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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is a <b>list of vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves</b>. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> was legal in the United States from its <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">beginning as a nation</a>, having been practiced in North America since early colonial days. The <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution</a> formally abolished slavery in 1865, after the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>At least nine vice presidents owned slaves at some point in their lives. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> was the first while <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> was the last. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidents_who_owned_slaves">Vice presidents who owned slaves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vice presidents who owned slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" width="130px">Vice president </th> <th>Approximate number<br />of slaves held </th> <th>While in office? </th> <th>Notes </th> <th><abbr title="Reference">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7002600000000000000♠">600</span>+ </td> <td style="text-align:center">Yes (1801–1809) </td> <td>Most historians believe Jefferson fathered multiple slave children with the enslaved woman <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a>, the likely half-sister of his late wife <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wayles_Skelton" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Wayles Skelton">Martha Wayles Skelton</a>. Despite being a lifelong slave owner, Jefferson routinely condemned the institution of slavery, attempted to restrict its expansion, and advocated <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual emancipation</a>. As president, he oversaw the abolition of the international slave trade. See <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Thomas Jefferson and slavery</a> for more details. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠">10</span>+ </td> <td style="text-align:center">Yes (1801-1805) </td> <td>Burr was born into a slaveholding family. He became a slaveholder himself upon his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Theodosia_Bartow_Prevost" title="Theodosia Bartow Prevost">Theodosia Bartow Prevost</a>, who held slaves from her prior marriage to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marcus_Prevost" title="Jacques Marcus Prevost">Jacques Marcus Prevost</a>, and bought a servant named Carlos. Burr personally opposed to slavery, proposing a 1785 bill for immediate emancipation which failed in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> in favor of another bill which required gradual emancipation and was never passed; a later bill for immediate emancipation was passed after Burr returned to the State Assembly in 1799. His son <a href="/wiki/John_Pierre_Burr" title="John Pierre Burr">John Pierre Burr</a> became an abolitionist and civil rights activist. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">70–80 </td> <td style="text-align:center">unknown </td> <td>Calhoun led the pro-slavery faction in the Senate, opposing both total abolitionism and attempts such as the Wilmot Proviso to limit the expansion of slavery into the western territories. He also owned 70–80 enslaved African-Americans at his Fort Hill Plantation, comprising the area where <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a> currently sits. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠">1</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">No </td> <td>Van Buren's father owned six slaves. The only slave Van Buren personally owned, Tom, escaped in 1814, and Van Buren made no effort to find him. Otherwise, Van Buren hired out free and enslaved African Americans to work at the <a href="/wiki/Decatur_House" title="Decatur House">Decatur House</a>, a pattern he continued during his time in the White House. Later in life, Van Buren belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, which opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, but not immediate <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pugetsound_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pugetsound-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">unknown </td> <td style="text-align:center">unknown </td> <td>Johnson inherited <a href="/wiki/Julia_Chinn" title="Julia Chinn">Julia Chinn</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Octoroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Octoroon">octoroon</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> woman (seven-eighths European and one-eighth African in ancestry), who was born into slavery around 1790. He was later criticized for his <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">interracial relationship</a> with Chinn. Unlike other upper-class planters and leaders who had African-American mistresses or concubines, but never acknowledged them, Johnson treated Chinn as his <a href="/wiki/Common-law_wife" class="mw-redirect" title="Common-law wife">common-law wife</a>. He acknowledged their two daughters as his children, giving them his surname, much to the consternation of some of his constituents. When <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tappan" title="Lewis Tappan">Lewis Tappan</a> requested presentation of an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> petition to the Senate, Johnson, still a slaveowner, declined the request. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7001290000000000000♠">29</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Yes (1841) </td> <td>Evidence suggests that at least four enslaved and free enslaved African Americans worked in the White House when Tyler was president. He also never freed any of his slaves and consistently supported the slaveholder's rights and the expansion of slavery during his time in political office. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-digitalcommons.lsu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalcommons.lsu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">unknown </td> <td style="text-align:center">unknown </td> <td>He developed a large cotton <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> based on slave labor, calling the property "Chestnut Hill". King and his relatives formed one of the state's largest <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaveholding</a> families, collectively owning as many as 500 people. During the conflicts leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, King supported the Senate's <a href="/wiki/Gag_rule" title="Gag rule">gag rule</a> against debate on antislavery petitions and opposed proposals to abolish slavery in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, which Congress administered. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-senate.gov_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">unknown </td> <td style="text-align:center">unknown </td> <td>1850, he was nominated for a position in the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky state legislature</a> by a meeting trying to protect the interest of slaveowners. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> for Kansas. In 1860, he ran for president and campaigned on a platform calling for federal intervention to protect slaveowners in U.S. territories. He resigned as a U.S. Senator in 1861, becoming a brigadier general for <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">the Confederacy</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Secretary of War.</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7000900000000000000♠">9</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">No </td> <td>Johnson acquired up to at least ten slaves from 1843 until their manumission on August 8, 1863, after which they remained as paid servants. A year later, on October 24, 1864, Johnson, as military governor of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, proclaimed the freedom of Tennessee's slaves. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">List of slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">Slavery in the District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/slavery/paradox-of-liberty/thomas-jefferson-liberty-slavery/this-deplorable-entanglement/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"This Deplorable Entanglement"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819140950/https://www.monticello.org/slavery/paradox-of-liberty/thomas-jefferson-liberty-slavery/this-deplorable-entanglement/">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monticello&rft.atitle=%22This+Deplorable+Entanglement%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fslavery%2Fparadox-of-liberty%2Fthomas-jefferson-liberty-slavery%2Fthis-deplorable-entanglement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Linda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/slavery-in-the-thomas-jefferson-white-house">"The Enslaved Household of President Thomas Jefferson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association" title="White House Historical Association">White House Historical Association</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120031006/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/slavery-in-the-thomas-jefferson-white-house">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>...Jefferson owned over 600 enslaved people during his lifetime, the most of any U.S. president</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Enslaved+Household+of+President+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fslavery-in-the-thomas-jefferson-white-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/monticello-affirms-thomas-jefferson-fathered-children-with-sally-hemings/">"Monticello Affirms Thomas Jefferson Fathered Children with Sally Hemings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219162546/https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/monticello-affirms-thomas-jefferson-fathered-children-with-sally-hemings/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monticello&rft.atitle=Monticello+Affirms+Thomas+Jefferson+Fathered+Children+with+Sally+Hemings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fthomas-jefferson%2Fjefferson-slavery%2Fthomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account%2Fmonticello-affirms-thomas-jefferson-fathered-children-with-sally-hemings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr" class="citation web cs1">Burr, Sherri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/john-pierre-burr">"Aaron Burr Jr. and John Pierre Burr: A Founding Father and his Abolitionist Son"</a>. <i>Princeton & Slavery</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111032030/https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/john-pierre-burr">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+%26+Slavery&rft.atitle=Aaron+Burr+Jr.+and+John+Pierre+Burr%3A+A+Founding+Father+and+his+Abolitionist+Son&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Sherri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslavery.princeton.edu%2Fstories%2Fjohn-pierre-burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7851/pg7851-images.html">"Memoirs of Aaron Burr, Volume 2"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Project_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="The Project Gutenberg">The Project Gutenberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321125650/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7851/pg7851-images.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=Memoirs+of+Aaron+Burr%2C+Volume+2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F7851%2Fpg7851-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clemson.edu/about/history/bios/john-c-calhoun.html">"John C. Calhoun"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323203644/https://www.clemson.edu/about/history/bios/john-c-calhoun.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Calhoun...owned...some 70–80 enslaved African-Americans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clemson+University&rft.atitle=John+C.+Calhoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clemson.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbios%2Fjohn-c-calhoun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/martin-van-buren-and-the-politics-of-slavery.htm">"Martin Van Buren and the Politics of Slavery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204014308/https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/martin-van-buren-and-the-politics-of-slavery.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The 1830 census lists four enslaved women in his household while in residence at the Decatur House</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren+and+the+Politics+of+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmava%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fmartin-van-buren-and-the-politics-of-slavery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello" class="citation web cs1">Costello, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-enslaved-households-of-martin-van-buren">"The Enslaved Households of President Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association" title="White House Historical Association">White House Historical Association</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323035632/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-enslaved-households-of-martin-van-buren">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Martin Van Buren owned at least one enslaved person during his lifetime...He also hired out enslaved and free African Americans to work at Decatur House...This pattern continued during his time at the White House, where five free African Americans and four enslaved people labored to maintain the Executive Mansion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Enslaved+Households+of+President+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fthe-enslaved-households-of-martin-van-buren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/the-election-of-1848-free-soil-free-labor-free-men.htm">"The Election of 1848: Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></i>. December 9, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210124413/https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/the-election-of-1848-free-soil-free-labor-free-men.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=The+Election+of+1848%3A+Free+Soil%2C+Free+Labor%2C+Free+Men&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmava%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fthe-election-of-1848-free-soil-free-labor-free-men.