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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Official status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitch_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pitch accent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-European_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Indo-European vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Loanwords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Lithuanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Lithuanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Old Lithuanian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Lithuanian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Old Lithuanian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Lithuanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Adjectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lithuanian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 157 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" > 157 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaus" title="Litaus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Litaus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauische_Sprache" title="Litauische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Litauische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%8C%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ሊትዌንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊትዌንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लिथुआनियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लिथुआनियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BE%C3%BEuanisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Liþþuanisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Liþþuanisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الليتوانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الليتوانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lituano" title="Idioma lituano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma lituano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lituanu" title="Idioma lituanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma lituanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litua%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Lituañañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lituañañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litua%C3%B1a_aru" title="Lituaña aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lituaña aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litva_dili" title="Litva dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Litva dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লিথুয়ানীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিথুয়ানীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuva-g%C3%AD" title="Lietuva-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lietuva-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Литва теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Литва теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Літоўская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літоўская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Летувіская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Летувіская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Литовски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литовски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvanski_jezik" title="Litvanski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Litvanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituaneg" title="Lituaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lituaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litu%C3%A0" title="Lituà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lituà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Литва чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Литва чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Litwano" title="Pinulongang Litwano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Litwano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litev%C5%A1tina" title="Litevština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Litevština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithwaneg" title="Lithwaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lithwaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauisk_(sprog)" title="Litauisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Litauisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvagiella" title="Lietuvagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lietuvagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauische_Sprache" title="Litauische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Litauische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaw%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Litawšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Litawšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leedu_keel" title="Leedu keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leedu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λιθουανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιθουανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Литовонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Литовонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lituano" title="Idioma lituano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma lituano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litova_lingvo" title="Litova lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Litova lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituaniera" title="Lituaniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lituaniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان لیتوانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لیتوانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_bhasa" title="Lithuanian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lithuanian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaviskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Litaviskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Litaviskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituanien" title="Lituanien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lituanien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litousk" title="Litousk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Litousk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Liotu%C3%A1inis" title="An Liotuáinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Liotuáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaanish" title="Litaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Litaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liotu%C3%A0nais" title="Liotuànais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Liotuànais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lituana" title="Lingua lituana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua lituana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania-ng%C3%AE" title="Lithuania-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lithuania-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="리투아니아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리투아니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լիտվերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիտվերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लिथुआनियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिथुआनियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaw%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Litawšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Litawšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litavski_jezik" title="Litavski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Litavski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituana_linguo" title="Lituana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lituana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Lituano" title="Pagsasao a Lituano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Lituano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lituania" title="Bahasa Lituania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Lituania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituanian" title="Lituanian – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lituanian" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Литоваг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Литоваг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiLithuwaniya" title="IsiLithuwaniya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiLithuwaniya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A1%C3%ADska" title="Litáíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Litáíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lituana" title="Lingua lituana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua lituana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ליטאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליטאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლიეტუვური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიეტუვური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABtewsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Lëtewsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lëtewsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Литва тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Литва тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithywanek" title="Lithywanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lithywanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikilituwaniya" title="Ikilituwaniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikilituwaniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilituanya" title="Kilituanya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilituanya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Литва кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Литва кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvava" title="Lietuvava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lietuvava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_l%C3%AEtvan%C3%AE" title="Zimanê lîtvanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê lîtvanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Литов тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Литов тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABtaun%C4%ABku_vol%C5%ABda" title="Lītaunīku volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Lītaunīku volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Lithuanica" title="Lingua Lithuanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Lithuanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Lietuviešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietuviešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauesch" title="Litauesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Litauesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Lietuvių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lietuvių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lituann-a" title="Lengua lituann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua lituann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litouws" title="Litouws – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Litouws" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvisce_(lingua)" title="Lietuvisce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lietuvisce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lituana" title="Lengua lituana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua lituana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litv%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Litván nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Litván nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Литвански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Литвански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_litoanianina" title="Fiteny litoanianina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny litoanianina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ലിത്വാനിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിത്വാനിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Ritu%C4%81nia" title="Reo Rituānia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Rituānia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लिथुएनियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिथुएनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლიეტუვური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიეტუვური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه ليتوانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه ليتوانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="لیتوانیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیتوانیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lithuania" title="Bahasa Lithuania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Lithuania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯂꯤꯊ꯭ꯋꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯊ꯭ꯋꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Литванонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Литванонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Литва хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Литва хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litouws" title="Litouws – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Litouws" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litausk" title="Litausk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Litausk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लिथुआनियाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिथुआनियाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="リトアニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リトアニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Литвахойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Литвахойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauisk_spriak" title="Litauisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Litauisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithyuanyan" title="Lithyuanyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Lithyuanyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauisk" title="Litauisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litauisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauisk" title="Litauisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Litauisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituanian" title="Lituanian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lituanian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Литва йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Литва йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litva_tili" title="Litva tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Litva tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لتھوانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لتھوانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituano" title="Lituano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lituano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="لتوانیایي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لتوانیایي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_lituan-a" title="Lenga lituan-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga lituan-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Lituwenia" title="Tok Lituwenia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Lituwenia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litausche_Spraak" title="Litausche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Litausche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_litewski" title="Język litewski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język litewski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_lituana" title="Língua lituana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua lituana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_lituanian%C4%83" title="Limba lituaniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba lituaniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituwa_simi" title="Lituwa simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lituwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Літовскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Літовскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Литовский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литовский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Lufiana" title="Gagana Lufiana – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Lufiana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लेतुवाभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लेतुवाभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_lituana" title="Limba lituana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba lituana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanie_leid" title="Lithuanie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lithuanie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_lituane" title="Gjuha lituane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha lituane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lithuanian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litov%C4%8Dina" title="Litovčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Litovčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litov%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Litovščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Litovščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Литъвьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Литъвьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litewsko_godka" title="Litewsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Litewsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی لیتوانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی لیتوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Литвански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Литвански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvanski_jezik" title="Litvanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Litvanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liettuan_kieli" title="Liettuan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liettuan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litauiska" title="Litauiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Litauiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Litwano" title="Wikang Litwano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Litwano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலித்துவானிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலித்துவானிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talitwanit" title="Talitwanit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talitwanit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Литва теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Литва теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาลิทัวเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลิทัวเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvanca" title="Litvanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Litvanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Литва кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Литва кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Литовська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Литовська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لیتھوانیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیتھوانیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%DB%8B%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="لىتۋا تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لىتۋا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Litva" title="Tiếng Litva – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Litva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuv%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Lietuvänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lietuvänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leedu_kiil" title="Leedu kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Leedu kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" 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li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Lithuanian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">lietuvių kalba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">[lʲiəˈtʊvʲuː kɐɫˈbɐ]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3.0 million (2012)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Lithuanian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Baltic">Proto-Baltic</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian alphabet">Lithuanian alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_the_Lithuanian_Language" title="Commission of the Lithuanian Language">Commission of the Lithuanian Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=lt">lt</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=262">lit</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either: <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lit" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lit">lit</a></code> – Modern Lithuanian <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/olt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:olt">olt</a></code> – Old Lithuanian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lith1251">lith1251</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=54-AAA-a">54-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lithuanian_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Lithuanian_language.svg/320px-Map_of_Lithuanian_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Lithuanian_language.svg/480px-Map_of_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Lithuanian_language.svg/640px-Map_of_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1557" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Map of areas where Lithuanian is spoken as a majority language (marked in dark blue) and minority language (marked in light blue)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Lithuanian (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: lietuvių kalba, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">[lʲiəˈtʊvʲuː kɐɫˈbɐ]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>. It is the language of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> as well as one of the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. There are approximately 2.8 million<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 1 million speakers elsewhere. Around half a million inhabitants of Lithuania of non-Lithuanian background speak Lithuanian daily as a second language. Lithuanian is closely related to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, though the two languages are not mutually intelligible. It is written in a <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. In some respects, some linguists consider it to be the most <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">conservative</a> of the existing <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, retaining features of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> that had disappeared through development from other <a href="/wiki/Descendant_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Descendant language">descendant languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zinkevicius-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Anyone wishing to hear how <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-Europeans</a> spoke should come and listen to a Lithuanian peasant. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></cite> </div> Among Indo-European languages, Lithuanian is conservative in its grammar and phonology, retaining archaic features otherwise found only in ancient languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><a href="#cite_note-Smalstieg_19822-7">[7]</a> (particularly its early form, <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>. Thus, it is an important source for the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> despite its late attestation (with the earliest texts dating only to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a>, whereas Ancient Greek was first written down about three thousand years earlier in c. 1450 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_prevalence_of_Baltic_hydronyms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_prevalence_of_Baltic_hydronyms.png/220px-The_prevalence_of_Baltic_hydronyms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_prevalence_of_Baltic_hydronyms.png/330px-The_prevalence_of_Baltic_hydronyms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_prevalence_of_Baltic_hydronyms.png/440px-The_prevalence_of_Baltic_hydronyms.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Map of the prevalence of hydronyms of Baltic origin<a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> origin, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> were spoken in a large area east of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and in c. 1000 BC it had two linguistic units: western and eastern.<a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a> The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> had already written of two Baltic tribe/nations by name, the <a href="/wiki/Galindians#Western_Galindians" title="Galindians">Galindai</a> (Γαλίνδαι) and <a href="/wiki/Sudovians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudovians">Sudinoi</a> (Σουδινοί), in the 2nd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Lithuanian originated from the Eastern Baltic subgroup and remained nearly unchanged until c. 1 AD, however in c. 500 AD the language of the northern part of Eastern Balts was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>, which fueled the development of changes from the language of the Southern Balts (see: <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and extinct <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a> The language of Southern Balts was less influenced by this process and retained many of its older features, which form Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronological</a> research, the Eastern Baltic languages split from the Western Baltic ones between c. 400 BC and c. 600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png/220px-Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png/330px-Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png/440px-Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>Area where Lithuanian was spoken in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> The differentiation between Lithuanian and Latvian started after c. 800 AD; for a long period, they could be considered dialects of a single language.<a href="#cite_note-Blspace-14">[14]</a> At a minimum, transitional dialects existed until the 14th or 15th century and perhaps as late as the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Blspace-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The German <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> occupied the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava</a> basin, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of the territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (at the time it was called <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a>) by Germans and had a significant influence on the language's independent development due to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Baltic German nobility</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Blspace-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> There was fascination with the Lithuanian people and their language among the late 19th-century researchers, and the philologist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Taylor_(priest)" title="Isaac Taylor (priest)">Isaac Taylor</a> wrote the following in his The Origin of the Aryans (1892): <blockquote>"Thus it would seem that the Lithuanians have the best claim to represent the primitive <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>, as their language exhibits fewer of those phonetic changes, and of those grammatical losses which are consequent on the acquirement of a foreign speech."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></blockquote> Lithuanian was studied by several linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Bezzenberger" title="Adalbert Bezzenberger">Adalbert Bezzenberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winfred_P._Lehmann" title="Winfred P. Lehmann">Winfred P. Lehmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Jan Safarewicz,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and others. By studying place names of Lithuanian origin, linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Safarewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Safarewicz (page does not exist)">Jan Safarewicz</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Safarewicz" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Safarewicz">pl</a>] concluded that the eastern boundaries of Lithuanian used to be in the shape of zigzags through <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shchuchyn" title="Shchuchyn">Shchuchyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lida" title="Lida">Lida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valozhyn" title="Valozhyn">Valozhyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svir,_Belarus" title="Svir, Belarus">Svir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Braslaw" title="Braslaw">Braslaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a> Such eastern boundaries partly coincide with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> faith, and should have existed at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">Christianization of Lithuania</a> in 1387 and later.<a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a> Safarewicz's eastern boundaries were moved even further to the south and east by other scholars (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikalay_Biryla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikalay Biryla (page does not exist)">Mikalay Biryla</a> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="be:Мікалай Васілевіч Бірыла">be</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petras_Gau%C4%8Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petras Gaučas (page does not exist)">Petras Gaučas</a> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petras_Gau%C4%8Das" class="extiw" title="lt:Petras Gaučas">lt</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Ochma%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Ochmański (page does not exist)">Jerzy Ochmański</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Ochma%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Jerzy Ochmański">pl</a>], <a href="/wiki/Aleksandras_Vanagas" title="Aleksandras Vanagas">Aleksandras Vanagas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zigmas Zinkevičius</a>, and others).<a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> branched off directly from Proto-Indo-European, then sub-branched into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Baltic">Proto-Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>. Proto-Baltic branched off into Proto-West Baltic and Proto-East Baltic.<a href="#cite_note-Smalstieg_1982-22">[22]</a> The Baltic languages passed through a Proto-Balto-Slavic stage, from which the Baltic languages retain exclusive and non-exclusive lexical, morphological, phonological and accentual isoglosses in common with the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, which represent their closest living Indo-European relatives. Moreover, with Lithuanian being so archaic in phonology, Slavic words can often be deduced from Lithuanian by regular <a href="/wiki/Sound_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound law">sound laws</a>; for example, Lith. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vilkas#Lithuanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:vilkas">vilkas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wilk#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:wilk">wilk</a> ← <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">PBSl.</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/wilk%C3%A1s#Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/wilkás">*wilkás</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">PSl.</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/v%D1%8Clk%D1%8A#Proto-Slavic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vьlkъ">*vьlkъ</a>) ← <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/w%C4%BA%CC%A5k%CA%B7os#Proto-Indo-European" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos">*wĺ̥kʷos</a>, all meaning "<a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>". Initially, Lithuanian was a <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, while the beginning of Lithuanian writing is possibly associated with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lithuania" title="Catholic Church in Lithuania">Christianity in Lithuania</a> when <a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a> was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> and crowned King of Lithuania in 1250–1251.<a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-OriginVle-9">[9]</a> It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> were translated into the local dialect of Lithuanian by <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> monks during the baptism of Mindaugas, however none of the writings has survived.<a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> The first recorded Lithuanian word, reported to have been said on 24 December 1207 from the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Latvia" title="Henry of Latvia">Henry of Latvia</a>, was Ba, an <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a> of a Lithuanian raider after he found no loot to pillage in a Livonian church.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:360px;max-width:360px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingwa_Lietowia_(Lithuanian_language;_lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba),_mentioned_in_Chronik_des_Konstanzer_Konzils_by_Ulrich_von_Richental,_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lingwa_Lietowia_%28Lithuanian_language%3B_lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba%29%2C_mentioned_in_Chronik_des_Konstanzer_Konzils_by_Ulrich_von_Richental%2C_15th_century.jpg/250px-Lingwa_Lietowia_%28Lithuanian_language%3B_lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba%29%2C_mentioned_in_Chronik_des_Konstanzer_Konzils_by_Ulrich_von_Richental%2C_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lingwa_Lietowia_%28Lithuanian_language%3B_lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba%29%2C_mentioned_in_Chronik_des_Konstanzer_Konzils_by_Ulrich_von_Richental%2C_15th_century.jpg/375px-Lingwa_Lietowia_%28Lithuanian_language%3B_lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba%29%2C_mentioned_in_Chronik_des_Konstanzer_Konzils_by_Ulrich_von_Richental%2C_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lingwa_Lietowia_%28Lithuanian_language%3B_lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba%29%2C_mentioned_in_Chronik_des_Konstanzer_Konzils_by_Ulrich_von_Richental%2C_15th_century.jpg/500px-Lingwa_Lietowia_%28Lithuanian_language%3B_lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba%29%2C_mentioned_in_Chronik_des_Konstanzer_Konzils_by_Ulrich_von_Richental%2C_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="564" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_language._Lithuanian_language_mentioned_among_other_languages_of_participants_of_Council_of_Constance,_1483.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lithuanian_language._Lithuanian_language_mentioned_among_other_languages_of_participants_of_Council_of_Constance%2C_1483.png/102px-Lithuanian_language._Lithuanian_language_mentioned_among_other_languages_of_participants_of_Council_of_Constance%2C_1483.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lithuanian_language._Lithuanian_language_mentioned_among_other_languages_of_participants_of_Council_of_Constance%2C_1483.png/153px-Lithuanian_language._Lithuanian_language_mentioned_among_other_languages_of_participants_of_Council_of_Constance%2C_1483.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lithuanian_language._Lithuanian_language_mentioned_among_other_languages_of_participants_of_Council_of_Constance%2C_1483.png/204px-Lithuanian_language._Lithuanian_language_mentioned_among_other_languages_of_participants_of_Council_of_Constance%2C_1483.png 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="2720" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left/right/center">Lithuanian was mentioned as one of the languages of the participants of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> in 1414–1418: see Lingwa Lietowia (left) and Littowelch (right) in a 15th century Chronik des Konstanzer Konzils compiled by <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_of_Richenthal" title="Ulrich of Richenthal">Ulrich of Richenthal</a>.</div></div></div></div> Although no writings in Lithuanian have survived from the 15th century or earlier,<a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> Lithuanian (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Lingwa Lietowia) was mentioned as one of the European languages of the participants in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> in 1414–1418.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> From the middle of the 15th century, the legend spread about the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a> origin of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuanian nobility</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Palemonids" title="Palemonids">Palemon lineage</a>), and the closeness of the Lithuanian language and Latin, thus this let some intellectuals in the mid-16th century to advocate for replacement of Ruthenian with Latin, as they considered Latin as the native language of Lithuanians.<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Initially, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> were the main <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chancellery</a>) languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but in the late 17th century – 18th century Church Slavonic was replaced with Polish.