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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Technological capacity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sector_in_the_OECD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sector_in_the_OECD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sector in the OECD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sector_in_the_OECD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICT_Development_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICT_Development_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 ICT Development Index </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICT_Development_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_WSIS_process_and_development_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_WSIS_process_and_development_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 The WSIS process and development goals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_WSIS_process_and_development_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_learning_for_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_learning_for_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Mobile learning for refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_learning_for_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Developing countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_in_modern_society_and_developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_in_modern_society_and_developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Growth in modern society and developing countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_in_modern_society_and_developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_of_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_of_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Models of access </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_of_access-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Models of access subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Models_of_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Conduits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conduits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Literacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Environmental impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progress_during_the_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress_during_the_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Progress during the century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progress_during_the_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Implication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_problem-solving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_problem-solving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 In problem-solving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_problem-solving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Information and communications technology</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تقانة المعلومات والاتصالات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقانة المعلومات والاتصالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnoloch%C3%ADas_d%27a_Informaci%C3%B3n_y_a_Comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnolochías d'a Información y a Comunicación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tecnolochías d'a Información y a Comunicación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teunolox%C3%ADes_de_la_informaci%C3%B3n_y_la_comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Teunoloxíes de la información y la comunicación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teunoloxíes de la información y la comunicación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nformasiya_v%C9%99_kommunikasiya_texnologiyalar%C4%B1" title="İnformasiya və kommunikasiya texnologiyaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnformasiya və kommunikasiya texnologiyaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیلگی و خبرلشمه تکنولوژیسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلگی و خبرلشمه تکنولوژیسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Информационни и комуникационни технологии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Информационни и комуникационни технологии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologies_de_la_informaci%C3%B3_i_la_comunicaci%C3%B3" title="Tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_a_komunika%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_technologie" title="Informační a komunikační technologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Informační a komunikační technologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informations-_und_Kommunikationstechnik" title="Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-_ja_kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia" title="Info- ja kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Info- ja kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADas_de_la_informaci%C3%B3n_y_la_comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informazioaren_eta_komunikazioaren_teknologiak_(IKT)" title="Informazioaren eta komunikazioaren teknologiak (IKT) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Informazioaren eta komunikazioaren teknologiak (IKT)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologies_de_l%27information_et_de_la_communication" title="Technologies de l'information et de la communication – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Technologies de l'information et de la communication" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolox%C3%ADas_da_informaci%C3%B3n_e_a_comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnoloxías da información e a comunicación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tecnoloxías da información e a comunicación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="정보통신기술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정보통신기술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सूचना तथा संचार प्रौद्योगिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूचना तथा संचार प्रौद्योगिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_informasi_komunikasi" title="Teknologi informasi komunikasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknologi informasi komunikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuChwepheshe_boKwaziswa_nezokuXhumana" title="UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa nezokuXhumana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa nezokuXhumana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologie_dell%27informazione_e_della_comunicazione" title="Tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="טכנולוגיות מידע ותקשורת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טכנולוגיות מידע ותקשורת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ақпарат-коммуникация технологиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақпарат-коммуникация технологиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehama" title="Tehama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tehama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknoloji_enf%C3%B2masyon_ak_kominikasyon" title="Teknoloji enfòmasyon ak kominikasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Teknoloji enfòmasyon ak kominikasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жаңы