCN2001695204.jpg/440px-Gloria_Mundi%2C_or_The_Devil_addressing_the_sun_-_Pare._Lost%2C_Book_IV_LCCN2001695204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="3625" /></a><figcaption>A caricature showing Fox standing on a roulette wheel perched atop a globe showing the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>. The implication is that his <a href="/wiki/Penniless" class="mw-redirect" title="Penniless">penniless</a> state, indicated by turned-out pockets, is due to gambling.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fox's private life (as far as it was private) was notorious, even in an age noted for the licentiousness of its upper classes. Fox was famed for his rakishness and his drinking; vices which were both indulged frequently and immoderately. Fox was also an inveterate gambler, once claiming that winning was the greatest pleasure in the world, and losing the second greatest. Between 1772 and 1774, Fox's father – shortly before dying – had to pay off £120,000 of Charles' debts; the equivalent of around £19 million in 2023. Fox was twice bankrupted between 1781 and 1784,<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at one point his creditors confiscated his furniture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fox's finances were often "more the subject of conversation than any other topic."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of his life, Fox had lost about £200,000 gambling.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In appearance, Fox was dark, corpulent and hairy, to the extent that when he was born his father compared him to a monkey.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His round face was dominated by his luxuriant eyebrows, with the result that he was known among fellow Whigs as 'the Eyebrow.' Though he became increasingly dishevelled and fat in middle age, the young Fox had been very fashionable; he had been the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Maccaroni_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccaroni (fashion)">'Maccaroni'</a> set of extravagant young followers of continental fashions. Fox liked riding horses and watching and playing <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, but his impulsive nature and considerable bulk led to his often being run out between wickets.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox was frequently ridiculed – most famously by <a href="/wiki/Gillray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillray">Gillray</a>, for whom he served as a stock <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> villain. The King disliked Fox greatly, regarding him as beyond morality and the corrupter of his own eldest son, and the late eighteenth-century movements of Christian evangelism and middle-class 'respectability' also frowned on his excesses. Fox was apparently not greatly bothered by these criticisms and kept a collection of his caricatures, which he found amusing.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His friend, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle">Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle</a>, said of him, since "the respect of the world was not easily retrievable, he became so callous to what was said of him, as never to repress a single thought, or even temper a single expression when he was before the public."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly after 1794, Fox rarely consulted the opinions of anyone outside of his own circle of friends and supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox was also regarded as a notorious womaniser. In 1784 or 1785, Fox met and fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Armistead" title="Elizabeth Armistead">Elizabeth Armistead</a>, a former courtesan and mistress of the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a> who had little interest in politics or Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married her in a private ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Wyton,_Cambridgeshire" title="Wyton, Cambridgeshire">Wyton</a> in Huntingdonshire on 28 September 1795, but did not make the fact public until October 1802, and Elizabeth was never really accepted at court. Fox would increasingly spend time away from Parliament at Armistead's rural villa, St. Ann's Hill, near <a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a> in Surrey, where Armistead's influence gradually moderated Fox's wilder behaviour and together they would read, garden, explore the countryside and entertain friends. In his last days, the sceptical Fox allowed scriptural readings at his bedside in order to please his religious wife. She survived him by thirty-six years.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his celebrated flaws, history records Fox as an amiable figure. The Tory wit <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Selwyn_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Augustus Selwyn (politician)">George Selwyn</a> wrote that, "I have passed two evenings with him, and never was anybody so agreeable, and the more so from his having no pretensions to it". Selwyn also said that "Charles, I am persuaded, would have no consideration on earth but for what was useful to his own ends. You have heard me say, that I thought he had no malice or rancour; I think so still and am sure of it. But I think that he has no feeling neither, for anyone but himself; and if I could trace in any one action of his life anything that had not for its object his own gratification, I should with pleasure receive the intelligence because then I had much rather (if it were possible) think well of him than not".<sup id="cite_ref-Christie,_p._143_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie,_p._143-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_(English_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Francis (English politician)">Philip Francis</a> said of Fox: "The essential defect in his character and the cause of all his failures, strange as it may seem, was that he had no heart".<sup id="cite_ref-Christie,_p._143_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie,_p._143-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> remarked that "Perhaps no human being was ever more perfectly exempt from the taint of malevolence, vanity, or falsehood."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Central to understanding Fox's life was his view that "friendship was the only real happiness in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Fox, politics was the extension of his activities at <a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Suffolk" title="Newmarket, Suffolk">Newmarket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s" title="Brooks's">Brooks's</a> to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Fox had little or no interest in the exercise of power."<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._264_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._264-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The details of policy – particularly of economics – bored him, in contrast with the intensity of Burke's legal pursuit of Warren Hastings, and of Pitt's prosecution of the war against France. Moreover, the Foxites were "the witty and wicked" satellites of their leader, as much friends as political allies.