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pugetsound-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pugetsound_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pugetsound" class="citation journal cs1">Adamack, Joe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pugetsound.edu/files/resources/7908_2007Adamack.pdf">"Politics versus Convictions: Martin Van Buren, Roger Sherman Baldwin, and the Trials of Mutinous Slaves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>: 25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Politics+versus+Convictions%3A+Martin+Van+Buren%2C+Roger+Sherman+Baldwin%2C+and+the+Trials+of+Mutinous+Slaves&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Adamack&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pugetsound.edu%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2F7908_2007Adamack.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2017" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Christina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0q__DQAAQBAJ"><i>Great Crossings: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of Jackson</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 3–4, 7–9, 38–40, 42–44, 47–53, 56–60, 62–63, 66–67, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939907-9"><bdi>978-0-19-939907-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Crossings%3A+Indians%2C+Settlers%2C+and+Slaves+in+the+Age+of+Jackson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-4%2C+7-9%2C+38-40%2C+42-44%2C+47-53%2C+56-60%2C+62-63%2C+66-67%2C+69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939907-9&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0q__DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(TV_writer)" title="David Mills (TV writer)">Mills, David</a> (April 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-mills/the-vice-president-and-th_b_46953.html">"The Vice-President and the Mulatto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618045939/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-vice-president-and-th_b_46953">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Vice-President+and+the+Mulatto&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-mills%2Fthe-vice-president-and-th_b_46953.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_O._Hatfield1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_O._Hatfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark O. Hatfield">Mark O. Hatfield</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209073149/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/richard_johnson.pdf">"Vice Presidents of the United States: Richard Mentor Johnson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/richard_johnson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>These efforts, together with a sizeable bequest of land and slaves from his father, eventually made Johnson a wealthy man, although he never identified with the privileged classes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Senate&rft.atitle=Vice+Presidents+of+the+United+States%3A+Richard+Mentor+Johnson&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Mark+O.+Hatfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2Frichard_johnson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello" class="citation web cs1">Costello, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-enslaved-households-of-president-john-tyler">"The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association" title="White House Historical Association">White House Historical Association</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323201353/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-enslaved-households-of-president-john-tyler">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>These four identified individuals, a mix of free and enslaved African Americans, worked in the Tyler White House...Newspaper accounts from the time also suggest that there were other enslaved individuals working at the White House...by 1850, there were forty-six enslaved individuals working at the Tyler property; ten years later, that number decreased slightly to forty-four</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Formerly+Enslaved+Households+of+President+Andrew+Johnson&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fthe-enslaved-households-of-president-john-tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digitalcommons.lsu-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-digitalcommons.lsu_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="digitalcommons.lsu" class="citation journal cs1">Leahy, Christopher Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241&context=gradschool_disstheses">"John Tyler Before the Presidency: Principles and Politics of a Southern Planter"</a>. <i>Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College</i>: 193<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+State+University+and+Agricultural+%26+Mechanical+College&rft.atitle=John+Tyler+Before+the+Presidency%3A+Principles+and+Politics+of+a+Southern+Planter.&rft.pages=193&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1241%26context%3Dgradschool_disstheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate.gov-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate.gov_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722021124/https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_William_R_King.htm">"U.S. Senate: William Rufus King, 13th Vice President (1853)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_William_R_King.htm">the original</a> on July 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>He believed that abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia would be unfair to the slaveholders in adjacent states, but he supported abolition of the slave trade there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Senate&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+William+Rufus+King%2C+13th+Vice+President+%281853%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fofficers-staff%2Fvice-president%2FVP_William_R_King.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clintonnc.com/features/lifestyle/27144/the-rich-history-of-williams-rufus-king">"The rich history of Williams Rufus King"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sampson_Independent" title="The Sampson Independent">The Sampson Independent</a></i>. January 28, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324185818/https://www.clintonnc.com/features/lifestyle/27144/the-rich-history-of-williams-rufus-king">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022. <q>...William R. King was a slaveowner and earned income and maintained his lifestyle by using slaves....Reportedly, in Alabama, King and his relatives formed one of the largest slave-holding families in Alabama, collectively owning as many as 500.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sampson+Independent&rft.atitle=The+rich+history+of+Williams+Rufus+King&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clintonnc.com%2Ffeatures%2Flifestyle%2F27144%2Fthe-rich-history-of-williams-rufus-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigdor2021" class="citation web cs1">Vigdor, Neal (June 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/24/us/iowa-lulu-merle-johnson-county.html">"An Iowa County Chooses to Be Named for a Black Professor, Not a Slaveowner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217103956/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/24/us/iowa-lulu-merle-johnson-county.