информациялык технологиялар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаңы информациялык технологиялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3-_%C3%A9s_kommunik%C3%A1ci%C3%B3technol%C3%B3gia" title="Információ- és kommunikációtechnológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Információ- és kommunikációtechnológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Информациски и комуникациски технологии – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Информациски и комуникациски технологии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="माहिती संप्रेषण तंत्रज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माहिती संप्रेषण तंत्रज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_maklumat_dan_komunikasi" title="Teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သတင်းအချက်အလက်နှင့် ဆက်သွယ်ရေး နည်းပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတင်းအချက်အလက်နှင့် ဆက်သွယ်ရေး နည်းပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="情報通信技術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報通信技術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologias_de_l%27informacion_e_de_la_comunicacion" title="Tecnologias de l'informacion e de la comunicacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tecnologias de l'informacion e de la comunicacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeknooloojii_odeeffannoo_fi_qunnamtii" title="Teeknooloojii odeeffannoo fi qunnamtii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Teeknooloojii odeeffannoo fi qunnamtii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੰਚਾਰ ਤਕਨੀਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਚਾਰ ਤਕਨੀਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D" title="បច្ចេកវិទ្យាសារគមនាគមន៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បច្ចេកវិទ្យាសារគមនាគមន៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleinformatyka" title="Teleinformatyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teleinformatyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologias_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Tecnologias da informação e comunicação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecnologias da informação e comunicação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologia_informa%C8%9Biei_%C8%99i_comunica%C8%9Biilor" title="Tehnologia informației și comunicațiilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tehnologia informației și comunicațiilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologjia_e_informacionit_dhe_komunikimit" title="Teknologjia e informacionit dhe komunikimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teknologjia e informacionit dhe komunikimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="තොරතුරු සහ සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තොරතුරු සහ සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_a_komunika%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_technol%C3%B3gie" title="Informačné a komunikačné technológie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Informačné a komunikačné technológie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacijsko-komunikacijska_tehnologija" title="Informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Информационо-комуникационе технологије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Информационо-комуникационе технологије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieto-_ja_viestint%C3%A4teknologia" title="Tieto- ja viestintäteknologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tieto- ja viestintäteknologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKT" title="IKT – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IKT" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasaun_Komunikasaun_no_Teknologia_(ICT)" title="Informasaun Komunikasaun no Teknologia (ICT) – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Informasaun Komunikasaun no Teknologia (ICT)" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="เทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศและการสื่อสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศและการสื่อสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_ve_ileti%C5%9Fim_teknolojileri" title="Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaneb%C9%94_ne_Nkitahodie_Mfididwuma" title="Amanebɔ ne Nkitahodie Mfididwuma – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amanebɔ ne Nkitahodie Mfididwuma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Інформаційно-комунікаційні технології – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформаційно-комунікаційні технології" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_th%C3%B4ng_tin_v%C3%A0_truy%E1%BB%81n_th%C3%B4ng" title="Công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%8A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息及通信技术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信息及通信技术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5268834#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extensional term for information technology</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Mind_Map_on_ICT_and_Pedagogy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_Mind_Map_on_ICT_and_Pedagogy.jpg/220px-A_Mind_Map_on_ICT_and_Pedagogy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_Mind_Map_on_ICT_and_Pedagogy.jpg/330px-A_Mind_Map_on_ICT_and_Pedagogy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_Mind_Map_on_ICT_and_Pedagogy.jpg/440px-A_Mind_Map_on_ICT_and_Pedagogy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A mindmap of ICTs</figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;">Internet history timeline </td></tr> <tr> <td> Early research and development: <ul><li>1960–4 (1960–4): <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</li> <li>1962–4 (1962–4): <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</li> <li>1965 (1965): <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</li> <li>1966 (1966): <a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></li> <li>1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</li> <li>1970 (1970): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</li> <li>1971 (1971): <a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</li> <li>1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</li> <li>1972 (1972): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</li> <li>1974 (1974): <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</li> <li>1975 (1975): <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</li> <li>1976 (1976): <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></li> <li>1978 (1978): <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</li> <li>1979 (1979): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</li> <li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</li></ul> Merging the networks and creating the Internet: <ul><li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</li> <li>1984 (1984): <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</li> <li>1985 (1985): <a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li> <li>1987 (1987): <a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></li> <li>1988 (1988): Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</li> <li>1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</li></ul> Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: <ul><li>1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></li> <li>2013 (2013): <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li> <li>2014 (2014): <a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</li></ul> Examples of Internet services: <ul><li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) that stresses the role of <a href="/wiki/Unified_communications" title="Unified communications">unified communications</a><a href="#cite_note-ICT-D-00-1">[1]</a> and the integration of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information. ICT is also used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Convergence_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergence (telecommunications)">convergence</a> of audiovisuals and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_network" title="Telephone network">telephone networks</a> with <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving.<a href="#cite_note-ICT_-_What_is_it-3">[3]</a> It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots). Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Stevenson,_Baron_Stevenson_of_Coddenham" title="Dennis Stevenson, Baron Stevenson of Coddenham">Dennis Stevenson</a> in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and then in the revised <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_(England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)">National Curriculum</a> for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, in 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, which reflects the addition of <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> into the curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has created a "<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Information_and_Communication_Technologies_Task_Force" title="United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force">United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force</a>" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monetization">Monetization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monetization">edit</a>]</div> The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$3.8 trillion <a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimate 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%. The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies (<a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">AR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">VR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The 2014 IT budget of the US federal government was nearly $82 billion.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies' IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to "keep the lights on" in the IT department, and 25% are the cost of new initiatives for technology development.<a href="#cite_note-omtco1-13">[13]</a> The average IT budget has the following breakdown:<a href="#cite_note-omtco1-13">[13]</a> <ul><li>34% personnel costs (internal), 31% after correction</li> <li>16% software costs (external/purchasing category), 29% after correction</li> <li>33% hardware costs (external/purchasing category), 26% after correction</li> <li>17% costs of external service providers (external/services), 14% after correction</li></ul> The estimate of money to be spent in 2022 is just over US$6 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technological_capacity">Technological capacity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technological capacity">edit</a>]</div> The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed) <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed) <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> in 2007, and some 5 <a href="/wiki/Zettabyte_Era" title="Zettabyte Era">zetta bytes</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-InfoBiosphere2016-16">[16]</a> This is the informational equivalent to 1.25 stacks of <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a> in 2007, and the equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> in 2014. The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way <a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a> networks was 432 <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed) <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> in 1993, 1.2 (optimally compressed) <a href="/wiki/Zettabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zettabytes">zettabytes</a> in 2000, and 1.9 <a href="/wiki/Zettabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zettabytes">zettabytes</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-15">[15]</a> The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> networks was 281 <a href="/wiki/Petabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabytes">petabytes</a> of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 <a href="/wiki/Petabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabytes">petabytes</a> in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed) <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-15">[15]</a> and some 100 <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-17">[17]</a> The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sector_in_the_OECD">Sector in the OECD</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sector in the OECD">edit</a>]</div> The following is a list of <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> countries by share of ICT sector in total value added in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th>ICT sector in %</th> <th>Relative size </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>10.7 </td> <td align="left">10.7<div style="width:107px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>7.02 </td> <td align="left">7.02<div style="width:70.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>6.99 </td> <td align="left">6.99<div style="width:69.9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>6.82 </td> <td align="left">6.82<div style="width:68.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>6.09 </td> <td align="left">6.09<div style="width:60.9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>5.89 </td> <td align="left">5.89<div style="width:58.9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>5.87 </td> <td align="left">5.87<div style="width:58.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>5.74 </td> <td align="left">5.74<div style="width:57.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>5.60 </td> <td align="left">5.6<div style="width:56px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>5.53 </td> <td align="left">5.53<div style="width:55.3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>5.33 </td> <td align="left">5.33<div style="width:53.3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>4.87 </td> <td align="left">4.87<div style="width:48.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>4.84 </td> <td align="left">4.84<div style="width:48.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>4.54 </td> <td align="left">4.54<div style="width:45.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>4.63 </td> <td align="left">4.63<div style="width:46.3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>4.33 </td> <td align="left">4.33<div style="width:43.3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>4.26 </td> <td align="left">4.26<div style="width:42.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>4.06 </td> <td align="left">4.06<div style="width:40.