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<li id="toc-Hodu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hodu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hodu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hodu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_definitions_of_a_Greater_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_definitions_of_a_Greater_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Historical definitions of a Greater India</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ভারতের নামসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের নামসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5" title="भारत के नाँव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत के नाँव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%B0_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%88%DE%AD_%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%9E%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AA" title="އިންޑިޔާ އަށް ނިސްބަތްކުރެވޭ ނަންތަކުގެ އަޞްލު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންޑިޔާ އަށް ނިސްބަތްކުރެވޭ ނަންތަކުގެ އަޞްލު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نام‌های هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام‌های هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noms_de_l%27Inde" title="Noms de l'Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noms de l'Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="भारत के विभिन्न नाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत के विभिन्न नाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="भारतका नामहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतका नामहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਨਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomes_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Nomes da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nomes da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="భారతదేశానికి ఉన్న పేర్లు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశానికి ఉన్న పేర్లు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ชื่อของประเทศอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชื่อของประเทศอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بھارت کے دیگر نام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھارت کے دیگر نام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bharat (term)" redirects here. For other uses of "Bharat", see <a href="/wiki/Bharat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bharat (disambiguation)">Bharat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg/300px-India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg/450px-India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg/600px-India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>The geographic region containing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> has two principal official short names, each of which is historically significant: <b>India</b> and <b>Bharat</b>. A third name, <b>Hindustan</b>, is also used commonly when Indians speak among themselves. The usage of "Bhārat", "<a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustān</a>", or "India" depends on the context and language of conversation. </p><p>The name "India" is originally derived from the name of the river Sindhu (<a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>) and has been in use in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> since <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (5th century BCE). The term appeared in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> by the 9th century and reemerged in <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> in the 17th century. </p><p>"Bhārat" gained popularity in India during the nineteenth century. It is the shortened form of the term "Bhāratavarṣa" which is extensively used in the literature of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">native religions</a>. "Bhāratavarṣa" is derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(Vedic_tribe)" title="Bharatas (Vedic tribe)">Bharatas</a> who are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> as one of the principal peoples of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Aryavarta</a> (Land of the Aryans). At first the name Bhāratavarṣa referred only to the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Gangetic Valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jha_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jha-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Upinder_Singh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upinder_Singh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> more broadly applied to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1949, it was adopted as an official name for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> along with "India". </p><p>"Hindustān" is another common name for the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> and is also derived from the name of the river Sindhu. It gained popularity in India in the 11th century in Islamic literature and became the common name for the <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">northern Indian subcontinent</a> in Indian languages, though it has been in Persian usage since at least the 3rd century CE while its earlier form "Hindush" was used as early as 6th century BCE. The term 'Hindu' was the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> adaption of "Sindhu". "Hindustan" is still commonly used in the subcontinent to refer to the modern day <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/India_(Herodotus)" title="India (Herodotus)">India (Herodotus)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/220px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/330px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/440px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>India was the lower <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> basin in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s view of the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The English term is from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>Indikē</i> (cf. Megasthenes' work <a href="/wiki/Indica_(Megasthenes)" title="Indica (Megasthenes)">Indica</a>) or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Indía</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B8%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἰνδία">Ἰνδία</a></span>), via Latin transliteration <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">India</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name derives ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sindhu</i></span>, which was the name of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> as well as the lower Indus basin (modern <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, in Pakistan).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eggermont_Sindhu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggermont_Sindhu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> equivalent of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Síndhu</i></span> was <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Hindu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> conquered Sindh in about 516 BCE, upon which the Persian equivalent <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Hinduš</i></span> was used for the province at the lower Indus basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggermont_Hindush_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggermont_Hindush-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dandamaev_Hindush_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandamaev_Hindush-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scylax_of_Caryanda" title="Scylax of Caryanda">Scylax of Caryanda</a> who explored the Indus river for the Persian emperor probably took over the Persian name and passed it into Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Indos</i></span> for the Indus river as well as "an Indian" are found in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s Geography.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirate</a> /h/ was probably due to the dialects of Greek spoken in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus also generalised the term "Indian" from the people of lower Indus basin, to all the people living to the east of Persia, even though he had no knowledge of the geography of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Indía</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> denoted the region beyond the Indus. Alexander's companions were aware of at least India up to the Ganges delta (<a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> included in India the southern peninsula as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">India</i></span> is used by <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> (2nd century CE).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">India</i></span> was known in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English language</a> and was used in <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">King Alfred</a>'s translation of <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the name was, under French influence, replaced by <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Ynde</i></span> or <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Inde</i></span>, which entered <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> as "<span title="Early Modern English-language text"><span lang="en-emodeng">Indie</span></span>". The name "India" then came back to English usage from the 17th century onward, and may be due to the influence of Latin, or Spanish or Portuguese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sanskrit <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:इन्दु"><i>indu</i></a> "drop (of <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a>)", also a term for the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, is unrelated, but has sometimes been erroneously connected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bharat">Bharat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bharat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bharat is another name of India, as set down in <a href="/wiki/Part_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part I of the Constitution of India">Article 1</a> of the Constitution, adopted in 1950, which states in English: "India, that is Bharat,..."