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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chadless_tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chadless_tape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chadless tape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chadless_tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minicomputers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minicomputers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Minicomputers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minicomputers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer-aided_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-aided_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Computer-aided manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-aided_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_transfer_for_ROM_and_EPROM_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_transfer_for_ROM_and_EPROM_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Data transfer for ROM and EPROM programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_transfer_for_ROM_and_EPROM_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cash_registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash_registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cash registers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cash_registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Newspaper industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Cryptography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advantages and limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Punched tape</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8" title="شريط مثقب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شريط مثقب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96)" title="Перфастужка (носьбіт інфармацыі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перфастужка (носьбіт інфармацыі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta_perforada" title="Cinta perforada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinta perforada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Brn%C3%A1_p%C3%A1ska" title="Děrná páska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Děrná páska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulstrimmel" title="Hulstrimmel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hulstrimmel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochstreifen" title="Lochstreifen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lochstreifen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfolint" title="Perfolint – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perfolint" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta_perforada" title="Cinta perforada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cinta perforada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubendo" title="Trubendo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trubendo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruban_perfor%C3%A9" title="Ruban perforé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruban perforé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EA%B3%B5_%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84" title="천공 테이프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천공 테이프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ծակոտաժապավեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծակոտաժապավեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_perforato" title="Nastro perforato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nastro perforato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%91" title="סרט מנוקב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט מנוקב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Тесімтаспа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тесімтаспа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Розя лента – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Розя лента" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindell_perforad" title="Bindell perforad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bindell perforad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyukszalag" title="Lyukszalag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lyukszalag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponsband" title="Ponsband – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ponsband" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="紙テープ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紙テープ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hullb%C3%A5nd" title="Hullbånd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hullbånd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holband" title="Holband – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Holband" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA" title="ਸੁਰਾਖ਼ਾਂ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਟੇਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਰਾਖ਼ਾਂ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਟੇਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Bma_dziurkowana" title="Taśma dziurkowana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taśma dziurkowana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_tape" title="Paper tape – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paper tape" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Перфолента – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перфолента" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punched tape" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierna_p%C3%A1ska" title="Dierna páska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dierna páska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luknjani_trak" title="Luknjani trak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luknjani trak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reik%C3%A4nauha" title="Reikänauha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reikänauha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5lremsa" title="Hålremsa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hålremsa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delikli_bant" title="Delikli bant – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Delikli bant" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перфострічка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перфострічка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%AD%94%E5%B8%B6" title="打孔帶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="打孔帶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q66241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg/220px-PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg/330px-PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg/440px-PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>Five- and eight-hole wide punched paper tape</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg/220px-Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg/330px-Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg/440px-Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Creed model 6S/2 5-hole paper tape reader</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harwell-dekatron-witch-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Harwell-dekatron-witch-10.jpg/220px-Harwell-dekatron-witch-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Harwell-dekatron-witch-10.jpg/330px-Harwell-dekatron-witch-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Harwell-dekatron-witch-10.jpg/440px-Harwell-dekatron-witch-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Paper tape reader on the <a href="/wiki/Harwell_computer" title="Harwell computer">Harwell computer</a> with a small piece of five-hole tape connected in a circle – creating a physical program loop</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Punched tape</b> or <b>perforated paper tape</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">data storage</a> device that consists of a long strip of paper through which small holes are punched. It was developed from and was subsequently used alongside <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>, the difference being that the tape is continuous. </p><p>Punched cards, and chains of punched cards, were used for control of <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">looms</a> in the 18th century. Use for telegraphy systems started in 1842. Punched tapes were used throughout the 19th and for much of the 20th centuries for programmable looms, <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> communication, for input to computers of the 1950s and 1960s, and later as a storage medium for <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">CNC machine tools</a>. During the Second World War, high-speed punched tape systems using optical readout methods were used in code breaking systems. Punched tape was used to transmit data for manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> chips. