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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_and_reform_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_and_reform_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Debates and reform efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_and_reform_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_from_mandatory_supervision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_from_mandatory_supervision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Difference from mandatory supervision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_from_mandatory_supervision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Prisoners of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parole</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parool" title="Parool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7" title="إفراج مشروط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفراج مشروط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1-sek" title="Ká-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ká-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvjetni_otpust" title="Uvjetni otpust – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uvjetni otpust" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podm%C3%ADn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9_propu%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Podmíněné propuštění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podmíněné propuštění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B8vel%C3%B8sladelse" title="Prøveløsladelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prøveløsladelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_(Strafrecht)" title="Parole (Strafrecht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parole (Strafrecht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminaalhooldus" title="Kriminaalhooldus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kriminaalhooldus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7" title="آزادی مشروط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزادی مشروط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_conditionnelle" title="Libération conditionnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libération conditionnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%84%9D%EB%B0%A9" title="가석방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가석방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="पेरोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेरोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembebasan_bersyarat" title="Pembebasan bersyarat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembebasan bersyarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberazione_condizionale" title="Liberazione condizionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liberazione condizionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="שחרור על-תנאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחרור על-תנאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Мерзімінен бұрын шартты түрде босату – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мерзімінен бұрын шартты түрде босату" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parol" title="Parol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorwaardelijke_invrijheidstelling" title="Voorwaardelijke invrijheidstelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voorwaardelijke invrijheidstelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E9%87%88%E6%94%BE" title="仮釈放 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仮釈放" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B8vel%C3%B8slatelse" title="Prøveløslatelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prøveløslatelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B8velauslating" title="Prøvelauslating – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prøvelauslating" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warunkowe_przedterminowe_zwolnienie" title="Warunkowe przedterminowe zwolnienie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Warunkowe przedterminowe zwolnienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdade_condicional" title="Liberdade condicional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberdade condicional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Условно-досрочное освобождение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Условно-досрочное освобождение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole" title="Parole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvjetni_otpust" title="Uvjetni otpust – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uvjetni otpust" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehdonalainen_vapaus" title="Ehdonalainen vapaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ehdonalainen vapaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villkorlig_frigivning" title="Villkorlig frigivning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Villkorlig frigivning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole" title="Parole – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parole" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="சிறைவாச விடுமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறைவாச விடுமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การปล่อยตัวโดยมีการคุมประพฤติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปล่อยตัวโดยมีการคุมประพฤติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eartl%C4%B1_tahliye" title="Şartlı tahliye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şartlı tahliye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Умовно-дострокове звільнення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Умовно-дострокове звільнення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%87%8A" title="假释 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="假释" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5357120#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Criminal trials and convictions</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of the accused</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-trial">Pre-trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Jury trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">Exclusionary rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">Self-incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">Double jeopardy</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">Acquittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_proven" title="Not proven">Not proven</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_verdict" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed verdict">Directed verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">Sentencing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_sentencing" title="Mandatory sentencing">Mandatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence">Suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodial_sentence" title="Custodial sentence">Custodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_detention" title="Periodic detention">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(sentence)" title="Discharge (sentence)">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_guidelines" title="Sentencing guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">Guilt</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totality_principle" title="Totality principle">Totality</a><sup><small>5, 6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_offender" title="Dangerous offender">Dangerous offender</a><sup><small>4, 5</small></sup></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_warrant" title="Execution warrant">Execution warrant</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">Cruel and unusual punishment</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_imprisonment" title="Indefinite imprisonment">Indefinite imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-strikes_law" title="Three-strikes law">Three-strikes law</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Post-sentencing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Tariff</a> <sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Life licence</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">Exoneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_offender" title="Habitual offender">Habitual offender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">Recidivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses" title="Category:Criminal defenses">Criminal defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">US courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>2</small></sup> Not in <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">English/Welsh courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>3</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Scottish courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>4</small></sup> English/Welsh courts</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>5</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Canada">Canadian courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>6</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the 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<p><b>Parole</b>, also known as <b>provisional release</b>, <b>supervised release</b>, or being <b>on paper</b>, is a form of early release of a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">prison inmate</a> where the prisoner agrees to abide by behavioral conditions, including checking-in with their designated <a href="/wiki/Parole_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Parole officer">parole officers</a>, or else they may be rearrested and returned to <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Probation_and_Parole_Officer_with_the_Missouri_Department_of_Corrections_interviews_a_drug-related_offense_probationer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/A_Probation_and_Parole_Officer_with_the_Missouri_Department_of_Corrections_interviews_a_drug-related_offense_probationer.jpg/230px-A_Probation_and_Parole_Officer_with_the_Missouri_Department_of_Corrections_interviews_a_drug-related_offense_probationer.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/A_Probation_and_Parole_Officer_with_the_Missouri_Department_of_Corrections_interviews_a_drug-related_offense_probationer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>A parole officer with the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Corrections" title="Missouri Department of Corrections">Missouri Department of Corrections</a> interviews a <a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">drug-related offense</a> probationer</figcaption></figure> <p>Originating from the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">parole</i></span> ('speech, spoken words' but also 'promise'), the term became associated during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> with the release of prisoners who gave their word. This differs greatly from <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutation of sentence">commutation of sentence</a> in that parolees are still considered to be serving their sentences, and may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. It is similar to <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a>, the key difference being that parole takes place after a prison sentence, while probation can be granted in lieu of a prison sentence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_development">Modern development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Maconochie_(penal_reformer)" title="Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer)">Alexander Maconochie</a>, a Scottish geographer and captain in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, introduced the modern idea of parole when, in 1840, he was appointed superintendent of the British penal colonies in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, Australia. He developed a plan to prepare them for eventual return to society that involved three grades. The first two consisted of promotions earned through good behaviour, labour, and study. The third grade in the system involved conditional liberty outside of prison while obeying rules. A violation would return them to prison and they would start all over again through the ranks of the three-grade process.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barry_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reformed its <a href="/wiki/Ticket_of_leave" title="Ticket of leave">ticket of leave</a> system, instituting what many consider to be the world's first parole system.<sup id="cite_ref-petersilia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersilia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners served indeterminate sentences from which they could be released early if they showed evidence of rehabilitation<sup id="cite_ref-hansner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through participation in a graded classification system based on a unit of exchange called a mark.<sup id="cite_ref-cavendar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners earned marks through good behavior, lost them through bad behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-petersilia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersilia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could spend them on passage to higher classification statuses ultimately conveying freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-cavendar_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an instance of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_discovery" title="Multiple discovery">multiple discovery</a>, in 1846, <a href="/wiki/Arnould_Bonneville_de_Marsangy" title="Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy">Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy</a> proposed the idea of parole (which he termed "preparatory liberations") to the Civil Tribunal at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, in Canada, prisoners are eligible to <a href="/wiki/Parole_Board_of_Canada" title="Parole Board of Canada">apply for full parole</a> after serving one-third of their sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners are also eligible to apply for <a href="/wiki/Day_parole" title="Day parole">day parole</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can do this before being eligible to apply for full parole. </p><p>Any prisoner whose sentence is less than two years is sent to a correctional <a href="/wiki/Provincial_correctional_services_in_Canada" title="Provincial correctional services in Canada">facility in the province or territory where they were convicted</a>, whilst anyone sentenced to serve no less than two years will be sent to a <a href="/wiki/Correctional_Service_of_Canada" title="Correctional Service of Canada">federal correctional facility</a> and will thus have to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Parole_Board_of_Canada" title="Parole Board of Canada">Parole Board of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parole is an option for most prisoners. However, parole is not guaranteed, particularly for prisoners serving life or indeterminate sentences. In cases of first-degree murder, one can apply for parole after 25 years if convicted of a single murder. However, if convicted of multiple murders, either of the first or second-degree, the sentencing judge previously had the discretion to make parole ineligibility periods consecutive - thereby extending parole ineligibility beyond 25 years and, in rare cases, beyond a normal life-span.