<a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Nevertheless, Lithuanian was a <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Lithuania#Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_(1263–1569)" title="List of heads of state of Lithuania">medieval Lithuanian rulers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminids</a> dynasty and its cadet branches: <a href="/wiki/Family_of_K%C4%99stutis" title="Family of Kęstutis">Kęstutaičiai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KalbaVR-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pancerovas-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Statkuviene-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone-34">[34]</a> It is known that <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">ethnic Lithuanian</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">male-line</a>, himself knew and spoke Lithuanian with <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas the Great">Vytautas the Great</a>, his cousin from the Gediminids dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Pancerovas-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Statkuviene-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania#Christianization_by_Jogaila_and_Vytautas" title="Christianization of Lithuania">Christianization of Samogitia</a> none of the clergy, who arrived to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Samogitia" title="Duchy of Samogitia">Samogitia</a> with Jogaila, were able to communicate with the natives, therefore Jogaila himself taught the <a href="/wiki/Samogitians" title="Samogitians">Samogitians</a> about <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>; thus he was able to communicate in the <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian dialect</a> of Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Soon afterwards Vytautas the Great wrote in his 11 March 1420 letter to <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, that Lithuanian and Samogitian are the same language.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania,_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg/175px-1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg/263px-1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg/350px-1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Duke of Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander Jagiellon</a>, specified that the Roman Catholic priests in these 28 churches must know the Lithuanian language, according to his letter of 18 September 1501, which was addressed to the Bishop of Vilnius Albertas.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> The use of Lithuanian continued at the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal court</a> after the deaths of Vytautas the Great (1430) and Jogaila (1434).<a href="#cite_note-Stone-34">[34]</a> For example, since the young Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> was underage, the supreme control over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Council_of_Lords" title="Lithuanian Council of Lords">Lithuanian Council of Lords</a>, presided by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Go%C5%A1tautas" title="Jonas Goštautas">Jonas Goštautas</a>, while Casimir IV Jagiellon was taught Lithuanian and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">customs of Lithuania</a> by appointed court officials.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-KalbaVR-31">[31]</a> During the Polish <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>'s envoys visit to Casimir in 1446, they noticed that in Casimir's royal court the Lithuanian-speaking courtiers were mandatory, alongside the Polish courtiers.<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Casimir IV Jagiellon's son <a href="/wiki/Saint_Casimir" title="Saint Casimir">Saint Casimir</a>, who was subsequently announced as patron saint of Lithuania, was a <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a> and among other languages knew Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-KazimierasVK-44">[44]</a> Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander Jagiellon</a> also could understand and speak Lithuanian as multiple Lithuanian priests served in his royal chapel and he also maintained a Lithuanian court.<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1501, <a href="/wiki/Erazm_Cio%C5%82ek_(bishop_of_P%C5%82ock)" title="Erazm Ciołek (bishop of Płock)">Erazm Ciołek</a>, a priest of the Vilnius Cathedral, explained to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> that the Lithuanians preserve their language and ensure respect to it (Linguam propriam observant), but they also use the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a> for simplicity reasons because it is spoken by almost half of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis2016-28">[28]</a> A note written by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Herberstein" title="Sigismund von Herberstein">Sigismund von Herberstein</a> in the first half of the 16th century states that, in an ocean of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> in this part of Europe, there were two non-Ruthenian regions: Lithuania and Samogitia where its inhabitants spoke their own language, but many Ruthenians were also living among them.<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis2002-47">[47]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_surviving_writing_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Oldest_surviving_writing_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/150px-Oldest_surviving_writing_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Oldest_surviving_writing_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/225px-Oldest_surviving_writing_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Oldest_surviving_writing_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/300px-Oldest_surviving_writing_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> in Lithuanian (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1503), rewritten from a 15th century original text.</figcaption></figure> The earliest surviving written Lithuanian text is a translation dating from about 1503–1525 of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> written in the Southern Aukštaitian dialect.<a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> On 8 January 1547 the first Lithuanian book was printed – the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas">Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> At the royal courts in Vilnius of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, the last Grand Duke of Lithuania prior to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a>, both Polish and Lithuanian were spoken equally widely.<a href="#cite_note-Stone-34">[34]</a> In 1552 Sigismund II Augustus ordered that orders of the <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a> of Vilnius be announced in Lithuanian, Polish, and Ruthenian.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The same requirement was valid for the Magistrate of <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In the 16th century, following the decline of Ruthenian usage in favor of Polish in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian language strengthened its positions in Lithuania due to reforms in religious matters and judicial reforms which allowed lower levels of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuanian nobility</a> to participate in the social-political life of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis2016-28">[28]</a> In 1599, <a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Dauk%C5%A1a" title="Mikalojus Daukša">Mikalojus Daukša</a> published his <a href="/wiki/Postil_of_Mikalojus_Dauk%C5%A1a" title="Postil of Mikalojus Daukša">Postil</a> and in its <a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">prefaces</a> he expressed that the Lithuanian language situation had improved and thanked bishop <a href="/wiki/Merkelis_Giedraitis" title="Merkelis Giedraitis">Merkelis Giedraitis</a> for his works.<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis2016-28">[28]</a> In 1776–1790 about 1,000 copies of the first Catholic <a href="/wiki/Primer_(textbook)" title="Primer (textbook)">primer</a> in Lithuanian – <a href="/wiki/Mokslas_skaitymo_ra%C5%A1to_lietuvi%C5%A1ko" title="Mokslas skaitymo rašto lietuviško">Mokslas skaitymo rašto lietuviško</a> – were issued annually, and it continued to be published until 1864. Over 15,000 copies appeared in total.<a href="#cite_note-Ldm-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baranauskas-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilnia,_Lidzkaja-Franci%C5%A1kanskaja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_(J._Bu%C5%82hak,_1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vilnia%2C_Lidzkaja-Franci%C5%A1kanskaja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28J._Bu%C5%82hak%2C_1912%29.jpg/220px-Vilnia%2C_Lidzkaja-Franci%C5%A1kanskaja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28J._Bu%C5%82hak%2C_1912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vilnia%2C_Lidzkaja-Franci%C5%A1kanskaja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28J._Bu%C5%82hak%2C_1912%29.jpg/330px-Vilnia%2C_Lidzkaja-Franci%C5%A1kanskaja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28J._Bu%C5%82hak%2C_1912%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vilnia%2C_Lidzkaja-Franci%C5%A1kanskaja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28J._Bu%C5%82hak%2C_1912%29.jpg/440px-Vilnia%2C_Lidzkaja-Franci%C5%A1kanskaja._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28J._Bu%C5%82hak%2C_1912%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Lithuanian school in Vilnius in 1902</figcaption></figure> In 1864, following the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov-Vilensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov</a>, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of Lithuania">Governor General of Lithuania</a>, banned the language in education and publishing <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">and barred use of the Latin alphabet</a> altogether, although books continued to be printed in Lithuanian across the border in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SpaudosDraudimasVle-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lituanus1863-1893-55">[55]</a> Brought into the country by <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_book_smugglers" title="Lithuanian book smugglers">book smugglers</a> (Lithuanian: knygnešiai) despite the threat of long prison sentences, they helped fuel <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">growing nationalist sentiment</a> that finally led to the lifting of the ban in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-SpaudosDraudimasVle-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lituanus1863-1893-55">[55]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Russian Empire Census</a> of 1897 (at the height of the Lithuanian press ban), 53.5% of Lithuanians (10 years and older) were literate, while the average of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was only 24–27.7% (in the European part of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> the average was 30%, in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> – 40.7%).<a href="#cite_note-Baranauskas-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the Russian Empire Lithuanian children were mostly educated by their parents or in secret schools by "daractors" in native Lithuanian language, while only 6.9% attended Russian state schools due to resistance to <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RastingumasVle-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Russian governorates with significant Lithuanian populations had one of the highest population <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rates: <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Governorate" title="Vilna Governorate">Vilna Governorate</a> (in 1897 ~23.6–50% Lithuanian of whom 37% were literate), <a href="/wiki/Kovno_Governorate" title="Kovno Governorate">Kovno Governorate</a> (in 1897 66% Lithuanian of whom 55.3% were literate), <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Governorate" title="Suwałki Governorate">Suwałki Governorate</a> (in 1897 in counties of the governorate where Lithuanian population was dominant, 76,6% of males and 50,2% of females were literate).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:617px;max-width:617px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_with_an_area_(marked_in_greenish-yellow)_where_Lithuanian_language_was_dominant_in_1827_(from_Atlas_statystyczny_Polski_i_krajow_okolicznych_by_Stanis%C5%82aw_Plater).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_with_an_area_%28marked_in_greenish-yellow%29_where_Lithuanian_language_was_dominant_in_1827_%28from_Atlas_statystyczny_Polski_i_krajow_okolicznych_by_Stanis%C5%82aw_Plater%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_with_an_area_%28marked_in_greenish-yellow%29_where_Lithuanian_language_was_dominant_in_1827_%28from_Atlas_statystyczny_Polski_i_krajow_okolicznych_by_Stanis%C5%82aw_Plater%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_with_an_area_%28marked_in_greenish-yellow%29_where_Lithuanian_language_was_dominant_in_1827_%28from_Atlas_statystyczny_Polski_i_krajow_okolicznych_by_Stanis%C5%82aw_Plater%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="905" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Area (marked in greenish-yellow) where Lithuanian language was dominant in 1827, depicted in a map by Lithuania-born historian, geographer <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Plater" title="Stanisław Plater">Stanisław Plater</a> (1827)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_j%C4%99zyka_litewskiego.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mapa_j%C4%99zyka_litewskiego.tif/lossy-page1-215px-Mapa_j%C4%99zyka_litewskiego.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mapa_j%C4%99zyka_litewskiego.tif/lossy-page1-323px-Mapa_j%C4%99zyka_litewskiego.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mapa_j%C4%99zyka_litewskiego.tif/lossy-page1-430px-Mapa_j%C4%99zyka_litewskiego.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5303" data-file-height="3930" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Area where Lithuanian language was dominantly spoken, including its islands and mixed territories in the late 19th century by Polish linguist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Micha%C5%82_Rozwadowski" title="Jan Michał Rozwadowski">Jan Michał Rozwadowski</a> (1930)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Litauen_BV042518396.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Litauen_BV042518396.jpg/190px-Litauen_BV042518396.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Litauen_BV042518396.jpg/285px-Litauen_BV042518396.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Litauen_BV042518396.jpg/380px-Litauen_BV042518396.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3722" data-file-height="3340" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ethnolinguistic area of Lithuanians and the Lithuanian language in 1917 by <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Lithuanian">Prussian Lithuanian</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Vilius_Gaigalaitis" title="Vilius Gaigalaitis">Vilius Gaigalaitis</a> (Wilhelm Gaigalat), the dashed areas represent linguistically mixed border areas where Lithuanians formed a large minority</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Jablonskis" title="Jonas Jablonskis">Jonas Jablonskis</a> (1860–1930) made significant contributions to the formation of standard Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-JablonskisVle-64">[64]</a> The conventions of written Lithuanian had been evolving during the 19th century, but Jablonskis, in the introduction to his Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika, was the first to formulate and expound the essential principles that were so indispensable to its later development.<a href="#cite_note-JablonskisVle-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> His proposal for Standard Lithuanian was based on his native <a href="/wiki/Suvalkija" title="Suvalkija">Western Aukštaitian</a> dialect with some features of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanians" title="Prussian Lithuanians">Prussian Lithuanians</a>' dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JablonskisVle-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> These dialects[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] had preserved archaic phonetics mostly intact due to the influence of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>, while other dialects had experienced different <a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">phonetic shifts</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_page_of_Vyriausyb%C4%97s_%C5%BDinios_which_includes_articles_of_the_1922_Constitution_of_Lithuania_(6_August_1922_edition).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Title_page_of_Vyriausyb%C4%97s_%C5%BDinios_which_includes_articles_of_the_1922_Constitution_of_Lithuania_%286_August_1922_edition%29.jpg/170px-Title_page_of_Vyriausyb%C4%97s_%C5%BDinios_which_includes_articles_of_the_1922_Constitution_of_Lithuania_%286_August_1922_edition%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Title_page_of_Vyriausyb%C4%97s_%C5%BDinios_which_includes_articles_of_the_1922_Constitution_of_Lithuania_%286_August_1922_edition%29.jpg/255px-Title_page_of_Vyriausyb%C4%97s_%C5%BDinios_which_includes_articles_of_the_1922_Constitution_of_Lithuania_%286_August_1922_edition%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Title_page_of_Vyriausyb%C4%97s_%C5%BDinios_which_includes_articles_of_the_1922_Constitution_of_Lithuania_%286_August_1922_edition%29.jpg/340px-Title_page_of_Vyriausyb%C4%97s_%C5%BDinios_which_includes_articles_of_the_1922_Constitution_of_Lithuania_%286_August_1922_edition%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Vyriausybės Žinios with articles of the 1922 Constitution of Lithuania. The sixth article established Lithuanian as the sole official language of Lithuania.</figcaption></figure> Lithuanian became the official language of the country following the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">restoration of Lithuania's statehood</a> in 1918. The 1922 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Constitution of Lithuania</a> (the first permanent Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>) recognized it as the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the state and mandated its use throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-ValstybineKalbaVle-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The improvement of education system during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> resulted in 92% of literacy rate of the population in Lithuania in 1939 (those still illiterate were mostly elderly).<a href="#cite_note-RastingumasVle-57">[57]</a> Following the Żeligowski's Mutiny in 1920, Vilnius Region was detached from Lithuania and was eventually annexed by Poland in 1922. This resulted in repressions of Lithuanians and mass-closure of Lithuanian language schools in the Vilnius Region, especially when Vilnius Voivode <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Bocia%C5%84ski" title="Ludwik Bociański">Ludwik Bociański</a> issued a secret memorandum of 11 February 1936 which stated the measures for suppressing the Lithuanians in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Ereminas-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tyla-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Some Lithuanian historians, like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antanas_Tyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antanas Tyla (page does not exist)">Antanas Tyla</a> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Tyla" class="extiw" title="lt:Antanas Tyla">lt</a>] and Ereminas Gintautas, consider these Polish policies as amounting to an "<a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">ethnocide</a> of Lithuanians".