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg/170px-Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>A paper tape, constructed from <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>, in use in a <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a>. The large holes on each edge are <a href="/wiki/Sprocket" title="Sprocket">sprocket</a> holes, used to pull the paper tape through the loom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perforated paper tapes were first used by <a href="/wiki/Basile_Bouchon" title="Basile Bouchon">Basile Bouchon</a> in 1725 to control looms. However, the paper tapes were expensive to create, fragile, and difficult to repair. By 1801, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> had developed machines to create paper tapes by tying punched cards in a sequence for <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard looms</a>. The resulting paper tape, also called a "chain of cards", was stronger and simpler both to create and to repair. This led to the concept of communicating data not as a stream of individual cards, but as one "continuous card" (or tape). Paper tapes constructed from punched cards were widely used throughout the 19th century for controlling looms. Many professional <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> operations still refer to those individuals who create the designs and machine patterns as <i>punchers</i> even though punched cards and paper tape were eventually phased out in the 1990s. </p><p>In 1842, a French patent by Claude Seytre described a <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">piano playing device</a> that read data from <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">perforated paper rolls</a>. By 1900, wide perforated <a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">music rolls</a> for player pianos were used to distribute popular music to mass markets. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911_Telegraph_-_Wheatstone_Punching_Apparatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/EB1911_Telegraph_-_Wheatstone_Punching_Apparatus.jpg/220px-EB1911_Telegraph_-_Wheatstone_Punching_Apparatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/EB1911_Telegraph_-_Wheatstone_Punching_Apparatus.jpg/330px-EB1911_Telegraph_-_Wheatstone_Punching_Apparatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/EB1911_Telegraph_-_Wheatstone_Punching_Apparatus.jpg/440px-EB1911_Telegraph_-_Wheatstone_Punching_Apparatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Wheatstone slip with a dot, space and a dash punched, and perforator punch plate</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Alexander Bain</a> used punched tape to send <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegrams</a>. This technology was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> in 1857 for the <a href="/wiki/Wheatstone_system" title="Wheatstone system">Wheatstone system</a> used for the automated preparation, storage and transmission of data in telegraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxfield_2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxfield_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Tolbert_Lanston" title="Tolbert Lanston">Tolbert Lanston</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Monotype_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotype System">Monotype typesetting system</a>, which consisted of a keyboard and a composition <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">caster</a>. The tape, punched with the keyboard, was later read by the caster, which produced lead type according to the combinations of holes in up to 31 positions. The tape reader used compressed air, which passed through the holes and was directed into certain mechanisms of the caster. The system went into commercial use in 1897 and was in production well into the 1970s, undergoing several changes along the way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, punched tape is obsolete except among <a href="/wiki/Retrocomputing" title="Retrocomputing">hobbyists</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">computer numerical control</a> (CNC) machining applications, though paper tape has been superseded by <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">digital memory</a>, some modern systems still measure the size of stored CNC programs in feet or meters, corresponding to the equivalent length if the data were actually punched on paper tape.<sup id="cite_ref-Smid_2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smid_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papertape2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Papertape2.jpg/220px-Papertape2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Papertape2.jpg/330px-Papertape2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Papertape2.jpg/440px-Papertape2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Diagnostic minicomputer software on fanfold paper tape (1975)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mylar_Punched_tape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mylar_Punched_tape.jpg/220px-Mylar_Punched_tape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mylar_Punched_tape.jpg/330px-Mylar_Punched_tape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mylar_Punched_tape.jpg/440px-Mylar_Punched_tape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="2596" /></a><figcaption>Mylar punched tape was used for durability in industrial applications.</figcaption></figure> <p>Data was represented by the presence or absence of a hole at a particular location. Tapes originally had five rows of holes for data across the width of the tape. Later tapes had more rows. A 1944 electro-mechanical programmable calculating machine, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator or <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>, used paper tape with 24 rows,<sup id="cite_ref-Dalakov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalakov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/IBM_SSEC" title="IBM SSEC">IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC)</a> used paper tape with 74 rows.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia's 1951 electronic computer, <a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC">CSIRAC</a>, used 3-inch (76 mm) wide <a href="/wiki/Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> with twelve rows.