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>4.00 </td> <td align="left">4<div style="width:40px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>3.86 </td> <td align="left">3.86<div style="width:38.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>3.72 </td> <td align="left">3.72<div style="width:37.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>3.72 </td> <td align="left">3.72<div style="width:37.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>3.56 </td> <td align="left">3.56<div style="width:35.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>3.43 </td> <td align="left">3.43<div style="width:34.3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>3.33 </td> <td align="left">3.33<div style="width:33.3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>3.32 </td> <td align="left">3.32<div style="width:33.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>3.31 </td> <td align="left">3.31<div style="width:33.1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>2.87 </td> <td align="left">2.87<div style="width:28.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>2.77 </td> <td align="left">2.77<div style="width:27.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICT_Development_Index">ICT Development Index</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ICT Development Index">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/ICT_Development_Index" title="ICT Development Index">ICT Development Index</a> ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include most high-income countries where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year."<a href="#cite_note-librarylearningspace.com-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_WSIS_process_and_development_goals">The WSIS process and development goals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The WSIS process and development goals">edit</a>]</div> On 21 December 2001, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> (WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society.<a href="#cite_note-Intro1-21">[21]</a> According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">United Nations Millennium Declaration</a>'s goal of implementing ICT to achieve <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments. To help anchor and expand ICT to every habitable part of the world, "2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000."<a href="#cite_note-itu.int-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_education">In education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_software_development_laboratory_in_The_Estonian_Information_Technology_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mobile_software_development_laboratory_in_The_Estonian_Information_Technology_College.jpg/220px-Mobile_software_development_laboratory_in_The_Estonian_Information_Technology_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mobile_software_development_laboratory_in_The_Estonian_Information_Technology_College.jpg/330px-Mobile_software_development_laboratory_in_The_Estonian_Information_Technology_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mobile_software_development_laboratory_in_The_Estonian_Information_Technology_College.jpg/440px-Mobile_software_development_laboratory_in_The_Estonian_Information_Technology_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption>Today's society shows the ever-growing computer-centric lifestyle, which includes the rapid influx of computers in the modern classroom.</figcaption></figure>There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with Writing to Learn <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education as part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education. The following, which was taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative.<blockquote>Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and administration. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication & Information, Education and Science.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OLPC_Laptops_at_school_in_Rwanda2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/OLPC_Laptops_at_school_in_Rwanda2.jpg/220px-OLPC_Laptops_at_school_in_Rwanda2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/OLPC_Laptops_at_school_in_Rwanda2.jpg/330px-OLPC_Laptops_at_school_in_Rwanda2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/OLPC_Laptops_at_school_in_Rwanda2.jpg/440px-OLPC_Laptops_at_school_in_Rwanda2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4478" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>OLPC Laptops at school in Rwanda</figcaption></figure> Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom. <a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_learning_for_refugees">Mobile learning for refugees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mobile learning for refugees">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_learning_for_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile learning for refugees">Mobile learning for refugees</a></div> School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However, language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and attending school, especially outside camp settings.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[29]</a> Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions can provide support for refugees' language and literacy challenges in three main areas: literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is relevant because communicative practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in authentic contexts.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_countries">Developing countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Developing countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M-Learning_Policy_Forum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A computer screen at the front of a room of policymakers shows the Mobile Learning Week logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/M-Learning_Policy_Forum.jpg/220px-M-Learning_Policy_Forum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/M-Learning_Policy_Forum.jpg/330px-M-Learning_Policy_Forum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/M-Learning_Policy_Forum.jpg/440px-M-Learning_Policy_Forum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>Representatives meet for a policy forum on M-Learning at UNESCO's Mobile Learning Week in March 2017.</figcaption></figure> ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> since the 1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop Per Child</a> (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly two million students and teachers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">M-Learning</a>, has expanded the reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to discuss the M-learning initiative.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone penetration only expected to reach 20% by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> Additionally, there are gender, social, and geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year 2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school, students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_in_modern_society_and_developing_countries">Growth in modern society and developing countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Growth in modern society and developing countries">edit</a>]</div> In modern society, ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31">[31]</a> With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional. The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that Internet use continues to grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years (2009–2014), with two-thirds of all people online now living in the developing world."