<sup id="cite_ref-Clementin-Ojha_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clementin-Ojha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bharat, which was predominantly used in Hindi, was adopted as a self-ascribed alternative name by some people of the Indian subcontinent and the Republic of India.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bharat is derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> community <a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(Vedic_tribe)" title="Bharatas (Vedic tribe)">Bharatas</a>, who are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> as one of the original community of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a> and notably participating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ten_Kings" title="Battle of the Ten Kings">Battle of the Ten Kings</a>. </p><p>The designation <i>Bharat</i> appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country, <i>Bhārat Gaṇarājya</i>. The name is derived from the ancient Hindu <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, which refer to the land that comprises India as <i>Bhāratavarṣa</i> and uses this term to distinguish it from other <i>varṣa</i>s or continents.<sup id="cite_ref-pargiter_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pargiter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a> says "<i>he who conquers the whole of Bhāratavarṣa is celebrated as a samrāṭa</i> (Vayu Puran 45, 86)."<sup id="cite_ref-pargiter_p.40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pargiter_p.40-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sanskrit word <i>Bhārata</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Vrddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrddhi">vrddhi</a> derivation of <i>Bharata</i>, which was originally an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>. The term is a verbal noun of the Sanskrit root bhr-, "to bear/to carry", with a literal meaning of to be maintained (of <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> <i>bhr</i> is cognate with the English verb <i>to bear</i> and Latin <i>ferō</i>. This term also means "one who is engaged in search for knowledge". <i>Barato</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> name for India, is also a derivation of <i>Bhārata</i>. </p><p>This realm of Bharat, which has been referred to as Bhāratavarṣa in puranas - after <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Jainism)" title="Bharata (Jainism)">Bharata</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a>. He is described to be a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> born in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Solar dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> (2,1,31), Vayu Puran (33,52), <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> (1,47,23), <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a> (14,5,62), <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a> (107,11–12), <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skand Purana</a> (37,57) and <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markanday Purana</a> (50,41), all using the designation <i>Bhāratavarṣa</i>. </p><p>The Vishnu Purana mentions: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">Uttaraṃ yat samudrasya himādreścaiva dakṣiṇam.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">varṣaṃ tad bhārataṃ nāma bhāratī yatra santatiḥ.</i></span></dd> <dd>The country that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bhāratam there dwell the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Jainism)" title="Bharata (Jainism)">Bharata</a>. <dl><dd>—Vishnu Purana (2,3,1)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The Bhagavat Puran mentions (Canto 5, Chapter 4)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - "He (<a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a>) begot a hundred sons that were exactly like him... He (<a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Jainism)" title="Bharata (Jainism)">Bharata</a>) had the best qualities and it was because of him that this land by the people is called Bhāratavarṣa" </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Khand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Khand">Bharat Khand</a> (or Bhārat Kṣētra<sup id="cite_ref-dikshit_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dikshit-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a term used in some of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>. </p><p>In the Sanskrit epic, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharat">Mahabharat</a></i> (200 BCE to 300 CE), a larger region of North India is encompassed by the term Bharat, but much of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> are still excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other Puranic passages refer to the same Bhārata people, who are described as the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Dushyanta" title="Dushyanta">Dushyanta</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of Bharat often has political overtones, appealing to a certain cultural conception of India.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> used the Bharat name in connection with a <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> gathering, which caused speculation on a name-change for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_20_September_2023_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_20_September_2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a change would need a constitutional amendment, meaning two-thirds of the vote in each of the two houses of parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an official notice to the UN, advising how to write the name in the UN's <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">six official languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_28_November_2023_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_28_November_2023-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigraphical_references">Epigraphical references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epigraphical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest recorded use of Bhārata-varṣa (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Bharat mainland</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) in a geographical sense is in the <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> (first century BCE), where it applies only to a restrained area of northern India, namely the part of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>. The inscription clearly mentions Bharat was named after Bharata, the son of first Jain tirthankar <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jha_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jha-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Upinder_Singh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upinder_Singh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hind_/_Hindustan"><span id="Hind_.2F_Hindustan"></span>Hind / Hindustan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hind / Hindustan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Darius_I_statue_India.jpg/110px-Darius_I_statue_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Darius_I_statue_India.jpg/165px-Darius_I_statue_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Darius_I_statue_India.jpg/220px-Darius_I_statue_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption><div><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O4.png?2d920" height="18" title="O4" alt="O4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V4.png?e648c" height="36" title="V4" alt="V4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><small><i>H-n-d-w<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Ꜣ</a>-y</i></small><br />"India" written in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_statue_of_Darius_the_Great" title="Egyptian statue of Darius the Great">Statue of Darius I</a>, circa 500 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <div>The words <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Hindū</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">هندو</span>) and <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Hind</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">هند</span>) came from <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sindhu</i></span> (the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> or its <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">region</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">the Indus valley</a> in about 516 BCE, upon which the Achaemenid equivalent of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sindhu</i></span>, viz., "<i>Hindush</i>" (<span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%83%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8E%AF%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁">𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁</a></span>, <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">H-i-du-u-š</i></span>) was used for the lower Indus basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggermont_Hindush_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggermont_Hindush-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dandamaev_Hindush_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandamaev_Hindush-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was also known as far as the Achaemenid province of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> where it was written <span style="display:inline-block"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O4.png?2d920" height="18" title="O4" alt="O4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V4.png?e648c" height="36" title="V4" alt="V4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">H-n-d-wꜣ-y</i></span>) on the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statue_of_Darius_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statue of Darius I">Statue of Darius I</a>, circa 