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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Malcolm MacDonald</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ম্যালকম ম্যাকডোনাল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যালকম ম্যাকডোনাল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald_(Politiker)" title="Malcolm MacDonald (Politiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald (Politiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="مالکولم مک دونالد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالکولم مک دونالد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93" title="מלקולם מקדונלד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלקולם מקדונלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="مالكولم ماكدونالد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مالكولم ماكدونالد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Макдональд, Малькольм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макдональд, Малькольм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malcolm MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Малкольм МакДональд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малкольм МакДональд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D" title="馬爾科姆·麥克唐納 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬爾科姆·麥克唐納" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British politician and diplomat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Malcolm MacDonald, see <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Malcolm MacDonald (disambiguation)">Malcolm MacDonald (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Malcolm MacDonald</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolmmacdonald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Malcolmmacdonald.jpg/220px-Malcolmmacdonald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Malcolmmacdonald.jpg/330px-Malcolmmacdonald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Malcolmmacdonald.jpg/440px-Malcolmmacdonald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="773" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">MacDonald in 1931</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Kenya">Governor-General of Kenya</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 December 1963 – 12 December 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as Colonial Governor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kenya">Governor of Kenya</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 January 1963 – 12 December 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sir <a href="/wiki/Eric_Griffith-Jones" title="Eric Griffith-Jones">Eric Griffith-Jones</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as Governor-General)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India">High Commissioner to India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1955–1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Nye" title="Archibald Nye">Sir Archibald Nye</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gore-Booth,_Baron_Gore-Booth" title="Paul Gore-Booth, Baron Gore-Booth">Sir Paul Gore-Booth</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1946–1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Heatlie_Scott" title="Robert Heatlie Scott">Sir Robert Heatlie Scott</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Canada">High Commissioner to Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1941–1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Campbell" title="Gerald Campbell">Gerald Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Clutterbuck" title="Alexander Clutterbuck">Alexander Clutterbuck</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 May 1940 – 8 February 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brown_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Brown (MP)">Ernest Brown</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 May 1938 – 12 May 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">The Lord Harlech</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Lloyd,_1st_Baron_Lloyd" title="George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd">The Lord Lloyd</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 June 1935 – 22 November 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Thomas">James Henry Thomas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 October 1938 – 29 January 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley_(politician,_born_1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley (politician, born 1894)">Lord Stanley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Sir Thomas Inskip</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1935 – 16 May 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Thomas">James Henry Thomas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley_(politician,_born_1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley (politician, born 1894)">Lord Stanley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Under-Secretary of State<br />for Dominion Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 August 1931 – 7 June 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lunn_(politician)" title="William Lunn (politician)">William Lunn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley_(politician,_born_1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley (politician, born 1894)">Edward Stanley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Ross_and_Cromarty_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ross and Cromarty (UK Parliament constituency)">Ross and Cromarty</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 February 1936 – 15 June 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Macpherson,_1st_Baron_Strathcarron" title="Ian Macpherson, 1st Baron Strathcarron">Ian Macpherson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_MacLeod_(Ross_and_Cromarty_MP)" title="John MacLeod (Ross and Cromarty MP)">John MacLeod</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Bassetlaw_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bassetlaw (UK Parliament constituency)">Bassetlaw</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 May 1929 – 25 October 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Hume-Williams" title="Ellis Hume-Williams">Ellis Hume-Williams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bellenger" title="Frederick Bellenger">Frederick Bellenger</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Malcolm John MacDonald</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1901-08-17</span>)</span>17 August 1901<br /><a href="/wiki/Lossiemouth" title="Lossiemouth">Lossiemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 January 1981<span style="display:none">(1981-01-11)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Spynie Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Morayshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Morayshire">Morayshire</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Audrey Marjorie Fellowes Rowley</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1946)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3 (2 adopted)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacDonald_(social_reformer)" title="Margaret MacDonald (social reformer)">Margaret Gladstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishbel_MacDonald" title="Ishbel MacDonald">Ishbel MacDonald</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Lochhead" title="Sheila Lochhead">Sheila Lochhead</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's College, Oxford">Queen's College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Malcolm John MacDonald</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (17 August 1901 – 11 January 1981) was a British politician and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>. He was initially a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP), but in 1931 followed his father <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> in breaking with the party and joining the <a href="/wiki/UK_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK National Government">National Government</a>. He was consequently expelled from the Labour Party. He was a government minister during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and was later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kenya">Governor of Kenya</a>. </p><p>MacDonald's experience allowed him to take a unique approach to the <a href="/wiki/British_decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="British decolonisation">decolonisation of British colonies</a> in Asia and Africa. He had "done more for <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> than perhaps any other living person," according to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, who also said that "not only Asia, but the whole <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western World</a> were indeed grateful to him." Making imperial control obsolete was his life's work, according former <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Commonwealth Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal" title="Shridath Ramphal">Shridath Ramphal</a>. In 1957, he helped Malaya and Singapore get independence as Governor-General and Commissioner-General of Southeast Asia, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, he helped <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan independence">Kenya achieve independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1969_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald served as High Commissioner to Brunei from 1946 to 1948 and as the Commissioner-General in Southeast Asia until 1955, played a significant role in Brunei’s modern history. Despite leaving office, he continued to visit Brunei on official business until 1979, meeting with <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultans</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin" title="Ahmad Tajuddin">Ahmad Tajuddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III" title="Omar Ali Saifuddien III">Omar Ali Saifuddien III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014393_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014393-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed a deep affection for <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fond_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fond-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike traditional colonial ambassadors, he approached local authorities with compassion and empathy, often demonstrating more respect than his London superiors preferred. His amiable relationship with Omar Ali reflected his strategy of "gentle persuasion," which, while not always successful in advancing Brunei toward federation, ensured a lasting connection leveraged by the British government, despite sometimes hindering democratic reforms advocated by his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014416–417_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014416–417-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malcolm John MacDonald, the second son of future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacDonald_(social_reformer)" title="Margaret MacDonald (social reformer)">Margaret MacDonald</a>'s six siblings, was born in <a href="/wiki/Lossiemouth" title="Lossiemouth">Lossiemouth</a> on 17 August 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014395_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014395-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alister, his older sister, was born in 