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R_v_Bissonnette" title="R v Bissonnette">On May 27, 2022</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> unanimously ruled that extending parole ineligibility beyond the statutorily mandated 25 years was unconstitutional for being "cruel and unusual" punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, prisoners are often granted medical parole or <a href="/wiki/Compassionate_release" title="Compassionate release">compassionate release</a>, which releases them on the grounds that they must receive medical treatment which cannot be provided for in prison. Occasionally, medical parole is used as a less public way of releasing a wrongly convicted prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese legal code has no explicit provision for exile, but often dissidents are released on the grounds that they need to be treated for a medical condition in another country, and with the understanding that they will be reincarcerated if they return to China. Dissidents who have been released on medical parole include <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Chophel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngawang Chophel">Ngawang Chophel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Sangdrol" title="Ngawang Sangdrol">Ngawang Sangdrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuntsog_Nyidron" title="Phuntsog Nyidron">Phuntsog Nyidron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takna_Jigme_Zangpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Takna Jigme Zangpo">Takna Jigme Zangpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Zhan_(alleged_spy)" title="Gao Zhan (alleged spy)">Gao Zhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israel">Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2001, parole in Israel was possible only after the prisoner had served two thirds of their sentence. On 13 February 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed a bill, brought forward by <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin" title="Reuven Rivlin">Reuven Rivlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Libai" title="David Libai">David Libai</a>, which allowed the early release of prisoners who had served half of their prison term (the so-called "Deri Law"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The law was originally intended to help ease overcrowding in prisons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A0_condizionata" title="Libertà condizionata">Libertà condizionata</a></div> <p><i>Libertà condizionata</i> is covered by Article 176 of the Italian Penal Code. A prisoner is eligible if he has served at least 30 months (or 26 years for life sentences), and the time remaining on his sentence is less than half the total (normally), a quarter of the total (if previously convicted or never convicted) or five years (for sentences greater than 7.5 years). In 2006, 21 inmates were granted <i>libertà condizionata</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parole_Board" title="New Zealand Parole Board">New Zealand Parole Board</a></div> <p>In New Zealand, inmates serving a short sentence (up to two years) are automatically released after serving half their sentence, without a parole hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inmates serving sentences of more than two years are normally seen by the New Zealand Parole Board after serving one-third of the sentence, although the judge at sentencing can make an order for a minimum non-parole period of up to two-thirds of the sentence. Inmates serving <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_New_Zealand" title="Life imprisonment in New Zealand">life sentences</a> usually serve a minimum of 10 years, or longer depending on the minimum non-parole period, before being eligible for parole.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parole is not an automatic right and it was declined in 71 percent of hearings in the year ending 30 June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole has been given only once, to Brenton Tarrant for the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parole_Board_for_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Parole Board for England and Wales">Parole Board for England and Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parole_Board_for_Scotland" title="Parole Board for Scotland">Parole Board for Scotland</a></div> <p>The Parole Boards in the UK are only involved in the release of prisoners with specific sentences. Indeterminate sentences (life imprisonment and <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_for_public_protection" title="Imprisonment for public protection">imprisonment for public protection</a>) are always handled by the Parole Board because they have no fixed release date. Some determinate or "fixed" sentences, such as extended determinate sentences, are also handled by the Parole Board, but for the majority of prisoners the Parole Board will not be involved in their release.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conditions of release are called a licence, and parole is called <i>release on licence</i>. There are seven standard licence conditions for all prisoners:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pblicence_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pblicence-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Be of good behaviour and not behave in a way which undermines the purpose of the licence period;</li> <li>Not commit any offence;</li> <li>Keep in touch with the supervising officer in accordance with instructions given by the supervising officer;</li> <li>Receive visits from the supervising officer in accordance with instructions given by the supervising officer;</li> <li>Reside permanently at an address approved by the supervising officer and obtain the prior permission of the supervising officer for any stay of one or more nights at a different address;</li> <li>Not undertake work, or a particular type of work, unless it is approved by the supervising officer and notify the supervising officer in advance of any proposal to undertake work or a particular type of work;</li> <li>Not travel outside the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, except with the prior permission of your supervising officer or for the purposes of immigration deportation or removal.