<a href="#cite_note-Ereminas-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tyla-69">[69]</a> Between 1862 and 1944, the Lithuanian schools were completely banned in Lithuania Minor and the language was almost completely eliminated there.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> The Baltic-origin place names retained their basis for centuries in <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> but were Germanized (e.g. Tilžė – Tilsit, Labguva – Labiau, Vėluva – Wehliau, etc.); however, after the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(region)" title="Königsberg (region)">Königsberg region</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, they were changed completely, regardless of previous tradition (e.g. Tilsit – Sovetsk, Labiau – Polesk, Wehliau – Znamensk, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">German occupation in 1941</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation in 1944</a>, reduced the independent Republic of Lithuania to the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet authorities</a> introduced Lithuanian–<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> bilingualism,<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> and Russian, as the de facto official language of the USSR, took precedence and the use of Lithuanian was reduced in a process of Russification.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> Many Russian-speaking workers and teachers migrated to the Lithuanian SSR (fueled by the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">industrialization in the Soviet Union</a>).<a href="#cite_note-RusinimasVle-74">[74]</a> Russian consequently came into use in state institutions: the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">Communist Party of Lithuania</a> (there were 80% Russians among the 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> members in the Lithuanian SSR in 1948), radio and television (61–74% of broadcasts were in Russian in 1970).<a href="#cite_note-RusinimasVle-74">[74]</a> Lithuanians passively resisted Russification and continued to use their own language.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> On 18 November 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR</a> restored Lithuanian as the official language of Lithuania, under from the popular pro-independence movement <a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ValstybineKalbaVle-66">[66]</a> On 11 March 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania</a> was passed. Lithuanian was recognized as sole official language of Lithuania in the Provisional Basic Law (Lithuanian: Laikinasis Pagrindinis Įstatymas) and the Constitution of 1992, written during the <a href="/wiki/1992_Lithuanian_constitutional_referendum" title="1992 Lithuanian constitutional referendum">Lithuanian constitutional referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ValstybineKalbaVle-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/220px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/330px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/440px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Baltic tribes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 (boundaries are approximate).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg/450px-Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg/675px-Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg/900px-Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Various schematic sketches of possible Balto-Slavic language relationships.</figcaption></figure> Lithuanian is one of two living <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and they constitute the eastern branch of Baltic languages family.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> An earlier <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> language, <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>, was extinct by the 18th century; the other Western Baltic languages, <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a>, became extinct earlier. Some theories, such as that of <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Endzel%C4%ABns" title="Jānis Endzelīns">Jānis Endzelīns</a>, considered that the Baltic languages form their own distinct branch of the family of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, and Endzelīns thought that the similarity between Baltic and Slavic was explicable through language contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini2000139–140-78">[78]</a> There is also an opinion that suggests the union of Baltic and Slavic languages into a distinct sub-family of <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a> amongst the Indo-European family of languages. Such an opinion was first represented by <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FoundationsBook-79">[79]</a> Some supporters of the Baltic and Slavic languages unity even claim that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic branch</a> did not exist, suggesting that Proto-Balto-Slavic split into three language groups: <a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini200055-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baudouin_de_Courtenay" title="Jan Baudouin de Courtenay">Jan Baudouin de Courtenay</a>, on the contrary, believed that the similarity between the Slavic and Baltic languages was caused by independent parallel development, and the Proto-Balto-Slavic language did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini2000138-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_language_in_European_language_map_1741.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lithuanian_language_in_European_language_map_1741.jpg/220px-Lithuanian_language_in_European_language_map_1741.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lithuanian_language_in_European_language_map_1741.jpg/330px-Lithuanian_language_in_European_language_map_1741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Lithuanian_language_in_European_language_map_1741.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>A map of European languages (1741) with the first verse of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Lithuanian</figcaption></figure> An attempt to reconcile the opposing stances was made by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Micha%C5%82_Rozwadowski" title="Jan Michał Rozwadowski">Jan Michał Rozwadowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FoundationsBook-79">[79]</a> He proposed that the two language groups were indeed a unity after the division of Indo-European, but also suggested that after the two had divided into separate entities (Baltic and Slavic), they had posterior contact.<a href="#cite_note-FoundationsBook-79">[79]</a> The genetic kinship view is augmented by the fact that Proto-Balto-Slavic is easily reconstructible with important proofs in historic prosody. The alleged (or certain, as certain as historical linguistics can be) similarities due to contact are seen in such phenomena as the existence of definite adjectives formed by the addition of an inflected pronoun (descended from the same Proto-Indo-European pronoun), which exist in both Baltic and Slavic yet nowhere else in the Indo-European family (languages such as Albanian and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> developed definite adjectives independently), and that is not reconstructible for Proto-Balto-Slavic, meaning that they most probably developed through language contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkevičius1984117–138,_209–210-85">[85]</a> The Baltic <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a> area stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River in the west to the east of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the north to the south of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Vladimir Toporov and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Trubachyov" title="Oleg Trubachyov">Oleg Trubachyov</a> (1961, 1962) studied Baltic hydronyms in the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini200038-88">[88]</a> Hydronyms and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> analysis show that the Slavs started migrating to the Baltic areas east and north-east directions in the 6–7th centuries, before then, the Baltic and Slavic boundary was south of the <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pripyat River">Pripyat River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> made the following conclusions about the relationship between the Baltic and Slavic languages: <ul><li>a) Proto-Slavic formed from the peripheral-type Baltic dialects;</li> <li>b) the Slavic linguistic type formed later from the structural model of the Baltic languages;</li> <li>c) the Slavic structural model is a result of a transformation of the structural model of the Baltic languages.</li></ul> These scholars' theses do not contradict the Baltic and Slavic languages closeness and from a historical perspective, specify the Baltic-Slavic languages' evolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini2000143-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> So, there are at least six points of view on the relationships between the Baltic and Slavic. However, as for the hypotheses related to the "Balto-Slavic problem", it is noted that they are more focused on personal theoretical constructions and deviate to some extent from the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> Lithuanian is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. It is also spoken by ethnic Lithuanians living in today's <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> of Russia, as well as by sizable emigrant communities in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> 2,955,200 people in Lithuania (including 3,460 <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Tatars</a>), or about 86% of the 2015 population, are native Lithuanian speakers; most Lithuanian inhabitants of other nationalities also speak Lithuanian to some extent. The total worldwide Lithuanian-speaking population is about 3,200,000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official status">edit</a>]</div> Lithuanian is the <a href="/wiki/State_language" class="mw-redirect" title="State language">state language</a> of Lithuania and an <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">official language of the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ValstybineKalbaVle-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_dialects_of_Lithuanian_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_dialects_of_Lithuanian_language.svg/330px-Map_of_dialects_of_Lithuanian_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_dialects_of_Lithuanian_language.svg/495px-Map_of_dialects_of_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_dialects_of_Lithuanian_language.svg/660px-Map_of_dialects_of_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Dialects of Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian dialects</a> are yellow, red, and brown; <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian subdialects</a> are green, blue, and purple.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="164" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Erika_speaking_Lithuanian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A woman speaking in Lithuanian</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Compendium_Grammaticae_Lithvanicae" title="Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae">Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae</a>, published in 1673, three dialects of Lithuanian are distinguished: <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Samogitiae) of <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>, Royal Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Lithvaniae Regalis) and Ducal Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Lithvaniae Ducalis).<a href="#cite_note-Zinkevicius2009-96">[96]</a> Ducal Lithuanian is described as pure (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Pura), half-Samogitian (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: SemiSamogitizans) and having elements of <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Curonizans).<a href="#cite_note-Zinkevicius2009-96">[96]</a> Authors of the Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae singled out that the Lithuanians of the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region" title="Vilnius Region">Vilnius Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: in tractu Vilnensi) tend to speak harshly, almost like <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a> and others speak <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinkevicius2009-96">[96]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">historical circumstances of Lithuania</a>, Lithuanian-speaking territory was divided into <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_proper" title="Lithuania proper">Lithuania proper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a>, therefore, in the 16th–17th centuries, three regional variants of the common language emerged.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> Lithuanians in Lithuania Minor spoke Western Aukštaitian dialect with specifics of <a href="/wiki/%C4%AEsrutis" class="mw-redirect" title="Įsrutis">Įsrutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragain%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragainė">Ragainė</a> environs (e.g. works of <a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bretk%C5%ABnas" title="Jonas Bretkūnas">Jonas Bretkūnas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_R%C4%97za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas Rėza (page does not exist)">Jonas Rėza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Klein_(grammarian)" title="Daniel Klein (grammarian)">Daniel Klein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grammatica_Litvanica" title="Grammatica Litvanica">Grammatica Litvanica</a>).<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> The other two regional variants of the common language were formed in Lithuania proper: middle, which was based on the specifics of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Samogitia" title="Duchy of Samogitia">Duchy of Samogitia</a> (e.g. works of <a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Dauk%C5%A1a" title="Mikalojus Daukša">Mikalojus Daukša</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merkelis_Petkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Merkelis Petkevičius">Merkelis Petkevičius</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steponas_Jaugelis%E2%80%91Telega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steponas Jaugelis‑Telega (page does not exist)">Steponas Jaugelis‑Telega</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuelis_Boguslavas_Chylinskis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuelis Boguslavas Chylinskis (page does not exist)">Samuelis Boguslavas Chylinskis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rej" title="Mikołaj Rej">Mikołaj Rej</a>'s Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Postil" title="Postil">postil</a>), and eastern, based on the specifics of Eastern Aukštaitians, living in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region" title="Vilnius Region">its region</a> (e.g. works of <a href="/wiki/Konstantinas_Sirvydas" title="Konstantinas Sirvydas">Konstantinas Sirvydas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Jaknavi%C4%8Dius" title="Jonas Jaknavičius">Jonas Jaknavičius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a>, there are preserved texts written in the Lithuanian language of the Vilnius area, a dialect of Eastern Aukštaitian, which was spoken in a territory located south-eastwards from Vilnius: the sources are preserved in works of graduates from <a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapolionis" title="Stanislovas Rapolionis">Stanislovas Rapolionis</a>-based Lithuanian language schools, graduate Martynas Mažvydas and Rapalionis relative <a href="/wiki/Abraomas_Kulvietis" title="Abraomas Kulvietis">Abraomas Kulvietis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The development of Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor, especially in the 18th century, was successful due to many publications and research.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> In contrast, the development of Lithuanian in Lithuania proper was obstructed due to the <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuanian nobility</a>, especially in the 18th century, and it was being influenced by the Samogitian dialect.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-RasomojiKalbaVle-23">[23]</a> The Lithuanian-speaking population was also dramatically decreased by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">Great Northern War plague outbreak</a> in 1700–1721 which killed 49% of residents in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> (1/3 residents in Lithuania proper and up to 1/2 residents in <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>) and 53% of residents in Lithuania Minor (more than 90% of the deceased were <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanians" title="Prussian Lithuanians">Prussian Lithuanians</a>).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Since the 19th century to 1925 the amount of Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania Minor (excluding <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a>) decreased from 139,000 to 8,000 due to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">colonization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_Lithuanians_and_Latvians_in_1847_by_Heinrich_Berghaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ethnographic_map_of_Lithuanians_and_Latvians_in_1847_by_Heinrich_Berghaus.jpg/220px-Ethnographic_map_of_Lithuanians_and_Latvians_in_1847_by_Heinrich_Berghaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ethnographic_map_of_Lithuanians_and_Latvians_in_1847_by_Heinrich_Berghaus.jpg/330px-Ethnographic_map_of_Lithuanians_and_Latvians_in_1847_by_Heinrich_Berghaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ethnographic_map_of_Lithuanians_and_Latvians_in_1847_by_Heinrich_Berghaus.jpg/440px-Ethnographic_map_of_Lithuanians_and_Latvians_in_1847_by_Heinrich_Berghaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographic map of Lithuanians (Littauer) and Latvians (Eigentliche Letten) in 1847 by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Berghaus" title="Heinrich Berghaus">Heinrich Berghaus</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of a decrease in the usage of spoken Lithuanian in the eastern part of Lithuania proper, in the 19th century, it was suggested to create a standardized Lithuanian based on the Samogitian dialect.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> Nevertheless, it was not accomplished because everyone offered their Samogitian subdialects and the Eastern and Western Aukštaitians offered their Aukštaitian subdialects.