1899, while <a href="/wiki/Ishbel_MacDonald" title="Ishbel MacDonald">Ishbel</a>, Davis, and <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Lochhead" title="Sheila Lochhead">Sheila Lochhead</a>, his three younger siblings, were born in 1903, 1904, and 1910, respectively. He had a peaceful, natural life in Lossiemouth with his family, which served as inspiration for his poetry. He documented his observations of 252 bird species in the <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a> and its environs in his first book, <i>Birdwatching in Lossiemouth</i>. Margaret, the mother of Malcolm, was active in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Industrial_Council" title="Women's Industrial Council">Women's Industrial Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Women Workers">National Union of Women Workers</a>, having grown up in a community-focused setting. He was deeply affected by the death of his mother in 1911 when he was ten years old since his parents had taught him the importance of genuine friendship and community duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educated at <a href="/wiki/Bedales_School" title="Bedales School">Bedales School</a> and earned his degrees in economics and history from <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's College, Oxford">Queen's College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was involved in debating competitions and represented the United Kingdom in conferences held in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> in 1927 and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> in 1929 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Pacific_Relations" title="Institute of Pacific Relations">Institute of Pacific Relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being elected as a Labor <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929 general election</a>, he backed his father in 1931, just before financial strains caused the Labor Government to collapse. At thirty-four, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> in 1935, making him the youngest <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1935%E2%80%931937)" title="National Government (1935–1937)">Cabinet</a> member. As <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">war cabinet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Health (United Kingdom)">Minister of Health</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he oversaw the mass evacuation of children from London in order to protect them from <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">German air strikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingLoanAgreement1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KingLoanAgreement1946.jpg/220px-KingLoanAgreement1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KingLoanAgreement1946.jpg/330px-KingLoanAgreement1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KingLoanAgreement1946.jpg/440px-KingLoanAgreement1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>MacDonald seeing the United Kingdom and Canada sign a loan arrangement in 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>Though there were rumours that MacDonald would be removed from his role as Minister of Health when Winston Churchill established a coalition government, he remained in that role in May 1940. Later, in June 1940, he was dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, proposing to terminate <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Ireland's Partition</a> in return for Ireland's involvement in the war. However, de Valera turned down the offer and went in search of weaponry, which the British government refused to provide.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1941 to 1946, MacDonald held the post of <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Canada" title="List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom to Canada">High Commissioner to Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is akin to an ambassador in diplomatic ties between <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth nations">Commonwealth nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Carr-Saunders" title="Alexander Carr-Saunders">Alexander Carr-Saunders</a> Commission Report, he signed the bill creating the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya</a> in 1949. From 1949 to 1961, he presided over the institution as its first Chancellor, assisted by <a href="/wiki/George_Vance_Allen" title="George Vance Allen">George Vance Allen</a> as the first Vice-Chancellor and <a href="/wiki/Onn_Jaafar" title="Onn Jaafar">Onn Jaafar</a> as one of his Pro-Chancellors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He assumed significant duties throughout Asia with his appointment as Governor-General of Malaya, <a href="/wiki/British_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="British Singapore">Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Borneo following the war. After serving as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_India" title="List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom to India">High Commissioner in India</a> from 1955 to 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-India_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was named chairman of an <a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos" title="International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos">international conference in Laos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was instrumental in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald later concentrated on serving in Africa, holding positions as <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Kenya" title="List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom to Kenya">High Commissioner to Kenya</a> from 1964 to 1965 as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Kenya" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Kenya">Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Kenya</a>. Additionally, he participated in a number of diplomatic trips to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, among other countries in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed as the Special Representative to many African Commonwealth nations until his retirement in 1969. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> allegedly hailed him as "the only <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> we can trust" when on a visit to China.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MacDonald_White_Paper">MacDonald White Paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MacDonald White Paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, MacDonald oversaw and introduced the so-called <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">MacDonald White Paper</a> which aimed at the creation of a unified state in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, with controls on Jewish immigration. The White Paper argued that since over 450,000 Jews had been settled in the Mandate, the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> had now been met and that an independent Jewish state should not be established. When the White Paper was debated in Parliament on 22–23 May 1939, many politicians objected to its central recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill noted, '"After the period of five years no further Jewish immigration will be permitted unless the Arabs of Palestine are prepared to acquiesce in it". Now, there is the breach; there is the violation of the pledge; there is the abandonment of the Balfour Declaration; there is the end of the vision, of the hope, of the dream.'<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> suspended any further deliberations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris2011p159_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2011p159-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of the White Paper pointed out that Jews were suffering from oppression by the Nazi regimes in Germany and Austria but, given that most states, including the United States and Canada, did not accept Jewish refugees, had nowhere other than Palestine to which to emigrate. In a UK Parliamentary debate, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> called the White Paper "an act of <a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">perfidy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a leader, the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i> called it "a death sentence on tens of thousands of Central European Jews",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Armand_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Armand de Rothschild">James Rothschild</a> stated during the parliamentary debate that "for the majority of the Jews who go to Palestine it is a question of migration or of physical extinction".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy_with_Brunei">Diplomacy with Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diplomacy with Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Churchill's war cabinet planned to unify Malaya and the British Borneo territories and resign afterward, with the goal of securing victory for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-clementi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clementi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason MacDonald was appointed to a position in Southeast Asia just after the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> proposal failed was because the Malay community there opposed the Sultans' ceding of their authority to the British Crown. He warned his government not to interfere in Brunei's domestic issues, fearing that similar feelings may emerge there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its modest size, Brunei was considered a valuable asset for federation plans due to its sudden wealth from the <a href="/wiki/Seria_oil_field" title="Seria oil field">1929 oil discovery</a>, which was seen as essential for developing a balanced economy in a bigger state in <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>. MacDonald promoted a loose <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> model that suggested a three states, one country solution, although he also favoured maintaining Brunei's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. He opposed changing the <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Jalilul_Alam_Aqamaddin#1905–1906_Supplementary_Treaty" title="Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin">1905–1906 Supplementary Treaty</a> and recommended the Colonial Office not to associate Brunei with North Borneo or Sarawak as the deadline of 1 July 1946, for the restoration of civilian administration drew near. Rather, he suggested administratively uniting Brunei with a nearby colony without undermining its constitutional standing; as a result, Brunei came under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak#Administration" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Governor of Sarawak</a> as High Commissioner on 1 May 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397–398_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397–398-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_and_Malcolm_MacDonald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_and_Malcolm_MacDonald.jpg/220px-Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_and_Malcolm_MacDonald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_and_Malcolm_MacDonald.jpg/330px-Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_and_Malcolm_MacDonald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_and_Malcolm_MacDonald.jpg/440px-Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_and_Malcolm_MacDonald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>During