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<span>Data processing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data processing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Email" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Email</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Search system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commercial effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Information_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Information services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IT_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IT_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>IT projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IT_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Information technology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inligtingstegnologie" title="Inligtingstegnologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Inligtingstegnologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationstechnik" title="Informationstechnik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Informationstechnik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تقانة المعلومات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقانة المعلومات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnoloch%C3%ADas_d%27a_Informaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnolochías d'a Información – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tecnolochías d'a Información" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teunolox%C3%ADa_de_la_informaci%C3%B3n" title="Teunoloxía de la información – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teunoloxía de la información" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nformasiya_texnologiyalar%C4%B1" title="İnformasiya texnologiyaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnformasiya texnologiyaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیلگی تکنولوژیسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلگی تکنولوژیسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="তথ্য প্রযুক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তথ্য প্রযুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%93%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мәғлүмәт технологиялары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәғлүмәт технологиялары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96" title="Інфармацыйныя тэхналогіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфармацыйныя тэхналогіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96" title="Інфармацыйныя тэхналёгіі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфармацыйныя тэхналёгіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इन्फॉर्मेशन टेक्नोलॉजी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इन्फॉर्मेशन टेक्नोलॉजी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Информационни технологии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Информационни технологии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacijska_tehnologija" title="Informacijska tehnologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Informacijska tehnologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_de_la_informaci%C3%B3" title="Tecnologia de la informació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tecnologia de la informació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_technologie" title="Informační technologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Informační technologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoleg_gwybodaeth" title="Technoleg gwybodaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Technoleg gwybodaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsteknologi" title="Informationsteknologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Informationsteknologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationstechnik" title="Informationstechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informationstechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infotehnoloogia" title="Infotehnoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Infotehnoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Τεχνολογία πληροφοριών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνολογία πληροφοριών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADa_de_la_informaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnología de la información – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tecnología de la información" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa_teknologio" title="Informa teknologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Informa teknologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informazio_teknologia" title="Informazio teknologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Informazio teknologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فناوری اطلاعات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فناوری اطلاعات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Information technology" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie_de_l%27information" title="Technologie de l'information – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Technologie de l'information" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teicneola%C3%ADocht_faisn%C3%A9ise" title="Teicneolaíocht faisnéise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teicneolaíocht faisnéise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87haghnoaylleeaght-fysseree" title="Çhaghnoaylleeaght-fysseree – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhaghnoaylleeaght-fysseree" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolox%C3%ADas_da_informaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnoloxías da información – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tecnoloxías da información" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT" title="IT – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="IT" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%CB%87_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A4%DA%98%D9%8A" title="اطلاعاتˇ تکنؤلؤژي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اطلاعاتˇ تکنؤلؤژي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="정보기술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정보기술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տեղեկատվական տեխնոլոգիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղեկատվական տեխնոլոգիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informati%C4%8Dka_tehnologija" title="Informatička tehnologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Informatička tehnologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_informasi" title="Teknologi informasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknologi informasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuChwepheshe_boKwaziswa" title="UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppl%C3%BDsingat%C3%A6kni" title="Upplýsingatækni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upplýsingatækni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_dell%27informazione" title="Tecnologia dell'informazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tecnologia dell'informazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2" title="טכנולוגיית מידע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טכנולוגיית מידע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8knologi_informasi" title="Tèknologi informasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tèknologi informasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಮಾಹಿತಿ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಹಿತಿ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საინფორმაციო ტექნოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საინფორმაციო ტექნოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ақпарат технологиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақпарат технологиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolojia_ya_habari" title="Teknolojia ya habari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Teknolojia ya habari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknoloji_di_enformasyon_%C3%A9_di_kominikasyon" title="Teknoloji di enformasyon é di kominikasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Teknoloji di enformasyon é di kominikasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Маалымат технологиясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маалымат технологиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%82%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຕັກໂນໂລຊີຂໍ້ມູນຂ່າວສານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຕັກໂນໂລຊີຂໍ້ມູນຂ່າວສານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologia_informationis" title="Technologia