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-NMI_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMI-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_(possibly_Multan)_mint._Dated_AH_97_(AD_715-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg/188px-Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg/282px-Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg/376px-Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_coin_715_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_in_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_coin_715_CE.jpg/188px-India_in_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_coin_715_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_in_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_coin_715_CE.jpg/282px-India_in_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_coin_715_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_in_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_coin_715_CE.jpg/376px-India_in_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_coin_715_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The name "<a href="/wiki/Al-Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hind">al-Hind</a>" (here <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ary:بالهند">بالهند</a></span></span> <i>Bil'Hind</i>, "In India") on an Umayyad coin minted in India, from the time of the first <a href="/wiki/Caliphal_province_of_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphal province of Sind">Governor of Sindh</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Qasim">Muhammad ibn Qasim</a> in 715 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">middle Persian</a>, probably from the first century CE, the suffix <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">-stān</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ستان</span>) was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the name <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Hindūstān</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Sindh was referred to as <i>Hindustān</i> in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 262 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Babur of the Mughal Empire said, "On the East, the South, and the West it is bounded by the Great Ocean."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hind</i> was notably adapted in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> as the definitive form <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Hind</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الهند</span></span>) for India, for example, in the 11th-century <i>Tarikh Al-Hind</i> ('History of India'). It occurs intermittently in usage within India, such as in the phrase <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Hind" title="Jai Hind">Jai Hind</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">जय हिन्द</span>) or in <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Hind Mahāsāgar</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हिन्द महासागर</span></span>), the Standard Hindi name for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p><p>Both the names were current in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and from that into northern Indian languages, from the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic conquests</a>: the rulers in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> periods called their Indian dominion, centered around <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, "Hindustan". In contemporary Persian and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, the term Hindustan has recently come to mean the Republic of India. The same is the case with Arabic, where <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Hind</i></span> is the name for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. </p><p>"Hindustan", as the term <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> itself, entered the English language in the 17th century. In the 19th century, the term as used in English referred to the Subcontinent. "Hindustan" was in use simultaneously with "India" during the <a href="/wiki/British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule">British era</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jambudvīpa"><span id="Jambudv.C4.ABpa"></span>Jambudvīpa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jambudvīpa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jambudiipasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jambudiipasi.jpg/220px-Jambudiipasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jambudiipasi.jpg/330px-Jambudiipasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jambudiipasi.jpg/440px-Jambudiipasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The name <i>Jambudīpasi</i> for "India" (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>) in the Sahasram <a href="/wiki/Minor_Rock_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Rock Edict">Minor Rock Edict</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, circa 250 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jambudv%C4%ABpa" title="Jambudvīpa">Jambudvīpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">जम्बुद्वीप</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Jambu-dvīpa</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'berry island') was used in ancient scriptures as a name of India before the term <i>Bhārat</i> became widespread. It might be an indirect reference to the <a href="/wiki/Insular_India" title="Insular India">Insular India</a>. The derivative <i>Jambu Dwipa</i> was the historical term for India in many <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries before the introduction of the English word "India". This alternate name is still used occasionally in Thailand, Malaysia, Java and Bali to describe the Indian Subcontinent. However, it also can refer to the whole continent of Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gyagar_and_Phagyul">Gyagar and Phagyul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gyagar and Phagyul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Gyagar"></span><span class="anchor" id="Phagyul"></span> </p><p>Both Gyagar ("White expanse", analogous to the names Gyanak for China and Gyaser for Russia) and Phagyul are <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> names for India. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> authors and pilgrims used the ethnogeographic referents <i>Gyagar</i> or <i>Gyagar to the south</i> and <i>Madhyadesa</i> (<i>central land</i> or holy centre) for India. Since at least 13th century, several influential indigenous <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> & authors also started to refer to India as the <i>Phagyul</i>, short for <i>Phags yul</i>, meaning <i>the land of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">aryas</a></i> i.e. land of noble, holy, enlightened & superior people who are the source of spiritual enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-tib1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tib1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan scholar <a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendun Chopel</a> explains that Tibetan word <i>gyagar</i> comes from the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">sanskrit language</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">vihāra</a></i> (buddhist monastery), and the ancient Tibetans applied the term <i>Geysar</i> mainly to the northern and central India region from <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-tib4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tib4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a>, which originally developed around 200 BCE or 300 BCE and about 600 CE, describes India as the "<i>Gyagar: The Kingdom of Buddhist Doctrine</i>", "<i>Gyagar: The Kingdom of Aru Medicine</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a>), "<i>Gyagar: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Fishery_Coast" title="Pearl Fishery Coast">The Kingdom of Pearls</a></i>" and "<i>Gyagar: <a href="/wiki/Hatti_Gold_Mines#History" title="Hatti Gold Mines">The Kingdom of Golden Vases</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-tib2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tib2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a>, often referred to as the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, asserts <i>"Tibet is inextricably linked to India through geography, history, culture, and spiritually, Tibetans refer to India as ‘Gyagar Phagpay Yul’ or ‘India the land of Aryas.’"</i> <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> reveres India as the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> with Tibet as its <a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">chela</a> (shishya or disciple) and <i>"refers to himself the ‘Son of India’ and a true follower of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>. He continues to advocate the revival of India's ancient wisdom based on the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> tradition."</i><sup id="cite_ref-tib3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tib3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tianzhu">Tianzhu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tianzhu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(India)" title="Tianzhu (India)">Tianzhu (India)</a></div> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tiānzhú</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天竺</span></span> originally pronounced <span title="Late Middle Chinese-language text">*<i lang="ltc">qʰl'iːn tuɡ</i></span>) is one of several Chinese transliterations of the Sanskrit <i>Sindhu</i> via Persian <i>Hindu</i><sup id="cite_ref-cheung_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheung-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is used since ancient times in China and its peripheries. Its <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic">Sino-Xenic</a> reading is <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenjiku</i></span> in Japanese, <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Cheonchuk</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">천축</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Thiên Trúc</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. Devout Buddhists in the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a> traditionally used this term and its related forms to designate India as their "heavenly centre", referring to the sacred origins of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forms include <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Juāndú</i></span> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E6%AF%92#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:身毒">身毒</a></span>), which appears in <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian's</a> <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Shiji</a>. Another is <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tiāndǔ</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">天篤</span></span>), which is used in the <a href="/wiki/Hou_Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Hanshu">Hou Hanshu</a> (Book of the Later Han).