the Silver Jubilee celebrations for Ahmad Tajuddin in September 1949, Malcolm MacDonald sent his greetings</figcaption></figure> <p>Then-Colonial Secretary MacDonald was aware of Brunei's problems in 1940, such as the Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin's postponed official coronation, which he approved despite reports that <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_British_Brunei" title="List of administrators of British Brunei">British Resident</a> John Graham Black was to blame for the delays. Historian Robert Reece calls MacDonald's writings about the Ahmad Tajuddin, "scurrilous," yet the Sultan was ahead of his time in advocating for more political and financial independence. In his capacities as High Commissioner to Brunei and Governor-General of Malaya, he first visited Brunei on 15 July 1946, and there he experienced <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014398–399_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014398–399-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald had to reassure Ahmad Tajuddin during a visit in July 1947 that administrative adjustments would be the only changes brought about by a planned union between Sarawak and Brunei; Brunei would not be merged into the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a>. In September 1949, after the Sultan's unwillingness to attend the festivities owing to delays in the completion of his new palace, he returned to Brunei in his capacity as the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. After being eventually convinced by Abang Haji Mustapha, the Malay chief of Sarawak, the Sultan attended, was knighted by <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">King</a> <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, and conveyed his thanks and concerns in a way that MacDonald described as both diplomatically savvy and comically cunning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014399–400_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014399–400-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ahmad Tajuddin and MacDonald finally met, he was traveling to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to renegotiate the 1959 Agreement and oil royalties. The meeting took place at MacDonald's home in Singapore. In addition to suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Outcast_of_the_Islands" title="Outcast of the Islands">Outcast of the Islands</a> be filmed in Brunei, he also pitched a movie on the Sultan, who was well-known for his passion for movies to film director <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a>. But soon after the sudden death of the Sultan in 1950, he had to step in and approve the nomination of Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the younger brother of the deceased Sultan, to succeed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014400–401_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014400–401-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British administration's accession to the Brunei monarchy was mostly uneventful, but for the obstacle <a href="/wiki/Gerard_MacBryan" title="Gerard MacBryan">Gerard MacBryan</a> presented. He asserted that the late Ahmad Tajuddin had given him permission to represent his interests. MacBryan had been hired as a political consultant on international matters by the Sultan, with responsibility for negotiating Brunei's oil interests with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> and fighting for the Sultan's rights in the United States. But MacBryan's ambitions to use his relationship with Ahmad Tajuddin to achieve substantial power were dashed, and his attempt to establish himself as Brunei's de facto ruler was quickly abandoned. Despite MacBryan's obviously genuine allegations, MacDonald handled the succession crisis by persuading London that MacBryan was nothing more than a scam. He expressed his admiration for Omar Ali Saifuddien III during the new Sultan's coronation, stating that he believed he was the best option for Brunei and for fostering closer connections with Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014401–402_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014401–402-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_MacDonald_and_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Malcolm_MacDonald_and_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin.jpg/220px-Malcolm_MacDonald_and_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Malcolm_MacDonald_and_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin.jpg/330px-Malcolm_MacDonald_and_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Malcolm_MacDonald_and_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin.jpg/440px-Malcolm_MacDonald_and_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>1955 discussion between Omar Ali and MacDonald</figcaption></figure> <p>Given that the new Sultan had worked with the British on plans for Brunei and its neighbours, including the 1948 administrative unification of Sarawak and Brunei, MacDonald's support for him was calculated. Tensions resulted from local discontent with Sarawak's administrative power, even though Omar Ali had initially supported the unification. Historians speculate that Omar Ali eventual resistance to the merger is a reflection of a frequent strategy used by Bruneian Sultans to survive when facing stronger imperial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014402–403_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014402–403-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Records from the British Colonial Office may not always demonstrate MacDonald's sincerity in his devotion to Brunei and Omar Ali, necessitating a closer examination of the parties concerned. An important episode that embarrassed him was when, soon after his rise, Omar Ali openly reaffirmed Brunei's claim to disputed territory. MacDonald intervened to recast the event, saying it was an error and clearing the Sultan of any culpability, in order to lessen the diplomatic impact and save both the Sultan and British interests. The episode brought to light Sultan's long-standing resentment over Brunei's lost territory, particularly <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Labuan Island">Labuan Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a>. He publicly disagreed with Sarawak's authority and continued to bring up the matter through British diplomatic channels in spite of the passing of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014403–404_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014403–404-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to further his vision of a federation of the three British provinces in North Borneo, MacDonald had to negotiate his relationship with the newly ascendant Omar Ali. Conflicting interests, especially the Sultan's, caused the federation plan to collapse despite MacDonald's best efforts; it only became reality as the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, excluding Brunei. With the establishment of the Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia in 1948 to supervise communications, defence, and regional development and provide guidance on deeper political integration, British policy sought to promote cooperation among its Southeast Asian holdings, centred around Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the initial Commissioner-General, MacDonald vigorously worked toward the establishment of an independent Dominion that included the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo, and Brunei. In order to accomplish his goal of a political federation of Borneo territories ultimately integrating with Malaya, he put cooperative departments, frequent conferences, and officer exchanges into practice. Omar Ali dismissed conjectures on a possible federation, highlighting Brunei's independence and sensitivity. The Secretary of State counselled MacDonald to move gradually and refrain from imposing an external federation, letting Brunei become self-governing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404–405_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404–405-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei's unwillingness to join a federation that challenged its sovereignty and would potentially dilute its oil wealth was a major factor in the Federation ideas' failure. Tensions were increased when Brunei refused to share its resources for the development of less developed bordering regions, leading to the Sarawak–Brunei administrative union in 1948. The notion of federation was abandoned in spite of MacDonald's efforts and diplomatic endeavours due to his lack of governmental authority and the shifting political climate in Britain, which included Malaya's independence movement and changes in British policy. After receiving a warm reception in Brunei and attending important royal ceremonies, his vision began to wane as new political realities surfaced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014406_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014406-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omar Ali gave MacDonald a cordial welcome, but turned down his request for money to help North Borneo. This decision was made in light of Brunei's recent $100 million loan to the Malaysian Federation and its unwillingness to support its close neighbours. Disappointed, the Sarawak and North Borneo governors turned their backs on Brunei and concentrated on fortifying their own relationships. When he visited the <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_Mosque" title="Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque">Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque</a> in December 1958, he was allowed into the Sultan's private rooms, where they talked about the possibility of Brunei's royal children receiving an education in England. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Damit_of_Brunei" title="Queen Damit of Brunei">Raja Isteri Damit</a>'s unwillingness to part from the children (Princes Hassanal Bolkiah and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohamed_Bolkiah" title="Prince Mohamed Bolkiah">Mohamed Bolkiah</a>) caused this arrangement, which had been decided upon beforehand, to be abandoned; the kids were thereafter enrolled in a <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> school. British authorities saw this change in education as Omar Ali's desire to maintain his ties to Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014407–409_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014407–409-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British authorities criticised MacDonald for deceiving the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malayan Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> about a possible super federation combining Malaya, Singapore, and the Borneo territories during talks with the Sultan of Brunei and Malayan Prime Minister. Omar Ali became concerned about this and in July 1963 rejected the idea for <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Federation">Malaysian Federation</a>, therefore proving his independence and upsetting the objectives of its main proponents. Despite his support for Malaysia, MacDonald was wary of pressuring Brunei, Sarawak, or North Borneo to join, and cautioned the British against putting more pressure on Brunei following Omar Ali's denial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014409–410_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014409–410-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his retirement from government employment in July 1969, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">administration</a> named MacDonald as a traveling envoy, allowing him to carry on serving Britain's interests by resolving diplomatic disputes between the United Kingdom and Brunei. Omar Ali, a close friend of his, stepped down from the Sultan in 1967 but continued to have influence. <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Brunei" title="Constitutional history of Brunei">1967 constitutional negotiations</a> in London were tense because of a disagreement between the Sultan and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Herbert Bowden</a>, who had little regard for the monarch. MacDonald criticised Bowden for his contemptuous behaviour toward the retired Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014410–411_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014410–411-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1968, when the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Brunei" title="List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom to Brunei">British High Commissioner</a>-designate <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Adair" title="Arthur Adair">Arthur Adair</a> was rejected by Omar Ali and the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, MacDonald was asked to mediate a diplomatic deadlock between Brunei and Britain. The discussions between the United Kingdom and Brunei had come to a standstill for over half a year. After visiting the Brunei palace and learning about Omar Ali's complaints, he admitted that the ex-Sultan had not received proper treatment on his last trip to London. He also concurred that by moving the previous High Commissioner without first informing the Sultan, Britain could have violated the terms of the 1959 Agreement. By means of delicate diplomatic manoeuvres, MacDonald managed to win back the trust of the former Sultan and facilitate the restoration of regular ties between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014411–412_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014411–412-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald was instrumental in handling the sensitive issue in reaction to Britain's decision to remove its soldiers from Brunei's protectorate status by December 1970. He recommended against hastening the notification of troop departure because he was aware of the prospective consequences, which included Brunei's potential economic reprisal and the termination of British diplomatic ties. Because of his effective negotiating, the negotiations were postponed and Frank Webber was temporarily reinstated, facilitating a more seamless introduction of Adair to the Sultan. In contrast to people like <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Abell" title="Anthony Abell">Anthony Abell</a>, who aimed to modernise Brunei's political system, MacDonald concentrated on preserving stability and appeasing the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> inclinations of Omar Ali. This was in contrast to other British officials who were working for democratic reforms in Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014412–413_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014412–413-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During significant political changes, MacDonald played a crucial role in upholding Brunei's independence and the Sultan's right to reign. In contrast to Brunei's democratic reformers such as Abell, he supported Omar Ali's opposition to reform, upholding the Sultan's power and opposing ideas such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Federation" title="North Borneo Federation">Federation of North Borneo</a> and Malaysia. MacDonald, honouring the Sultan's desires, successfully postponed Brunei's soldier pullout until 1971 in order to prevent instability in the area, even though Britain had intended to remove its troops and abolish Brunei's protectorate status by 1970. His efforts eventually resulted in a change of leadership in Britain, which paved the way for a revised 1971 deal that gave Brunei complete internal self-government along with continuous British defence backing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014413–414_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014413–414-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite difficulties brought on by Omar Ali's intransigence and Malaysia's covert assistance for Brunei's former rebels, MacDonald remained an important figure in Brunei's affairs under Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. He revived his prior proposal in 1968 and 1974 for a federation of the three northern Borneo states, headed nominally by the Sultan of Brunei. This concept was in stark contrast to Bruneian and British authorities' antiquated and impossible ideal of a unified "<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimantan Utara">Kalimantan Utara</a>," which it mimicked. In the end, the idea was rejected as impractical since the Sultan was against being a member of such a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014414–415_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014414–415-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald persisted in supporting the notion of a looser federation between Brunei and Malaysia despite Brunei's choice to avoid Malaysia, acknowledging the potential for eventual economic and cultural similarities to bring the two countries together. Although he thought Brunei would eventually have to join Malaysia, he was against Malaysia having any kind of power over the Sultanate. He cautioned Brunei against being forced to consider a merger and urged against it. His participation at Raja Isteri Damit's burial on his last visit to Brunei in 1979 demonstrated the close personal relationships he had formed over the years. He never had the chance to meet Omar Ali and Hassanal Bolkiah in person, but he kept in regular connection with both of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014415–416_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014415–416-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayan_Emergency_and_headhunting_scandal">Malayan Emergency and headhunting scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Malayan Emergency and headhunting scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:It_has_come_to_this!_Stop_this_war!_Page_1_of_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/It_has_come_to_this%21_Stop_this_war%21_Page_1_of_2.png/220px-It_has_come_to_this%21_Stop_this_war%21_Page_1_of_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/It_has_come_to_this%21_Stop_this_war%21_Page_1_of_2.png/330px-It_has_come_to_this%21_Stop_this_war%21_Page_1_of_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/It_has_come_to_this%21_Stop_this_war%21_Page_1_of_2.png/440px-It_has_come_to_this%21_Stop_this_war%21_Page_1_of_2.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Daily Worker</i> released an anti-colonial pamphlet in 1952 amid the British-Malayan headhunting scandal.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 1940s and early 1950s, MacDonald suggested combining <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Singapore, Brunei, and Malaya into a single region known as "Malaya Raya." He tried to push for this larger federation and had talks with influential people like Onn Jaafar, but the Borneo territories did not embrace the idea, therefore it did not take off. Right up to his relocation to India in 1955, MacDonald kept up his advocacy for the notion of Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_1st_Earl_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey">Lord Brassey</a> had proposed in 1887 to unite Malaya, Singapore, and Borneo; he brought this notion back to life. The Borneo provinces' lack of support prevented the initiative from gaining pace, despite his best efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221671_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221671-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker_(UK_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Worker (UK newspaper)"><i>Daily Worker</i></a> published photographs of atrocities committed by <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> mercenaries in the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalping</a>. MacDonald, who had facilitated the deployment of these mercenaries and had previously praised them, became embroiled in the resulting <a href="/wiki/British_Malayan_headhunting_scandal" title="British Malayan headhunting scandal">British Malayan headhunting scandal</a>, which featured a controversial photo of him welcoming Iban headhunters. During the Malayan Emergency, he had toured Malaya with American politicians, during which he showcased Ibans to the Americans. Living in Iban settlements, he had many interactions with Ibans and once called an experienced Iban headhunter "one of the greatest men I had ever met".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._R._Campbell_(communist)" title="J. R. Campbell (communist)">J. R. Campbell</a> had previously been involved in the political careers of the MacDonald family as he had inadvertantly contibuted to the collapse of the Labour government following the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Case" title="Campbell Case">Campbell Case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After retiring, MacDonald became the President of Overseas Voluntary Service and the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Durham_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Durham University">Chancellor of Durham University</a> from 1971 to 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald died on 11 January 1981, at the age of 79.