informationis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Technologia informationis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C4%81cijas_tehnolo%C4%A3ijas" title="Informācijas tehnoloģijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Informācijas tehnoloģijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacin%C4%97s_technologijos" title="Informacinės technologijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Informacinės technologijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatietechnologie" title="Informatietechnologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Informatietechnologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedotehniekku" title="Tiedotehniekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tiedotehniekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_technol%C3%B3gia" title="Információs technológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Információs technológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="सूचना प्रविधि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सूचना प्रविधि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Информатичка технологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Информатичка технологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="വിവരസാങ്കേതികവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിവരസാങ്കേതികവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="माहिती तंत्रज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माहिती तंत्रज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تكنولوجيا المعلومات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تكنولوجيا المعلومات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_maklumat" title="Teknologi maklumat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teknologi maklumat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_informasi" title="Teknologi informasi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Teknologi informasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologie_de_la_anforma%C3%A7on" title="Tecnologie de la anformaçon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tecnologie de la anformaçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Мэдээллийн технологи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдээллийн технологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သတင်းအချက်အလက်နည်းပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတင်းအချက်အလက်နည်းပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatietechnologie" title="Informatietechnologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Informatietechnologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="सूचना प्रविधि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सूचना प्रविधि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="情報技術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報技術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjons-_og_kommunikasjonsteknologi" title="Informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsteknologi" title="Informasjonsteknologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Informasjonsteknologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologias_de_l%27informacion" title="Tecnologias de l'informacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tecnologias de l'informacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Увераҥар технологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Увераҥар технологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ସୂଚନା ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତିବିଦ୍ୟା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୂଚନା ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତିବିଦ୍ୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axborot_texnologiyalari" title="Axborot texnologiyalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Axborot texnologiyalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੂਚਨਾ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਚਨਾ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%BC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="معلوماتي ټیکنالوژي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معلوماتي ټیکنالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infamieshan_teknalaji" title="Infamieshan teknalaji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Infamieshan teknalaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ព័ត៌មានវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព័ត៌មានវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technika_informatyczna" title="Technika informatyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Technika informatyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Tecnologia da informação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecnologia da informação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaciyal%C4%B1q_texnologiya" title="Informaciyalıq texnologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Informaciyalıq texnologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologia_informa%C8%9Biei" title="Tehnologia informației – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tehnologia informației" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Інформачна технолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Інформачна технолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Информационные технологии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Информационные технологии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Информация технологията – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Информация технологията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranya_a_Kakanyo" title="Maranya a Kakanyo – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Maranya a Kakanyo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologjia_e_informacionit" title="Teknologjia e informacionit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teknologjia e informacionit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="තොරතුරු තාක්‍ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තොරතුරු තාක්‍ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Information technology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86_%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_technol%C3%B3gia" title="Informačná technológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Informačná technológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacijska_tehnika" title="Informacijska tehnika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Informacijska tehnika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macluumaadka_Teknolojiyadda" title="Macluumaadka Teknolojiyadda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macluumaadka Teknolojiyadda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تەکنۆلۆژیای زانیاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەکنۆلۆژیای زانیاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaciona_tehnologija" title="Informaciona tehnologija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Informaciona tehnologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaciona_tehnologija" title="Informaciona tehnologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Informaciona tehnologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietotekniikka" title="Tietotekniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietotekniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsteknik" title="Informationsteknik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Informationsteknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolohiyang_pang-impormasyon" title="Teknolohiyang pang-impormasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teknolohiyang pang-impormasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Мәгълүмат технологияләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәгълүмат технологияләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="เทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Фанноварии иттилоот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фанноварии иттилоот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_teknolojisi" title="Bilgi teknolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgi teknolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Інформаційні технології – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформаційні технології" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="اطلاعاتی ٹیکنالوجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطلاعاتی ٹیکنالوجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_th%C3%B4ng_tin" title="Công nghệ thông tin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghệ thông tin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impormasyon_Teknolohiya" title="Impormasyon Teknolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Impormasyon Teknolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaralay_xibaar_ak_jokkoo" title="Xaralay xibaar ak jokkoo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xaralay xibaar ak jokkoo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息技术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="信息技术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינפארמאציע טעכנאלאגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינפארמאציע טעכנאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="資訊科技 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="資訊科技" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding: 0.3em"><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_information_science" title="Outline of information science">General aspects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_access" title="Information access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_behavior" title="Information behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_seeking" title="Information seeking">Seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Knowledge organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> Related fields and subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation (library and archival science)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Information_science" title="Template:Information science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Information_science" title="Template talk:Information science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Information_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Information science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Information technology</b> (<b>IT</b>) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data</a> and information processing, and storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IT forms part of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> (ICT).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <b>information technology system</b> (<b>IT system</b>) is generally an <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information system</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Communications_system" title="Communications system">communications system</a>, or, more specifically speaking, a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer system</a> — including all <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an <b>IT project</b> usually refers to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require meticulous planning, seamless integration, and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term <i>information technology</i> in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i>; authors <a href="/wiki/Harold_Leavitt" title="Harold Leavitt">Harold J. Leavitt</a> and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."<sup id="cite_ref-LeavittWhisler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeavittWhisler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> and mathematical methods to <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.<sup id="cite_ref-LeavittWhisler_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeavittWhisler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for computers and <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a>, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephones" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephones">telephones</a>. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, electronics, semiconductors, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecom equipment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DMC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC — 1450 AD), <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical</a> (1450 — 1840), <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> (1840 — 1940), and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic</a> (1940 to present).<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information technology is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, defined as the study of procedures, structures, and the processing of various types of data. As this field continues to evolve globally, its priority and importance have grown, leading to the introduction of computer science-related courses in <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K-12 education</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG/300px-Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG/450px-Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG/600px-Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Z3_(computer)" title="Z3 (computer)">Zuse Z3</a> replica on display at <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. The Zuse Z3 is the first <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programmable</a> computer.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_2.jpg/220px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_2.jpg/330px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_2.jpg/440px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>This is the <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a>, which is considered the first mechanical analog computer, dating back to the first century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data. Scholarly articles began to be published from different organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking at early computing, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a> were considered some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> began to be brought up as Turing was beginning to question such technology of the time period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Devices</a> have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Tally_stick" title="Tally stick">tally stick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmandt-Besserat_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmandt-Besserat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a>, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered the earliest known mechanical <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computer</a>, and the earliest known geared mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2012279_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2012279-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparable geared devices did not emerge in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_calculator" title="Mechanical calculator">mechanical calculator</a> capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri20043_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri20043-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic computers">Electronic computers</a>, using either <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a>, began to appear in the early 1940s. The <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical">electromechanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Z3_(computer)" title="Z3 (computer)">Zuse Z3</a>, completed in 1941, was the world's first <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programmable</a> computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> machine. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a> developed the first electronic <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> computer to decrypt German messages. Although it was <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programmable</a>, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavington198011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavington198011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recognizably modern <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> digital <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computer</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a>, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Enticknap_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enticknap-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> in the late 1940s at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferranti Mark I">Ferranti Mark I</a>, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison, the first transistorized computer developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other breakthroughs in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> technology include the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) invented by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> in 1959, silicon dioxide surface passivation by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frosch" title="Carl Frosch">Carl Frosch</a> and Lincoln Derick in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> demonstration by a Bell Labs team.