</li></ol> <p>When a prisoner does not have to have their release approved by the Parole Board, further "additional licence conditions" may be suggested by the Probation Service and set by prison governors.<sup id="cite_ref-NOMS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOMS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Parole Board is involved, the Probation Service may suggest additional conditions, but the Parole Board is responsible for determining which additional conditions will be added to the licence.<sup id="cite_ref-pblicence_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pblicence-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an offender breaks any of these conditions, they can be "recalled" or returned to prison.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014 many of the probation and license monitoring functions have been carried out by <a href="/wiki/Private-sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-sector">private-sector</a> "community rehabilitation companies" (CRCs) as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Probation_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Probation Service">National Probation Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2019 the government announced that supervision of offenders, including supervision of offenders released on licence, would be re-nationalised. The decision was made following multiple criticisms of the system which led Chief probation inspector Dame <a href="/wiki/Glenys_Stacey" title="Glenys Stacey">Glenys Stacey</a> to describe the system as "irredeemably flawed".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_probation_and_supervised_release" title="United States federal probation and supervised release">United States federal probation and supervised release</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Penologist">Penologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Brockway" title="Zebulon Brockway">Zebulon Brockway</a> introduced parole when he became superintendent of <a href="/wiki/Elmira_Correctional_Facility" title="Elmira Correctional Facility">Elmira Reformatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira, New York</a>. To manage prison populations and rehabilitate those incarcerated, he instituted a two-part strategy that consisted of indeterminate sentences and parole releases.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was significant in prison reform due to its implication that prisoners began their rehabilitation during incarceration, which would be recognizable by a <a href="/wiki/Parole_board" title="Parole board">parole board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also provided newfound emphasis on prisoners' protection from cruel and unusual punishment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some jurisdictions in the United States, courts may specify in a sentence how much time must be served before a prisoner is eligible for parole. This is often done by specifying an indeterminate sentence such as "5 to 15 years", or "15 years to life". The latter type is known as an indeterminate life sentence; in contrast, a sentence of "life without the possibility of parole" is known as a determinate life sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the federal level, Congress abolished parole in the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Crime_Control_Act_of_1984" title="Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984">Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984</a> (Pub. L. No. 98-473 § 218(a)(5), 98 Stat. 1837, 2027 [repealing 18 U.S.C.A. § 4201 et seq.]). Federal prisoners may, however, earn a maximum of 54 days good time credit per year against their sentence (18 U.S.C.A. § 3624(b)). At the time of sentencing, the federal judge may also specify a post-imprisonment period of supervised release.<sup id="cite_ref-US-legal_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-legal-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Parole Commission still has jurisdiction over parole for those prisoners convicted of felonies in the District of Columbia and who are serving their sentences there, as well as over certain federally incarcerated military and international prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most states, the decision of whether an inmate is paroled is vested in a paroling authority such as a parole board. Mere <a href="/wiki/Good_conduct_time" title="Good conduct time">good conduct</a> while incarcerated in and of itself does not necessarily guarantee that an inmate will be paroled. Other factors may enter into the decision to grant or deny parole, most commonly the establishment of a permanent residence and immediate, gainful employment or some other clearly visible means of self-support upon release (such as <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> if the prisoner is old enough to qualify). Depending upon the jurisdiction, the parole board may look at various factors such as the inmate's criminal history, participation in rehabilitation, education, or vocational programs, expressions of <a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">remorse</a>, admissions of guilt, and <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> (in the psychiatric sense) into the factors driving the inmate's decision to commit the crimes at issue (in order to estimate the likelihood that the inmate may reoffend upon encountering similar factors in the outside world after release). Many states now permit sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (such as for <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>), but any prisoner not sentenced to such sentences or the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> will eventually have the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">right to petition</a> for release (one state – <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> – maintains neither the death penalty nor life imprisonment without parole as sentencing options). </p><p>Before being granted the privilege of parole, the inmate meets with members of the parole board and is interviewed. The parolee also has a psychological examination. If parole is granted, the inmate must first agree to abide by the conditions of parole set by the paroling authority. While in prison, the inmate signs a parole certificate or contract. On this contract are the conditions that the inmate must follow. These conditions usually require the parolee to meet regularly with his or her parole officer or community corrections agent, who assesses the behavior and adjustment of the parolee and determines whether the parolee is violating any of his or her terms of release (typically these include being at home during certain hours which is called a curfew, maintaining steady employment, not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary_of_legal_terms#Abscond" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Glossary of legal terms">absconding</a>, refraining from illicit drug use and, sometimes, abstaining from <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, attending addiction treatment or counseling, and having no contact with their victim). The inmate gives an address which is verified by parole officers as valid before the inmate is released to parole supervision. </p><p>Upon release, the parolee goes to a parole office and is assigned a parole officer. Parole officers make unannounced visits to parolees' houses