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIRAC_2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIRAC_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A row of smaller sprocket holes was always punched to be used to synchronize tape movement. Originally, this was done using a wheel with radial teeth called a <a href="/wiki/Sprocket" title="Sprocket">sprocket wheel</a>. Later, optical readers made use of the sprocket holes to generate timing pulses. The sprocket holes were slightly closer to one edge of the tape, dividing the tape into unequal widths, to make it unambiguous which way to orient the tape in the reader. The bits on the narrower width of the tape were generally the <a href="/wiki/Least_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least significant bit">least significant bits</a> when the code was represented as numbers in a digital system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many early machines used oiled paper tape, which was pre-impregnated with a light <a href="/wiki/Machine_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine oil">machine oil</a>, to lubricate the reader and punch mechanisms. The oil impregnation usually made the paper somewhat translucent and slippery, and excess oil could transfer to clothing or any surfaces it contacted. Later optical tape readers often specified non-oiled opaque paper tape, which was less prone to depositing oily debris on the optical sensors and causing read errors. Another innovation was fanfold paper tape, which was easier to store compactly and less prone to tangling, as compared to rolled paper tape. </p><p>For heavy-duty or repetitive use, polyester <a href="/wiki/Mylar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mylar">Mylar</a> tape was often used. This tough, durable plastic film was usually thinner than paper tapes, but could still be used in many devices originally designed for paper media. The plastic tape was sometimes transparent, but usually was <a href="/wiki/Aluminized" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminized">aluminized</a> to make it opaque enough for use in high-speed optical readers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tape for punching was usually 0.00394 inches (0.100 mm) thick. The two most common widths were <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> inch (17 mm) for five bit codes, and 1 inch (25 mm) for tapes with six or more bits. Hole spacing was 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) in both directions. Data holes were 0.072 inches (1.8 mm) in diameter; sprocket feed holes were 0.046 inches (1.2 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chadless_tape">Chadless tape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chadless tape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1980-Paper_Tape_fromTeletype_(chadless,_5-level_Baudot)-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1980-Paper_Tape_fromTeletype_%28chadless%2C_5-level_Baudot%29-02.jpg/220px-1980-Paper_Tape_fromTeletype_%28chadless%2C_5-level_Baudot%29-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1980-Paper_Tape_fromTeletype_%28chadless%2C_5-level_Baudot%29-02.jpg/330px-1980-Paper_Tape_fromTeletype_%28chadless%2C_5-level_Baudot%29-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1980-Paper_Tape_fromTeletype_%28chadless%2C_5-level_Baudot%29-02.jpg/440px-1980-Paper_Tape_fromTeletype_%28chadless%2C_5-level_Baudot%29-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Chadless 5-level Baudot paper tape <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1975–1980</span> punched at Teletype Corp</figcaption></figure> <p>Most tape-punching equipment used solid circular punches to create holes in the tape. This process created "<a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">chad</a>", or small circular pieces of paper. Managing the disposal of chad was an annoying and complex problem, as the tiny paper pieces had a tendency to escape containment and to interfere with the other electromechanical parts of the teleprinter equipment. Chad from oiled paper tape was particularly problematic, as it tended to clump and build up, rather than flowing freely into a collection container. </p><p>A variation on the tape punch was a device called a <i>Chadless Printing Reperforator</i>. This machine would punch a received teleprinter signal into tape and print the message on it at the same time, using a printing mechanism similar to that of an ordinary page printer. The tape punch, rather than punching out the usual round holes, would instead punch little U-shaped cuts in the paper, so that no <a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">chad</a> would be produced; the "hole" was still filled with a little paper trap-door. By not fully punching out the hole, the printing on the paper remained intact and legible. This enabled operators to read the tape without having to decipher the holes, which would facilitate relaying the message on to another station in the network. Also, there was no "chad box" to empty from time to time. </p><p>A disadvantage to this technology was that, once punched, chadless tape did not roll up well for storage, because the protruding flaps of paper would catch on the next layer of tape so it could not be coiled up tightly. Another disadvantage that emerged in time, was that there was no reliable way to read chadless tape in later high-speed readers which used optical sensing. However, the mechanical tape readers used in most standard-speed equipment had no problem with chadless tape, because they sensed the holes by means of blunt spring-loaded mechanical sensing pins, which easily pushed the paper flaps out of the way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding">Encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papertape-Wikipedia-example-dark1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Papertape-Wikipedia-example-dark1.svg/170px-Papertape-Wikipedia-example-dark1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Papertape-Wikipedia-example-dark1.svg/255px-Papertape-Wikipedia-example-dark1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Papertape-Wikipedia-example-dark1.svg/340px-Papertape-Wikipedia-example-dark1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>The word "Wikipedia", and a <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">CR/LF</a> as 7-bit ASCII, without a parity bit, <a href="/wiki/Least_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least significant bit">least significant bit</a> on the right—e.g. "W" is 1010111</figcaption></figure> <p>Text was encoded in several ways. The earliest standard <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> was <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot</a>, which dates back to the 19th century and had five holes. The Baudot code was superseded by modified five-hole codes such as the <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code#Murray_code" title="Baudot code">Murray code</a> (which added <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a>) which was developed into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Union code">Western Union code</a> which was further developed into the <a href="/wiki/International_Telegraph_Alphabet_No._2" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2">International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2</a> (ITA 2), and a variant called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Teletypewriter_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Teletypewriter code (page does not exist)">American Teletypewriter code</a> (USTTY).<sup id="cite_ref-Proesch_2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proesch_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other standards, such as <a href="/wiki/Teletypesetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletypesetter">Teletypesetter</a> (TTS), <a href="/wiki/FIELDATA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIELDATA">FIELDATA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flexowriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexowriter">Flexowriter</a>, had six holes. In the early 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">American Standards Association</a> led a project to develop a universal code for data processing, which became the <a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</a> (ASCII). This seven-level code was adopted by some teleprinter users, including <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teletype_Corporation" title="Teletype Corporation">Teletype</a>). Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Telex</a>, stayed with the earlier codes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teletype_33_ASR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Teletype_33_ASR.jpg/220px-Teletype_33_ASR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Teletype_33_ASR.jpg/330px-Teletype_33_ASR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Teletype_33_ASR.jpg/440px-Teletype_33_ASR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype 33</a> Automatic Send and Receive teleprinter with paper tape in both the reader and the punch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg/220px-Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg/330px-Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg/440px-Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Paper tape relay operation at US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a>'s Honolulu flight service station in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Punched tape was used as a way of storing messages for <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teletypewriters</a>. Operators typed in the message to the paper tape, and then sent the message at the maximum line speed from the tape. This permitted the operator to prepare the message "off-line" at the operator's best typing speed, and permitted the operator to correct any error prior to transmission. An experienced operator could prepare a message at 135 words per minute (WPM) or more for short periods. </p><p>The line typically operated at 75 WPM, but it operated continuously. By preparing the tape "off-line" and then sending the message with a tape reader, the line could operate continuously rather than depending on continuous "on-line" typing by a single operator. Typically, a single 75 WPM line supported three or more teletype operators working offline. Tapes punched at the receiving end could be used to relay messages to another station. Large <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> networks were developed using these techniques. </p><p>Paper tape could be read into computers at up to 1,000 characters per second.<sup id="cite_ref-Hult_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hult-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, a Danish company called <a href="/wiki/Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</a> introduced a paper tape reader called RC 2000 that could read 2,000 characters per second; later they increased the speed further, up to 2,500 cps. As early as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heath_Robinson_(codebreaking_machine)#Tape_reading" title="Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)">Heath Robinson tape reader</a>, used by Allied codebreakers, was capable of 2,000 cps while <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a> could run at 5,000 cps using an optical tape reader designed by Arnold Lynch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minicomputers">Minicomputers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Minicomputers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Mark_I_program_tape.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Harvard_Mark_I_program_tape.agr.jpg/170px-Harvard_Mark_I_program_tape.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Harvard_Mark_I_program_tape.agr.jpg/255px-Harvard_Mark_I_program_tape.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Harvard_Mark_I_program_tape.agr.jpg/340px-Harvard_Mark_I_program_tape.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A 24-channel program tape for the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1944</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>When the first <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> were being released, most manufacturers turned to the existing mass-produced <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a> (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a>, capable of ten ASCII characters per second throughput) as a low-cost solution for keyboard input and printer output. The commonly specified Model 33 ASR included a paper tape punch/reader, where ASR stands for "Automatic Send/Receive" as opposed to the punchless/readerless KSR – <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_Send_Receive" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard Send Receive">Keyboard Send/Receive</a> and RO – Receive Only models. As a side effect, punched tape became a popular medium for low-cost minicomputer data and program storage, and it was common to find a selection of tapes containing useful programs in most minicomputer installations. Faster optical readers were also common. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Binary_data" title="Binary data">Binary data</a> transfer to or from these <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> was often accomplished using a doubly encoded technique to compensate for the relatively high error rate of punches and readers. The low-level encoding was typically ASCII, further encoded and framed in various schemes such as <a href="/wiki/Intel_Hex" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Hex">Intel Hex</a>, in which a binary value of "01011010" would be represented by the ASCII characters "5A". Framing, addressing and <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> (primarily in ASCII hex characters) information helped with error detection. Efficiencies of such an encoding scheme are on the order of 35–40% (e.g., 36% from 44 8-bit ASCII characters being needed to represent sixteen <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> of binary data per frame). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-aided_manufacturing">Computer-aided manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Computer-aided manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paper_tape_reader_on_a_CNC_control_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paper_tape_reader_on_a_CNC_control_001.jpg/170px-Paper_tape_reader_on_a_CNC_control_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paper_tape_reader_on_a_CNC_control_001.jpg/255px-Paper_tape_reader_on_a_CNC_control_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paper_tape_reader_on_a_CNC_control_001.jpg/340px-Paper_tape_reader_on_a_CNC_control_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Paper tape reader on a <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">computer numerical control</a> (CNC) machine</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a> equipment often used paper tape. A paper tape reader was smaller and less expensive than <a href="/wiki/Hollerith_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollerith card">Hollerith card</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> readers, and the medium was reasonably reliable in a manufacturing environment. Paper tape was an important storage medium for computer-controlled <a href="/wiki/Wire-wrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire-wrap">wire-wrap</a> machines, for example. </p><p>Premium black waxed and lubricated long-fiber papers, and <a href="/wiki/PET_film_(biaxially_oriented)" class="mw-redirect" title="PET film (biaxially oriented)">Mylar film</a> tape were developed so that heavily used production tapes would last longer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transfer_for_ROM_and_EPROM_programming">Data transfer for ROM and EPROM programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Data transfer for ROM and EPROM programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s through the early 1980s, paper tape was commonly used to transfer binary data for incorporation in either mask-programmable <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM) chips or their erasable counterparts <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROMs</a>. A significant variety of encoding formats were developed for use in computer and ROM/EPROM data transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-Data_I/O_Corporation_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_I/O_Corporation-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encoding formats commonly used were primarily driven by those formats that EPROM programming devices supported and included various ASCII hex variants as well as a number of proprietary formats. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="BNPF"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPNF"></span><span class="anchor" id="BHLF"></span><span class="anchor" id="B10F"></span>A much more primitive as well as a much longer high-level encoding scheme was also used, <a href="/wiki/BNPF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNPF">BNPF</a> (Begin-Negative-Positive-Finish),<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1974_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feichtinger_1987_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feichtinger_1987-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also written as <a href="/wiki/BPNF" class="mw-redirect" title="BPNF">BPNF</a> (Begin-Positive-Negative-Finish).