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lojek1202_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojek1202-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hoerni" title="Jean Hoerni">Jean Hoerni</a> in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bassett46_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett46-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and the <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted Hoff">Ted Hoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Shima" title="Masatoshi Shima">Masatoshi Shima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mazor" title="Stanley Mazor">Stanley Mazor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> in 1971. These important inventions led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> (PC) in the 1970s, and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> (ICT).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the year of 1984, according to the <i>National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review</i>, the term <i>information technology</i> had been redefined as "The development of cable television was made possible by the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (…generally known in Britain as information technology)." We then begin to see the appearance of the term in 1990 contained within documents for the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-first century as people were able to access different online services. This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were personally connected to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which was equivalent to 51 million households.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the Internet, new types of technology were also being introduced across the globe, which has improved efficiency and made things easier across the globe. </p><p>Along with technology revolutionizing society, millions of processes could be done in seconds. Innovations in communication were also crucial as people began to rely on the computer to communicate through telephone lines and cable. The introduction of the email was considered revolutionary as "companies in one part of the world could communicate by e-mail with suppliers and buyers in another part of the world..."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. During the year of 2002, Americans exceeded $28 billion in goods just over the Internet alone while e-commerce a decade later resulted in $289 billion in sales.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And as computers are rapidly becoming more sophisticated by the day, they are becoming more used as people are becoming more reliant on them during the twenty-first century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_processing">Data processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Data processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_data_processing" title="Electronic data processing">Electronic data processing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_1984_0535_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Large_1984_0535_0001.jpg/220px-Large_1984_0535_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Large_1984_0535_0001.jpg/330px-Large_1984_0535_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Large_1984_0535_0001.jpg/440px-Large_1984_0535_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Ferranti Mark I computer logic board</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg/300px-PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg/450px-PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg/600px-PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tapes</a> were used in <a href="/wiki/Early_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Early computer">early computers</a> to store and represent <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">Data storage</a></div> <p>Early electronic computers such as <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a> made use of <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">punched tape</a>, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlavudeenVenkateshwaran2010178_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlavudeenVenkateshwaran2010178-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of <a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">delay-line memory</a> was developed to remove the clutter from <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavington19981_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavington19981-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access</a> digital storage device was the <a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a>, which was based on a standard <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resurrection_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resurrection-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the information stored in it and delay-line memory was volatile in the fact that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the <a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">magnetic drum</a>, invented in 1932<sup id="cite_ref-MagDrum_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagDrum-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used in the <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1" title="Ferranti Mark 1">Ferranti Mark 1</a>, the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Digital60MM1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digital60MM1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> in 1956, as a component of their <a href="/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC" title="IBM 305 RAMAC">305 RAMAC</a> computer system.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> Until 2002 most information was stored on <a href="/wiki/Analog_device" title="Analog device">analog devices</a>, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally:<sup id="cite_ref-USCNews_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCNews-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices, and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 <a href="/wiki/Exabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabyte">exabytes</a> in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> doubling roughly every 3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilbertvideo2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilbertvideo2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Databases">Databases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBMS">Database Management Systems (DMS)</a> emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. An early such system was <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_System" title="IBM Information Management System">Information Management System</a> (IMS),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-IMS_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMS stores data <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_database_model" title="Hierarchical database model">hierarchically</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Ted Codd</a> proposed an alternative relational storage model based on <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predicate_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate logic">predicate logic</a> and the familiar concepts of tables, rows, and columns. In 1981, the first commercially available <a href="/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> (RDBMS) was released by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20063_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20063-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All DMS consist of components, they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">extensible markup language</a> (XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>, it is commonly held in <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a> to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardede20092_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardede20092-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">Standard Generalized Markup Language</a> (SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both <a href="/wiki/Machine_readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine readable">machine-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human-readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable">human-readable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardede20094_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardede20094-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_card_storage.NARA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IBM_card_storage.NARA.jpg/220px-IBM_card_storage.NARA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IBM_card_storage.NARA.jpg/330px-IBM_card_storage.NARA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IBM_card_storage.NARA.jpg/440px-IBM_card_storage.NARA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>IBM card storage warehouse located in Alexandria, Virginia in 1959. This is where the government kept storage of punched cards.