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his family's account to the <a href="/wiki/Press_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Association">British Press Association</a>, he died in the grounds of his house close to <a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. Medical report is awaited to determine the cause of death. At the time of his death, his wife was on vacation in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personal collection of significant historical records on the nations he visited, notably Malaysia, is currently held at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Singapore" title="National Museum of Singapore">National Museum of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Singapore" title="National Museum of Singapore">Singapore</a>, Durham University Library, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Art_Museum_(San_Francisco)" title="Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)">Asian Art Museum</a>, and University of Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 May 2015, his widow Audrey died of natural causes in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> at the age of 99 years old, three weeks before her 100th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MacDonald was a keen ornithologist and, in 1934, published the book <i>Bird Watching at Lossiemouth</i> privately. It was, as he noted, in a brief foreword, an expanded version of a paper he read to the London Morayshire Club one evening in the autumn of 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to Canada, MacDonald undertook two extensive journeys, in a <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman Goose">Grumman Goose</a>, from Ottawa to the far northwest of Canada. He was accompanied by three senior Government officials, in August 1942 and March 1943. He chronicled the trips in a book, <i>Down North</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Toronto, 1943). The trips covered remote areas of Alberta, the Northwest Territories, the Yukon and British Columbia, going as far north as <a href="/wiki/Aklavik" title="Aklavik">Aklavik</a>. MacDonald's book gives a perspective of the history, geography and peoples of Canada's northwest. </p><p>MacDonald was a prolific art collector in a range of genres, most notably Chinese ceramics. He sold and donated art collections to museums across the world. His Chinese ceramic collections comprise a total of over 500 pieces with a chronological span of 2000 BCE to circa 1940 CE and incorporating representative examples of most styles of domestic and export ceramic wares. These collections are today split between the <a href="/wiki/Durham_University_Oriental_Museum" title="Durham University Oriental Museum">Durham University Oriental Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Asian_Art,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Museum of Asian Art, Kuala Lumpur">Museum of Asian Art, Kuala Lumpur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NUS_Museum" title="NUS Museum">NUS Museum</a> in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacDonald married Andrey Marjorie Rowley in December 1946, and they had a daughter called Fiona. Bill and Jane Rowley are the two adoptive children Malcolm MacDonald had from his first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_works">Other works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The painstakingly gathered records of MacDonald's travels and career were originally kept in storage at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society" title="Royal Commonwealth Society">Royal Commonwealth Society</a>. His family made the decision to give the collection to the University of Durham so that it may be preserved and used for study after his passing. His sister Sheila Lochhead, Durham University librarian A. M. McAulay, and Royal Commonwealth Society librarian D. H. Simpson contributed the collection, which is arranged chronologically and divided into official tasks, correspondence, and personal documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221671_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221671-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The University of Durham's MacDonald collection is among the Islamic and Malay World manuscripts that <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sultan_Zainal_Abidin" title="Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin">Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin</a> (UniSZA) was entrusted by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Ministry of Education</a> in 2019 to digitise. In keeping with the advances of the digital age, thirty thousand sheets of his records were digitised and uploaded to the UniSZA e-Manuscript System. Under the direction of the Research Institute for Products and Islamic Civilisation (INSPIRE), the initiative aims to preserve and study his personal notes, official papers, photos, and letters pertaining to important historical events in Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221672_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221672-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was an avid birdwatcher and wrote books about his observations on birds.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He authored the following published works: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1943" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1943). <i>Down North</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Down+North&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1947" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1947). <i>The Birds of Brewery Creek</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+Brewery+Creek&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1956" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1956). <i>Borneo People</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+People&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1959" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Malcolm (1959). <i>Angkor</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1960" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1960). <i>Birds in My Indian Garden</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+in+My+Indian+Garden&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1962" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1962). <i>Birds In The Sun</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+In+The+Sun&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1965" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1965). <i>Treasure of Kenya</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasure+of+Kenya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1969" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1969). <i>People and Places</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002116732" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002116732"><bdi>978-0002116732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Places&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0002116732&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1972" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1972). <i>Titans & Others</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002118354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002118354"><bdi>978-0002118354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titans+%26+Others&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0002118354&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1980" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1980). <i>Inside China</i>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0434440405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0434440405"><bdi>978-0434440405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+China&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0434440405&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2018" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (2018). Shaw, Alexander Nicholas (ed.). <i>The Pleasures and Pains of Collecting (Hardback)</i>. Durham: Durham University Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527231986" title="Special:BookSources/9781527231986"><bdi>9781527231986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pleasures+and+Pains+of+Collecting+%28Hardback%29&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Durham+University+Museum&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781527231986&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Constant Surprise</i> (unpublished autobiography – held at Durham University Library Archives)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MacDonald rejected titles and medals despite his lengthy service to <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> governments until receiving the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> in 1969. The Order is limited to 24 individuals, most of whom are in the arts and sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that he has received many honours:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/50px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/75px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/100px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (OM)</li> <li>Honorary Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's College, Oxford">Queen's College, Oxford</a></li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">Doctor of Law</a> and Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a> (Durham) Freeman, City of Singapore</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> (1973)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Freeman, Burgh of <a href="/wiki/Lossiemouth" title="Lossiemouth">Lossiemouth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fond-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fond_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald said, laughing, "I liked the wild men of Borneo a great deal, no doubt, I am a bit [of a] wild man myself, simply in habits and underdeveloped in my intellectual cap- abilities." He was particularly fond of the indigenous inhabitants of Borneo, such as the Ibans, Kayans, and Kenyahs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singapore-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald was a popular appointment to Singapore, becoming a well-known member of the art and antiques circles and participating in social activities such as the China Society of Singapore. In his honour, the <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House" title="MacDonald House">MacDonald House</a> building was constructed in 1949 in Singapore and named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie1998192_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie1998192-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Well-known for his unique charisma, he famously walked on his hands as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> stood on his head, fulfilling a dare that Nehru had issued him just after <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">India gained independence</a>. On many occasions, he performed this act for the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Siam">King of Siam</a> and cellist <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clementi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clementi_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Clementi" title="Cecil Clementi">Cecil Clementi</a> was appointed British Agent for Sarawak and North Borneo, High Commissioner for Brunei and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay States">Malay States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Straits_Settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Straits Settlements">Governor of the Straits Settlements</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1971_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1971-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014396_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1969-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1969_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage1969">Savage 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014393-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014393_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014416–417-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014416–417_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 416–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014395-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014395_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stories.durham.ac.uk/macdonald/">"Beauty and Diplomacy: The Malcolm MacDonald Collections"</a>. <i>Oriental Museum Durham University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Museum+Durham+University&rft.atitle=Beauty+and+Diplomacy%3A+The+Malcolm+MacDonald+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstories.durham.ac.uk%2Fmacdonald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221669_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYusoffMustafaWahidMuda2022">Yusoff et al. 2022</a>, p. 1669.