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href="#Adjective_vs._adjectival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adjective vs. adjectival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_vs._adjectival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituency_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituency_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Constituency tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituency_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantic_ambiguity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic_ambiguity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Semantic ambiguity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semantic_ambiguity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Semantic ambiguity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semantic_ambiguity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intersective_versus_non-intersective_interpretation_of_AP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intersective_versus_non-intersective_interpretation_of_AP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intersective versus non-intersective interpretation of AP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intersective_versus_non-intersective_interpretation_of_AP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictive_versus_non-restrictive_interpretation_of_AP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictive_versus_non-restrictive_interpretation_of_AP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Restrictive versus non-restrictive interpretation of AP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictive_versus_non-restrictive_interpretation_of_AP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tree_diagram_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_diagram_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tree diagram representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tree_diagram_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tree diagram representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tree_diagram_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head-final_adjective_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head-final_adjective_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Head-final adjective phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-final_adjective_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head-initial_adjective_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head-initial_adjective_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Head-initial adjective phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-initial_adjective_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head-medial_adjective_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head-medial_adjective_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Head-medial adjective phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-medial_adjective_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintagma_adjectival" title="Sintagma adjectival – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintagma adjectival" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjektivfrase" title="Adjektivfrase – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adjektivfrase" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjektivphrase" title="Adjektivphrase – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adjektivphrase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaduss%C3%B5nafraas" title="Omadussõnafraas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Omadussõnafraas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintagma_adjetivo" title="Sintagma adjetivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintagma adjetivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گروه صفتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه صفتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ածականական բառակապակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածականական բառակապակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasa_adjektiva" title="Frasa adjektiva – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frasa adjektiva" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="צירוף תוארי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צירוף תוארי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarika_mpamaritra" title="Tarika mpamaritra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tarika mpamaritra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasa_adjektif" title="Frasa adjektif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frasa adjektif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Phrase is an adjective</div> <p>An <b>adjective phrase</b> (or <b>adjectival phrase</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. Almost any grammar or syntax textbook or dictionary of linguistics terminology defines the adjective phrase in a similar way, e.g. Kesner Bland (1996:499), Crystal (1996:9), Greenbaum (1996:288ff.), Haegeman and Guéron (1999:70f.), Brinton (2000:172f.), Jurafsky and Martin (2000:362). The <b>adjective</b> can initiate the phrase (e.g. <i><u>fond</u> of steak</i>), conclude the phrase (e.g. <i>very <u>happy</u></i>), or appear in a medial position (e.g. <i>quite <u>upset</u> about it</i>). The dependents of the head adjective—i.e. the other words and phrases inside the adjective phrase—are typically adverb or prepositional phrases, but they can also be <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a> (e.g. <i>louder than you are</i>). Adjectives and adjective phrases function in two basic ways, attributively or <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicatively</a>. An