or apartments to check on them. During these home visits officers look for signs of drug or alcohol use, guns or illegal weapons, and other illegal activities. Should parolees start to use drugs or alcohol, they are told to go to drug or alcohol counseling and <a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Anonymous" title="Narcotics Anonymous">Narcotics Anonymous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> meetings. Should they not comply with conditions on the parole certificate (including <a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">abstention from voting</a>) a warrant is issued for their arrest. Their parole time is stopped when the warrant is issued and starts only after they are arrested. They have a <a href="/wiki/Morrissey_Hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrissey Hearing">parole violation hearing</a> within a specified time, and then a decision is made by the parole board to revoke their parole or continue the parolee on parole. In some cases, a parolee may be discharged from parole before the time called for in the original sentence if it is determined that the parole restrictions are no longer necessary for the protection of society (this most frequently occurs when elderly parolees are involved). </p><p>Service members who commit crimes while in the <a href="/wiki/US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="US military">U.S. military</a> may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> proceedings under the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> (UCMJ). If found guilty, they may be sent to <a href="/wiki/Federal_prison" title="Federal prison">federal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_prisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Military prisons">military prisons</a> and upon release may be supervised by U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Probation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Probation">Federal Probation</a> officers. </p><p>Parole in the United States has proven to be politically divisive. Beginning from the initiation of <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">the war on drugs</a> in the 1970s, politicians began to advertise their "tough on crime" stances, encouraging a tightening of penal policy and resulting in longer sentences for what were previously referred to as minor drug violations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During elections, politicians whose administrations parole any large number of prisoners (or, perhaps, one notorious criminal) are typically attacked by their opponents as being "soft on crime". According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>, at least sixteen states have removed the option of parole entirely, and four more have abolished parole for certain violent offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the rise of mass incarceration in the 1970s, the states that continued to use parole and indeterminate sentencing contributed more to rising incarceration rates than those without parole boards. Said states implemented a dramatic decrease of parole releases, which inevitably resulted in longer sentences for more prisoners. From 1980 to 2009, indeterminate sentencing states made up nine of the ten states with the highest incarceration rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1980s, parole was revisited as a method once again to manage prison populations and as financial motivation to prevent further budget straining. The new approach to parole release was accompanied with the growth of a <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> state. The supervision practices of increased drug testing, intensive supervision, unannounced visits and home confinement are widely used today.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a growing condition of parole was to assume the role of informant towards frequently surveilled communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a> of 2008 coupled with the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">Twin Towers attack</a> on September 11, 2001 contributed to the public emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> and eventually led to a trend of lowering incarceration. In fact, presidential politics between 2001 and 2012 were, for the first time in ten years, not focused on domestic crime control and even saw the promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_Act_(2007)" title="Second Chance Act (2007)">Second Chance Act</a> by George W. Bush, who used the act to pledge federal money for reentry as a symbol of his "compassionate conservatism".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debates_and_reform_efforts">Debates and reform efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Debates and reform efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1990s, parole and indeterminate sentencing have been the focus of debate in the United States with some emphasizing reform of the parole system and others calling for its abolishment altogether. These debates are fueled by a growing scholarship that criticizes U.S. parole boards and also the parole system more broadly. </p><p>Parole boards are seen as lacking in efficient qualifications and too politicized in the appointment process.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision for granting parole has been criticized for neglecting the due process of prisoners on a case-by-case basis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the process for being granted a commutation has been criticized, as many prisoners have been denied a commutation for not showing the right amount of "remorse" or proving substantially that they were ready to contribute again, which are aspects that many argue are too normative and subjective.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most agree that, as was originally intended, the parole system puts a necessary focus on rehabilitation, despite its current problems which are widely debated. Critics note that it is becoming more and more expensive to the taxpayer, with little evidence of successful rehabilitation for prisoners. The conditions of parole themselves are often attacked as well, critiqued for being overwhelmingly criminogenic and perpetuating mass surveillance and a permanent state of imprisonment that does little to ensure a smooth reentry into society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics note that greater discretion is required to decide which parolees require costly supervisory resources and which ones do not, rather than placing digital, physical, and structural restrictions on every parolee.