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> in 2020, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lexden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lexden">Lord Lexden</a> compared him to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, saying that "Johnson is an 18th Century figure in many ways" and that the two leaders may be commended in similar ways.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, liberals portrayed Fox as their hero, praising his courage, perseverance and eloquence. They celebrated his opposition to war in alliance with European despots against the people of France eager for their freedom, and they praised his fight for <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">liberties</a> at home. The liberals saluted his fights for parliamentary reform, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a>, intellectual freedom, and justice for the Dissenters. They were especially pleased with his fight for the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>. More recent historians put Fox in the context of the 18th century, and emphasize the brilliance of his battles with Pitt.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of Fox stands, alongside other notable Parliamentarians, in <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel#As_the_House_of_Commons_Chamber" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ssstat_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssstat-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not wholly forgotten today Fox is no longer the famous hero he had been, and is less well remembered than <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1794, the word 'Whig' gave way to the word "<a href="/wiki/Foxite" title="Foxite">Foxite</a>" as the self-description of the members of the opposition to Pitt. In many ways, the Pittite-Foxite division of Parliament after the French Revolution established the basis for the ideological <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>-<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> divide of the nineteenth century. Fox and Pitt went down in parliamentary history as legendary political and oratorical opponents who would not be equalled until the days of <a href="/wiki/Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladstone">Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Disraeli</a> more than half a century later. Even Fox's great rival was willing to acknowledge the old Whig's talents. When, in 1790, the <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Mirabeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Mirabeau">comte de Mirabeau</a> disparaged Fox in Pitt's presence, Pitt stopped him, saying, "You have never seen the wizard within the magic circle."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fox Club was established in London in 1790 and held the first of its Fox dinners – annual events celebrating Fox's birthday – in 1808; the last recorded dinner took place at <a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s" title="Brooks's">Brooks's</a> in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a> asked a <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a> Fox dinner in 1819: "What subject is there, whether of foreign or domestic interest, or that in the smallest degree affects our Constitution which does not immediately associate itself with the memory of Mr Fox?"<sup id="cite_ref-MI_3-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox's name was invoked numerous times in debates by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">Great Reform Act</a> in the early nineteenth century. <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford">John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford</a> kept a bust of Fox in his pantheon of Whig grandees at <a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a> and erected a statue of him in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Square" title="Bloomsbury Square">Bloomsbury Square</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons" title="Sarah Siddons">Sarah Siddons</a> kept a portrait of Fox in her dressing room. In 1811, the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a> took the oaths of office as regent with a bust of Fox at his side. Whig households would collect locks of Fox's hair, books of his conflated speeches and busts in his likeness. </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts" title="Foxborough, Massachusetts">Foxborough, Massachusetts</a>, was named in honour of the staunch supporter of <a href="/wiki/American_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American independence">American independence</a>. Fox is remembered in his home town of Chertsey by a bust on a high plinth (<i>pictured left</i>), erected in 2006 in a new development by the <a href="/wiki/Chertsey_railway_station" title="Chertsey railway station">railway station</a>. Fox is also commemorated in a termly dinner held in his honour at his <i>alma mater</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College, Oxford</a>, by students of English, history and the romance languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A statue of Fox by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hodges_Baily" title="Edward Hodges Baily">Edward Hodges Baily</a> was erected in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox was the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> in <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s Pulitzer-prize winning book <i><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a></i>: "He well knows what snares are spread about his path, from personal animosity…and possibly from popular delusion. But he has put to hazard his ease, his security, his interest, his power, even his…popularity. …He is traduced and abused for his supposed motives. He will remember that obloquy is a necessary ingredient in the composition of all true glory: he will remember…that calumny and abuse are essential parts of triumph. …He may live long, he may do much. But here is the summit. He never can exceed what he does this day." — <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s eulogy of Charles James Fox for his attack upon the tyranny of the East India Company. House of Commons, 1 December 1783<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_James_Fox,_NGS_c.1802.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles James Fox, c.1802, National Gallery of Scotland"><img alt="Charles James Fox, c.1802, National Gallery of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_James_Fox%2C_NGS_c.1802.JPG/80px-Charles_James_Fox%2C_NGS_c.1802.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_James_Fox%2C_NGS_c.1802.JPG/120px-Charles_James_Fox%2C_NGS_c.1802.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_James_Fox%2C_NGS_c.1802.JPG/160px-Charles_James_Fox%2C_NGS_c.1802.