<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1977_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1977-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In BNPF encoding, a single <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> (8 bits) would be represented by a highly redundant character framing sequence starting with a single uppercase ASCII "B", eight ASCII characters where a "0" would be represented by a "N" and a "1" would be represented by a "P", followed by an ending ASCII "F".<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1974_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1977_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1977-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feichtinger_1987_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feichtinger_1987-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ten-character ASCII sequences were separated by one or more <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace characters</a>, therefore using at least eleven ASCII characters for each byte stored (9% efficiency). The ASCII "N" and "P" characters differed in four bit positions, providing excellent protection from single punch errors. Alternative schemes named BHLF (Begin-High-Low-Finish) and B10F (Begin-One-Zero-Finish) were also available where either "L" and "H" or "0" and "1" were also available to represent data bits,<sup id="cite_ref-GP_1984_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP_1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in both of these encoding schemes, the two data-bearing ASCII characters differ in only one bit position, providing very poor single punch error detection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cash_registers">Cash registers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cash registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, made cash registers around 1970 that would punch paper tape. <a href="/wiki/Sweda" title="Sweda">Sweda</a> made similar cash registers around the same time. The tape could then be read into a computer and not only could sales information be summarized, billings could be done on charge transactions. The tape was also used for inventory tracking, recording department and class numbers of items sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_industry">Newspaper industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Newspaper industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Punched paper tape was used by the newspaper industry until the mid-1970s or later. Newspapers were typically set in hot lead by devices like <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype machines</a>. With the wire services coming into a device that would punch paper tape, rather than the Linotype operator having to retype all the incoming stories, the paper tape could be put into a paper tape reader on the Linotype and it would create the lead slugs without the operator re-typing the stories. This also allowed newspapers to use devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Friden_Flexowriter" title="Friden Flexowriter">Friden Flexowriter</a>, to convert typing to lead type via tape. Even after the demise of Linotype and hot lead typesetting, many early phototypesetter devices utilized paper tape readers. </p><p>If an error was found at one position on the six-level tape, that character could be turned into a null character to be skipped by punching out the remaining non-punched positions with what was known as a “chicken plucker". It looked like a strawberry stem remover that, pressed with thumb and forefinger, could punch out the remaining positions, one hole at a time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptography">Cryptography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cryptography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paper_Tape_Canister,_Tampered_With.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paper_Tape_Canister%2C_Tampered_With.jpg/220px-Paper_Tape_Canister%2C_Tampered_With.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paper_Tape_Canister%2C_Tampered_With.jpg/330px-Paper_Tape_Canister%2C_Tampered_With.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paper_Tape_Canister%2C_Tampered_With.jpg/440px-Paper_Tape_Canister%2C_Tampered_With.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>This secure paper tape canister shows evidence of tampering</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Vernam" title="Gilbert Vernam">Vernam ciphers</a> were invented in 1917 to encrypt <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> communications using a key stored on paper tape. During the last third of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) used punched paper tape to distribute <a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">cryptographic keys</a>. The eight-level paper tapes were distributed under strict accounting controls and read by a <a href="/wiki/Fill_device" title="Fill device">fill device</a>, such as the hand held <a href="/wiki/KOI-18" class="mw-redirect" title="KOI-18">KOI-18</a>, that was temporarily connected to each security device that needed new keys. NSA has been trying to replace this method with a more secure electronic key management system (<a href="/wiki/EKMS" class="mw-redirect" title="EKMS">EKMS</a>), but as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, paper tape was apparently still being employed.<sup id="cite_ref-taleoftape_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taleoftape-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper tape canister is a <a href="/wiki/Tamper-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper-resistant">tamper-resistant</a> container that contains features to prevent undetected alteration of the contents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_limitations">Advantages and limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Advantages and limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free paper</a> or Mylar tapes can be read many decades after manufacture, in contrast with magnetic tape that can deteriorate and become unreadable with time. The hole patterns of punched tape can be decoded by eye if necessary, and even editing of a tape is possible by manual cutting and splicing. Unlike magnetic tape, magnetic fields such as produced by electric motors cannot alter the punched data.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_1986_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha_1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cryptography applications, a punched tape used to distribute a key can be rapidly and completely destroyed by burning, preventing the key from falling into the hands of an enemy. </p><p>Reliability of paper tape punching operations was a concern, so that for critical applications a new punched tape could be read after punching to verify the correct contents. Rewinding a tape required a takeup reel or other measures to avoid tearing or tangling the tape. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some uses, "fan fold" tape simplified handling as the tape would refold into a "takeup tank" ready to be re-read. The information density of punched tape was low compared with magnetic tape, making large datasets clumsy to handle in punched tape form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colossus_Paper_Tape.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1943 Colossus code-breaking machine used paper tapes to hold data (replica shown)."><img alt="The 1943 Colossus code-breaking machine used paper tapes to hold data (replica shown)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Colossus_Paper_Tape.JPG/240px-Colossus_Paper_Tape.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Colossus_Paper_Tape.JPG/360px-Colossus_Paper_Tape.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Colossus_Paper_Tape.JPG/480px-Colossus_Paper_Tape.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1943 <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a> code-breaking machine used paper tapes to hold data (replica shown).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM1620A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1959 IBM 1620 relied on paper tape to store data and programs."><img alt="This 1959 IBM 1620 relied on paper tape to store data and programs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IBM1620A.jpg/233px-IBM1620A.