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Slaven_in_Deutschland_1902_(117434969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Die_Slaven_in_Deutschland_1902_%28117434969%29.jpg/220px-Die_Slaven_in_Deutschland_1902_%28117434969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Die_Slaven_in_Deutschland_1902_%28117434969%29.jpg/330px-Die_Slaven_in_Deutschland_1902_%28117434969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Die_Slaven_in_Deutschland_1902_%28117434969%29.jpg/440px-Die_Slaven_in_Deutschland_1902_%28117434969%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic areal of the Lithuanian language in Russia and German Prussia by Ethnographer Franz Oskar Tetzner in 1902</figcaption></figure> In the second half of the 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian National Revival</a> intensified, and the preparations to publish a Lithuanian periodical press were taking place, the mostly south-western Aukštaitian revival writers did not use the 19th-century Lithuanian of Lithuania Minor as it was largely <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> Instead, they used a more pure Lithuanian language which has been described by <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kurschat" title="Friedrich Kurschat">Friedrich Kurschat</a> and this way the written language of Lithuania Minor was transferred to resurgent Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a> The most famous standardizer of the Lithuanian, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Jablonskis" title="Jonas Jablonskis">Jonas Jablonskis</a>, established the south-western Aukštaitian dialect, including the Eastern dialect of Lithuania Minor, as the basis of standardized Lithuanian in the 20th century, which led to him being <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknamed</a> the father of standardized Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-BendrineVle-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-JablonskisVle-64">[64]</a> According to Polish professor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Otr%C4%99bski" title="Jan Otrębski">Jan Otrębski</a>'s article published in 1931, the Polish dialect in the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region" title="Vilnius Region">Vilnius Region</a> and in the northeastern areas in general are very interesting variant of the Polish language as this dialect developed in a foreign territory which was mostly inhabited by the Lithuanians who were <a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusized</a> (mostly) or Polonized, and to prove this Otrębski provided examples of Lithuanianisms in the <a href="/wiki/Tutejszy#Language" title="Tutejszy">Tutejszy language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2015, Polish linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miros%C5%82aw_Jankowiak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirosław Jankowiak (page does not exist)">Mirosław Jankowiak</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Jankowiak" class="extiw" title="pl:Mirosław Jankowiak">pl</a>] attested that many of the Vilnius Region's inhabitants who declare <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Polish nationality</a> speak a Belarusian dialect which they call mowa prosta ('<a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">simple speech</a>').<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Currently, Lithuanian is divided into two dialects: <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian</a> (Highland Lithuanian), and <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a> (Lowland Lithuanian).<a href="#cite_note-MorkunasVle-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> There are significant differences between standard Lithuanian and Samogitian and these are often described as separate languages.<a href="#cite_note-MorkunasVle-104">[104]</a> The modern Samogitian dialect formed in the 13th–16th centuries under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Lithuanian dialects are closely connected with <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Lithuania">ethnographical regions of Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Even nowadays Aukštaitians and Samogitians can have considerable difficulties understanding each other if they speak with their dialects and not standard Lithuanian, which is mandatory to learn in the Lithuanian education system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubačius20057-108">[108]</a> Dialects are divided into subdialects. Both dialects have three subdialects. Samogitian is divided into West, North and South; <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian</a> into West (Suvalkiečiai), South (<a href="/wiki/Dz%C5%ABkian_dialect" title="Dzūkian dialect">Dzūkian</a>) and East.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Script">Script</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Script">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian orthography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian Braille</a></div> Lithuanian uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> supplemented with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. It has 32 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> order, y follows immediately after į (called i <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">nosinė</a>), because both y and į represent the same long vowel [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="32"><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule forms</a> (also called uppercase or capital letters) </th></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>Ą</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>Č</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>Ę </td> <td>Ė</td> <td>F</td> <td>G</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>Į</td> <td>Y</td> <td>J </td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>S </td> <td>Š</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>Ų</td> <td>Ū</td> <td>V</td> <td>Z</td> <td>Ž </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="32"><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule forms</a> (also called lowercase or small letters) </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>ą</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>č</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>ę </td> <td>ė</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>į</td> <td>y</td> <td>j </td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s </td> <td>š</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ų</td> <td>ū</td> <td>v</td> <td>z</td> <td>ž </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition, the following digraphs are used, but are treated as sequences of two letters for collation purposes. The digraph ch represents a single sound, the velar fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>], while dz and dž are pronounced like straightforward combinations of their component letters (sounds): Dz dz [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>] (dzė), Dž dž [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>] (džė), Ch ch [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] (cha). The distinctive Lithuanian letter <a href="/wiki/%C4%96" title="Ė">Ė</a> was used for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Klein_(grammarian)" title="Daniel Klein (grammarian)">Daniel Klein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grammatica_Litvanica" title="Grammatica Litvanica">Grammatica Litvanica</a> and firmly established itself in Lithuanian since then.<a href="#cite_note-MilinieneVe-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubačius20059-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> However, linguist <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> used Ë (with two points above it) instead of Ė for expressing the same.<a href="#cite_note-Subacius2019-115">[115]</a> In the Grammatica Litvanica Klein also established the letter <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> for marking the sound [v], the use of which was later abolished in Lithuanian (it was replaced with V, notably by authors of the <a href="/wiki/Varpas" title="Varpas">Varpas</a> newspaper).<a href="#cite_note-MilinieneVe-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subacius2019-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenckienė201716-20-116">[116]</a> The usage of V instead of W especially increased since the early 20th century, likely considerably influenced by Lithuanian press and schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenckienė201716-20-116">[116]</a> The Lithuanian writing system is largely phonemic, i.e., one letter usually corresponds to a single <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> (sound). There are a few exceptions: for example, the letter i represents either the vowel [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>], as in English sit, or is silent and merely indicates that the preceding consonant is <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>. The latter is largely the case when i occurs after a consonant and is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central vowel</a>, except in some borrowed words (e.g., the first consonant in lūpa [ˈɫûːpɐ], "lip", is a <a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">velarized dental lateral approximant</a>; on the other hand, the first consonant in liūtas [ˈlʲuːt̪ɐs̪], "lion", is a palatalized <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">alveolar lateral approximant</a>; both consonants are followed by the same vowel, the long [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>], and no [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] can be pronounced in liūtas). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:314px;max-width:314px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_primer_for_kids,_published_in_Vilnius,_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania,_1783_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lithuanian_primer_for_kids%2C_published_in_Vilnius%2C_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1783_edition.jpg/150px-Lithuanian_primer_for_kids%2C_published_in_Vilnius%2C_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1783_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lithuanian_primer_for_kids%2C_published_in_Vilnius%2C_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1783_edition.jpg/225px-Lithuanian_primer_for_kids%2C_published_in_Vilnius%2C_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1783_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lithuanian_primer_for_kids%2C_published_in_Vilnius%2C_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1783_edition.jpg/300px-Lithuanian_primer_for_kids%2C_published_in_Vilnius%2C_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1783_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_language_primer,_printed_in_Vilnius,_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lithuanian_language_primer%2C_printed_in_Vilnius%2C_1905.jpg/156px-Lithuanian_language_primer%2C_printed_in_Vilnius%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lithuanian_language_primer%2C_printed_in_Vilnius%2C_1905.jpg/234px-Lithuanian_language_primer%2C_printed_in_Vilnius%2C_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lithuanian_language_primer%2C_printed_in_Vilnius%2C_1905.jpg/312px-Lithuanian_language_primer%2C_printed_in_Vilnius%2C_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left/right/center">Title pages of two Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Primer_(textbook)" title="Primer (textbook)">primers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mokslas_skaitymo_ra%C5%A1to_lietuvi%C5%A1ko" title="Mokslas skaitymo rašto lietuviško">Moksłas skaytima raszta lietuwiszka</a> (1783 edition) and Mažas lietuviškas elementorius (1905 edition), demonstrating changes of Lithuanian orthography in the 19th–20th centuries</div></div></div></div> Due to <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polish influence</a>, the Lithuanian alphabet included <a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">sz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cz (digraph)">cz</a> and the Polish <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a> for the first sound and regular L (without a following i) for the second: łupa, lutas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubačius20059-113">[113]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian National Revival</a> in the 19th century the Polish Ł was abolished, while <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> sz, cz (that are also common in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish orthography</a>) were replaced with <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">č</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech orthography</a> because formally they were shorter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubačius20059-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subacius2019-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenckienė201720-25-117">[117]</a> Nevertheless, another argument to abolish sz and cz was to distinguish Lithuanian from <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Subacius2019-115">[115]</a> The new letters š and č were cautiously used in publications intended for more educated readers (e.g. Varpas, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%97vyn%C4%97s_sargas" title="Tėvynės sargas">Tėvynės sargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAkininkas" title="Ūkininkas">Ūkininkas</a>), however sz and cz continued to be in use in publications intended for less educated readers as they caused tension in society and prevailed only after 1906.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenckienė201720-23-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Lithuanians also adopted the letter <a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">ž</a> from the Czechs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubačius20059-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">ą</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">ę</a> were taken from the Polish spelling and began to be used by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_literature" title="Lithuanian literature">Lithuanian writers</a>, later the Lithuanians introduced the nasal vowels <a href="/wiki/%C4%AE" title="Į">į</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%B2" title="Ų">ų</a> as analogues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubačius20059-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subacius2019-115">[115]</a> The letter <a href="/wiki/%C5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ū">ū</a> is the latest addition by linguist <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Jablonskis" title="Jonas Jablonskis">Jonas Jablonskis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubačius20059-10-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subacius2019-115">[115]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> (on u), an <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> (on a, e, i, and u), a <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a> (on e), and y (in place of i) are used for grammatical and historical reasons and always denote <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> in Modern Standard Lithuanian. <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> diacritics are used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accents</a>. However, these pitch accents are generally not written, except in dictionaries, grammars, and where needed for clarity, such as to differentiate homonyms and dialectal use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oath_in_Lithuanian_regarding_the_lands_of_the_Svobi%C5%A1kis_manor,_1p,_1680.06.19,_Lithuania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oath_in_Lithuanian_regarding_the_lands_of_the_Svobi%C5%A1kis_manor%2C_1p%2C_1680.06.19%2C_Lithuania.png/170px-Oath_in_Lithuanian_regarding_the_lands_of_the_Svobi%C5%A1kis_manor%2C_1p%2C_1680.06.19%2C_Lithuania.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oath_in_Lithuanian_regarding_the_lands_of_the_Svobi%C5%A1kis_manor%2C_1p%2C_1680.06.19%2C_Lithuania.png/255px-Oath_in_Lithuanian_regarding_the_lands_of_the_Svobi%C5%A1kis_manor%2C_1p%2C_1680.06.19%2C_Lithuania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oath_in_Lithuanian_regarding_the_lands_of_the_Svobi%C5%A1kis_manor%2C_1p%2C_1680.06.19%2C_Lithuania.png/340px-Oath_in_Lithuanian_regarding_the_lands_of_the_Svobi%C5%A1kis_manor%2C_1p%2C_1680.06.19%2C_Lithuania.png 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3857" /></a><figcaption>Written oath in Lithuanian (1680) where Lithuanians names and surnames has endings with "-as" (e.g. Jonas Miteykienas, Kazimieras Wikszcialunas, etc.)<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Lithuanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:small;"> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">t͡sʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">d͡z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">d͡zʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>)</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">fʲ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>)</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">xʲ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">vʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">zʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>)</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɣʲ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized dental lateral approximant">ɫ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">lʲ</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">rʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> All Lithuanian consonants except /j/ have two variants: one non-<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> and one palatalized, for example, /b/ – /bʲ/, /d/ – /dʲ/, /ɡ/ – /ɡʲ/ (see the chart above for the full consonant set, represented by <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbols). The consonants /f/, /x/, /ɣ/ and their palatalized counterparts are only found in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ have been traditionally transcribed with ⟨t͡ʃʲ, d͡ʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ⟩, but they can be seen as equivalent transcriptions, with the former set being somewhat easier to write.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universitas_lingvarum_magno_Palaemonii_orbis_et_urbis_hospiti_(...)_Christophoro_Joanni_comiti_in_Slupow_Szembek_(...),_p8,_Litvanice,_1729,_Vilnius,_Lithuania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Universitas_lingvarum_magno_Palaemonii_orbis_et_urbis_hospiti_%28...%29_Christophoro_Joanni_comiti_in_Slupow_Szembek_%28...%29%2C_p8%2C_Litvanice%2C_1729%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Universitas_lingvarum_magno_Palaemonii_orbis_et_urbis_hospiti_%28...%29_Christophoro_Joanni_comiti_in_Slupow_Szembek_%28...%29%2C_p8%2C_Litvanice%2C_1729%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Universitas_lingvarum_magno_Palaemonii_orbis_et_urbis_hospiti_%28...%29_Christophoro_Joanni_comiti_in_Slupow_Szembek_%28...%29%2C_p8%2C_Litvanice%2C_1729%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="4997" /></a><figcaption>An example of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> in Lithuanian, published by <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a> in 1729</figcaption></figure> Lithuanian has six long vowels and four short ones (not including disputed phonemes marked in brackets). Length has traditionally been considered the distinctive feature, though short vowels are also more centralized and long vowels more peripheral: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>)</td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/e, ɔ/ are restricted to loanwords. Many speakers merge the former with /ɛ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrazas_et_al.199724-123">[123]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> Lithuanian is traditionally described as having nine <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, ai, au, ei, eu, oi, ou, ui, ie, and uo. However, some approaches (i.e., Schmalstieg 1982) treat them as vowel sequences rather than diphthongs; indeed, the longer component depends on the type of stress, whereas in diphthongs, the longer segment is fixed. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>stressless or tilde </th> <th>acute stress </th></tr> <tr> <th>ai </th> <td>[ɐɪ̯ˑ]</td> <td>[âˑɪ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>ei </th> <td>[ɛɪ̯ˑ]</td> <td>[æ̂ˑɪ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>au </th> <td>[ɒʊ̯ˑ]</td> <td>[âˑʊ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>eu </th> <td>[ɛʊ̯ˑ]</td> <td>[ɛ̂ʊ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>iau </th> <td>[ɛʊ̯ˑ]</td> <td>[ɛ̂ˑʊ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>ie </th> <td>[iə]</td> <td>[îə]<a href="#cite_note-Girdenis_2009-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>oi </th> <td>—</td> <td>[ɔ̂ɪ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>ou </th> <td>—</td> <td>[ɔ̂ʊ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>ui </th> <td>[ʊɪ̯ˑ]</td> <td>[ʊ̂ɪ̯] </td></tr> <tr> <th>uo </th> <td>[uə]</td> <td>[ûə]<a href="#cite_note-Girdenis_2009-124">[124]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitch_accent">Pitch accent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pitch accent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_accentuation" title="Lithuanian accentuation">Lithuanian accentuation</a></div> The Lithuanian prosodic system is characterized by free accent and distinctive quantity (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">syllable weight</a>). The word prosody of Lithuanian is sometimes described as a restricted <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> system, also called a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-tone-125">[125]</a> In Lithuanian, <a href="/wiki/Lexical_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical word">lexical words</a> contain a single syllable that is prominent or stressed. Among those, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy syllable">heavy syllables</a> – that is, those containing a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> coda – bear either one of two tones: a falling (or acute tone) or a rising (or circumflex tone). Light syllables (syllables with short vowels and optionally also <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> codas) do not have the two-way contrast of heavy syllables. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian declension</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRAMMATICA_Litvanica_by_Daniel_Klein,_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg,_1653.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GRAMMATICA_Litvanica_by_Daniel_Klein%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1653.jpg/220px-GRAMMATICA_Litvanica_by_Daniel_Klein%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1653.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GRAMMATICA_Litvanica_by_Daniel_Klein%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1653.jpg/330px-GRAMMATICA_Litvanica_by_Daniel_Klein%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1653.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GRAMMATICA_Litvanica_by_Daniel_Klein%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1653.jpg/440px-GRAMMATICA_Litvanica_by_Daniel_Klein%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1653.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Klein_(grammarian)" title="Daniel Klein (grammarian)">Daniel Klein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grammatica_Litvanica" title="Grammatica Litvanica">Grammatica Litvanica</a>, the first printed grammar of Lithuanian, published in Königsberg in 1653</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grammar_of_Lithuanian_language;_1737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Grammar_of_Lithuanian_language%3B_1737.jpg/220px-Grammar_of_Lithuanian_language%3B_1737.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Grammar_of_Lithuanian_language%3B_1737.jpg/330px-Grammar_of_Lithuanian_language%3B_1737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Grammar_of_Lithuanian_language%3B_1737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universitas_lingvarum_Litvaniae" title="Universitas lingvarum Litvaniae">Universitas lingvarum Litvaniae</a>, published in Vilnius in 1737, the oldest surviving grammar of Lithuanian published in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lietuvi%C5%A1kos_kalbos_gramatika_(Grammar_of_the_Lithuanian_language)_by_Jonas_Jablonskis,_published_in_Til%C5%BE%C4%97_in_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lietuvi%C5%A1kos_kalbos_gramatika_%28Grammar_of_the_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Jonas_Jablonskis%2C_published_in_Til%C5%BE%C4%97_in_1901.jpg/220px-Lietuvi%C5%A1kos_kalbos_gramatika_%28Grammar_of_the_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Jonas_Jablonskis%2C_published_in_Til%C5%BE%C4%97_in_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lietuvi%C5%A1kos_kalbos_gramatika_%28Grammar_of_the_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Jonas_Jablonskis%2C_published_in_Til%C5%BE%C4%97_in_1901.jpg/330px-Lietuvi%C5%A1kos_kalbos_gramatika_%28Grammar_of_the_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Jonas_Jablonskis%2C_published_in_Til%C5%BE%C4%97_in_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lietuvi%C5%A1kos_kalbos_gramatika_%28Grammar_of_the_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Jonas_Jablonskis%2C_published_in_Til%C5%BE%C4%97_in_1901.jpg/440px-Lietuvi%C5%A1kos_kalbos_gramatika_%28Grammar_of_the_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Jonas_Jablonskis%2C_published_in_Til%C5%BE%C4%97_in_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika (English: Lithuanian Grammar) by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Jablonskis" title="Jonas Jablonskis">Jonas Jablonskis</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Tilsit</a> in 1901</figcaption></figure> The first prescriptive printed <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of Lithuanian – <a href="/wiki/Grammatica_Litvanica" title="Grammatica Litvanica">Grammatica Litvanica</a> was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Prussia">Duke of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Friedrich Wilhelm</a>, for use in the Lithuanian-speaking parishes of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. It was written by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Klein_(grammarian)" title="Daniel Klein (grammarian)">Daniel Klein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and was published by Johann Reusner in 1653 in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KleinasMle-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In ~1643 Christophorus Sapphun wrote the Lithuanian grammar <a href="/wiki/Compendium_Grammaticae_Lithvanicae" title="Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae">Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae</a> slightly earlier than Klein, however the edited variant of Sapphun's grammar was published only in 1673 by Theophylus Gottlieb Schultz.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In one of the first Lithuanian grammars – <a href="/wiki/Compendium_Grammaticae_Lithvanicae" title="Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae">Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae</a>, published in 1673, most of the given examples are with Lithuanian endings (e.g. names Jonas = Jonas, Jonuttis = Jonutis, etc.), therefore it allows to highlight the tendency of spelling the endings of words in the Old Lithuanian writings.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Universitas_lingvarum_Litvaniae" title="Universitas lingvarum Litvaniae">Universitas lingvarum Litvaniae</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> in 1737, is the oldest surviving grammar of Lithuanian published in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The first scientific Compendium of Lithuanian was published in German in 1856/57 by <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In it he describes Prussian-Lithuanian, which later became the "skeleton" (Būga) of modern Lithuanian. Schleicher asserted that Lithuanian can compete with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Roman (Old Latin) languages</a> in perfection of forms.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Lithuanian is a highly <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected language</a>. In Lithuanian, there are two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> for nouns (masculine and feminine) and three genders for adjectives, pronouns, numerals and participles (masculine, feminine and neuter). Every attribute must agree with the gender and number of the noun. The neuter forms of other parts of speech are used with a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> of an undefined gender (a pronoun, an infinitive etc.). There are twelve <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declensions</a> and one (masculine and feminine) participle declension.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Nouns and other parts of nominal morphology are declined in seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>. In older Lithuanian texts, three additional varieties of the locative case are found: <a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">adessive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a>. The most common are the <a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a>, which is still used, mostly in spoken language, and the <a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a>, which survives in the standard language in some idiomatic usages. The adessive is nearly extinct. These additional cases are probably due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, with which Baltic languages have had a longstanding contact. (Uralic languages possess a great variety of noun cases, a number of which are specialised locative cases.) Lithuanian verbal morphology shows a number of innovations; namely, the loss of synthetic passive (which is hypothesized based on other archaic Indo-European languages, such as Greek and Latin), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_perfect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synthetic perfect (page does not exist)">synthetic perfect</a> (formed by means of reduplication) and <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a>; forming <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> with the use of suffixes plus flexions as opposed to solely flections in, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>; loss of the <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative mood</a>; merging and disappearing of the -t- and -nt- markers for the third-person singular and plural, respectively (this, however, occurs in Latvian and Old Prussian as well and may indicate a collective feature of all Baltic languages). On the other hand, Lithuanian verbal morphology retains a number of archaic features absent from most modern Indo-European languages (but shared with Latvian). This includes the synthetic form of the future tense with the help of the -s- suffix and three principal verbal forms with the present tense stem employing the -n- and -st- infixes. There are three <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbal</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a>. The verb būti is the only <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> in the language. Together with <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>, it is used to form dozens of compound forms. In the active voice, each verb can be inflected for any of the following <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>: <ol><li>Indicative</li> <li>Indirect</li> <li>Imperative</li> <li>Conditional/subjunctive</li></ol> In the <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</a> and indirect moods, all verbs can have eleven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>: <ol><li>simple: <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> (e.g., nešu 'I carry'), <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a> (nešiau), <a href="/wiki/Past_iterative_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Past iterative tense">past iterative</a> (nešdavau) and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> (nešiu)</li> <li>compound: <ol><li>present perfect (esu nešęs), past perfect (buvau nešęs), past iterative perfect (būdavau nešęs), future perfect (būsiu nešęs)</li> <li>past <a href="/wiki/Inchoative_aspect" title="Inchoative aspect">inchoative</a> (buvau benešąs), past iterative inchoative (būdavau benešąs), future inchoative (būsiu benešąs)</li></ol></li></ol> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indirect_mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indirect mood (page does not exist)">indirect mood</a>, used only in written narrative speech, has the same tenses corresponding to the appropriate active participle in nominative case; e.g., the past of the indirect mood would be nešęs, while the past iterative inchoative of the indirect mood would be būdavęs benešąs. Since it is a nominal form, this mood cannot be conjugated but must match the subject's number and gender. The <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative moods</a> have three tenses. Subjunctive: present (neščiau), past (būčiau nešęs), inchoative (būčiau benešąs); imperative: present (nešk), perfect (būk nešęs) and inchoative (būk benešąs). The <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> has only one form (nešti). These forms, except the infinitive and indirect mood, are conjugative, having two singular, two plural persons, and the third person form common both for plural and singular. In the passive voice, the form number is not as rich as in the active voice. There are two types of passive voice in Lithuanian: present participle (type I) and past participle (type II) (in the examples below types I and II are separated with a slash). They both have the same moods and tenses: <ol><li>Indicative mood: <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> (esu nešamas/neštas), <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a> (buvau nešamas/neštas), <a href="/wiki/Past_iterative_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Past iterative tense">past iterative</a> (būdavau nešamas/neštas) and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> (būsiu nešamas/neštas)</li> <li>Indirect mood: <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> (esąs nešamas/neštas), <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a> (buvęs nešamas/neštas), <a href="/wiki/Past_iterative_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Past iterative tense">past iterative</a> (būdavęs nešamas/neštas) and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> (būsiąs nešamas/neštas).</li> <li>Imperative mood: present (type I only: būk nešamas), past (type II only: būk neštas).</li> <li>Subjunctive / conditional mood: present (type I only: būčiau nešamas), past (type II only: būčiau neštas).</li></ol> Lithuanian has the richest <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> system of all Indo-European languages, having participles derived from all simple tenses with distinct active and passive forms, and two gerund forms. In practical terms, the rich overall inflectional system makes the word order have a different meaning than in more <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic languages</a> such as English. The English phrase "a car is coming" translates as "atvažiuoja automobilis" (the <a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">theme</a> first), while "the car is coming" – "automobilis atvažiuoja" (the theme first; word order inversion). Lithuanian also has a very rich word derivation system and an array of diminutive suffixes. Today there are two definitive books on Lithuanian grammar: one in English, the Introduction to Modern Lithuanian (called Beginner's Lithuanian in its newer editions) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardas_Dambri%C5%ABnas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardas Dambriūnas (page does not exist)">Leonardas Dambriūnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Klimas" title="Antanas Klimas">Antanas Klimas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Schmalstieg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Schmalstieg (page does not exist)">William R. Schmalstieg</a>; and another in Russian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vytautas_Ambrazas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vytautas Ambrazas (page does not exist)">Vytautas Ambrazas</a>' Грамматика литовского языка (Lithuanian Grammar). Another recent book on Lithuanian grammar is the second edition of Review of Modern Lithuanian Grammar by Edmund Remys, published by Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, Chicago, 2003. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lkz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lkz.jpg/330px-Lkz.