<a href="#cite_note-librarylearningspace.com-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limitations">Limitations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large rural populations."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31">[31]</a> Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps."<a href="#cite_note-itu.int-22">[22]</a> ICT continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Apple Watch</a>, smart wristbands such as the <a href="/wiki/Nike%2B_FuelBand" title="Nike+ FuelBand">Nike+ FuelBand</a>, and smart TVs such as <a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a>. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter itself in the ever-changing globe. Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_pluralism" title="Accelerated pluralism">accelerated pluralism</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">new social movements</a> today. The internet according to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bimber" title="Bruce Bimber">Bruce Bimber</a> is "accelerating the process of issue group formation and action"<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> and coined the term <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_pluralism" title="Accelerated pluralism">accelerated pluralism</a> to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling social movement leaders and empowering dictators"<a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[35]</a> in effect promoting societal change. ICTs can be used to garner <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> support for a cause due to the internet allowing for political discourse and direct interventions with state policy<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> as well as change the way complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate partner violence. According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because "access to ICTs exposes women to different ways of life and different notions about women's role in society and the household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender expectations contrast observed alternatives."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_health_care">In health care</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In health care">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">Telehealth</a> <ul><li>A review found that in general, outcomes of such ICT-use – which were envisioned as early as 1925<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> – are or can be as good as in-person care with health care use staying similar.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_system" title="Clinical decision support system">Clinical decision support systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Health administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hospital_information_system" title="Hospital information system">hospital information systems</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">health informatics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science">In science</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In science">edit</a>]</div> Applications of ICTs in science, research and development, and academia include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_research" title="Internet research">Internet research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_research_methods" title="Online research methods">Online research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science communication</a> and communication between scientists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholarly_databases" title="Category:Scholarly databases">Scholarly databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience#ICTs" title="Metascience">Applied metascience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_of_access">Models of access</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Models of access">edit</a>]</div> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warschauer" title="Mark Warschauer">Mark Warschauer</a> defines a "models of access" framework for analyzing ICT accessibility. In the second chapter of his book, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide, he describes three models of access to ICTs: devices, conduits, and literacy.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> Devices and conduits are the most common descriptors for access to ICTs, but they are insufficient for meaningful access to ICTs without third model of access, literacy.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> Combined, these three models roughly incorporate all twelve of the criteria of "Real Access" to ICT use, conceptualized by a non-profit organization called Bridges.org in 2005:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <ol><li>Physical access to technology</li> <li>Appropriateness of technology</li> <li>Affordability of technology and technology use</li> <li>Human capacity and training</li> <li>Locally relevant content, applications, and services</li> <li>Integration into daily routines</li> <li>Socio-cultural factors</li> <li>Trust in technology</li> <li>Local economic environment</li> <li>Macro-economic environment</li> <li>Legal and regulatory framework</li> <li>Political will and public support</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devices">Devices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Devices">edit</a>]</div> The most straightforward model of access for ICT in <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warschauer" title="Mark Warschauer">Warschauer</a>'s theory is devices.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> In this model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or computer.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warschauer" title="Mark Warschauer">Warschauer</a> identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> Therefore, Warschauer argues that considering only devices understates the magnitude of digital inequality. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> notes that 96% of Americans own a smartphone,<a href="#cite_note-:5-42">[42]</a> although most scholars in this field would contend that comprehensive access to ICT in the United States is likely much lower than that. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conduits">Conduits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conduits">edit</a>]</div> A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user once the line is set up. For this reason, conduits usually divide people based on their geographic locations. As a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll reports, rural Americans are 12% less likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely to own the devices.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Additionally, these costs can be prohibitive to lower-income families accessing ICTs. These difficulties have led to a shift toward mobile technology; fewer people are purchasing broadband connection and are instead relying on their smartphones for Internet access, which can be found for free at public places such as libraries.