<sup id="cite_ref-yu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yìntèjiā or Indəkka</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">印特伽</span></span>) comes from the <a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a> <i>Indaka</i>, another transliteration of <i>Hindu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cheung_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheung-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A detailed account of Tianzhu is given in the "Xiyu Zhuan" (Record of the Western Regions) in the <i>Hou Hanshu</i> compiled by <a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a> (398–445): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The state of Tianzhu: Also named Shendu, it lies several thousand <i>li</i> southeast of <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>. Its customs are the same as those of Yuezhi, and it is low, damp, and very hot. It borders a large river. The inhabitants ride on elephants in warfare; they are weaker than the Yuezhi. They practise the way of Futu (the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>), [and therefore] it has become a custom among them not to kill or attack [others]. From west of the states Yuezhi and Gaofu, and south until the Western Sea, and east until the state of Panqi, all is the territory of Shendu. Shendu has several hundred separate towns, with a governor, and separate states which can be numbered in the tens, each with its own king. Although there are small differences among them, they all come under the general name of Shendu, and at this time all are subject to Yuezhi. Yuezhi have killed their kings and established a general in order to rule over their people. The land produces elephants, rhinoceros, tortoise shell, gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. It communicates to the west with <a href="/wiki/Da_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Qin">Da Qin</a> and (so) has the exotica of Da Qin.<sup id="cite_ref-yu_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tianzhu was also referred to as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wǔtiānzhú</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani">五天竺</span></span>, literally "Five Indias"), because there were five geographical regions in India known to the Chinese: Central, Eastern, Western, Northern, and Southern India. The monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> also referred to India as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wǔ Yìn</i></span> or "Five Inds".<sup id="cite_ref-cheung_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheung-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Tianzhu and its Sino-Xenic cognates were eventually replaced by terms derived from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> borrowing of *<i>yentu</i> from Kuchean, though a very long time elapsed between that term's first use and its becoming the standard modern name for India in East Asian languages. Pronounced <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Yìndù"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Yìndù</span></span></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">印度</span></span>) in Chinese, it was first used by the seventh-century monk and traveler <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japanese for example, the name <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Indo"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Indo</span></span></i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">インド</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">印度</span></span>, or occasionally <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">印土</span></span>) had been found occasionally in 18th and early 19th-century works, such as <a href="/wiki/Arai_Hakuseki" title="Arai Hakuseki">Arai Hakuseki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sairan_Igen" title="Sairan Igen">Sairan Igen</a></i> (1713) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamamura_Saisuke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamamura Saisuke (page does not exist)">Yamamura Saisuke</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%91%E6%89%8D%E5%8A%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:山村才助">ja</a>]</span>'s <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Indoshi</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">印度志</span></span>, a translation of a work by <a href="/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BCbner" title="Johann Hübner">Johann Hübner</a>). However, the use of the name <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenjiku</i></span>, which was heavily associated with the image of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India as a land of Buddhism</a>, was not completely displaced until the early 20th century: scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seki_Seisetsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seki Seisetsu (page does not exist)">Seki Seisetsu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E7%B2%BE%E6%8B%99" class="extiw" title="ja:関精拙">ja</a>]</span> who travelled to India for pilgrimages to Buddhist historical sites, continued to use the name <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenjiku</i></span> to emphasise the religious aspect of their travels, though most of their contemporaries (even fellow Buddhist pilgrims) adopted the name <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Indo</i></span> by then.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India is nowadays also called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Indo</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">인도</span></span>) in Korean, and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Ấn Độ</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. Similar to Hindu and Sindhu, the term <i>Yin</i> was used in classical Chinese much like the English <i>Ind</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hodu">Hodu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hodu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hodu (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הֹדּוּ</span> <i>Hodû</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> name for India mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></i> part of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> and Christian <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. In Esther, 1:1 and 8:9,<sup id="cite_ref-Esther_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esther-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> had been described as King ruling 127 provinces from <i>Hodu</i> (India) to <i><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term seemingly derives from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>Sindhu</i>, "great river", i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>Hiñd°u</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus cognate with the term India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_names">Historical names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historical definitions prior to 1500 are presented below.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Source </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 440 BCE </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> </td> <td>"Eastward of India lies a tract which is entirely sand. Indeed, of all the inhabitants of Asia, concerning whom anything is known, the Indians dwell nearest to the east and the rising of the Sun." </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 400–300 BCE </td> <td>Hodû </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> (Bible) </td> <td>"Now it took place in the days of <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> who reigned from Hodu (India) to Cush (Ethiopia) over 127 provinces"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 300 BCE </td> <td>India/Indikē </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> </td> <td>"India then being four-sided in plan, the side which looks to the Orient and that to the South, the Great Sea compasseth; that towards the Arctic is divided by the mountain chain of Hēmōdus from <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, inhabited by that tribe of Scythians who are called Sakai; and on the fourth side, turned towards the West, the Indus marks the boundary, the biggest or nearly so of all rivers after the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>." </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 BCE </td> <td>Jambudvīpa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> </td> <td>"This (Brahmaputra) is the eastern boundary of Jambudvipa, its western boundary being the mouths of the Indus and its southern boundary being the Indian Ocean or Rama Sethu."