attributive adjective (phrase) precedes the noun of a <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> (e.g. <i>a <u>very happy</u></i> man). A predicative adjective (phrase) follows a <a href="/wiki/Linking_verb" title="Linking verb">linking verb</a> and serves to describe the preceding subject, e.g. <i>The man is <u>very happy</u></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributive_vs._predicative">Attributive vs. predicative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attributive vs. predicative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjective phrases are underlined in the following example sentences. The head adjective in each of these phrases is in bold, and how the adjective phrase is functioning—attributively or predicatively—is stated to the right of each example:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>Sentences can contain <u>tremendously <b>long</b></u> phrases. – <small>Attributive adjective phrase</small></li><li>This sentence is not <u>tremendously <b>long</b></u>. – <small>Predicative adjective phrase</small></li><li>A player <u><b>faster</b> than you</u> was on their team gaining weight. – <small>Attributive adjective phrase</small></li><li>He is <u><b>faster</b> than you</u>. – <small>Predicative adjective phrase</small></li><li>Sam ordered a <u>very <b>spicy</b></u> but <u>quite <b>small</b></u> pizza. – <small>Attributive adjective phrases</small></li><li>The pizza is <u>very <b>spicy</b></u> but <u>quite <b>small</b></u>. – <small>Predicative adjective phrases</small></li><li>The people, <u><b>angry</b></u> because of the high prices, were protesting. – <small>Attributive adjective phrase</small></li><li>The people are <u><b>angry</b> with the high prices</u>. – <small>Predicative adjective phrase</small></li></ol></div> <p>The distinguishing characteristic of an attributive adjective phrase is that it appears inside the noun phrase that it modifies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interesting trait of these phrases in English is that an attributive adjective alone generally precedes the noun, e.g. <i>a <u>proud</u> man</i>, whereas a head-initial or head-medial adjective phrase follows its noun, e.g. <i>a man <u>proud of his children</u></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A predicative adjective (phrase), in contrast, appears outside of the noun phrase that it describes, usually after a linking verb, e.g. <i>The man is <u>proud of his children</u></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjective_vs._adjectival">Adjective vs. adjectival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adjective vs. adjectival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a tendency to call a phrase an <i>adjectival phrase</i> when that phrase is functioning like an adjective phrase, but is not actually headed by an adjective. For example, in <i>Mr Clinton is a man of wealth</i>, the prepositional phrase <i>of wealth</i> modifies <i>a man</i> in a manner similar to how an adjective phrase would, and it can be reworded with an adjective, e.g. <i>Mr Clinton is a wealthy man</i>. A more accurate term for such cases is <i>phrasal attributive</i> or <i>attributive phrase</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituency_tests">Constituency tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constituency tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">Constituency</a> tests can also be used to identify adjectives and adjective phrases. Here are the three constituency tests, according to X-bar theory, that prove the adjective phrase is both a constituent, and an AP.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following tests, consider the sentence: <b>Sam ordered a very spicy pizza.</b> </p> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)" title="Coordination (linguistics)"><b>Coordination tests</b></a> can be used to confirm if <i><u>very spicy</u></i> is an adjective phrase. <dl><dd>Sam ordered a <u>very spicy</u> (and/but) <i><u>quite small</u> pizza.</i> (Sam ordered a <u>AP and AP</u> pizza)</dd></dl> This phrase passed the coordination test because it was grammatical, and the adjective phrases were not creating ambiguous meanings when a conjunction (and/but) is used.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)"><b>Ellipsis tests</b></a> can also be used to confirm if <i><u>very spicy</u></i> is an adjective phrase. <dl><dd><i>Sam ordered a <u>very spicy</u> pizza, but the pizza Betty ordered was not <s>very spicy</s>.</i></dd></dl> This phrase passed the Ellipsis test, because no ambiguity is created and the adjective phrase could be elided (deleted).</li><li>A <b>movement test</b>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Pseudocleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocleft">pseudoclefting</a>, can be used to confirm if <i><u>very spicy</u></i> is an adjective phrase. <dl><dd><i>Sam ordered a <s>very spicy</s> pizza that was <u>very spicy.</u></i></dd></dl> Movement tests not only prove that the constituent moved is a stand-alone constituent, but also proves that this phrase <i><u>very spicy</u></i> is an AP if drawn in a syntax tree. Thus, because this adjective phrase could be moved to the right (<a href="/wiki/Pseudocleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocleft">pseudocleft</a>), it's sufficient proof that it is both a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituent</a> and an adjective phrase.