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) stated in 2005 that about 45% of parolees completed their sentences successfully, while 38% were returned to prison, and 11% absconded. These statistics, the DOJ says, are relatively unchanged since 1995; even so, some states (including <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>) have abolished parole altogether for violent felons, and the federal government abolished it in 1984 for all offenders convicted of a federal crime, whether violent or not. Despite the decline in jurisdictions with a functioning parole system, the average annual growth of parolees was an increase of about 1.6% per year between 1995 and 2002. </p><p>A variant of parole is known as "<a href="/wiki/Time_off_for_good_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Time off for good behavior">time off for good behavior</a>", or, colloquially, "good time". Unlike the traditional form of parole – which may be granted or denied at the discretion of a parole board – time off for good behavior is automatic absent a certain number (or gravity) of infractions committed by a convict while incarcerated (in most jurisdictions the released inmate is placed under the supervision of a parole officer for a certain amount of time after being so released). In some cases "good time" can reduce the original sentence by as much as one-half. It is usually not made available to inmates serving life sentences, as there is no release date that can be moved up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_from_mandatory_supervision">Difference from mandatory supervision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Difference from mandatory supervision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some states in the United States have what is known as "mandatory supervision", whereby an inmate is released before the completion of their sentence due to legal technicalities which oblige the offender justice system to free them. In the federal prison system,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some states such as Texas, inmates are compensated with "<a href="/wiki/Good_conduct_time" title="Good conduct time">good time</a>", which is counted towards time served. For example, if an inmate served five years of a ten-year prison term, and also had five years of "good time", they will have completed their sentence "on paper", obliging the state to release them unless deemed a threat to society in writing by the parole board. Where parole is granted or denied at the discretion of a parole board, mandatory supervision does not involve a decision making process: one either qualifies for it or does not. Mandatory supervision tends to involve stipulations that are more lenient than those of parole, and in some cases place no obligations at all on the individual being released. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole (United States immigration)</a></div> <p>In US <a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">immigration law</a>, the term <i>parole</i> has two meanings related to allowing persons to enter or leave the United States without the normally required documentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a review of the academic literature by economist <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doleac" title="Jennifer Doleac">Jennifer Doleac</a>, reductions in parole supervision was one of the most cost-effective ways to improve the reintegration and rehabilitation of the formerly-incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parole is "the agreement of persons who have been taken prisoner by an enemy that they will not again take up arms against those who captured them, either for a limited time or during the continuance of the war."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a> defines parole more broadly: "Parole agreements are promises given the captor by a <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> to fulfill stated conditions, such as not to bear arms or not to escape, in consideration of special privileges, such as release from captivity or lessened restraint."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of paroling enemy troops began thousands of years ago, at least as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parole allowed the prisoners' captors to avoid the burdens of having to feed and care for them while still avoiding having the prisoners rejoin their old ranks once released; it could also allow the captors to recover their own men in a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, an early international lawyer, favorably discussed prisoner of war parole.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/Dix%E2%80%93Hill_Cartel" title="Dix–Hill Cartel">Dix–Hill Cartel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a> set out rules regarding prisoner of war parole.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber">Francis Lieber</a>'s thoughts on parole later reappeared in the Declaration of Brussels of 1874, the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Convention</a>, and the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, current policy prohibits US military personnel who are prisoners of war from accepting parole. The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force" title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of the United States Fighting Force</a> states: "I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position is reiterated by the Department of Defense. "The United States does not authorize any Military Service member to sign or enter into any such parole agreement."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parole" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parole">Parole</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_policy" title="Rehabilitation policy">Rehabilitation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_on_temporary_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Release on temporary licence">Release on temporary licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_of_leave#Australian_convicts" title="Ticket of leave">Ticket of leave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Samaha2006" class="citation book cs1">Joel Samaha (2006). <i>Criminal Justice</i>. Belmont, CA: <a href="/wiki/Thomson/Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson/Wadsworth">Thomson/Wadsworth</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534645571" title="Special:BookSources/9780534645571"><bdi>9780534645571</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61362411">61362411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Thomson%2FWadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61362411&rft.isbn=9780534645571&rft.au=Joel+Samaha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barry-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barry_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John V. Barry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/maconochie-alexander-2417/text3207">"Maconochie, Alexander (1787–1860)"</a>, <i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i>, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 4 April 2013].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petersilia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petersilia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petersilia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Petersilia" title="Joan Petersilia">Joan Petersilia</a>, <i>When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansner_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert D. Hansner, <i>Community Corrections</i>. Los Angeles: Sage, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cavendar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cavendar_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavendar_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray Cavendar, <i>Parole: A Critical Analysis</i>. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormandeau1969" class="citation journal cs1">Normandeau, André (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5565&context=jclc">"Pioneers in Criminology: Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy (1802-1894)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Criminal_Law,_Criminology,_and_Police_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science">The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science</a></i>. <b>60</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern University School of Law">Northwestern University School of Law</a>: 28–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1141732">10.2307/1141732</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1141732">1141732</a>. <q>Historical innovations are often created independently and almost simultaneously. This seems to be the case about the origins of parole, especially in view of factors of time and means of communication. In effect, Maconochie developed his scheme in the years 1840-1844 as governor of Norfolk Island, a famous penal colony east of Australia, whereas Bonneville's ideas came out in the years 1846-1847. Our knowledge of the slowness of communications at the time, especially in such a sector of activity, leaves us with the impression that Bonneville really did not know about Maconochie's proposal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Criminal+Law%2C+Criminology%2C+and+Police+Science&rft.atitle=Pioneers+in+Criminology%3A+Arnould+Bonneville+de+Marsangy+%281802-1894%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-32&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1141732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1141732%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Normandeau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5565%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonneville_de_Marsangy1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnould_Bonneville_de_Marsangy" title="Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy">Bonneville de Marsangy, Arnould</a> (29 January 1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIs4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165"><i>Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Prison Association of New York for 1867</i></a>. C. Van Benthuysen & Sons. pp. 165–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty-Third+Annual+Report+of+the+Executive+Committee+of+the+Prison+Association+of+New+York+for+1867&rft.pages=165-178&rft.pub=C.+Van+Benthuysen+%26+Sons&rft.date=1868-01-29&rft.aulast=Bonneville+de+Marsangy&rft.aufirst=Arnould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIs4AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/parole-board/corporate/publications-and-forms/types-of-release-fact-sheet.html">"Types of Release - Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>Government of Canada</i>. 12 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Types+of+Release+-+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fparole-board%2Fcorporate%2Fpublications-and-forms%2Ftypes-of-release-fact-sheet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628193359/http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/parole/002007-0003-eng.shtml">"Types of Release"</a>. Correctional Services Canada. 1 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/parole/002007-0003-eng.shtml">the original</a> on 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Release&rft.pub=Correctional+Services+Canada&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csc-scc.gc.ca%2Fparole%2F002007-0003-eng.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/media-room/009-0002-eng.shtml">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>Correctional Service Canada</i>. 28 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Correctional+Service+Canada&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=2010-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csc-scc.gc.ca%2Fmedia-room%2F009-0002-eng.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2014" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, Michael (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/justin-bourque-gets-unprecedented-five-life-sentences-for-moncton-shootings/">"Justin Bourque handed harshest sentence since Canada's last execution more than 50 years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Justin+Bourque+handed+harshest+sentence+since+Canada%27s+last+execution+more+than+50+years+ago&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fjustin-bourque-gets-unprecedented-five-life-sentences-for-moncton-shootings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/winnipeg-killing-machine-who-targeted-homeless-men-gets-three-life-sentences-no-parole">"Winnipeg 'killing machine' who targeted homeless men gets three life sentences, no parole"</a>. <i>nationalpost.com</i>. 28 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United States Department of Justice. February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313033033/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/jmd/legacy/2013/10/18/fy13-uspc-justification.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Parole+Commission&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjmd%2Flegacy%2F2013%2F10%2F18%2Ffy13-uspc-justification.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026004400/http://www.fedcure.org/information/TheHistoryOfTheFederalParoleSystem-2003.pdf">"History of the Federal Parole System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Hartigan, Lieber's Code and the Law of War 45–71 (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annex to Hague Convention IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Art. 10 (1907) and Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Art. 21 (1949), both reprinted in Documents on the Laws of War 216 (A. Roberts & R. Guelff (ed.), 1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States, Exec. Order No. 10,631, 20 Fed. Reg. 6057, 3 C.F.R. 1954–58 Comp. 266 (1955), as amended by Exec. Order No. 12,017, 42 Fed. Reg. 57941 (1977); and Exec. Order No. 12,633, 53 Fed. Reg. 10355 (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DoD Directive 1300.7, Enclosure 2, Para. B3a(5).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parole&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/parole" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/parole">parole</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca-reentry.org/">California Reentry Program - Helping parolees re-enter society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voicesdotcon.org/">Term to Life Prisoner Support</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/CrimeJusticeAndTheLaw/Sentencingprisonandprobation/Goingtoprison/DG_196209">How Parole Board hearings work (Directgov, England and Wales) </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=15">Community Corrections (Probation and Parole)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://criminallawyersindia.wordpress.com/2014/04/04/rule-of-parole-in-india/">Rule of Parole in India</a>—Criminal Lawyers in Delhi/Criminal Lawyer V K Singh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/%E2%80%8Ca24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142/2b59eb02419269eec12576fd00331bd5/$FILE/Pakistan%20The%20Prisons%20Act%201894.pdf">The Prisons Act, 1894 (Act IX, 1894)</a>, International Committee of the Red Cross</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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