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_Press1981" class="citation news cs1">Association Press (12 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/12/obituaries/malcolm-macdonald-british-envoy-and-son-of-ex-prime-minister.html">"MALCOLM MACDONALD, BRITISH ENVOY AND SON OF EX-PRIME MINISTER"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MALCOLM+MACDONALD%2C+BRITISH+ENVOY+AND+SON+OF+EX-PRIME+MINISTER&rft.date=1981-01-12&rft.au=Association+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F12%2Fobituaries%2Fmalcolm-macdonald-british-envoy-and-son-of-ex-prime-minister.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221670_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYusoffMustafaWahidMuda2022">Yusoff et al. 2022</a>, p. 1670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly" class="citation news cs1">Donnelly, Rachel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/britain-offered-unity-if-ireland-entered-war-1.281078">"Britain offered unity if Ireland entered war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Britain+offered+unity+if+Ireland+entered+war&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fbritain-offered-unity-if-ireland-entered-war-1.281078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-41680248">"Cold War diplomat Malcolm MacDonald artefacts on show"</a>. <i>Bbc.co.uk</i>. 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Cold+War+diplomat+Malcolm+MacDonald+artefacts+on+show&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-tyne-41680248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie1998192-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie1998192_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1998">Christie 1998</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>And Then By Chance</i>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Second%C3%A9" title="Reginald Secondé">Reginald Secondé</a> (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2023" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Oren (2023). <i>Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict</i>. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4880-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-4880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1936%3A+The+Great+Revolt+and+the+Roots+of+the+Middle+East+Conflict&rft.place=Lanham+MD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-4880-8&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Oren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston_Churchill1939" class="citation book cs1">Winston Churchill (23 May 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1939/may/23/palestine#column_2173">"Mr Winston Churchill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. col. 2173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mr+Winston+Churchill&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-2173&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1939-05-23&rft.au=Winston+Churchill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1939%2Fmay%2F23%2Fpalestine%23column_2173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angap04.asp">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry - Appendix IV</a> Palestine: Historical Background</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2011p159-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2011p159_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2011" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (25 May 2011). "chp. 4". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGtVsBne7PgC"><i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78805-4"><bdi>978-0-307-78805-4</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Capping it all, the Permanent Mandates Commission of the Council of the League of Nations rejected the White Paper as inconsistent with the terms of the Mandate".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chp.+4&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881-1998&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78805-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGtVsBne7PgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"White Paper". <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i>. 24 May 1939. pp. 12, 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=White+Paper&rft.pages=12%2C+14&rft.date=1939-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A death sentence". <i>Manchester Guardian</i>. 24 May 1939. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+death+sentence&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1939-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> Debates, Volume 347 column 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1939/may/22/palestine-1#column_1984">"PALESTINE. (Hansard, 22 May 1939)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 22 May 1939<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=PALESTINE.+%28Hansard%2C+22+May+1939%29&rft.date=1939-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1939%2Fmay%2F22%2Fpalestine-1%23column_1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1971-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1971_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarling1971">Tarling 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397–398-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014397–398_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 397–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014398–399-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014398–399_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 398–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014399–400-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014399–400_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 399–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014400–401-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014400–401_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 400–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014401–402-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014401–402_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 401–402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014402–403-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014402–403_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 402–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014403–404-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014403–404_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 403–404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404–405-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014404–405_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 404–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014406-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014406_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014407–409-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014407–409_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 407–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014409–410-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014409–410_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 409–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014410–411-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014410–411_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 410–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014411–412-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014411–412_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 411–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014412–413-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014412–413_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 412–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014413–414-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014413–414_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014414–415-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014414–415_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 414–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014415–416-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussainmiya2014415–416_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussainmiya2014">Hussainmiya 2014</a>, p. 415–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221671-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221671_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221671_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYusoffMustafaWahidMuda2022">Yusoff et al. 2022</a>, p. 1671.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2023" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Dan (2023). <i>Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up</i>. Pen and Sword Military. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1399057417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1399057417"><bdi>978-1399057417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Head+Hunters+in+the+Malayan+Emergency%3A+The+Atrocity+and+Cover-Up&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1399057417&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/about/governance/senior/chancellor/former/">"About Durham University : Former Chancellors of the University - Durham University"</a>. <i>Dur.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dur.ac.uk&rft.atitle=About+Durham+University+%3A+Former+Chancellors+of+the+University+-+Durham+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Fsenior%2Fchancellor%2Fformer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilroy2015" class="citation web cs1">Milroy, Sarah (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/facts-and-arguments/lives-lived-audrey-macdonald-99/article26094484/">"Lives Lived: Audrey MacDonald, 99"</a>. <i>Theglobeandmail.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theglobeandmail.com&rft.atitle=Lives+Lived%3A+Audrey+MacDonald%2C+99&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Milroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Ffacts-and-arguments%2Flives-lived-audrey-macdonald-99%2Farticle26094484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/Deaths.20150513.93360375/BDAStory/BDA/deaths">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1934" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1934). <i>Bird Watching at Lossiemouth</i>. Elgin: privately published.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bird+Watching+at+Lossiemouth&rft.place=Elgin&rft.pub=privately+published&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Nicholas Shaw, 'A Diplomat and a Collector: Malcolm MacDonald's Pursuit of Beauty during the Cold War and End of Empire', <i>Journal of the History of Collections</i>, vol. 30 issue 3, 2018, pp. 511-527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221672-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYusoffMustafaWahidMuda20221672_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYusoffMustafaWahidMuda2022">Yusoff et al. 2022</a>, p. 1672.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrfi2018" class="citation web cs1">Urfi, Jamil (16 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/904783/what-colonial-writing-about-indian-birds-reveals-about-the-british-raj">"What colonial writing about Indian birds reveals about the British Raj"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=What+colonial+writing+about+Indian+birds+reveals+about+the+British+Raj&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft.aulast=Urfi&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F904783%2Fwhat-colonial-writing-about-indian-birds-reveals-about-the-british-raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/corporate-files/about/community/chancellors/malcolm-john-macdonald.pdf">"Malcolm John MacDonald"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.atitle=Malcolm+John+MacDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nus.edu.sg%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fcorporate-files%2Fabout%2Fcommunity%2Fchancellors%2Fmalcolm-john-macdonald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm">"Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates"</a>. <i>1.hw.