<a href="#cite_note-:6-44">[44]</a> Indeed, smartphones are on the rise, with 37% of Americans using smartphones as their primary medium for internet access<a href="#cite_note-:6-44">[44]</a> and 96% of Americans owning a smartphone.<a href="#cite_note-:5-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_and_adults_with_ICT_skills,_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Youth_and_adults_with_ICT_skills%2C_2017.svg/220px-Youth_and_adults_with_ICT_skills%2C_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Youth_and_adults_with_ICT_skills%2C_2017.svg/330px-Youth_and_adults_with_ICT_skills%2C_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Youth_and_adults_with_ICT_skills%2C_2017.svg/440px-Youth_and_adults_with_ICT_skills%2C_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Youth and adults with ICT skills, 2017</figcaption></figure> In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Scribner" title="Sylvia Scribner">Sylvia Scribner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cole_(psychologist)" title="Michael Cole (psychologist)">Michael Cole</a> studied a tribe in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vai_people" title="Vai people">Vai people</a>, who have <a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">their own local script</a>. Since about half of those literate in Vai have never had formal schooling, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Scribner" title="Sylvia Scribner">Scribner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cole_(psychologist)" title="Michael Cole (psychologist)">Cole</a> were able to test more than 1,000 subjects to measure the mental capabilities of literates over non-literates.<a href="#cite_note-:4-45">[45]</a> This research, which they laid out in their book The Psychology of Literacy,<a href="#cite_note-:4-45">[45]</a> allowed them to study whether the literacy divide exists at the individual level. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warschauer" title="Mark Warschauer">Warschauer</a> applied their literacy research to ICT literacy as part of his model of ICT access. <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Scribner" title="Sylvia Scribner">Scribner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cole_(psychologist)" title="Michael Cole (psychologist)">Cole</a> found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment.<a href="#cite_note-:4-45">[45]</a> The results suggested that there is "no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; [...] rather, there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices."<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warschauer" title="Mark Warschauer">Warschauer</a> draws on <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Scribner" title="Sylvia Scribner">Scribner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cole_(psychologist)" title="Michael Cole (psychologist)">Cole</a>'s research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill. Conclusions about literacy serve as the basis for a theory of the digital divide and ICT access, as detailed below:<blockquote>There is not just one type of ICT access, but many types. The meaning and value of access varies in particular social contexts. Access exists in gradations rather than in a bipolar opposition. Computer and Internet use brings no automatic benefit outside of its particular functions. ICT use is a social practice, involving access to physical artifacts, content, skills, and social support. And acquisition of ICT access is a matter not only of education but also of power.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a></blockquote>Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warschauer" title="Mark Warschauer">Warschauer</a> concludes that access to ICT cannot rest on devices or conduits alone; it must also engage physical, digital, human, and social resources.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> Each of these categories of resources have iterative relations with ICT use. If ICT is used well, it can promote these resources, but if it is used poorly, it can contribute to a cycle of underdevelopment and exclusion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_technology" title="Category:Environmental technology">Category:Environmental technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_for_environmental_sustainability" title="Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability">Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progress_during_the_century">Progress during the century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Progress during the century">edit</a>]</div> In the early 21st century a rapid development of ICT services and electronical devices took place, in which the internet servers multiplied by a factor of 1000 to 395 million and its still increasing. This increase can be explained by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">moores law</a>, which states, that the development of ICT increases every year by 16–20%, so it will double in numbers every four to five years.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[46]</a> Alongside this development and the high investments in increasing demand for ICT capable products, a high environmental impact came with it. <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> and Hardware development as well as production causing already in 2008 the same amount of CO2-emissions as global air travels.<a href="#cite_note-:8-46">[46]</a> There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries a reduction of 0.235% energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[47]</a> On the other side the more <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitization</a> is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries 1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high. Currently the scientific forecasts are showing an increase up to 30700 TWh in 2030 which is 20 times more than it was in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implication">Implication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Implication">edit</a>]</div> To tackle the environmental issues of ICT, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">EU commission</a> plans proper monitoring and reporting of the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">GHG</a> emissions of different ICT platforms, countries and infrastructure in general. Further the establishment of international norms for reporting and compliance are promoted to foster transparency in this sector.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Moreover it is suggested by scientists to make more ICT investments to exploit the potentials of ICT to alleviate CO2-emissions in general, and to implement a more effective coordination of ICT, energy and growth policies.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Consequently, applying the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Coase_theorem" title="Coase theorem">coase theorem</a> makes sense. It recommends to make investments there, where the marginal avoidance costs of emissions are the lowest, therefore in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> with comparatively lower technological standards and policies as <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-tech</a> countries. With these measures, ICT can reduce environmental damage from economic growth and energy consumption by facilitating communication and infrastructure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_problem-solving">In problem-solving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In problem-solving">edit</a>]</div> ICTs could also be used to address <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">environmental issues</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change</a>, in various ways, including ways beyond education.