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">Data transmission</a> has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeik2000361_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeik2000361-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be broadly categorized as <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardede2009xiii_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardede2009xiii-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardede20094_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardede20094-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardede2009xiii_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardede2009xiii-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manipulation">Manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanKamberPei20115_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanKamberPei20115-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address that issue, the field of <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanKamberPei20118_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanKamberPei20118-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — emerged in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanKamberPei2011xxiii_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanKamberPei2011xxiii-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Email">Email</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Email"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technology and services it provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called "letters" or "electronic letters") over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, electronic mail practically repeats the system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, and others) and characteristic features — ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: easily perceived and remembered by a person addresses of the form user_name@domain_name (for example, somebody@example.com); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in the general case, they address each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs. </p><p>Disadvantages of e-mail: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in the mailbox (personal for users). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_system">Search system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Search system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines look for information on <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on FTP servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern Internet (see the Deep Web article about the main problems in the work of search engines). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_effects">Commercial effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commercial effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These titles can be misleading at times and should not be mistaken for "tech companies;" which are generally large scale, for-profit corporations that sell consumer technology and software. It is also worth noting that from a business perspective, Information technology departments are a "<a href="/wiki/Cost_centre_(business)" title="Cost centre (business)">cost center</a>" the majority of the time. A cost center is a department or staff which incurs expenses, or "costs", within a company rather than generating profits or revenue streams. Modern businesses rely heavily on technology for their day-to-day operations, so the expenses delegated to cover technology that facilitates business in a more efficient manner are usually seen as "just the cost of doing business." IT departments are allocated funds by senior leadership and must attempt to achieve the desired deliverables while staying within that budget. Government and the private sector might have different funding mechanisms, but the principles are more-or-less the same. This is an often overlooked reason for the rapid interest in automation and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>, but the constant pressure to do more with less is opening the door for automation to take control of at least some minor operations in large companies. </p><p>Many companies now have IT departments for managing the <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a business context, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Association_of_America" title="Information Technology Association of America">Information Technology Association of America</a> has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded, and replaced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_services">Information services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Information services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies,<sup id="cite_ref-VentureRadar_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VentureRadar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Index.co_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index.co-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Publishing_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishing-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Data_broker" title="Data broker">data brokers</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ComputerSystemsEmployment_distribution_.png" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Employment distribution of computer systems design and related services, 2011[59]"><img alt="U.S. Employment distribution of computer systems design and related services, 2011[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ComputerSystemsEmployment_distribution_.png/120px-ComputerSystemsEmployment_distribution_.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ComputerSystemsEmployment_distribution_.png/180px-ComputerSystemsEmployment_distribution_.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ComputerSystemsEmployment_distribution_.png/240px-ComputerSystemsEmployment_distribution_.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Employment distribution of computer systems design and related services, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EmploymentComputerSystems.png" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Employment in the computer systems and design related services industry, in thousands, 1990–2011[59]"><img alt="U.S. Employment in the computer systems and design related services industry, in thousands, 1990–2011[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EmploymentComputerSystems.png/120px-EmploymentComputerSystems.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EmploymentComputerSystems.png/180px-EmploymentComputerSystems.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EmploymentComputerSystems.png/240px-EmploymentComputerSystems.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Employment in the computer systems and design related services industry, in thousands, 1990–2011<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ComputerSystemsOccupationalGrowthWages.png" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Occupational growth and wages in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020[59]"><img alt="U.S. Occupational growth and wages in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ComputerSystemsOccupationalGrowthWages.png/120px-ComputerSystemsOccupationalGrowthWages.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ComputerSystemsOccupationalGrowthWages.png/180px-ComputerSystemsOccupationalGrowthWages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ComputerSystemsOccupationalGrowthWages.png/240px-ComputerSystemsOccupationalGrowthWages.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Occupational growth and wages in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ProjectedEmploymentChangeComputerSystems.png" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. projected percent change in employment in selected occupations in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020[59]"><img alt="U.S. projected percent change in employment in selected occupations in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ProjectedEmploymentChangeComputerSystems.png/120px-ProjectedEmploymentChangeComputerSystems.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ProjectedEmploymentChangeComputerSystems.png/180px-ProjectedEmploymentChangeComputerSystems.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ProjectedEmploymentChangeComputerSystems.png/240px-ProjectedEmploymentChangeComputerSystems.