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1.hw.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Heriot-Watt+University+Edinburgh%3A+Honorary+Graduates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.hw.ac.uk%2Fgraduation%2Fhonorary-graduates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (1998). <i>The Chancellors</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73057-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73057-7"><bdi>0-333-73057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chancellors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-333-73057-7&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Kessler" title="Oren Kessler">Kessler, Oren</a> (2023). <i>Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict.</i> Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 978-1538148808.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1985" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm (1985). <i>Borneo People</i>. Singapore: OUP South East Asia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195826221" title="Special:BookSources/0195826221"><bdi>0195826221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+People&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=OUP+South+East+Asia&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0195826221&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldShaw2018" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Malcolm; Shaw, Alexander Nicholas (2018). <i>The Pleasures and Pains of Collecting</i>. Durham: Friends of the Oriental Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5272-3198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5272-3198-6"><bdi>978-1-5272-3198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pleasures+and+Pains+of+Collecting&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Oriental+Museum&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5272-3198-6&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Alexander+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger1995" class="citation book cs1">Sanger, Clyde (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmmacdonald00sang"><i>Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire</i></a></span>. New York: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1303-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1303-5"><bdi>0-7735-1303-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+MacDonald%3A+Bringing+an+End+to+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7735-1303-5&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmmacdonald00sang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusoffMustafaWahidMuda2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yusoff, Z. M.; Mustafa, A.; Wahid, N. A.; Muda, T. F. M. T.; Mohamad, F. S. (2022). "Biography and Involvement of Sir Malcolm Macdonald (1901-1981) in The Formation of Malaysia 1963". <i>International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences</i>. <b>12</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1667–</span>1673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Academic+Research+in+Business+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Biography+and+Involvement+of+Sir+Malcolm+Macdonald+%281901-1981%29+in+The+Formation+of+Malaysia+1963&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1667-%3C%2Fspan%3E1673&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Yusoff&rft.aufirst=Z.+M.&rft.au=Mustafa%2C+A.&rft.au=Wahid%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Muda%2C+T.+F.+M.+T.&rft.au=Mohamad%2C+F.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussainmiya2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hussainmiya, B. A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/BAH/hussainmiya-2014.pdf">"Malcolm MacDonald and Brunei: Diplomacy with intimacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. 45 (3): <span class="nowrap">393–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463414000344">10.1017/S0022463414000344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Malcolm+MacDonald+and+Brunei%3A+Diplomacy+with+intimacy&rft.volume=45+%283%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463414000344&rft.aulast=Hussainmiya&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffass.ubd.edu.bn%2Fstaff%2Fdocs%2FBAH%2Fhussainmiya-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reece, Bob (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ff8a8d25a6fae169d8f54b0/t/60429c39b86a496af4919ce6/1614978123624/BRB_2009_40.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Little Sultan": Ahmad Tajuddin II of Brunei, Gerard MacBryan, and. Malcolm Macdonald"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Borneo Research Bulletin</i>. <b>40</b>. Borneo Research Council. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-7806">0006-7806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borneo+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%22The+Little+Sultan%22%3A+Ahmad+Tajuddin+II+of+Brunei%2C+Gerard+MacBryan%2C+and.+Malcolm+Macdonald&rft.volume=40&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0006-7806&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F5ff8a8d25a6fae169d8f54b0%2Ft%2F60429c39b86a496af4919ce6%2F1614978123624%2FBRB_2009_40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1969" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, Donald C. (1969). "Malcolm MacDonald and the Colonial Office, 1938–39: Some Documents from the PRO". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_African_Studies" title="Canadian Journal of African Studies">Canadian Journal of African Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">615–</span>632.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Malcolm+MacDonald+and+the+Colonial+Office%2C+1938%E2%80%9339%3A+Some+Documents+from+the+PRO&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E632&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tarling" title="Nicholas Tarling">Tarling, Nicholas</a> (1971). "Sir Cecil Clementi and the Federation of British Borneo". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Malaysian_Branch_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Cecil+Clementi+and+the+Federation+of+British+Borneo&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1998" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Clive J. (1998). <i>Southeast Asia in the Twentieth Century: A Reader</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860640759" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860640759"><bdi>978-1860640759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1860640759&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Clive+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+MacDonald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_MacDonald&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malcolm_MacDonald" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-malcolm-macdonald">contributions in Parliament by Malcolm MacDonald</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/019058">Newspaper clippings about Malcolm MacDonald</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Hume-Williams" title="Ellis Hume-Williams">Sir Ellis Hume-Williams, 1st Baronet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bassetlaw_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bassetlaw (UK Parliament constituency)">Bassetlaw</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a>–<a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bellenger" title="Frederick Bellenger">Frederick Bellenger</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Macpherson,_1st_Baron_Strathcarron" title="Ian Macpherson, 1st Baron Strathcarron">Ian Macpherson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ross_and_Cromarty_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ross and Cromarty (UK Parliament constituency)">Ross and Cromarty</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1936_Ross_and_Cromarty_by-election" title="1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election">1936</a>–<a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_MacLeod_(Ross_and_Cromarty_MP)" title="John MacLeod (Ross and Cromarty MP)">John MacLeod</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> </b><br />1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Thomas">James Henry Thomas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Thomas">James Henry Thomas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs</a> </b><br />1935–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley_(politician,_born_1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley (politician, born 1894)">Lord Stanley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">The Lord Harlech</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> </b><br />1938–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Lloyd,_1st_Baron_Lloyd" title="George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd">The Lord Lloyd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley_(politician,_born_1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley (politician, born 1894)">Lord Stanley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs</a> </b><br />1938–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Sir Thomas Inskip</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a> </b><br />1940–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brown_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Brown (MP)">Ernest Brown</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Muir_Renison" title="Patrick Muir Renison">Sir Patrick Muir Renison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Heads_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Heads of Kenya">Governor of Kenya</a> </b><br />1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Independence </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Kenya">Governor-General of Kenya</a> </b><br />1963–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Republic declared </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Campbell" title="Gerald Campbell">Gerald Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to Canada">High Commissioner to Canada</a> </b><br />1941–1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Clutterbuck" title="Alexander Clutterbuck">Alexander Clutterbuck</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Nye" title="Archibald Nye">Sir Archibald Nye</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to India">High Commissioner to India</a> </b><br />1955–1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gore-Booth,_Baron_Gore-Booth" title="Paul Gore-Booth, Baron Gore-Booth">Sir Paul Gore-Booth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" title="University of Malaya">Chancellor of the University of Malaya</a> </b><br />1949–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lumley,_11th_Earl_of_Scarbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Chancellor of the University of Durham</a> </b><br />1971–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn" title="Margot Fonteyn">Dame Margot