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_change_support_system" title="Behavioral change support system">Behavioral change support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_infocommunications" title="Cognitive infocommunications">Cognitive infocommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">DICOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moinee_Foundation" title="Moinee Foundation">Example of information and communication technologies for education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_digital_divide" title="Gender digital divide">Gender digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_e-Schools_and_Communities_Initiative" title="Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative">Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infocommunications" title="Infocommunications">Infocommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_information_systems" title="Market information systems">Market information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Mobile web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_archiving_and_communication_system" title="Picture archiving and communication system">Picture archiving and communication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Innovation,_Technology_and_Services_Alliance" title="World Innovation, Technology and Services Alliance">World Innovation, Technology and Services Alliance</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICT-D-00-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ICT-D-00_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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EPC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008095531/https://www.epc.eu/en/events/Digitalisation-for-a-circular-economy-A-driver~30dbd0">Archived</a> from the original on Oct 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPC&rft.atitle=Digitalisation+for+a+circular+economy%3A+A+driver+for+European+Green+Deal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epc.eu%2Fen%2Fevents%2FDigitalisation-for-a-circular-economy-A-driver~30dbd0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharfeddineUmlai2023" class="citation journal cs1">Charfeddine, Lanouar; Umlai, Mohamed (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2023.113482">"ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Renewable_and_Sustainable_Energy_Reviews" title="Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews">Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</a>. 184: 113482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2023.113482">10.1016/j.rser.2023.113482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+and+Sustainable+Energy+Reviews&rft.atitle=ICT+sector%2C+digitization+and+environmental+sustainability%3A+A+systematic+review+of+the+literature+from+2000+to+2022&rft.volume=184&rft.pages=113482&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rser.2023.113482&rft.aulast=Charfeddine&rft.aufirst=Lanouar&rft.au=Umlai%2C+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.rser.2023.113482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261278">A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees</a>, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Cantoni, L., & Danowski, J. A. (Eds.). (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/179986">Communication and Technology</a>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</li> <li>Carnoy, Martin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030130827/http://www.uoc.edu/inaugural04/eng/carnoy1004.pdf">ICT in Education: Possibilities and Challenges</a>." Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2005.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508034358/http://adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2009/Good-Practice-in-ICT-for-Education.pdf">Good Practice in Information and Communication Technology for Education</a>." Asian Development Bank, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmanHelpman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Grossman, G.; Helpman, E. (2005). "Outsourcing in a global economy". Review of Economic Studies. 72: 135–159. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.159.5158">10.1.1.159.5158</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0034-6527.00327">10.1111/0034-6527.00327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Outsourcing+in+a+global+economy&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=135-159&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.159.5158%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0034-6527.00327&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Helpman%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeridunKaragiannis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Feridun, Mete; Karagiannis, Stelios (2009). "Growth Effects of Information and Communication Technologies: Empirical Evidence from the Enlarged EU". Transformations in Business and Economics. 8 (2): 86–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transformations+in+Business+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Growth+Effects+of+Information+and+Communication+Technologies%3A+Empirical+Evidence+from+the+Enlarged+EU&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-99&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Feridun&rft.aufirst=Mete&rft.au=Karagiannis%2C+Stelios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Oliver, Ron. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030415172537/http://elrond.scam.ecu.edu.au/oliver/2002/he21.pdf">The Role of ICT in Higher Education for the 21st Century: ICT as a Change Agent for Education</a>." University, Perth, Western Australia, 2002.</li> <li>Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London, UK: Routledge, 1988), in particular Chapter 4</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2013/MIS2013_without_Annex_4.pdf">Measuring the Information Society: The ICT Development Index</a> (PDF). International Telecommunication Union. 2013. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Information+Society%3A+The+ICT+Development+Index&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2FITU-D%2FStatistics%2FDocuments%2Fpublications%2Fmis2013%2FMIS2013_without_Annex_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2014/MIS2014_without_Annex_4.pdf">Measuring the Information Society Report: 2014</a>. International Telecommunication Union.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ICT" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ICT">ICT</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/information_and_communications_technology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx">ICT Facts and Figures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.compubase.net/IT-Telco-Industry-statistics_a50.html">ICT Industry Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teciza.net/">Teciza.net</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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