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. projected percent change in employment in selected occupations in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ProjectedAverageAnnualEmploymentChangeSelectedIndustries.png" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. projected average annual percent change in output and employment in selected industries, 2010–2020[59]"><img alt="U.S. projected average annual percent change in output and employment in selected industries, 2010–2020[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ProjectedAverageAnnualEmploymentChangeSelectedIndustries.png/120px-ProjectedAverageAnnualEmploymentChangeSelectedIndustries.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ProjectedAverageAnnualEmploymentChangeSelectedIndustries.png/180px-ProjectedAverageAnnualEmploymentChangeSelectedIndustries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ProjectedAverageAnnualEmploymentChangeSelectedIndustries.png/240px-ProjectedAverageAnnualEmploymentChangeSelectedIndustries.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. projected average annual percent change in output and employment in selected industries, 2010–2020<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Information_ethics" title="Information ethics">Information ethics</a></div> <p>The field of information ethics was established by mathematician <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a> in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders</li> <li>Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Unsolicited emails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">Hackers</a> accessing online databases</li> <li>Web sites installing <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> to monitor a user's online activities, which may be used by <a href="/wiki/Data_broker" title="Data broker">data brokers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IT_projects">IT projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: IT projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research suggests that IT projects in business and public administration can easily become significant in scale. Work conducted by <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey</a> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> suggested that half of all large-scale IT projects (those with initial <a href="/wiki/Cost_estimate" title="Cost estimate">cost estimates</a> of $15 million or more) often failed to maintain costs within their initial budgets or to complete on time.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and communications technology</a> (ICT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">IT infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_information_technology" title="Outline of information technology">Outline of information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_society" title="Knowledge society">Knowledge society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the later more broad application of the term IT, Keary comments: "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the vast field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be of great use, but without the reinforcement of definition ... the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalstonHemmendingerReilly2000869_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERalstonHemmendingerReilly2000869-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rasmussen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCosker2023" class="citation cs2">Cosker, Glynn (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/technology/blog/what-is-information-technology/">"What Is Information Technology? A Beginner's Guide to the World of IT"</a>, <i>Technology Blog, Rasmussen University</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Blog%2C+Rasmussen+University&rft.atitle=What+Is+Information+Technology%3F+A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+the+World+of+IT&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Cosker&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rasmussen.edu%2Fdegrees%2Ftechnology%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-information-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/computer-technology#:~:text=Computer%20Technology%20means%20Government%20computer,or%20increased%20risk%20to%20Government.">"Computer Technology Definition"</a>. <i>Law Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Careers+in+the+growing+field+of+information+technology+services&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.au=Lauren+Csorny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fbtn%2Fvolume-2%2Fcareers-in-growing-field-of-information-technology-services.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBynum2008" class="citation cs2">Bynum, Terrell Ward (2008), "Norbert Wiener and the Rise of Information Ethics", in van den Hoven, Jeroen; Weckert, John (eds.), <i>Information Technology and Moral Philosophy</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85549-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85549-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85549-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norbert+Wiener+and+the+Rise+of+Information+Ethics&rft.btitle=Information+Technology+and+Moral+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85549-5&rft.aulast=Bynum&rft.aufirst=Terrell+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2009" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, George (2009), <i>Ethics in Information Technology</i>, Cengage Learning, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-538-74622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-538-74622-9"><bdi>978-0-538-74622-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+in+Information+Technology&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-538-74622-9&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloch, M., Blumberg, S. and Laartz, J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/delivering-large-scale-it-projects-on-time-on-budget-and-on-value">Delivering large-scale IT projects on time, on budget, and on value</a>, published 1 October 2012, accessed 23 June 2023</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavudeenVenkateshwaran2010" class="citation cs2">Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N. (2010), <i>Computer Integrated Manufacturing</i>, PHI Learning, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3345-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3345-1"><bdi>978-81-203-3345-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Integrated+Manufacturing&rft.pub=PHI+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3345-1&rft.aulast=Alavudeen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Venkateshwaran%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2004" class="citation cs2">Chaudhuri, P. Pal (2004), <i>Computer Organization and Design</i>, PHI Learning, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-1254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-1254-8"><bdi>978-81-203-1254-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Organization+and+Design&rft.pub=PHI+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-203-1254-8&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=P.+Pal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanKamberPei2011" class="citation cs2">Han, Jiawei; Kamber, Micheline; Pei, Jian (2011), <i>Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques</i> (3rd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381479-1"><bdi>978-0-12-381479-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Mining%3A+Concepts+and+Techniques&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-12-381479-1&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Jiawei&rft.au=Kamber%2C+Micheline&rft.au=Pei%2C+Jian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavington1980" class="citation cs2">Lavington, Simon (1980), <i>Early British Computers</i>, Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0810-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0810-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-0810-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+British+Computers&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0810-8&rft.aulast=Lavington&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavington1998" class="citation cs2">Lavington, Simon (1998), <i>A History of Manchester Computers</i> (2nd ed.), The British Computer Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902505-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902505-01-5"><bdi>978-1-902505-01-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manchester+Computers&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+British+Computer+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-902505-01-5&rft.aulast=Lavington&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardede2009" class="citation