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Charles James Fox, c.1802, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Scotland">National Gallery of Scotland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_James_Fox_-_bust_on_plinth_-_Chertsey_-_2006-08-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Fox in Chertsey, erected in 2005"><img alt="Bust of Fox in Chertsey, erected in 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charles_James_Fox_-_bust_on_plinth_-_Chertsey_-_2006-08-10.jpg/50px-Charles_James_Fox_-_bust_on_plinth_-_Chertsey_-_2006-08-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charles_James_Fox_-_bust_on_plinth_-_Chertsey_-_2006-08-10.jpg/74px-Charles_James_Fox_-_bust_on_plinth_-_Chertsey_-_2006-08-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charles_James_Fox_-_bust_on_plinth_-_Chertsey_-_2006-08-10.jpg/99px-Charles_James_Fox_-_bust_on_plinth_-_Chertsey_-_2006-08-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a> of Fox in <a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a>, erected in 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesJamesFox-BloomsburySquare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Charles James Fox in Bloomsbury Square, London"><img alt="Statue of Charles James Fox in Bloomsbury Square, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CharlesJamesFox-BloomsburySquare.jpg/90px-CharlesJamesFox-BloomsburySquare.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CharlesJamesFox-BloomsburySquare.jpg/135px-CharlesJamesFox-BloomsburySquare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CharlesJamesFox-BloomsburySquare.jpg/180px-CharlesJamesFox-BloomsburySquare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_James_Fox" title="Statue of Charles James Fox">Statue of Charles James Fox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Square" title="Bloomsbury Square">Bloomsbury Square</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoxMemorialMayfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to Fox erected by William Chamberlayne on his estate at Weston, now within Mayfield Park, Southampton."><img alt="Memorial to Fox erected by William Chamberlayne on his estate at Weston, now within Mayfield Park, Southampton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FoxMemorialMayfield.jpg/90px-FoxMemorialMayfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FoxMemorialMayfield.jpg/135px-FoxMemorialMayfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FoxMemorialMayfield.jpg/180px-FoxMemorialMayfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to Fox erected by <a href="/wiki/William_Chamberlayne_(MP)" title="William Chamberlayne (MP)">William Chamberlayne</a> on his estate at Weston, now within <a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Park,_Southampton" title="Mayfield Park, Southampton">Mayfield Park, Southampton</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Fox has been portrayed on screen by many actors: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morley" title="Robert Morley">Robert Morley</a> in the 1942 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Mr._Pitt" title="The Young Mr. Pitt">The Young Mr. Pitt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Banks" title="Leslie Banks">Leslie Banks</a> in the 1947 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Fitzherbert_(film)" title="Mrs. Fitzherbert (film)">Mrs. Fitzherbert</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bull" title="Peter Bull">Peter Bull</a> in the 1954 film <i><a href="/wiki/Beau_Brummell_(1954_film)" title="Beau Brummell (1954 film)">Beau Brummell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lacey" title="Ronald Lacey">Ronald Lacey</a> in the 1975 television series <i>The Fight Against Slavery</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Barron" title="Keith Barron">Keith Barron</a> in the 1979 television series <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent_(TV_series)" title="Prince Regent (TV series)">Prince Regent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carter_(actor)" title="Jim Carter (actor)">Jim Carter</a> in the 1994 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_King_George" title="The Madness of King George">The Madness of King George</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sachs" title="Hugh Sachs">Hugh Sachs</a> in the 1999 television miniseries <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristocrats(TV_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristocrats(TV series (page does not exist)">Aristocrats</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gambon" title="Michael Gambon">Michael Gambon</a> in the 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace_(2006_film)" title="Amazing Grace (2006 film)">Amazing Grace</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_McBurney" title="Simon McBurney">Simon McBurney</a> in the 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_(film)" title="The Duchess (film)">The Duchess</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Ritson" title="Blake Ritson">Blake Ritson</a> in a 2011 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Garrow%27s_Law" title="Garrow's Law">Garrow's Law</a></i></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Note">Note</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._264-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._264_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._264_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, pp. 7–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MI_3-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2007">Mitchell 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lascelles, Edward, <i>The Life of Charles James Fox</i>, London, 1936, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526102613/https://www.eastleach.org/macaronis-dandies-macaroni-downs-eastleach/">"The Macaronis and Dandies of Macaroni Downs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastleach.org/macaronis-dandies-macaroni-downs-eastleach/">the original</a> on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Macaronis+and+Dandies+of+Macaroni+Downs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastleach.org%2Fmacaronis-dandies-macaroni-downs-eastleach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trevelyan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trevelyan_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trevelyan_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevelyan1880">Trevelyan 1880</a>, p. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1962">Rudé 1962</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleecum-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fleecum_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/65504">"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/65504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65504">10.1093/ref:odnb/65504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=ref%3Aodnb%2F65504&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65504&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F65504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1963">Thompson 1963</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPares1953">Pares 1953</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_1992,_p._80-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._80_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1992,_p._80_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_1992_232-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_232_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1992_232_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid_1969,_p._261-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_1969,_p._261_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_1969,_p._261_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> 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href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (12 October 1801), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Smith_(historian)" title="E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Abolition+of+the+Slave+Trade.