</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantic_ambiguity">Semantic ambiguity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Semantic ambiguity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although constituency tests can prove the existence of an AP in a sentence, the meanings of these AP may be <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguous</a>. This ambiguity must be considered when considering the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_ambiguity" title="Semantic ambiguity">semantic</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> meaning. The following examples prove two things:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Adjective phrases that are pre-nominal create ambiguous interpretations.</li> <li>Head adjectives that move to post-nominal position creates unambiguous interpretations.</li></ol> <p><i>Note: This section can be added into the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> page, but ambiguity can also apply to adjective phrases. Additionally, comma placements and intonations may have a role in figuring out ambiguity, but English has a written form of communication that is more ambiguous than spoken communication.</i> </p><p>The following examples show the different interpretive properties of pre- and post-nominal <b>adjectives</b> which are inside <u>adjective phrases</u>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intersective_versus_non-intersective_interpretation_of_AP">Intersective versus non-intersective interpretation of AP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intersective versus non-intersective interpretation of AP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>Ambiguous sentence: I've never met a <u>more <b>beautiful</b></u> dancer than Mary <div><ol><li>Intersective: I've never met a dancer who is more beautiful (as a person) than Mary</li><li>Non-intersective: I've never met anyone dancing more beautifully than Mary</li></ol></div></li><li>Unambiguous sentence: I've never met a dancer <u>more <b>beautiful</b></u> than Mary <div><ol><li>Intersective: I've never met a dancer who is more beautiful (as a person) than Mary</li><li> *Non-intersective: *I've never met anyone dancing more beautifully than Mary </li></ol></div></li></ol></div> <p>This example showed then entire adjective phrase moving, creating the same ambiguity as example 1. Therefore, the placement of the adjective relative to the subject is important for creating unambiguous statements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictive_versus_non-restrictive_interpretation_of_AP">Restrictive versus non-restrictive interpretation of AP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restrictive versus non-restrictive interpretation of AP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>Ambiguous sentence: All the <u>short <b>blessed</b></u> people were healed. <div><ol><li>Non-restrictive: All the short people were healed</li><li>Restrictive: Only the people that were short and blessed were healed</li></ol></div></li><li>Unambiguous sentence: All the <u>short</u> people <b><u>blessed</u></b> were healed. <div><ol><li>*Non-restrictive: All the people were healed (* = not possible for this interpretation)</li><li>Restrictive: All the people that were short and blessed were healed</li></ol></div></li></ol></div> <p>The adjective <b>blessed</b> is ambiguous in pre-nominal position because it creates a restrictive and a nonrestrictive interpretation (a), while in post-nominal position it only displays a restrictive interpretation (b).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plus, when the main adjective of the adjective phrase is moved to post-nominal position, only one interpretation is possible. </p><p>There is cross-linguistic validity, according to the multiple articles referenced in Cinque's article, which studied this adjective placement in Italian as well. Cinque discovered that exactly the same pattern was seen in Italian, because ambiguous interpretations only appeared when the adjective phrase was placed in pre-nominal position. Next, other research articles also confirm that this word order phenomenon exists in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, creating ambiguous interpretations. For example, an adjective phrase with the head adjective <i>private</i> in pre-object position, creates two interpretations. On the other hand, an adjective phrase with the head adjective <i>private</i> placed in post-object position only creates one interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tree_diagram_representations">Tree diagram representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tree diagram representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of adjective phrases (and of all other phrase types) can be represented using tree structures. There are two modern conventions for doing this, constituency-based trees of <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">phrase structure grammars</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dependency-based trees of <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency grammars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both types of trees are produced here. The important aspect of these tree structures—regardless of whether one uses constituency or dependency to show the structure of phrases—is that they are identified as adjective phrases by the label on the top node of each tree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head-final_adjective_phrases">Head-final adjective phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Head-final adjective phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following trees illustrate head-final adjective phrases, i.e. adjective phrases that have their head adjective on the right side of the phrase: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head-final_adjective_phrases.