cs2">Pardede, Eric (2009), <i>Open and Novel Issues in XML Database Applications</i>, Information Science Reference, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60566-308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60566-308-1"><bdi>978-1-60566-308-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+and+Novel+Issues+in+XML+Database+Applications&rft.pub=Information+Science+Reference&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60566-308-1&rft.aulast=Pardede&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalstonHemmendingerReilly2000" class="citation cs2">Ralston, Anthony; Hemmendinger, David; Reilly, Edwin D., eds. (2000), <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science</i> (4th ed.), Nature Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-248-7"><bdi>978-1-56159-248-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-248-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Aalst2011" class="citation cs2">van der Aalst, Wil M. P. (2011), <i>Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes</i>, Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19344-6"><bdi>978-3-642-19344-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Process+Mining%3A+Discovery%2C+Conformance+and+Enhancement+of+Business+Processes&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-19344-6&rft.aulast=van+der+Aalst&rft.aufirst=Wil+M.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardDafoulas2006" class="citation cs2">Ward, Patricia; Dafoulas, George S. (2006), <i>Database Management Systems</i>, Cengage Learning EMEA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-452-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-452-8"><bdi>978-1-84480-452-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Database+Management+Systems&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84480-452-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Dafoulas%2C+George+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeik2000" class="citation cs2">Weik, Martin (2000), <i>Computer Science and Communications Dictionary</i>, vol. 2, Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-8425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-8425-0"><bdi>978-0-7923-8425-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+and+Communications+Dictionary&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0&rft.aulast=Weik&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2012" class="citation cs2">Wright, Michael T. (2012), "The Front Dial of the Antikythera Mechanism", in Koetsier, Teun; Ceccarelli, Marco (eds.), <i>Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012</i>, Springer, pp. 279–292, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4131-7"><bdi>978-94-007-4131-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Front+Dial+of+the+Antikythera+Mechanism&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+the+History+of+Machines+and+Mechanisms%3A+Proceedings+of+HMM2012&rft.pages=279-292&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-4131-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenMorton1994" class="citation cs2">Allen, T.; Morton, M. S. Morton, eds. (1994), <i>Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Technology+and+the+Corporation+of+the+1990s&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Gitta, Cosmas and South, David (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1O54YSE2BgC">Southern Innovator Magazine Issue 1: Mobile Phones and Information Technology</a></i>: United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2222-9280">2222-9280</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">Gleick, James</a> (2011).<i><a href="/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood" title="The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood">The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1981" class="citation cs2">Price, Wilson T. (1981), <i>Introduction to Computer Data Processing</i>, Holt-Saunders International Editions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8337-0012-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8337-0012-2"><bdi>978-4-8337-0012-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Computer+Data+Processing&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International+Editions&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-4-8337-0012-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Wilson+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+technology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Shelly, Gary, Cashman, Thomas, Vermaat, Misty, and Walker, Tim. (1999). <i>Discovering Computers 2000: Concepts for a Connected World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts: Course Technology.</li> <li>Webster, Frank, and Robins, Kevin. (1986). <i>Information Technology — A Luddite Analysis</i>. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> 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technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> Communications</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Information_processing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Informatics" title="Template:Informatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Informatics" title="Template talk:Informatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Informatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Informatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Information_processing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Information processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">information processes by function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Information storage">storing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">information processing abstractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Event_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Event processing">event processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">sign processesing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">stream processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">agent processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_computing#Nature_as_information_processing" title="Natural computing">nature as information processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_processing_theory#Humans_as_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Information processing theory">humans as information processing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_information_processing" title="Social information processing">society as information processing system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_computing" title="Physical computing">physical computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-inspired_computing" title="Bio-inspired computing">bio-inspired computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">artificial brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processing <br />theories and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">computational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome_informatics" title="Genome informatics">genetic informatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular computing">cellular computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurocomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocomputing">neurocomputing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in cognitive psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_processing_theory" title="Information processing theory">information processing theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive informatics">cognitive informatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">behavior informatics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in computer science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_computation" title="Neural computation">neural computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">computation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_structure" title="Information structure">information structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">computational circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infosphere" title="Infosphere">infosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inforg" title="Inforg">inforg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decoding_the_Universe" title="Decoding the Universe">Decoding the Universe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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