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>In 2005, lawmakers and the governor of Washington State approved naming King County after the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. instead of William Rufus King, the 13th vice president, who owned slaves and supported the Fugitive Slave Act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Iowa+County+Chooses+to+Be+Named+for+a+Black+Professor%2C+Not+a+Slaveowner&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft.aulast=Vigdor&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F24%2Fus%2Fiowa-lulu-merle-johnson-county.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/us-politics/john-c-breckinridge">"John C. Breckinridge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. November 9, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324051353/https://www.history.com/topics/us-politics/john-c-breckinridge">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=John+C.+Breckinridge&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-politics%2Fjohn-c-breckinridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/princetonians-in-kentucky">"Princetonians in Kentucky"</a>. <i>Princeton & Slavery</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015212507/https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/princetonians-in-kentucky">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+%26+Slavery&rft.atitle=Princetonians+in+Kentucky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslavery.princeton.edu%2Fstories%2Fprincetonians-in-kentucky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeck1976" class="citation book cs1">Heck, Frank H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TpcfBgAAQBAJ&q=John+C.+Breckinridge+bachelor+of+arts+in&pg=PA6"><i>Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875</i></a>. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-0217-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-0217-0"><bdi>0-8131-0217-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proud+Kentuckian%3A+John+C.+Breckinridge%2C+1821%E2%80%931875&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8131-0217-0&rft.aulast=Heck&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTpcfBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJohn%2BC.%2BBreckinridge%2Bbachelor%2Bof%2Barts%2Bin%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotter1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Klotter" title="James C. Klotter">Klotter, James C.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZKhxqplgf0C"><i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i></a>. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9165-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-9165-3"><bdi>0-8131-9165-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breckinridges+of+Kentucky&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8131-9165-3&rft.aulast=Klotter&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZKhxqplgf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFling" class="citation web cs1">Fling, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-formerly-enslaved-households-of-president-andrew-johnson">"The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association" title="White House Historical Association">White House Historical Association</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118201712/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-formerly-enslaved-households-of-president-andrew-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>In 1864 and 1865, he claimed pay toward wages, rations, and clothing for three servants: Henry, Florence, and Elizabeth (Liz)...Though Johnson's actual relation to his enslaved servants can only be corroborated by DNA evidence, he certainly had a unique relationship with Dolly, Florence, Liz, William, and Sam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Formerly+Enslaved+Households+of+President+Andrew+Johnson&rft.aulast=Fling&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fthe-formerly-enslaved-households-of-president-andrew-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm">"October 24, 1864"</a>. <i>Andrew Johnson National Historic Site Tennessee</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. April 14, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118184619/https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Johnson+National+Historic+Site+Tennessee&rft.atitle=October+24%2C+1864&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fanjo%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fmoses-speech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/johnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm">"Andrew Johnson and Emancipation in Tennessee"</a>. <i>Andrew Johnson National Historic Site Tennessee</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. February 5, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182414/https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/johnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Johnson+National+Historic+Site+Tennessee&rft.atitle=Andrew+Johnson+and+Emancipation+in+Tennessee&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fanjo%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fjohnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+vice+presidents+of+the+United+States+who+owned+slaves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavery_in_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Template:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this 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California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Colorado" title="History of slavery in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Connecticut" title="History of slavery in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Delaware" title="History of slavery in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Illinois" title="History of slavery in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Iowa" title="History of slavery in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kansas" title="History of slavery in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kentucky" title="History of slavery in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Maine (page does not exist)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="History of slavery in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Michigan" title="History of slavery in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Minnesota" title="History of slavery in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Mississippi" title="History of slavery in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Montana" title="History of slavery in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Nebraska" title="History of slavery in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Nevada (page does not exist)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Jersey" title="History of slavery in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Mexico" title="History of slavery in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma" title="History of slavery in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Oregon (page does not exist)">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania" title="History of slavery in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Carolina" title="History of slavery in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Dakota" title="History