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IBM1620A.jpg/350px-IBM1620A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/IBM1620A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This 1959 <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a> relied on paper tape to store data and programs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Univac_1105_with_Ferranti_Tape_Reader.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tape reader used with a UNIVAC 1105 for the 1960 US Census"><img alt="Tape reader used with a UNIVAC 1105 for the 1960 US Census" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Univac_1105_with_Ferranti_Tape_Reader.jpg/192px-Univac_1105_with_Ferranti_Tape_Reader.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Univac_1105_with_Ferranti_Tape_Reader.jpg/289px-Univac_1105_with_Ferranti_Tape_Reader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Univac_1105_with_Ferranti_Tape_Reader.jpg/385px-Univac_1105_with_Ferranti_Tape_Reader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tape reader used with a <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1105" title="UNIVAC 1105">UNIVAC 1105</a> for the 1960 <a href="/wiki/US_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census">US Census</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paper_Tape_Drive_(31437412070).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A large-capacity industrial tape reader"><img alt="A large-capacity industrial tape reader" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paper_Tape_Drive_%2831437412070%29.jpg/270px-Paper_Tape_Drive_%2831437412070%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paper_Tape_Drive_%2831437412070%29.jpg/404px-Paper_Tape_Drive_%2831437412070%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paper_Tape_Drive_%2831437412070%29.jpg/539px-Paper_Tape_Drive_%2831437412070%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large-capacity industrial tape reader</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monrobot_Mark_XI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This early-1960s Monrobot XI computer used two paper tape reader/punches for offline data storage."><img alt="This early-1960s Monrobot XI computer used two paper tape reader/punches for offline data storage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monrobot_Mark_XI.jpg/245px-Monrobot_Mark_XI.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monrobot_Mark_XI.jpg/367px-Monrobot_Mark_XI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monrobot_Mark_XI.jpg/490px-Monrobot_Mark_XI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This early-1960s <a href="/wiki/Monrobot_XI" title="Monrobot XI">Monrobot XI</a> computer used two paper tape reader/punches for offline data storage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-1_loading_a_program_from_the_paper_tape_(2283393712).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fanfold paper tape reader on a PDP-1 minicomputer (1960s)"><img alt="Fanfold paper tape reader on a PDP-1 minicomputer (1960s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PDP-1_loading_a_program_from_the_paper_tape_%282283393712%29.jpg/240px-PDP-1_loading_a_program_from_the_paper_tape_%282283393712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PDP-1_loading_a_program_from_the_paper_tape_%282283393712%29.jpg/360px-PDP-1_loading_a_program_from_the_paper_tape_%282283393712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PDP-1_loading_a_program_from_the_paper_tape_%282283393712%29.jpg/480px-PDP-1_loading_a_program_from_the_paper_tape_%282283393712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fanfold paper tape reader on a <a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a> minicomputer (1960s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-36_0000003_Facharbeiter_f%C3%BCr_Schreibtechnik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paper tape readers for a word-processing system, c. 1970"><img alt="Paper tape readers for a word-processing system, c. 1970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fotothek_df_n-36_0000003_Facharbeiter_f%C3%BCr_Schreibtechnik.jpg/159px-Fotothek_df_n-36_0000003_Facharbeiter_f%C3%BCr_Schreibtechnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fotothek_df_n-36_0000003_Facharbeiter_f%C3%BCr_Schreibtechnik.jpg/239px-Fotothek_df_n-36_0000003_Facharbeiter_f%C3%BCr_Schreibtechnik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fotothek_df_n-36_0000003_Facharbeiter_f%C3%BCr_Schreibtechnik.jpg/319px-Fotothek_df_n-36_0000003_Facharbeiter_f%C3%BCr_Schreibtechnik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paper tape readers for a word-processing system, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_1130_(16758008839).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large IBM 1130 systems still handled paper tape in the early 1970s (at left of console)."><img alt="Large IBM 1130 systems still handled paper tape in the early 1970s (at left of console)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IBM_1130_%2816758008839%29.jpg/270px-IBM_1130_%2816758008839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IBM_1130_%2816758008839%29.jpg/405px-IBM_1130_%2816758008839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IBM_1130_%2816758008839%29.jpg/540px-IBM_1130_%2816758008839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large <a href="/wiki/IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a> systems still handled paper tape in the early 1970s (at left of console).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punched_paper_tape_roll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eight-hole tape from 1974"><img alt="Eight-hole tape from 1974" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Punched_paper_tape_roll.jpg/270px-Punched_paper_tape_roll.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Punched_paper_tape_roll.jpg/405px-Punched_paper_tape_roll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Punched_paper_tape_roll.jpg/540px-Punched_paper_tape_roll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eight-hole tape from 1974</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Papertape_Reader-Punch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1970s DEC high-speed fanfold reader/punch used optical sensing."><img alt="This 1970s DEC high-speed fanfold reader/punch used optical sensing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Digital_Papertape_Reader-Punch.jpg/259px-Digital_Papertape_Reader-Punch.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Digital_Papertape_Reader-Punch.jpg/388px-Digital_Papertape_Reader-Punch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Digital_Papertape_Reader-Punch.jpg/517px-Digital_Papertape_Reader-Punch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This 1970s <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> high-speed fanfold reader/punch used optical sensing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM1403controltape.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paper tape loop controlling paper positioning in a IBM 1403 line printer (1959-1983)"><img alt="Paper tape loop controlling paper positioning in a IBM 1403 line printer (1959-1983)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IBM1403controltape.jpg/271px-IBM1403controltape.