+%28Hansard%2C+24+June+1806%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1806%2Fjun%2F24%2Fabolition-of-the-slave-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlmert1996">Olmert 1996</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christie,_p._143-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christie,_p._143_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christie,_p._143_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1970">Christie 1970</a>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1992">Mitchell 1992</a>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alistairlexden.org.uk/news/whig-and-tory-lotharios-charles-james-fox-and-boris-johnson">"Whig and Tory Lotharios – Charles James Fox and Boris Johnson"</a>. Lord Lexden. 3 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whig+and+Tory+Lotharios+%E2%80%93+Charles+James+Fox+and+Boris+Johnson&rft.pub=Lord+Lexden&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alistairlexden.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fwhig-and-tory-lotharios-charles-james-fox-and-boris-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreaves1973">Greaves 1973</a>, pp. 687–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssstat-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssstat_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palace-s-interiors/st-stephen-s-hall/">"parliament.uk: "Architecture of the Palace – St Stephen's Hall"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=parliament.uk%3A+%22Architecture+of+the+Palace+%E2%80%93+St+Stephen%27s+Hall%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Farchitecture%2Fpalace-s-interiors%2Fst-stephen-s-hall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1969">Reid 1969</a>, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_British_Sculptors_1660%E2%80%931851" title="Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851">Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gunnis" title="Rupert Gunnis">Rupert Gunnis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPP-027-003.aspx">"Frontispiece: Item 3- Edmund Burke quotation, typescript"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontispiece%3A+Item+3-+Edmund+Burke+quotation%2C+typescript&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FAsset-Viewer%2FArchives%2FJFKPP-027-003.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1970" class="citation book cs1">Christie, I. R. (1970). <i>Myth and Reality in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Politics and Other Papers</i>. Macamillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Reality+in+Late-Eighteenth-Century+British+Politics+and+Other+Papers&rft.pub=Macamillan&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley1979" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, Clive (1979). <i>British Society and the French Wars, 1793–1815</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Society+and+the+French+Wars%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreaves1973" class="citation journal cs1">Greaves, R. W. (June 1973). "Reviews of Books". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>78</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Reviews+of+Books&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1973-06&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1843" class="citation book cs1">Horner, Francis (1843). <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Horner" title="Leonard Horner">Horner, Leonard</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7wJnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Memoirs and Correspondence of Francis Horner, M.P., Volume I</i></a>. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+and+Correspondence+of+Francis+Horner%2C+M.P.%2C+Volume+I&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7wJnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLascelles1936" class="citation book cs1">Lascelles, Edward (1936). <i>The Life of Charles James Fox</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Charles+James+Fox&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Lascelles&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1992" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Leslie (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesjamesfox00mitc"><i>Charles James Fox</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198201045.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201045.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198201045" title="Special:BookSources/9780198201045"><bdi>9780198201045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+James+Fox&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198201045.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780198201045&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesjamesfox00mitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesjamesfox00mitc">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Mitchell, Leslie (2007). <i>Charles James Fox</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+James+Fox&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmert1996" class="citation book cs1">Olmert, Michael (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miltonsteethovid00olme"><i>Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80164-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80164-7"><bdi>0-684-80164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton%27s+Teeth+and+Ovid%27s+Umbrella%3A+Curiouser+%26+Curiouser+Adventures+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-684-80164-7&rft.aulast=Olmert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiltonsteethovid00olme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPares1953" class="citation book cs1">Pares, Richard (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820110021/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7861542"><i>King George III and the Politicians</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7861542">the original</a> on 20 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+George+III+and+the+Politicians&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Pares&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D7861542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1969" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Loren (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesjamesfoxm00reid"><i>Charles James Fox: A Man for the People</i></a></span>. [Columbia] University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826200761" title="Special:BookSources/9780826200761"><bdi>9780826200761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+James+Fox%3A+A+Man+for+the+People&rft.pub=%5BColumbia%5D+University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780826200761&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesjamesfoxm00reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesjamesfoxm00reid">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudé1962" class="citation book cs1">Rudé, George (1962). <i>Wilkes & Liberty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilkes+%26+Liberty&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Rud%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E.P._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="E.P. Thompson">Thompson, E.P.