of slavery in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Tennessee" title="History of slavery in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah" title="History of slavery in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Vermont" title="History of slavery in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Washington (state) (page does not exist)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia" title="History of slavery in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Wyoming (page does not exist)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands#Danish_period" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Slavery among Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_Spain" title="Slavery in New Spain">Slavery in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Slave trade in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States" title="Slave markets and slave jails in the United States">Slave markets and slave jails in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_into_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Kidnapping into slavery in the United States">Kidnapping into slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_labor_on_United_States_military_installations_1799%E2%80%931863" title="Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863">Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_American_colleges_and_universities" title="Slavery at American colleges and universities">Slavery at American colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_slavery" title="Glossary of American slavery">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of slavery in the United States">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br />social history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_proslavery_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American proslavery movement">American proslavery movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Slavery as a positive good in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_the_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatment of the slaves in the United States (page does not exist)">Treatment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_health_on_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="Slave health on plantations in the United States">Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-literacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-literacy laws in the United States">Mandatory illiteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_quarters_in_the_United_States" title="Slave quarters in the United States">Slave quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Domestic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_slave_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American slave traders">List of American slave traders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_slave_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway slave ad">Runaway slave ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedmen%27s_towns" title="List of freedmen's towns">Freedmen's towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">List of abolitionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_system" title="Gang system">Gang system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_system" title="Task system">Task system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="List of plantations in the United States">List of plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerindian_slave_ownership" title="Amerindian slave ownership">Amerindian slave ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_slave_owners" title="African-American slave owners">African-American slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Slavery and the United States Constitution">Slavery and the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_slave_court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="American slave court cases">American slave court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freedom_suits_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Freedom suits in the United States">Freedom suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">Slave and free states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="History of slavery in the United States by state">History of slavery by U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule (1836–1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_to_reopen_the_transatlantic_slave_trade" title="Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade">Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Presidents and slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">George Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Thomas Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_and_slavery" title="John Tyler and slavery">John Tyler and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor_and_slavery" title="Zachary Taylor and slavery">Zachary Taylor and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Andrew Johnson and slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Members of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices_who_owned_slaves" title="List of United States Supreme Court Justices who owned slaves">Supreme Court Justices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage,<br />sexual slavery<br />and procreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">Female slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States#Sexual_relations_and_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Sexual relations and rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_family" title="Shadow family">Shadow family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War and after</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery during the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">End of slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation_in_the_United_States" title="Compensated emancipation in the United States">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">Contraband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">Colored Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_reunification_ads_after_emancipation" title="Family reunification ads after emancipation">Family reunification ads after emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_town" title="Freedmen's town">Freedmen's town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedmen%27s_towns" title="List of freedmen's towns">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_US_presidents_and_vice_presidents" title="Template:Lists of US presidents and vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_US_presidents_and_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:Lists of US presidents and vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_US_presidents_and_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of US presidents and vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List of vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">Approval rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">Assassination attempts and plots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Control of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oval_Office_desks" title="List of Oval Office