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Between first century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ninth century CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Bhāratavarṣ (realm of Bhārat)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> </td> <td>"उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् । <p>वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः ।।" <br /> i.e. "The country (varṣam) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bhāratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharat." </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 CE or later </td> <td>Bhāratam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> </td> <td>"उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् । <p>वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः ।।" <br /> i.e. "The country (varṣam) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bhāratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharat." </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 140 </td> <td>Indoi, Indou </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> </td> <td>"The boundary of the land of India towards the north is Mount Taurus. It is not still called Taurus in this land; but Taurus begins from the sea over against Pamphylia and Lycia and Cilicia; and reaches as far as the Eastern Ocean, running right across Asia. But the mountain has different names in different places; in one, Parapamisus, in another Hemodus; elsewhere it is called Imaon and perhaps has all sorts of other names; but the Macedonians who fought with Alexander called it Caucasus; another Caucasus, that is, not the Scythian; so that the story ran that Alexander came even to the far side of the Caucasus. The western part of India is bounded by the river Indus right down to the ocean, where the river runs out by two mouths, not joined as are the five mouths of the Ister; but like those of the Nile, by which the Egyptian delta is formed; thus also the Indian delta is formed by the river Indus, not less than the Egyptian; and this in the Indian tongue is called Pattala. Towards the south this ocean bounds the land of India, and eastward the sea itself is the boundary. The southern part near Pattala and the mouths of the Indus were surveyed by Alexander and Macedonians and many Greeks; as for the eastern part, Alexander did not traverse this beyond the river Hyphasis. A few historians have described the parts which are this side of the Ganges and where are the mouths of the Ganges and the city of Palimbothra, the greatest Indian city on the Ganges.(...) The Indian rivers are greater than any others in Asia; greatest are the Ganges and the Indus, whence the land gets its name; each of these is greater than the Nile of Egypt and the Scythian Ister, even were these put together; my own idea is that even the Acesines is greater than the Ister and the Nile, where the Acesines having taken in the Hydaspes, Hydraotes, and Hyphasis, runs into the Indus, so that its breadth there becomes thirty stades. Possibly also other greater rivers run through the land of India." </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 650 </td> <td>Five Indies </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> </td> <td>"The circumference of 五印 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Modern Chinese</a>: <i>Wǔ Yìn</i>, the Five Indies) is about 90,000 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a>; on three sides it is bounded by a great sea; on the north it is backed by snowy mountains. It is wide at the north and narrow at the south; its figure is that of a half-moon." </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 950 </td> <td>Hind </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a> </td> <td>"As for the land of the Hind it is bounded on the East by the Persian Sea (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>), on the W. and S. by the countries of Islām and on the N. by the Chinese Empire... The length of the land of the Hind from the government of <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Mokrān</a>, the country of <a href="/wiki/Mansura_(Brahmanabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansura (Brahmanabad)">Mansūra</a> and Bodha and the rest of Sind, till thou comest to <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> and thence passest on to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, is about 4 months and its breadth from the Indian Ocean to the country of Kannūj about three months." </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1020 </td> <td>Hind </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> </td> <td>"Hind is surrounded on the East by Chín and Máchín, on the West by Sind (Baluchistan) and Kábul and on the South by the Sea." </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindustan#Etymology" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> </td> <td>John Richardson, <i>A Smaller Manual of Modern Geography. Physical and Political</i> </td> <td>"The boundaries of Hindustan are marked on every side by natural features; e.g., the Himalayas, on the N.; the Patkoi Mountains, Tippera Hills, &c., on the N.E.; the Sea, on the E., S., and W.; and the Hala, and Sulaiman Mountains, on the N.W."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_definitions_of_a_Greater_India">Historical definitions of a Greater India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical definitions of a Greater India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers throughout history, both Indian and of other nationalities have written about a 'Greater India', which Indians have called either Akhand Bharat or Mahabharat.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Source </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>944 </td> <td>Al-Hind </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a><br /><i>Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar</i> </td> <td>"The Hindu nation (Al-Hind) extends from the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and of es-Sind (<a href="/wiki/Baluchistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</a>) as far as et-Tubbet (Tibetan Plateau.)"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>982–983 </td> <td>Hindistān </td> <td>Author Unknown<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a></i> </td> <td>"East of it (Hindistān) are the countries of China and Tibet; South of it, the Great Sea; west of it, the river Mihran (Indus); north of it, the country of Shaknan belonging to Vakhan and some parts of Tibet."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1205 </td> <td>Hind </td> <td>Hasan Nizāmī </td> <td>"The whole country of Hind, from <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> in the north, to the Indian Ocean in the south; from Sehwan (on the west bank of the Indus) to the mountains on the east dividing from China." </td></tr> <tr> <td>1298 </td> <td>India the Greater <br /> India the Minor <br /> Middle India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> </td> <td>"India the Greater is that which extends from Maabar to Kesmacoran (i.e. from <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Mekran</a>) and it contains 13 great kingdoms... India the Lesser extends from the Province of Champa to Mutfili (i.e. from <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Delta">Krishna Delta</a>) and contains 8 great Kingdoms... Abash is a very great province and you must know that it constitutes the Middle India." </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1328 </td> <td>India </td> <td>Friar Jordanus Catalani </td> <td>"What shall I say? The greatness of this India is beyond description. But let this much suffice concerning India the Greater and the Less. Of India Tertia I will say this, that I have not indeed seen its many marvels, not having been there..." </td></tr> <tr> <td>1404 </td> <td>India Minor </td> <td>Ruy González de Clavijo </td> <td>"And this same Thursday that the said Ambassadors arrived at this great River (the Oxus) they crossed to the other side. And the same day... came in the evening to a great city which is called Tenmit (<a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>) and this used to belong to India Minor, but now belongs to the empire of Samarkand, having been conquered by Tamurbec." </td></tr> <tr> <td>1590 </td> <td>Hindustān </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a></i> </td> <td>"Hindustan is described as enclosed on the east, west and south by the ocean, but Sarandip (Sri Lanka), Achin (Indonesia), Maluk (Indonesia) and Malagha (Malaysia) and a considerable number of islands are accounted for within its extent."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16th century </td> <td>Indostān </td> <td>Ignazio Danti </td> <td>"The part of India beyond the Ganges extends in length as far as Cathay (China) and contains many provinces in which are found many notable things. As in the Kingdom of Kamul near Campichu (Cambodia)...And in Erguiul...In the Ava Mountains (Burma)..., and in the Salgatgu mountains...In Caindu...In the territory of Carajan..."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_India">Republic of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Republic of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India-Bharat-Hindustan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/India-Bharat-Hindustan.svg/220px-India-Bharat-Hindustan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/India-Bharat-Hindustan.svg/330px-India-Bharat-Hindustan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/India-Bharat-Hindustan.svg/440px-India-Bharat-Hindustan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The name and logo of state-owned petroleum companies of India</figcaption></figure> <p>The official names as set down in article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian constitution">Indian constitution</a> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>: <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">भारत</span></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <i>India</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_and_union_territory_name_etymologies" title="List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies">Origin of the names of Indian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">List of regions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Khand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Khand">Bharat Khand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat chakravartin">Bharat chakravartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">Renaming of cities in India</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ary:بالهند">بالهند</a> <i>Bil'Hind</i> appears upside-down at 6h (bottom) on the circular legend of the obverse side of the coin. The complete circular legend is "In the name of Allah, struck this dirham in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hind">al-Hind</a> in the year seven and ninety."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jha-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jha_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jha_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">Dwijendra Narayan Jha</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqDgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Rethinking Hindu Identity</i></a> (Routledge: 2014), p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upinder_Singh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upinder_Singh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upinder_Singh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253"><i>Political Violence in Ancient India</i></a>, p.253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris2012" class="citation cs2">Harris, J. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUtrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8"><i>Indography: Writing the "Indian" in Early Modern England</i></a>, Palgrave Macmillan US, p. 8, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-09076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-09076-8"><bdi>978-1-137-09076-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indography%3A+Writing+the+%22Indian%22+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-09076-8&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUtrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._N._Mukherjee" title="B. N. Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey</i></a>, Regency Publications, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1"><bdi>978-81-87498-26-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationhood+and+Statehood+in+India%3A+A+historical+survey&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87498-26-1&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bratindra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTGKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span>: "Apparently the same territory was referred to as Hi(n)du(sh) in the Naqsh‐i‐Rustam inscription of Darius I as one of the countries in his empire. The terms Hindu and India ('Indoi) indicate an original indigenous expression like Sindhu. The name Sindhu could have been pronounced by the Persians as Hindu (replacing <i>s</i> by <i>h</i> and <i>dh</i> by <i>d</i>) and the Greeks would have transformed the latter as Indo‐ (Indoi, Latin Indica, India) with <i>h</i> dropped..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/203/etymology-of-the-name-india/">"Etymology of the Name India"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. 13 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+the+Name+India&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F203%2Fetymology-of-the-name-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._N._Mukherjee" title="B. N. Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey</i></a>, Regency Publications, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1"><bdi>978-81-87498-26-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationhood+and+Statehood+in+India%3A+A+historical+survey&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87498-26-1&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bratindra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTGKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span>: "In early Indian sources Sindhu denoted the mighty Indus river and also a territory on the lower Indus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eggermont_Sindhu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eggermont_Sindhu_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEggermont,_Alexander's_Campaigns_in_Sind_and_Baluchistan1975">Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan (1975)</a>, p. 145: "<i>Sindhu</i> means a stream, a river, and in particular the Indus river, but likewise it denotes the territory of the lower Indus valley, or modern Sind. Therefore, the appellation <i>Saindhavah</i>, means "inhabitants of the lower Indus valley".... In this respect Sindhu is no tribal name at all. It denotes a geographical unit to which different tribes may belong."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThieme1970" class="citation cs2">Thieme, P. (1970), "Sanskrit <i>sindu-/Sindhu-</i> and Old Iranian <i>hindu-/Hindu-</i>", in Mary Boyce; Ilya Gershevitch (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3UBAAAAMAAJ"><i>W. B. Henning memorial volume</i></a>, Lund Humphries, pp. 447–450, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853312550" title="Special:BookSources/9780853312550"><bdi>9780853312550</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+sindu-%2FSindhu-+and+Old+Iranian+hindu-%2FHindu-&rft.btitle=W.+B.+Henning+memorial+volume&rft.pages=447-450&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780853312550&rft.aulast=Thieme&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3UBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eggermont_Hindush-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eggermont_Hindush_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eggermont_Hindush_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEggermont,_Alexander's_Campaigns_in_Sind_and_Baluchistan1975">Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan (1975)</a>: 'The Persians coined the name of Hindush after the current Sanskrit geographical name of Sindhu. Neither the Old Persian inscriptions, nor the Avesta make use of the word hindu in the sense of "river".'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dandamaev_Hindush-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dandamaev_Hindush_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dandamaev_Hindush_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamaev1989" class="citation cs2">Dandamaev, M. A. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ms30qA6nyMsC&pg=PA147"><i>A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire</i></a>, Brill, p. 147, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09172-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09172-6"><bdi>90-04-09172-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-04-09172-6&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dms30qA6nyMsC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span>: "The new satrapy, which received the name of Hindush, extended from the centre to the lower part of the Indus Valley, in present-day Pakistan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouton,_Rutherford_&_Yakubovich,_Luwian_Identities2013" class="citation cs2">Mouton, Alice; Rutherford, Ian; Yakubovich, Ilya (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_B8VOPZlYIC&pg=PA450"><i>Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25341-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25341-4"><bdi>978-90-04-25341-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luwian+Identities%3A+Culture%2C+Language+and+Religion+Between+Anatolia+and+the+Aegean&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25341-4&rft.aulast=Mouton&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Ian&rft.au=Yakubovich%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_B8VOPZlYIC%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodotuswitheng02herouoft"><i>Herodotus, with an English Translation by A. D. Godley, Volume II</i></a>, London: William Heinemann, 1921, III.97–99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+with+an+English+Translation+by+A.+D.+Godley%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=III.97-99&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherodotuswitheng02herouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocks2009" class="citation cs2">Horrocks, Geoffrey (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BwHPKIUXKGsC"><i>Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers</i></a> (Second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, pp. 27–28, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1892-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-1892-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek%3A+A+History+of+the+Language+and+its+Speakers&rft.pages=27-28&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1892-0&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwHPKIUXKGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span>: "Note finally that the letter H/η was originally used to mark word-initial aspiration... Since such aspiration was lost very early in the eastern Ionic-speaking area, the letter was recycled, being used first to denote the new, very open, long e-vowel [æ:] ... and then to represent the inherited long e-vowel [ε:] too, once these two sounds had merged. The use of H to represent open long e-vowels spread quite early to the central Ionic-speaking area and also to the Doric-speaking islands of the southern Aegean, where it doubled up both as the marker of aspiration and as a symbol for open long e-vowels."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanayotou2007" class="citation cs2">Panayotou, A. (2007), "Ionic and Attic", in A.-F. Christidis (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC"><i>A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 410, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3"><bdi>978-0-521-83307-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ionic+and+Attic&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83307-3&rft.aulast=Panayotou&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJbd0m6YaFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span>: "The early loss of aspiration is mainly a characteristic of Asia Minor (and also of the Aeolic and Doric of Asia Minor)...In Attica, however (and in some cases in Euboea, its colonies, and in the Ionic-speaking islands of the Aegean), the aspiration survived until later... During the second half of the fifth century BC, however, orthographic variation perhaps indicates that 'a change in the phonetic quality of [h] was taking place' too."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2005" class="citation cs2">Arora, Udai Prakash (2005), "Ideas of India in Ancient Greek Literature", in Irfan Habib (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyhuAAAAMAAJ"><i>India — Studies in the History of an Idea</i></a>, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 47, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1152-0"><bdi>978-81-215-1152-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideas+of+India+in+Ancient+Greek+Literature&rft.btitle=India+%E2%80%94+Studies+in+the+History+of+an+Idea&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-215-1152-0&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Udai+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAyhuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span>: "The term 'Indians' was used by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> as a collective name for all the peoples living east of Persia. This was also a significant development over <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_the_Sindi" title="Hecataeus of the Sindi">Hekataios</a>, who had used this term in a strict sense for the groups dwelling in Sindh only."