</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofenglishw0000thom"><i>The Making of the English Working Class</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+English+Working+Class&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofenglishw0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1960" class="citation book cs1">Watson, J. Steven (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822082643/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22810171"><i>The Reign of George III, 1760–1815</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22810171">the original</a> on 22 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+George+III%2C+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D22810171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1853" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Charles James (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4EEJiAHWgk8C"><i>The Speeches of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox in the House of Commons</i></a>. Aylott and Company. <q>charles james fox.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speeches+of+the+Right+Honourable+Charles+James+Fox+in+the+House+of+Commons&rft.pub=Aylott+and+Company&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Charles+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4EEJiAHWgk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christie, Ian R. (1958) "Charles James Fox" <i>History Today</i> (Feb 1958) 8#2 pp 110–118.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Derry" title="John W. Derry">Derry, John W.</a> (1972). <i>Charles James Fox</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+James+Fox&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kanter, Douglas. "The Foxite Whigs, Irish legislative independence and the Act of Union, 1785–1806." <i>Irish Historical Studies</i> 36.143 (2009): 332–348.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, Leslie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10024">"Fox, Charles James (1749–1806)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10024">10.1093/ref:odnb/10024</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10024&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F10024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li>Powell, Martyn J. "Charles James Fox and Ireland" <i>Irish Historical Studies</i> (2003) 33#130 pp 169–190.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRae1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_Rae" title="William Fraser Rae">Rae, William Fraser</a> (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Charles James Fox"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Charles_James_Fox">"Charles James Fox" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. IX (9th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+James+Fox&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=William+Fraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan, George Otto</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgethirdandc04trevgoog"><i>George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution</i></a>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+the+Third+and+Charles+Fox%3A+The+Concluding+Part+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgethirdandc04trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan, George Otto</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgethirdandc00trevgoog"><i>George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution</i></a>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+the+Third+and+Charles+Fox%3A+The+Concluding+Part+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgethirdandc00trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan, George Otto</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistorycha04trevgoog"><i>The Early History of Charles James Fox</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Charles+James+Fox&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistorycha04trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+James+Fox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_James_Fox" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1413">Works by Charles James Fox</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/4245">History of the Early Part of the Reign of James the Second</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/18641">Works by Charles James Fox</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Fox%2C%20Charles%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Fox%2C%20Charles%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Fox%2C%20C%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20James%20Fox%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20James%20Fox%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20James%20Fox%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fox%2C%20Charles%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fox%2C%20Charles%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fox%2C%20C%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fox%2C%20C%2E%20James%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20James%20Fox%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20James%20Fox%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Fox%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fox%2C%20Charles%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fox%2C%20Charles%20J%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221749-1806%22%20AND%20Fox%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles James Fox</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/columnist/story/0,,1754429,00.html">Guardian article</a> on Fox as the 200th anniversary of his death approaches</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/09/13/charles_fox_feature.shtml">BBC article</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Gascoyne_(the_elder)" title="Bamber Gascoyne (the elder)">Bamber Gascoyne</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Midhurst_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Midhurst (UK Parliament constituency)">Midhurst</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1768_British_general_election" title="1768 British general election">1768</a>–<a href="/wiki/1774_British_general_election" title="1774 British general election">1774</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox-Strangways,_2nd_Earl_of_Ilchester" title="Henry Fox-Strangways, 2nd Earl of Ilchester">Lord