desks">Desks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Doctrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_executive_orders" title="List of United States federal executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by presidents of the United States">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments" title="List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service" title="List of presidents of the United States by military service">Military service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_rank" title="List of presidents of the United States by military rank">rank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_vehicles_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of official vehicles of the president of the United States">Official vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_ran_for_office" title="List of former presidents of the United States who ran for office">Post-presidency campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">Previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_background_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Ancestral background of presidents of the United States">Ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bibliographies_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of bibliographies of presidents of the United States">Bibliographies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autobiographies_by_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of autobiographies by presidents of the United States">autobiographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death" title="List of presidents of the United States by date of death">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States who died in office">in office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair" title="List of presidents of the United States with facial hair">Facial hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">first ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of presidents of the United States">children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_firsts" title="List of United States presidential firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_left-handed_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of left-handed presidents of the United States">Left-handed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of multilingual presidents of the United States">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_net_worth" title="List of presidents of the United States by net worth">Net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of nicknames of presidents of the United States">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_pets" title="United States presidential pets">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_residences_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of residences of presidents of the United States">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_involved_in_Scouting" title="List of presidents of the United States involved in Scouting">Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_vacations" title="United States presidential vacations">Vacations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions<br />and honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_who_have_played_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of actors who have played the president of the United States">Actor portrayals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of fictional presidents of the United States">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States">Educational institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system#List_of_presidential_libraries" title="Presidential library system">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">Memorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_monuments_honoring_presidents_of_the_United_States_in_other_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of buildings and monuments honoring presidents of the United States in other countries">in other countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vessels_named_after_presidents" title="List of U.S. military vessels named after presidents">Military vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Portraits of presidents of the United States">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of sculptures of presidents of the United States">Sculptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of U.S. counties named after presidents of the United States">U.S. counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Vice_presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of vice presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li> <li>Families <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States" title="Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States">spouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of vice presidents of the United States">children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach vice presidents of the United States">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_ran_for_president" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who ran for president">Ran for president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of vice presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">U.S. Senate bust collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">Acting presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">Designated survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration#List_of_inauguration_ceremonies" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition#List_of_presidential_transitions" title="United States presidential transition">Transitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">Winner lost popular vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political affiliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic-Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Democratic-Republican Party presidential tickets">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Federalist_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Federalist Party presidential tickets">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Green_Party_of_the_United_States_presidential_tickets" title="List of Green Party of the United States presidential tickets">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">National Republican / Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_third-party_and_independent_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major third-party and independent presidential tickets">Third party / independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heights_of_presidents_and_presidential_candidates_of_the_United_States" title="Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major-party_United_States_presidential_candidates_who_lost_their_home_state" title="List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their home state">Lost their home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">Number of votes received</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_primary_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received">in primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">Received at least one electoral vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party vice presidential candidates</a></li></ul> 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