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEggermont,_Alexander's_Campaigns_in_Sind_and_Baluchistan1975">Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan (1975)</a>, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherjee-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._N._Mukherjee" title="B. N. Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey</i></a>, Regency Publications, pp. 3–4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1"><bdi>978-81-87498-26-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationhood+and+Statehood+in+India%3A+A+historical+survey&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87498-26-1&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bratindra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTGKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clementin-Ojha-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clementin-Ojha_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClémentin-Ojha2014" class="citation journal cs1">Clémentin-Ojha, Catherine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3717">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'India, that is Bharat…': One Country, Two Names"</a>. <i>South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Multidisciplinary+Academic+Journal&rft.atitle=%27India%2C+that+is+Bharat%E2%80%A6%27%3A+One+Country%2C+Two+Names&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Cl%C3%A9mentin-Ojha&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fsamaj%2F3717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 1 of the English version of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>: "India that is Bharat shall be a Union of States."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pargiter-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pargiter_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPargiter1922" class="citation cs2">Pargiter, F. F. (1922), <i>Ancient Indian Historical Tradition</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 131</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Historical+Tradition&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Pargiter&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pargiter_p.40-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pargiter_p.40_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPargiter1922" class="citation cs2">Pargiter, F. F. (1922), <i>Ancient Indian Historical Tradition</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. ff. 8 p. 40</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Historical+Tradition&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=ff.+8+p.+40&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Pargiter&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1929" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Champat Rai (1929). <i>The Practical Dharma</i>. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practical+Dharma&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Champat+Rai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SrimadBhagavatamEnglish-Sanskrit">"S'RÎMAD BHÂGAVATAM : "The Story of the Fortunate One" : Third revised version 2012"</a>. <i>Ia801005.us.archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ia801005.us.archive.org&rft.atitle=S%27R%C3%8EMAD+BH%C3%82GAVATAM+%3A+%22The+Story+of+the+Fortunate+One%22+%3A+Third+revised+version+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSrimadBhagavatamEnglish-Sanskrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dikshit-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dikshit_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshitar1993" class="citation book cs1">Dikshitar, Ramachandra (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&q=%22Bharata+Khanda%22&pg=PA230"><i>The Gupta Polity</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120810242" title="Special:BookSources/9788120810242"><bdi>9788120810242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gupta+Polity&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=9788120810242&rft.aulast=Dikshitar&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKP_DTtd6kJEC%26q%3D%2522Bharata%2BKhanda%2522%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.N. Jha (2014), p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineschandra_Sircar1971" class="citation book cs1">Dineschandra Sircar (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA3"><i>Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Geography+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0690-0&rft.au=Dineschandra+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqKw1Mn8WcwC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/01/18/how-hindu-is-indias-foreign-policy">"How Hindu is India's foreign policy?"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 18 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+Hindu+is+India%27s+foreign+policy%3F&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2024%2F01%2F18%2Fhow-hindu-is-indias-foreign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_20_September_2023-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_20_September_2023_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2023" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Akanksha (20 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/opinions/india-name-change-modi-parliament-special-session-singh/index.html">"Opinion: It's not just about its colonial past. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27India%27+or+%27Bharat%27%3F+A+G-20+dinner+invite+sparks+rumors+of+a+national+rebrand&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=SHEIKH+SAALIQ+Associated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2023-09-08%2Findia-bharat-rumors-nation-name-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/09/15/will-india-change-its-name-to-bharat">"Will India change its name to Bharat?"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Why+do+countries+change+their+name%3F&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20231120-why-do-countries-change-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMI-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMI_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg" title="File:Darius I statue list of subject countries.jpg">notice</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYar-Shater1982" class="citation book cs1">Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBQZAQAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933273955" title="Special:BookSources/9780933273955"><bdi>9780933273955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780933273955&rft.aulast=Yar-Shater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBQZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/articles/place/susa/susa-photos/susa-statue-of-darius/">"Susa, Statue of Darius – Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Susa%2C+Statue+of+Darius+%E2%80%93+Livius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fsusa%2Fsusa-photos%2Fsusa-statue-of-darius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Habib, Irfan</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5qSbjBTDC-UC&pg=PA105">"Hindi/Hindwī in Medieval Times"</a>, in Aniruddha Ray (ed.), <i>The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray</i>, Primus Books, p. 105, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-16-0"><bdi>978-93-80607-16-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi%2FHindw%C4%AB+in+Medieval+Times&rft.btitle=The+Varied+Facets+of+History%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Aniruddha+Ray&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-16-0&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qSbjBTDC-UC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._N._Mukherjee" title="B. N. Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath</a> (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>, Place Names Society of India, p. 46</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Names+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Place+Names+Society+of+India&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bratindra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span>: "The term Hindustan, which in the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription of Shapur I denoted India on the lower Indus, and which later gradually began to denote more or less the whole of the subcontinent..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay_&_Chattopadhyaya,_A_Sourcebook_of_Indian_Civilization2000">Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization (2000)</a>, p. 553: "Among the countries that fell before Shapur I the area in question appears as <i>Hndstn</i>, <i>India</i> and <i>Hindy</i> respectively in the three languages mentioned above [Middle Persian, Greek and Parthian]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 310 <i>Memoirs of Zahir-ad-Din Muhammad Babur: Emperor of Hindustan</i> By <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> (Emperor of Hindustan)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n345"><i>Inscriptions of Asoka. 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Hultzsch</i></a> (in Sanskrit). 1925. pp. 169–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Asoka.+New+Edition+by+E.+Hultzsch&rft.pages=169-171&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FInscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch%2FHultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable%23page%2Fn345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tib1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tib1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toni Huber, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjzSpGf1eM0C&q=Gyagar">The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> Press, p.74-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tib4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tib4_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendun Chopel</a> (translated by Thupten Jinpa and Donald S. Lopez Jr.), 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSZnAgAAQBAJ&q=Gyagar">Grains of Gold: Tales of a Cosmopolitan Traveler</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> Press, p.73-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tib2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tib2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jianbian Joacuo (translated by Liang Yanjun, Wu Chunxiao and Song Xin), 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhBOEAAAQBAJ&q=Gyagar">降边嘉措著, ‎梁艳君, ‎吴春晓 A study of Tibetan epic Gesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Normal_University" title="Liaoning Normal University">Liaoning Normal University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, China.