Stavordale</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Mackworth,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Herbert Mackworth, 1st Baronet">Herbert Mackworth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Tudway" title="Clement Tudway">Clement Tudway</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester,_1st_Marquess_of_Donegall" title="Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall">Earl of Donegall</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Suffolk">Hon. Thomas Howard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Malmesbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Malmesbury</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1774_British_general_election" title="1774 British general election">1774</a>–<a href="/wiki/1780_British_general_election" title="1780 British general election">1780</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/William_Strahan_(publisher)" title="William Strahan (publisher)">William Strahan</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_3rd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth">Viscount Lewisham</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_2nd_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire">Viscount Fairford</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Clinton,_3rd_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">Lord Thomas Pelham-Clinton</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/George_Capell-Coningsby,_5th_Earl_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="George Capell-Coningsby, 5th Earl of Essex">Viscount Malden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1780_British_general_election" title="1780 British general election">1780</a>–<a href="/wiki/1801_United_Kingdom_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1801 United Kingdom general election">1801</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Sir George Rodney, Bt</a> 1780–1782<br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Cecil_Wray,_13th_Baronet" title="Sir Cecil Wray, 13th Baronet">Sir Cecil Wray, Bt</a> 1782–1784<br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Samuel Hood</a> 1784–1788, 1790–1796<br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Townshend" title="Lord John Townshend">Lord John Townshend</a> 1788–1790<br /><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardner,_1st_Baron_Gardner" title="Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner">Sir Alan Gardner, Bt</a> 1796–1801 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Parliament of the United Kingdom</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ross_(died_1797)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Ross (died 1797) (page does not exist)">Charles Ross</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Tain_Burghs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tain Burghs">Tain Burghs</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784</a>–1786 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ross_(1700-1786)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ross (1700-1786) (page does not exist)">George Ross</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Parliament of Great Britain</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1801_United_Kingdom_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1801 United Kingdom general election">1801</a>–1806 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardner,_1st_Baron_Gardner" title="Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner">Sir Alan Gardner, Bt</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardner,_1st_Baron_Gardner" title="Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner">Sir Alan Gardner, Bt</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_3rd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland">Earl Percy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New post</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1782 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">The Lord Grantham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1782 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Thomas Townshend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">The Lord Grantham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1783 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">The Earl Temple</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Thomas Townshend</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1783 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Mulgrave" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Mulgrave">The Lord Mulgrave</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Viscount Howick</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1806 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template talk:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign<br />and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign,<br />Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438131#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011759056X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39462521">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11020/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx9mtwypGtG4MXMVMHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118684353">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50032759">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12396188s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12396188s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fox, Charles James <1749-1806>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV524703">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35097187">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fox, Charles James"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20201064773&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1368527">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/254505">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070039666">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90548304">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=151708">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqqsxv4nn3n1p">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810637188905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/161109">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270703405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060726472306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14063990">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05469975?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/825700">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118684353.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118684353">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033056757">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xk8ktw">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68413">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&oldid=1258782933">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Fox&oldid=1258782933</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1749_births" title="Category:1749 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