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lkz.jpg/495px-Lkz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lkz.jpg/660px-Lkz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Academic_Dictionary_of_Lithuanian" title="Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian">Great Lithuanian Dictionary</a> consists of 20 volumes and contains more than half a million <a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">headwords</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_Lithuanian-language_primer_(1824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illustration_from_Lithuanian-language_primer_%281824%29.jpg/220px-Illustration_from_Lithuanian-language_primer_%281824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illustration_from_Lithuanian-language_primer_%281824%29.jpg/330px-Illustration_from_Lithuanian-language_primer_%281824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illustration_from_Lithuanian-language_primer_%281824%29.jpg/440px-Illustration_from_Lithuanian-language_primer_%281824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Page from the Lithuanian primer Naujas moksłas skaytima diel maźū waykū Źemaycziu yr Lietuwos illustrating the letters <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> and <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_vocabulary">Indo-European vocabulary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indo-European vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Lithuanian retains <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> to many words found in classical languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. These words are descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. A few examples are the following: <ul><li>Lith. sūnus and Skt. sūnu (son)</li> <li>Lith. avis and Skt. avi and Lat. ovis (sheep)</li> <li>Lith. dūmas and Skt. dhūma and Lat. fumus (fumes, smoke)</li> <li>Lith. antras and Skt. antara (second, the other)</li> <li>Lith. vilkas and Skt. vṛka (wolf)</li> <li>Lith. ratas and Lat. rota (wheel) and Skt. ratha (carriage)</li> <li>Lith. senis and Lat. senex (an old man) and Skt. sanas (old)</li> <li>Lith. vyras and Lat. vir (a man) and Skt. vīra (man)</li> <li>Lith. angis and Lat. anguis (a snake in Latin, a species of snakes in Lithuanian)</li> <li>Lith. linas and Lat. linum (flax, compare with English 'linen')</li> <li>Lith. ariu and Lat. aro (I plow)</li> <li>Lith. jungiu and Lat. iungo, and Skt. yuñje (mid.), (I join)</li> <li>Lith. gentys and Lat. gentes and Skt. játi (tribes)</li> <li>Lith. mėnesis and Lat. mensis and Skt. masa (month)</li> <li>Lith. dantis and Lat. dens and Skt. danta (tooth)</li> <li>Lith. naktis and Lat. noctes (plural of nox) and Skt. naktam (night)</li> <li>Lith. ugnis and Lat. ignis and Skt. agni (fire)</li> <li>Lith. sėdime and Lat. sedemus and Skt. sīdama (we sit)</li></ul> This even extends to grammar, where for example Latin noun declensions ending in -um often correspond to Lithuanian -ų, with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension#Fourth_declension_(u)" title="Latin declension">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension#Table_of_noun_declension_endings" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian fourth declensions</a> being particularly close. Many of the words from this list are similar to other Indo-European languages, including English and Russian. The contribution of Lithuanian was influential in the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. Lexical and grammatical similarities between Baltic and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> suggest an affinity between these two language groups. On the other hand, there exist a number of Baltic (particularly Lithuanian) words without counterparts in Slavic languages, but which are similar to words in Sanskrit or Latin. The history of the relationship between Baltic and Slavic languages, and our understanding of the affinity between the two groups, remain in dispute (see: <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Loanwords">edit</a>]</div> In a 1934 book entitled Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil I: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen, K. Alminauskis found 2,770 loanwords, of which about 130 were of uncertain origin. The majority of the loanwords were found to have been derived from <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, with some evidence that these languages all acquired the words from contacts and trade with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Loanwords comprised about 20% of the vocabulary used in the first book printed in Lithuanian in 1547, <a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> But as a result of language preservation and purging policies, Slavic loanwords currently constitute only 1.5% of the Standard Lithuanian lexicon, while German loanwords constitute only 0.5% of it.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The majority of loanwords in the 20th century arrived from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Towards the end of the 20th century, a number of words and expressions related to new technologies and telecommunications were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. The Lithuanian government has an established language policy that encourages the development of equivalent vocabulary to replace loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> However, despite the government's best efforts to avoid the use of loanwords in Lithuanian, many English words have become accepted and are now included in Lithuanian language dictionaries.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In particular, words having to do with new technologies have permeated the Lithuanian vernacular, including such words as: <ul><li>Monitorius (vaizduoklis) (<a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a>)</li> <li>Faksas (<a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a>)</li> <li>Kompiuteris (<a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>)</li> <li>Failas (byla, rinkmena) (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic file">electronic file</a>)</li></ul> Other common foreign words have also been adopted by Lithuanian. Some of these include: <ul><li>Taksi (<a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxi</a>)</li> <li>Pica (<a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>)</li> <li>Alkoholis (<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>)</li> <li>Bankas (<a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a>)</li> <li>Pasas (<a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a>, pass)</li> <li>Parkas (<a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">park</a>)</li></ul> These words have been modified to suit the grammatical and phonetic requirements of Lithuanian, mostly by adding -as ending, but their foreign roots are obvious. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Lithuanian">Old Lithuanian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Old Lithuanian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:370px;max-width:370px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_(~1520%E2%80%931530),_word_(%C5%A1yk%C5%A1tumas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_word_%28%C5%A1yk%C5%A1tumas%29.jpg/210px-The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_word_%28%C5%A1yk%C5%A1tumas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_word_%28%C5%A1yk%C5%A1tumas%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="165" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_(~1520%E2%80%931530),_words_(tepridau%C5%BEia,_ubagyst%C4%97).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_words_%28tepridau%C5%BEia%2C_ubagyst%C4%97%29.jpg/152px-The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_words_%28tepridau%C5%BEia%2C_ubagyst%C4%97%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_words_%28tepridau%C5%BEia%2C_ubagyst%C4%97%29.jpg/228px-The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_words_%28tepridau%C5%BEia%2C_ubagyst%C4%97%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/The_earliest_known_Lithuanian_glosses_%28~1520%E2%80%931530%29%2C_words_%28tepridau%C5%BEia%2C_ubagyst%C4%97%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="220" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left/right/center">The earliest known Lithuanian glosses (~1520–1530) written in the margins of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Herolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Herolt">Johannes Herolt</a>'s book Liber Discipuli de eruditione Christifidelium. Left: word ßch[ÿ]kſtu[m]aſ (parsimony); Right: words teprÿdav[ſ]ʒÿ (let it strike) and vbagÿſte (indigence).</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_(in_Lithuanian_language)_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas,_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg,_1547_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas">Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas</a>, the first printed book in Lithuanian. It was printed on 8 January 1547 by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Weinreich" title="Hans Weinreich">Hans Weinreich</a> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_panegyric_to_Sigismund_III_Vasa,_first_hexameter_in_Lithuanian,_1589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lithuanian_panegyric_to_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_first_hexameter_in_Lithuanian%2C_1589.jpg/170px-Lithuanian_panegyric_to_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_first_hexameter_in_Lithuanian%2C_1589.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lithuanian_panegyric_to_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_first_hexameter_in_Lithuanian%2C_1589.jpg/255px-Lithuanian_panegyric_to_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_first_hexameter_in_Lithuanian%2C_1589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lithuanian_panegyric_to_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_first_hexameter_in_Lithuanian%2C_1589.jpg/340px-Lithuanian_panegyric_to_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_first_hexameter_in_Lithuanian%2C_1589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Panegyric to <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a>, visiting capital <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, first hexameter in Lithuanian language, 1589.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifesto_of_Tadeu%C5%A1as_Kosciu%C5%A1ka_uprising_in_Lithuanian_language;_issued_and_distributed_in_Vilnius_in_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Manifesto_of_Tadeu%C5%A1as_Kosciu%C5%A1ka_uprising_in_Lithuanian_language%3B_issued_and_distributed_in_Vilnius_in_1794.jpg/170px-Manifesto_of_Tadeu%C5%A1as_Kosciu%C5%A1ka_uprising_in_Lithuanian_language%3B_issued_and_distributed_in_Vilnius_in_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Manifesto_of_Tadeu%C5%A1as_Kosciu%C5%A1ka_uprising_in_Lithuanian_language%3B_issued_and_distributed_in_Vilnius_in_1794.jpg/255px-Manifesto_of_Tadeu%C5%A1as_Kosciu%C5%A1ka_uprising_in_Lithuanian_language%3B_issued_and_distributed_in_Vilnius_in_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Manifesto_of_Tadeu%C5%A1as_Kosciu%C5%A1ka_uprising_in_Lithuanian_language%3B_issued_and_distributed_in_Vilnius_in_1794.jpg/340px-Manifesto_of_Tadeu%C5%A1as_Kosciu%C5%A1ka_uprising_in_Lithuanian_language%3B_issued_and_distributed_in_Vilnius_in_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>An example of a text in Old Lithuanian – a <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_uprising_(1794)" title="Vilnius uprising (1794)">Vilnius Uprising of 1794</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a>, originally issued and distributed in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius in spring of 1794.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/170px-Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/255px-Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/340px-Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Old Lithuanian edition of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>.</figcaption></figure> The language of the earliest Lithuanian writings, in the 16th and 17th centuries, is known as Old Lithuanian and differs in some significant respects from the Lithuanian of today. Besides the specific differences given below, nouns, verbs, and adjectives still had separate endings for the <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual number</a>. The dual persists today in some dialects. Example: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>"two good friends" </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nom-Acc</td> <td>dù gerù draugù </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dat</td> <td>dvı̇́em gerı̇́em draugám </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inst</td> <td>dviẽm geriẽm draugam̃ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> The vowels written ą, ę, į, ų were still pronounced as long <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrazas_et_al.199713-146">[146]</a> not as long oral vowels as in today's Lithuanian. The original Baltic long ā was still retained as such, e.g. bralis 'brother' (modern brólis). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> Compared to modern Lithuanian, there were three additional cases. The original <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative case</a> had been replaced by four so-called postpositive cases, the <a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">adessive case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative case</a>, which correspond to the prepositions "in", "into", "at" and "towards", respectively. They were formed by affixing a <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postposition</a> to one of the previous cases: <ul><li>The inessive added *-en > -e to the original locative in singular and to the accusative in plural.</li> <li>The illative added *-nā > -n(a) to the accusative.</li> <li>The adessive added *-pie > -p(i) to the original locative in singular and to the inessive in plural.</li> <li>The allative added *-pie > -p(i) to the genitive.</li></ul> The inessive has become the modern locative case, while the other three have disappeared. Note, however, that the illative case is still used occasionally in the colloquial language (mostly in the singular): Lietuvon 'to Lithuania', miestan 'to the city'. This form is relatively productive: for instance, it is not uncommon to hear "skrendame Niujorkan (we are flying to New York)". There are some words still used in adessive case: esu "namie" (could be equally substituted with "namuose") I'm 'at home'. The uncontracted dative plural -mus was still common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adjectives">edit</a>]</div> Adjectives could belong to all four accent classes in Old Lithuanian (now they can only belong to classes 3 and 4). Additional remnants of i-stem adjectives still existed, e.g.: <ul><li>loc. sg. didimè pulkè 'in the big crowd' (now didžiame)</li> <li>loc. sg. gerèsnime 'better' (now geresniamè)</li> <li>loc. sg. mažiáusime 'smallest' (now mažiáusiame)</li></ul> Additional remnants of u-stem adjectives still existed, e.g. rūgštùs 'sour': <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Newer</th> <th>Older </th></tr> <tr> <td>Inst sg</td> <td>rūgščiù</td> <td>rūgštumı̇̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loc sg</td> <td>rūgščiamè</td> <td>rūgštumè </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gen pl</td> <td>rūgščių̃</td> <td>rūgštų̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acc pl</td> <td>rū́gščius</td> <td>rū́gštus </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inst pl</td> <td>rūgščiaı̇̃s</td> <td>rūgštumı̇̀s </td></tr></tbody></table> No u-stem remnants existed in the dative singular and locative plural. Definite adjectives, originally involving a pronoun suffixed to an adjective, had not merged into a single word in Old Lithuanian. Examples: <ul><li>pa-jo-prasto 'ordinary' (now pàprastojo)</li> <li>nu-jie-vargę 'tired' (now nuvar̃gusieji)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> class of <a href="/wiki/Athematic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Athematic verb">athematic verbs</a> still existed in Old Lithuanian: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>'be'</th> <th>'remain'</th> <th>'give'</th> <th>'save' </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st sg</td> <td>esmı̇̀</td> <td>liekmı̇̀</td> <td>dúomi</td> <td>gélbmi </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd sg</td> <td>esı̇̀</td> <td>lieksı̇̀</td> <td>dúosi</td> <td>gélbsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd sg</td> <td>ẽst(i)</td> <td>liẽkt(i)</td> <td>dúost(i)</td> <td>gélbt(i) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st dual</td> <td>esvà</td> <td>liekvà</td> <td>dúova</td> <td>gélbva </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd dual</td> <td>està</td> <td>liektà</td> <td>dúosta</td> <td>gélbta </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st pl</td> <td>esmè</td> <td>liekmè</td> <td>dúome</td> <td>gélbme </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd pl</td> <td>estè</td> <td>liektè</td> <td>dúoste</td> <td>gélbte </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd pl</td> <td>ẽsti</td> <td>liẽkt(i)</td> <td>dúost(i)</td> <td>gélbt(i) </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative mood</a> (i.e. the third-person imperative) still had its own endings, -ai for third-conjugation verbs and -ie for other verbs, instead of using regular third-person present endings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> Word order was freer in Old Lithuanian. For example, a noun in the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> could either precede or follow the noun it modifies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBakšienėČepaitienėJaroslavienėUrbanavičienė2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bakšienė, Rima; Čepaitienė, Agnė; Jaroslavienė, Jurgita; Urbanavičienė, Jolita (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/standard-lithuanian/EC7F33EC51FCE8F7142A63D99C38199D">"Standard Lithuanian"</a>. Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100323000105">10.1017/S0025100323000105</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Lithuanian&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100323000105&rft.aulast=Bak%C5%A1ien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft.au=%C4%8Cepaitien%C4%97%2C+Agn%C4%97&rft.au=Jaroslavien%C4%97%2C+Jurgita&rft.au=Urbanavi%C4%8Dien%C4%97%2C+Jolita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association%2Farticle%2Fstandard-lithuanian%2FEC7F33EC51FCE8F7142A63D99C38199D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988">, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lithuania" title="Portal:Lithuania">Lithuania portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_dictionaries" title="Lithuanian dictionaries">Lithuanian dictionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_literature" title="Lithuanian literature">Lithuanian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789986810131" title="Special:BookSources/9789986810131"><bdi>9789986810131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Lithuania+before+1795&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Lithuanian+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789986810131&rft.aulast=Kiaupa&rft.aufirst=Zigmantas&rft.au=Kiaupien%C4%97%2C+J%C5%ABrat%C4%97&rft.au=Kuncevi%C4%8Dius%2C+Albinas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliakovas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poliakovas, Olegas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/slavu-kanceliarine-kalba/">"Slavų kanceliarinė kalba"</a>. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Slav%C5%B3+kanceliarin%C4%97+kalba&rft.aulast=Poliakovas&rft.aufirst=Olegas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2Fslavu-kanceliarine-kalba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KalbaVR-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KalbaVR_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KalbaVR_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_I9qGa1J44">"Kurie Lietuvos valdovai mokėjo protėvių kalbą, kurie – ne? / Laida "Lietuva – mūsų lūpose""</a>. YouTube (in Lithuanian). Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/o_I9qGa1J44">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Kurie+Lietuvos+valdovai+mok%C4%97jo+prot%C4%97vi%C5%B3+kalb%C4%85%2C+kurie+%E2%80%93+ne%3F+%2F+Laida+%22Lietuva+%E2%80%93+m%C5%ABs%C5%B3+l%C5%ABpose%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Do_I9qGa1J44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pancerovas-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pancerovas_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pancerovas_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPancerovas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pancerovas, Dovydas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/istorija/ar-perrasinejamos-istorijos-pasaku-ikvepta-baltarusija-gali-kesintis-i-rytu-lietuva-582-456877">"Ar perrašinėjamos istorijos pasakų įkvėpta Baltarusija gali kėsintis į Rytų Lietuvą?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/15min.lt" class="mw-redirect" title="15min.lt">15min.lt</a> (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=15min.lt&rft.atitle=Ar+perra%C5%A1in%C4%97jamos+istorijos+pasak%C5%B3+%C4%AFkv%C4%97pta+Baltarusija+gali+k%C4%97sintis+%C4%AF+Ryt%C5%B3+Lietuv%C4%85%3F&rft.aulast=Pancerovas&rft.aufirst=Dovydas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.15min.lt%2Fnaujiena%2Faktualu%2Fistorija%2Far-perrasinejamos-istorijos-pasaku-ikvepta-baltarusija-gali-kesintis-i-rytu-lietuva-582-456877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statkuviene-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statkuviene_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statkuviene_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatkuvienė" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Statkuvienė, Regina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/istorija/jogailaiciai-kodel-ne-gediminaiciai-582-1056552">"Jogailaičiai. Kodėl ne Gediminaičiai?"