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tib3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tib3_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibet.net/thankyouindia2018/">Thank you India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a>, published: Jan 2018, accessed: 19 Dec 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cheung-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cheung_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheung_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheung_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2014" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Martha Pui Yiu (2014) [2006]. "Zan Ning (919–1001 CE), To Translate Means to Exchange". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZC3AwAAQBAJ"><i>An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 179, 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63928-2"><bdi>978-1-317-63928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zan+Ning+%28919%E2%80%931001+CE%29%2C+To+Translate+Means+to+Exchange&rft.btitle=An+Anthology+of+Chinese+Discourse+on+Translation%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Buddhist+Project&rft.pages=179%2C+181&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63928-2&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Martha+Pui+Yiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZC3AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamit.jp/01_introdctn/invi_eng.htm">An Invitation to Indian Architecture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/how-the-japan-india-alliance-could-redraw-the-political-map-1.344356">How the Japan-India alliance could redraw the political map</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yu-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yu_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yu_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Taishan (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp242_china_mediterranean.pdf">"China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> (242): 73, 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Ancient+Mediterranean+World%3A+A+Survey+of+Ancient+Chinese+Sources&rft.issue=242&rft.pages=73%2C+77&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Taishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp242_china_mediterranean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhair2006" class="citation book cs1">Khair, Tabish (2006). <i>Other Routes: 1500 Years of African and Asian Travel Writing</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uskojaelama.net/lange/ot/est/1.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uskojaelama.net&rft.atitle=THE+BOOK+OF+ESTHER&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuskojaelama.net%2Flange%2Fot%2Fest%2F1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon</a></i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1912.htm">BibleHub</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120628235414/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:191.hobson">"Hobson-Jobson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:191.hobson">the original</a> on 28 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hobson-Jobson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.1%3A1%3A191.hobson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/esther/1-1.htm">"Esther 1:1 This is what happened during the time of Xerxes, the Xerxes who ruled over 127 provinces stretching from India to Cush"</a>. <i>Biblehub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Esther+1%3A1+This+is+what+happened+during+the+time+of+Xerxes%2C+the+Xerxes+who+ruled+over+127+provinces+stretching+from+India+to+Cush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Festher%2F1-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225438/http://www.hanefesh.com/edu/Holidays/Book_of_Ester_-_kids_version.htm">"The Book of Esther - Kids Version"</a>. Hanefesh Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanefesh.com/edu/Holidays/Book_of_Ester_-_kids_version.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Esther+-+Kids+Version&rft.pub=Hanefesh+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanefesh.com%2Fedu%2FHolidays%2FBook_of_Ester_-_kids_version.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daytonjewishobserver.org/2015/10/tarnegol-hodu-a-bird-called-turkey/">"TARNEGOL HODU, A BIRD CALLED TURKEY"</a>. 26 October 2015. <q>Hodu is the biblical name for India (Esther 1:1), which is derived from the Persian word Hindu, a name for the region around the Indus River</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TARNEGOL+HODU%2C+A+BIRD+CALLED+TURKEY&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaytonjewishobserver.org%2F2015%2F10%2Ftarnegol-hodu-a-bird-called-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 247 <i>Chanakya and Chandragupta</i> By <a href="/wiki/A._S._Panchapakesa_Ayyar" class="mw-redirect" title="A. S. Panchapakesa Ayyar">A. S. Panchapakesa Ayyar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson, H. H.</a> (2006). <i><span></span></i>The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition<i><span></span></i>. Cambridge: Read Country Books. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84664-664-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84664-664-2"><bdi>1-84664-664-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+System+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Read+Country+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84664-664-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0"><bdi>0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-SqThZprK0EC&q=Bharatavarsha&pg=PA296">A History of Civilization in Ancient India, Based on Sanskrit Literature. In Three Volumes. Volume 3. Buddhist and Pauranik Ages</a>, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Publisher Elibron.com, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-92939-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-92939-6">0-543-92939-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-92939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-92939-6">978-0-543-92939-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jV6k0FvIC4sC&q=%22the+land+of+Bharat%22&pg=RA7-PA23">A Text Book of Social Sciences</a>, Dr. N.N. Kher & Jaideep Aggarwal, Pitambar Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-209-1466-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-209-1466-X">81-209-1466-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-209-1466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-209-1466-7">978-81-209-1466-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp058.htm">VISHŃU PURÁŃA, BOOK II, CHAP. I</a>, The Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, [1840], at sacred-texts.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 146 <i>A smaller manual of modern geography. Physical and political</i> By John Richardson (Vicar of St. Mary's Hospital, Ilford.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 45 <i>Calcutta Review</i> By University of Calcutta, 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 177 <i>Kitab Muruj Al-dahab Al-Masudi. El-Masudis Historical Encyclopaedia</i> By 'Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn al-Husain al-Masudi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 187 <i>Journal of Ancient Indian History, Volume 9</i> By D.C. Sircar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Ain i Akbari, Volume 3</i> By Abū al-Faz̤l ibn Mubārak</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 3 <i>The Mapping of Power in Renaissance Italy</i> By Mark Rosen</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggermont,_Alexander's_Campaigns_in_Sind_and_Baluchistan1975" class="citation cs2">Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC&pg=PA179"><i>Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia</i></a>, Peeters Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2"><bdi>978-90-6186-037-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Campaigns+in+Sind+and+Baluchistan+and+the+Siege+of+the+Brahmin+Town+of+Harmatelia&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-037-2&rft.aulast=Eggermont&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Herman+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnG0_xoDS3hUC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_&_Chattopadhyaya,_A_Sourcebook_of_Indian_Civilization2000" class="citation cs2">Ray, Niharranjan; Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, eds. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcyho16xzWEC"><i>A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization</i></a>, Orient Blackswan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1871-1"><bdi>978-81-250-1871-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+of+Indian+Civilization&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1871-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcyho16xzWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Purāṇas</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02522-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02522-0"><bdi>3-447-02522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-447-02522-0&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMénagePellatSchacht1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>, eds. (1971). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hind-COM_0290?s.num=47&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.start=40&s.q=shushtari">"Hind"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hind&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fhind-COM_0290%3Fs.num%3D47%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.start%3D40%26s.q%3Dshushtari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANames+for+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Name_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Asia">Name of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Nepal" title="Name of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Syria" title="Name of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Turkey" title="Name of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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