Fonteyn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slesser" title="Henry Slesser">Sir Henry Slesser</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Senior Privy Counsellor </b><br />1979–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_10th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort">The Duke of Beaufort</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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H. Thomas">J. H. Thomas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_Lord_Stanley_(died_1938)" title="Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley (died 1938)">Edward, Lord Stanley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Sir Thomas Inskip</a> (later Viscount Caldecote)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></li> <li>Thomas Inskip, Viscount Caldecote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li>Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Christopher Addison, Viscount Addison</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/100px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/150px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Health secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Ministers of health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Christopher Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mond,_1st_Baron_Melchett" title="Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett">Alfred Mond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">William Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wheatley" title="John Wheatley">John Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young,_1st_Baron_Kennet" title="Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet">Hilton Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Kingsley Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brown_(British_politician)" title="Ernest Brown (British politician)">Ernest Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Willink" title="Henry Willink">Henry Willink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Marquand" title="Hilary Marquand">Hilary Marquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Turton,_Baron_Tranmire" title="Robin Turton, Baron Tranmire">Robin Turton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Vosper,_Baron_Runcorn" title="Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn">Dennis Vosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Walker-Smith,_Baron_Broxbourne" title="Derek Walker-Smith, Baron Broxbourne">Derek Walker-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1366" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Services" title="Secretary of State for Social Services">Secretaries of state for social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Sir Keith Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ennals,_Baron_Ennals" title="David Ennals, Baron Ennals">David Ennals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Patrick Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Norman Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Lower_Marsh" title="John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh">John Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Secretaries of state for health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waldegrave,_Baron_Waldegrave_of_North_Hill" title="William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill">William Waldegrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bottomley" title="Virginia Bottomley">Virginia Bottomley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell" title="Stephen Dorrell">Stephen Dorrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dobson" title="Frank Dobson">Frank Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Milburn" title="Alan Milburn">Alan Milburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt" title="Patricia Hewitt">Patricia Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Alan Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Burnham" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Andrew Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Secretaries of state for health and social care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Atkins" title="Victoria Atkins">Victoria Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Streeting" title="Wes Streeting">Wes Streeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Kenya162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Kenya" title="Template:Governors of Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Kenya" title="Template talk:Governors of Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Kenya162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Kenya" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Kenya">Governors of Kenya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Hardinge" title="Arthur Henry Hardinge">Hardinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(diplomat)" title="Charles Eliot (diplomat)">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_William_Stewart" title="Donald William Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hayes_Sadler_(colonial_administrator)" title="James Hayes Sadler (colonial administrator)">Sadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Girouard" title="Percy Girouard">Girouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Conway_Belfield" title="Henry Conway Belfield">Belfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Northey_(British_Army_officer)" title="Edward Northey (British Army officer)">Northey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colony_and_Protectorate_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony and Protectorate of Kenya">Colony and Protectorate of Kenya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Northey_(British_Army_officer)" title="Edward Northey (British Army officer)">Northey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coryndon" title="Robert Coryndon">Coryndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grigg,_1st_Baron_Altrincham" title="Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham">Grigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Byrne_(British_Army_officer)" title="Joseph Byrne (British Army officer)">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brooke-Popham" title="Robert Brooke-Popham">Brooke-Popham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Monck-Mason_Moore" title="Henry Monck-Mason Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mitchell_(colonial_administrator)" title="Philip Mitchell (colonial administrator)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Muir_Renison" title="Patrick Muir Renison">Renison</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion of Kenya">Dominion of Kenya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramsay_MacDonald110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Template:Ramsay MacDonald"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Template talk:Ramsay MacDonald"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsay MacDonald"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramsay_MacDonald110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premierships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_MacDonald_ministry" title="First MacDonald ministry">Labour Government, 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_MacDonald_ministry" title="Second MacDonald ministry">Labour Government, 1929–1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)">First National Government, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">Second National Government, 1931–1935</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3227" data-file-height="4567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberavon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Seaham (UK Parliament constituency)">Seaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Scottish_Universities_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency)">Combined Scottish Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">Gladstone–MacDonald pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1922 party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Case" title="Campbell Case">Campbell Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_votes_of_no_confidence_in_British_governments#Defeat_of_the_MacDonald_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="List of votes of no confidence in British governments">Defeat of the MacDonald ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">India Round Table Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">MacDonald Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ethel_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Ethel MacDonald">Margaret Ethel MacDonald</a> (wife)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm MacDonald</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbel_MacDonald" title="Ishbel MacDonald">Ishbel MacDonald</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Lochhead" title="Sheila Lochhead">Sheila MacDonald</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill:_The_Wilderness_Years" title="Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years">Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years</a></i> (TV, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i> (Film, 1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_10_(TV_series)" title="Number 10 (TV series)">Number 10</a></i> (TV, 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_(TV_serial)" title="Mosley (TV serial)">Mosley</a></i> (TV, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Woolwich_East_by-election" title="1921 Woolwich East by-election">1921 Woolwich East by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Combined_Scottish_Universities_by-election" title="1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election">1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Sackville" title="Lady Margaret Sackville">Lady Margaret Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_letter" title="MacDonald letter">MacDonald letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Reina_del_Pacifico" title="MV Reina del Pacifico">MV <i>Reina del Pacifico</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333507#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333507#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333507#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121205871">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10644112">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1731234/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMDWTjpTF7k9Fdy9Qcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118894781">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041959">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13173858f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13173858f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="MacDonald, Malcolm <1901-1981>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UTOV540650">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35318536">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="MacDonald, Malcolm"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0284138&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p087201364">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz13pm54m0rn4w">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007274135105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/909994">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118894781.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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