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IBM1403controltape.jpg/406px-IBM1403controltape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IBM1403controltape.jpg/541px-IBM1403controltape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paper tape loop controlling paper positioning in a <a href="/wiki/IBM_1403" title="IBM 1403">IBM 1403</a> line printer (1959-1983)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NSA_Punch_Verification_and_Print_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late-1970s heavy-duty tape punch used by the US National Security Agency for secret code distribution"><img alt="Late-1970s heavy-duty tape punch used by the US National Security Agency for secret code distribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NSA_Punch_Verification_and_Print_system.jpg/233px-NSA_Punch_Verification_and_Print_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NSA_Punch_Verification_and_Print_system.jpg/350px-NSA_Punch_Verification_and_Print_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NSA_Punch_Verification_and_Print_system.jpg/466px-NSA_Punch_Verification_and_Print_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late-1970s heavy-duty tape punch used by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> for secret code distribution</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic-PeopleScienceMedicine-Center1-Timakova2-Novosibirsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punch tape as an element of facade mosaic, Novosibirsk"><img alt="Punch tape as an element of facade mosaic, Novosibirsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mosaic-PeopleScienceMedicine-Center1-Timakova2-Novosibirsk.jpg/270px-Mosaic-PeopleScienceMedicine-Center1-Timakova2-Novosibirsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mosaic-PeopleScienceMedicine-Center1-Timakova2-Novosibirsk.jpg/405px-Mosaic-PeopleScienceMedicine-Center1-Timakova2-Novosibirsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mosaic-PeopleScienceMedicine-Center1-Timakova2-Novosibirsk.jpg/540px-Mosaic-PeopleScienceMedicine-Center1-Timakova2-Novosibirsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punch tape as an element of facade mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_bucket" title="Bit bucket">Bit bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_music" title="Book music">Book music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friden_Flexowriter" title="Friden Flexowriter">Friden Flexowriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_punch" class="mw-redirect" title="Key punch">Key punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_library" title="Tape library">Tape library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygalski_sheets" title="Zygalski sheets">Zygalski sheets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maxfield_2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maxfield_2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaxfield2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Maxfield, Clive (2011-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?doc_id=1285484">"How it was: Paper tapes and punched cards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EE_Times" title="EE Times">EE Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EE+Times&rft.atitle=How+it+was%3A+Paper+tapes+and+punched+cards&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.aulast=Maxfield&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Fauthor.asp%3Fdoc_id%3D1285484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://distantwriting.co.uk/cookewheatstone.html">"3. Cooke and Wheatstone"</a>. <i>Distant Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Distant+Writing%3A+A+History+of+the+Telegraph+Companies+in+Britain+between+1838+and+1868&rft.atitle=3.+Cooke+and+Wheatstone&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdistantwriting.co.uk%2Fcookewheatstone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smid_2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smid_2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmid2010" class="citation book cs1">Smid, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2ev3yYwvq0C&pg=PA20"><i>CNC Control Setup for Milling and Turning: Mastering CNC Control Systems</i></a>. Industrial Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-3350-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-3350-4"><bdi>978-0-8311-3350-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CNC+Control+Setup+for+Milling+and+Turning%3A+Mastering+CNC+Control+Systems&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Industrial+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8311-3350-4&rft.aulast=Smid&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2ev3yYwvq0C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalakov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalakov_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalakov" class="citation cs2">Dalakov, Georgi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Relays/Aiken.html"><i>History of computers: The MARK computers of Howard Aiken</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+computers%3A+The+MARK+computers+of+Howard+Aiken&rft.aulast=Dalakov&rft.aufirst=Georgi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2FModernComputer%2FRelays%2FAiken.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Cruz2021" class="citation web cs1">da Cruz, Frank (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/ssec-tape.html">"SSEC Tape"</a>. <i>Columbia University Computing History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Computing+History&rft.atitle=SSEC+Tape&rft.date=2021-04&rft.aulast=da+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fcomputinghistory%2Fssec-tape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSIRAC_2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSIRAC_2010_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/birth-of-the-computer/4/92/363">"CSIRAC paper tape (replica)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSIRAC+paper+tape+%28replica%29&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fbirth-of-the-computer%2F4%2F92%2F363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927013440/http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~jsm28/ECMA-10/">"ECMA standard for Data Interchange on Punched Tape"</a>. European Computer Manufacturers Association. November 1965. ECMA-10. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2003-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECMA+standard+for+Data+Interchange+on+Punched+Tape&rft.pub=European+Computer+Manufacturers+Association&rft.date=1965-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srcf.ucam.org%2F~jsm28%2FECMA-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster2010" class="citation cs2">Lancaster, Don (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tinaja.com/ebooks/tvtcb.pdf"><i>TV Typewriter Cookbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Synergetics SP Press, p. 211</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TV+Typewriter+Cookbook&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Synergetics+SP+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tinaja.com%2Febooks%2Ftvtcb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proesch_2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proesch_2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProesch2009" class="citation book cs1">Proesch, Roland (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_yq7zvehjoC&pg=PA136"><i>Technical Handbook for Radio Monitoring HF: Edition 2009</i></a>. Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3837045734" title="Special:BookSources/978-3837045734"><bdi>978-3837045734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Handbook+for+Radio+Monitoring+HF%3A+Edition+2009&rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3837045734&rft.aulast=Proesch&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_yq7zvehjoC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hult-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hult_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHult1963" class="citation cs2">Hult, Ture (1963), "Presentation of a new high speed paper tape reader", <i>BIT Numerical Mathematics</i>, <b>3</b> (2): 93–96, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01935575">10.1007/BF01935575</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61020497">61020497</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BIT+Numerical+Mathematics&rft.atitle=Presentation+of+a+new+high+speed+paper+tape+reader&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-96&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01935575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A61020497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hult&rft.aufirst=Ture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Data_I/O_Corporation-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Data_I/O_Corporation_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.dataio.com/main/Manuals/UniFam/Translation%20Formats.pdf">"Translation File Formats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Data I/O Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translation+File+Formats&rft.pub=Data+I%2FO+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.dataio.com%2Fmain%2FManuals%2FUniFam%2FTranslation%2520Formats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_1974-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1974_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1974_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Appendix A: A Sample Program in PL/M: BNPF Object Tape". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/components/intel/MCS8/MCS-8_A_Guide_to_PLM_Programming_Sep73.pdf"><i>MCS-8 A Guide to PL/M programming</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rev 1 (printed September 1974 ed.). 1974-03-15 [September 1973]. p. 101. MCS180-0774-1K, MCS280-0974-1K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129035351/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/components/intel/MCS8/MCS-8_A_Guide_to_PLM_Programming_Sep73.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3A+A+Sample+Program+in+PL%2FM%3A+BNPF+Object+Tape&rft.btitle=MCS-8+A+Guide+to+PL%2FM+programming&rft.series=Rev+1&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=printed+September+1974&rft.date=1974-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2FMCS8%2FMCS-8_A_Guide_to_PLM_Programming_Sep73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span> (1+i+100+1+11+1 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feichtinger_1987-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feichtinger_1987_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feichtinger_1987_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeichtinger1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feichtinger, Herwig (1987). "1.8.5. Lochstreifen-Datenformate" [1.8.5. Paper tape data formats]. <i>Arbeitsbuch Mikrocomputer</i> [<i>Microcomputer work book</i>] (in German) (2 ed.). Munich, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Franzis-Verlag_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Franzis-Verlag GmbH">Franzis-Verlag GmbH</a>. pp. 240–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7723-8022-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7723-8022-0"><bdi>3-7723-8022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.8.5.+Lochstreifen-Datenformate&rft.btitle=Arbeitsbuch+Mikrocomputer&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pages=240-243&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Franzis-Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-7723-8022-0&rft.aulast=Feichtinger&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. The book contains a description of the BNPF format.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_1977-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1977_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1977_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 6. Microcomputer System Component Data Sheet - EPROMs and ROM: I. PROM and ROM Programming Instructions - B2. BPNF Paper Tape Format". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_intelMCS80ualOct77_38961682/"><i>MCS-80 User's Manual (With Introduction to MCS-85)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a>. October 1977 [1975]. pp. 6–76. 98-153D<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6.+Microcomputer+System+Component+Data+Sheet+-+EPROMs+and+ROM%3A+I.+PROM+and+ROM+Programming+Instructions+-+B2.+BPNF+Paper+Tape+Format&rft.btitle=MCS-80+User%27s+Manual+%28With+Introduction+to+MCS-85%29&rft.pages=6-76&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_intelMCS80ualOct77_38961682%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_intelMCS80ualOct77_38961682/98-153D__MCS-80_Users_Manual_Oct77_djvu.txt">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/bitsavers_intelMCS80ualOct77_38961682/98-153D__MCS-80_Users_Manual_Oct77.pdf">[2]</a> (NB. This manual describes a "BPNF Paper Tape Format", a "Non-Intellec Hex Paper Tape Format" and a "PN Computer Punched Card Format".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GP_1984-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GP_1984_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"A. Serial Data Transfer Formats: ASCII BPNF, BHLF & B10F Formats". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matthieu.benoit.free.fr/pdf/GP%20XP640%20User%20Manual.pdf"><i>XP640 EPROM Programmer - User Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. GP Industrial Electronics. 1984. p. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022185324/http://matthieu.benoit.free.fr/pdf/GP%20XP640%20User%20Manual.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A.+Serial+Data+Transfer+Formats%3A+ASCII+BPNF%2C+BHLF+%26+B10F+Formats&rft.btitle=XP640+EPROM+Programmer+-+User+Manual&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=GP+Industrial+Electronics&rft.date=1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatthieu.benoit.free.fr%2Fpdf%2FGP%2520XP640%2520User%2520Manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span> (47 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taleoftape-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taleoftape_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923182433/https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/publications/misc/tale-of-the-tape/">"Tale of the Tape"</a>. National Security Agency Central Security Service. 2016-05-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/publications/misc/tale-of-the-tape/">the original</a> on 2021-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tale+of+the+Tape&rft.pub=National+Security+Agency+Central+Security+Service&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fabout%2Fcryptologic-heritage%2Fhistorical-figures-publications%2Fpublications%2Fmisc%2Ftale-of-the-tape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha_1986-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_1986_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1986" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Naresh K. (1986-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgalRre0L8wC&pg=PA264"><i>Microprocessor-Based Control Systems</i></a>. Springer. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-2287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-2287-4"><bdi>978-90-277-2287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microprocessor-Based+Control+Systems&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1986-06-30&rft.isbn=978-90-277-2287-4&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Naresh+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgalRre0L8wC%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunched+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punched_tape&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Punched_tapes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Punched tapes">Punched tapes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/punched_tape" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/punched tape">punched tape</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020351/http://www.poppyfields.net/filks/00124.html">A song mentioning paper tape</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040408201444/http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/punched.html">Various punched media</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130212105409/http://www.technikum29.de/de/geraete/olympia-schreibautomat.shtm">Olympia Flexowriter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528204327/http://www.deadmedia.org/notes/39/394.html">Detailed description of two paper tape code systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a> and the system used by the <a href="/wiki/ILLIAC" title="ILLIAC">ILLIAC</a> computer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U9-gFkPVwM">Working paper tape punch/reader GNT 3601</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bolo" title="Musée Bolo">Musée Bolo</a>, YouTube</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> (c. 3000 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> (105 CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a> (1640s)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punched tape</a> (mid-1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge-notched_card" title="Edge-notched card">Edge-notched card</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">Optical mark recognition</a> (1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66241#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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