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Head-final adjective phrases"><img alt="Head-final adjective phrases" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Head-final_adjective_phrases.png" decoding="async" width="839" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>The labels on the nodes in the trees are acronyms: A = adjective, Adv = adverb, AP = adjective phrase, N = noun/pronoun, P = preposition, PP = prepositional phrase. The constituency trees identify these phrases as adjective phrases by labeling the top node with AP, and the dependency trees accomplish the same thing by positioning the A node at the top of the tree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head-initial_adjective_phrases">Head-initial adjective phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Head-initial adjective phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following trees illustrate the structure of head-initial adjective phrases, i.e. adjective phrases that have their head on the left side of the phrase: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head-initial_adjective_phrases.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Head-initial adjective phrases"><img alt="Head-initial adjective phrases" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Head-initial_adjective_phrases.png" decoding="async" width="937" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head-medial_adjective_phrases">Head-medial adjective phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Head-medial adjective phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following trees illustrate the structure of head-medial adjective phrases: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head-medial_adjective_phrases.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Head-medial adjective phrases"><img alt="Head-medial adjective phrases" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Head-medial_adjective_phrases.png" decoding="async" width="991" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ouhalla (1994:34, 39) and Crystal (1997:9) concerning the distinction between adjectives and adjective phrases used attributively and predicatively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the differences in the use of adjective phrases, i.e. their distribution, see Greenbaum (1996:290ff.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Haegeman and Guéron (1999:71) and Osborne (2003) concerning the distribution of pre- and post-noun modifiers in noun phrases.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These examples are generated based on the examples in this textbook: Sportiche, D., Koopman, H. J., & Stabler, E. P. (2014). <i>An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory</i>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Cinque" title="Guglielmo Cinque">Cinque, Guglielmo</a>. (2014). The semantic classification of adjectives. A view from syntax. Studies in Chinese Linguistics. 35. 1-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larson, Richard K. 1995. Olga is a beautiful dancer. Ms., Stony Brook University text of a paper delivered at the 1995 Winter Meeting of the LSA, New Orleans (http:// semlab5.sbs.sunysb.edu/~rlarson/lsa95.pdf).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolinger, Dwight. 1967. Adjectives in English: Attribution and predication. Lingua18: 1–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, Waltraud. 2010. Adjectives in Mandarin Chinese: the rehabilitation of a much ostracized category. In Adjectives. Formal analyses in syntax and semantics. ed. Cabredo-Hofherr, P., and O. Matushansky, 115-152. Amsterdam: Benjamins</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples of phrase structure trees similar to the ones produced here, see for instance Brinton (2000), Radford (2004), Culicover and Jackendoff (2005), and Carnie (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples of dependency trees similar to the ones produced here, see for example Tesnière (1959), Starosta (1988), and Eroms (2000).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Brinton, L. 2000. <i>The structure of modern English: A linguistic introduction</i>.</li> <li>Bolinger, D. 1967. Adjectives in English: Attribution and predication. Lingua18: 1–34.</li> <li>Carnie, A. 2013. <i>Syntax: A generative introduction</i>. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Cinque, G. (2014). The semantic classification of adjectives. A view from syntax. Studies in Chinese Linguistics. 35. 1-30.</li> <li>Crystal, D. 1997. <i>A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics</i>, 4th edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li>Culicover, Peter and Ray Jackendoff. 2005. <i>Simpler Syntax</i>. Oxford University Press: Oxford.</li> <li>Eroms, H.-W. 2000. <i>Syntax der deutschen Sprache</i>. Berlin: de Gruyter.</li> <li>Greenbaum, S. 1996. <i>The Oxford English grammar</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Haegeman, L. and J. Guéron 1999. <i>English Grammar: A generative perspective</i>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li>Jurafsky, M. and J. Martin. 2000. <i>Speech and language processing</i>. Dorling Kindersley (India): Pearson Education, Inc.</li> <li>Kesner Bland, S. 1996. <i>Intermediate grammar: From form to means and use</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Osborne, T. 2003. The left elbow constraint. <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_Linguistica" title="Studia Linguistica">Studia Linguistica</a></i> 57, 3: 233–257.</li> <li>Ouhalla, J. 1994. <i>Transformational grammar: From principles and parameters to minimalism</i>. London: Arnold.</li> <li>Radford, A. 2004. <i>English syntax: An introduction</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Sportiche, D., Koopman, H. J., & Stabler, E. P. (2014). An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Starosta, S. 1988. <i>The case for lexicase</i>. 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