</a>. 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=15min.lt&rft.atitle=Jogailai%C4%8Diai.+Kod%C4%97l+ne+Gediminai%C4%8Diai%3F&rft.aulast=Statkuvien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.15min.lt%2Fnaujiena%2Faktualu%2Fistorija%2Fjogailaiciai-kodel-ne-gediminaiciai-582-1056552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2001" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Daniel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&q=Lithuanian&pg=PA52">The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795</a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 4, 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98093-5"><bdi>978-0-295-98093-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+State%2C+1386%E2%80%931795&rft.pages=4%2C+52&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98093-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFgB_l4SdHAC%26q%3DLithuanian%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlikūnė" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plikūnė, Dalia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/kodel-jogaila-buvo-geras-o-vytautas-didysis-genialus.d?id=76794153">"Kodėl Jogaila buvo geras, o Vytautas Didysis – genialus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DELFI" class="mw-redirect" title="DELFI">DELFI</a> (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DELFI&rft.atitle=Kod%C4%97l+Jogaila+buvo+geras%2C+o+Vytautas+Didysis+%E2%80%93+genialus&rft.aulast=Plik%C5%ABn%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Dalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfi.lt%2Fnews%2Fdaily%2Flithuania%2Fkodel-jogaila-buvo-geras-o-vytautas-didysis-genialus.d%3Fid%3D76794153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronas2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronas, Darius (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lkma.lt/site/files/file/leidiniai/Zemaiciu_krikstas.pdf">Žemaičių krikštas: tyrimai ir refleksija</a> (PDF) (in Lithuanian). <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Catholic_Academy_of_Science" title="Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science">Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science</a>. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9986-592-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9986-592-71-6"><bdi>978-9986-592-71-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BDemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3+krik%C5%A1tas%3A+tyrimai+ir+refleksija&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Lithuanian+Catholic+Academy+of+Science&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9986-592-71-6&rft.aulast=Baronas&rft.aufirst=Darius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lkma.lt%2Fsite%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2Fleidiniai%2FZemaiciu_krikstas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVytautas_the_GreatValkūnas,_Leonas_(translation_from_Latin)" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas the Great">Vytautas the Great</a>; Valkūnas, Leonas (translation from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.šaltiniai.info/files/literatura/LC00/Vytauto_lai%C5%A1kai.LC2100.pdf">Vytauto laiškai [ Letters of Vytautas the Great ]</a> (PDF) (in Lithuanian). <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a>, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. p. 6. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <q>Juk pirmiausia Jūs padarėte ir paskelbėte sprendimą dėl Žemaičių žemės, kuri yra mūsų paveldėjimas ir mūsų tėvonija iš teisėtos prosenolių bei senolių įpėdinystės. Ją ir dabar nuosavybėje turime, ji dabar yra ir visada buvo viena ir ta pati Lietuvos žemė, nes yra viena kalba bei tie patys gyventojai. (...) Taip pat Žemaitijos žmonės nuo senų laikų save vadino lietuviais ir niekada žemaičiais, ir dėl tokio tapatumo (sic) savo rašte mes nerašome apie Žemaitiją, nes viskas yra viena, vienas kraštas ir tie patys gyventojai.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vytauto+lai%C5%A1kai+%5B+Letters+of+Vytautas+the+Great+%5D&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Vilnius+University%2C+Institute+of+Lithuanian+Literature+and+Folklore&rft.au=Vytautas+the+Great&rft.au=Valk%C5%ABnas%2C+Leonas+%28translation+from+Latin%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.%C5%A1altiniai.info%2Ffiles%2Fliteratura%2FLC00%2FVytauto_lai%25C5%25A1kai.LC2100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFijałSemkowicz1948" class="citation journal cs1">Fijał, Jan; Semkowicz, Władysław (1 January 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45078413">"Kodeks dyplomatyczny katedry i diecezji Wilenskiej. Tomu 1. Zeszyt 3 (1501–1507, uzupełn. 1394–1500) (W Krakowie 1948)"</a>. Codex Diplomaticus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Necnon Dioceseos Vilnensis. Voluminis I. Fasciculus 3 (1501–1507, Addenda 1394–1500).: 616–617. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Codex+Diplomaticus+Ecclesiae+Cathedralis+Necnon+Dioceseos+Vilnensis.+Voluminis+I.+Fasciculus+3+%281501%E2%80%931507%2C+Addenda+1394%E2%80%931500%29.&rft.atitle=Kodeks+dyplomatyczny+katedry+i+diecezji+Wilenskiej.+Tomu+1.+Zeszyt+3+%281501%E2%80%931507%2C+uzupe%C5%82n.+1394%E2%80%931500%29+%28W+Krakowie+1948%29&rft.pages=616-617&rft.date=1948-01-01&rft.aulast=Fija%C5%82&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Semkowicz%2C+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45078413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaranauskas2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baranauskas, Tomas (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3715377">"Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė ir lietuvių tauta"</a> [The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Lithuanian nation]. Lietuvių tauta (in Lithuanian). 11: Tirpstančios lietuvių žemės: 82. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+tauta&rft.atitle=Lietuvos+Did%C5%BEioji+Kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97+ir+lietuvi%C5%B3+tauta&rft.volume=11%3A+Tirpstan%C4%8Dios+lietuvi%C5%B3+%C5%BEem%C4%97s&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Baranauskas&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3715377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlčinaitėJovaišas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ulčinaitė, Eugenija; Jovaišas, Albinas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026081117/http://ualgiman.dtiltas.lt/vid..html#Hermanas_Vartbergietis_">"Lietuvių kalba ir literatūros istorija"</a> (in Lithuanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ualgiman.dtiltas.lt/vid..html#Hermanas_Vartbergietis_">the original</a> on 26 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+kalba+ir+literat%C5%ABros+istorija&rft.aulast=Ul%C4%8Dinait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Eugenija&rft.au=Jovai%C5%A1as%2C+Albinas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fualgiman.dtiltas.lt%2Fvid..html%23Hermanas_Vartbergietis_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlčinaitėJovaišas2003" class="citation book cs1">Ulčinaitė, Eugenija; Jovaišas, Albinas (2003). Lietuvių literatūros istorija: XIII-XVIII amžius. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. pp. 13–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/995547551X" title="Special:BookSources/995547551X"><bdi>995547551X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+literat%C5%ABros+istorija%3A+XIII-XVIII+am%C5%BEius&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=13-66&rft.pub=Lietuvi%C5%B3+literat%C5%ABros+ir+tautosakos+institutas&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=995547551X&rft.aulast=Ul%C4%8Dinait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Eugenija&rft.au=Jovai%C5%A1as%2C+Albinas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryjkowski1582" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Stryjkowski" title="Maciej Stryjkowski">Stryjkowski, Maciej</a> (1582). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kronikapolskalit02stryuoft/page/206/mode/2up?view=theater">Kronika Polska, Litewska, Zmódzka i wszystkiéj Rusi</a>. 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Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Lietuvos+valstybin%C4%97+kalba&rft.aulast=Ambrazas&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2Flietuvos-valstybine-kalba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVečerskytė" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Večerskytė, Juta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/n1922-lietuvos-valstybes-konstitucija/">"1922 Lietuvos Valstybės Konstitucija"</a>. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). 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Alkas.lt (in Lithuanian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alkas.lt&rft.atitle=Suvalk%C5%B3+sutartis+ir+jos+i%C5%A1niekinimas&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.aulast=Tyla&rft.aufirst=Antanas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falkas.lt%2F2011%2F10%2F06%2Fa-tyla-suvalku-sutartis-ir-jos-isniekinimas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBociański" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bociański, Ludwik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509015230/http://pbc.biaman.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=6846&from=publication">"Ściśle tajny memorjał Wojewody Wileńskiego Bociańskiego z dnia 11 lutego 1936 r. O posunięciach władz administracji ogólnej w stosunku do mniejszości litewskiej w Polsce oraz o zamierzeniach w tym wględzie na przyszłość : dwa załączniki z d. 11 i 21 marca 1938 r.)"</a> (in Polish). 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Ir 1940–1941 metais, iš karto po priverstinio Pabaltijo valstybių įjungimo į TSRS, ir vėliau vyraujanti kalbos politikos linija Lietuvos TSRS ir Latvijos TSRS buvo tautinių kalbų raidos derinimas su socialistinių nacijų raida78. Tokia padėtis tęsėsi penkiasdešimt metų79." </li> <li id="cite_note-RusinimasVle-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RusinimasVle_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RusinimasVle_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuvos-sovietinimas-rusinimas-ir-kolonizavimas/">"Lietuvos sovietinimas, rusinimas ir kolonizavimas"</a>. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). 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Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lrk.lt&rft.atitle=LR+Konstitucija+%E2%80%93+14+straipsnis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrk.lt%2Flietuvos-respublikos-konstitucija%2F1-skirsnis-lietuvos-valstybe%2F22-14-straipsnis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlKoptjevskaja-Tamm2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001). Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (eds.). Circum-Baltic Languages. Studies in Language Companion Series 55. Vol. II: Grammar and Typology. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fslcs.55.02dah">10.1075/slcs.55.02dah</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027230591" title="Special:BookSources/9789027230591"><bdi>9789027230591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circum-Baltic+Languages&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+Companion+Series+55&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fslcs.55.02dah&rft.isbn=9789027230591&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft.au=Koptjevskaja-Tamm%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini2000139–140-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDini2000139–140_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDini2000">Dini 2000</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FoundationsBook-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FoundationsBook_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FoundationsBook_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FoundationsBook_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiniRichardsonRichardson2014" class="citation book cs1">Dini, Pietro U.; Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esparama.lt/es_parama_pletra/failai/ESFproduktai/2014_Foundations_of_Baltic_Languages.pdf">Foundations of Baltic languages</a> (PDF). Vilnius: Eugrimas. p. 206-208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-609-437-263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-609-437-263-6"><bdi>978-609-437-263-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Baltic+languages&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=206-208&rft.pub=Eugrimas&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-609-437-263-6&rft.aulast=Dini&rft.aufirst=Pietro+U.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Milda+B.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esparama.lt%2Fes_parama_pletra%2Ffailai%2FESFproduktai%2F2014_Foundations_of_Baltic_Languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini200055-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDini200055_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDini2000">Dini 2000</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> 104Plg. J. Otrębski 1956–1965 I, p. 44; Schmitt-Brandt 1972. Griežtai prieš baltų (ir baltų-slavų) prokalbės hipotezę pasisakė Mayer 1981." </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortlandt2009" class="citation cs2">Kortlandt, Frederik (2009), Baltica & Balto-Slavica, p. 5, <q>Though Prussian is undoubtedly closer to the East Baltic languages than to Slavic, the characteristic features of the Baltic languages seem to be either retentions or results of parallel development and cultural interaction. Thus I assume that Balto-Slavic split into three identifiable branches, each of which followed its own course of development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltica+%26+Balto-Slavica&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kortlandt&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerksen2008" class="citation cs2">Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, p. 20, <q>I am not convinced that it is justified to reconstruct a Proto-Baltic stage. The term Proto-Baltic is used for convenience's sake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Slavic+Inherited+Lexicon&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Derksen&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini2000138-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDini2000138_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDini2000">Dini 2000</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkevičius1984117–138,_209–210-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinkevičius1984117–138,_209–210_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinkevičius1984">Zinkevičius (1984)</a>, pp. 117–138, 209–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. 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Padstow: Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe/page/n393">378</a>–379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Padstow&rft.pages=378-379&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findoeuropeanlang00ivbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDini200038-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDini200038_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDini2000">Dini 2000</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmoczyński1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smoczyński, W. (1986). 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Vilnius. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dabartin%C4%97s+lietuvi%C5%B3+kalbos+gramatika&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCepiene2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cepiene, N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043012/http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?07PLAAAA02144515">"Ways of Germanisms into Lithuanian"</a>. Acta Baltico-Slavica (Abstract). 30: 241–250. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?07PLAAAA02144515c">the original</a> on 6 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Baltico-Slavica&rft.atitle=Ways+of+Germanisms+into+Lithuanian&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=241-250&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cepiene&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3F07PLAAAA02144515c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinkevičius1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zinkevičius, Zigmas</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023445/http://pirmojiknyga.mch.mii.lt/Leidiniai/History.en.htm">"Martynas Mažvydas' Language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirmojiknyga.mch.mii.lt/Leidiniai/History.en.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2007 – via pirmojiknyga.mch.mii.lt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martynas+Ma%C5%BEvydas%27+Language&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Zinkevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Zigmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpirmojiknyga.mch.mii.lt%2FLeidiniai%2FHistory.en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130219022046/http://www.patariu.lt/studijos/2010/11/skoliniai/">"Skoliniai"</a>. Studijos (in Lithuanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patariu.lt/studijos/2010/11/skoliniai/">the original</a> on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Studijos&rft.atitle=Skoliniai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patariu.lt%2Fstudijos%2F2010%2F11%2Fskoliniai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakalauskienė2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sakalauskienė, V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043018/http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?07PLAAAA02154540">"Slavic loanwords in the northern sub-dialect of the southern part of west high Lithuanian"</a>. Acta Baltico-Slavica (Abstract). 30: 221–231. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?07PLAAAA02154540">the original</a> on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Baltico-Slavica&rft.atitle=Slavic+loanwords+in+the+northern+sub-dialect+of+the+southern+part+of+west+high+Lithuanian&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=221-231&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sakalauskien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3F07PLAAAA02154540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeimas_of_Lithuania2003" class="citation web cs1">Seimas of Lithuania (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlkk.lt/files/language_policy_guidelines.doc">"State Language Policy Guidelines 2003–2008"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001220256/http://www.vlkk.lt/files/language_policy_guidelines.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Language+Policy+Guidelines+2003%E2%80%932008&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Seimas+of+Lithuania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlkk.lt%2Ffiles%2Flanguage_policy_guidelines.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231229/http://www.dicts.info/2/english-lithuanian.php?word=student">"English to Lithuanian to English Dictionary"</a>. Dicts.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dicts.info/2/english-lithuanian.php?word=student">the original</a> on 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dicts.info&rft.atitle=English+to+Lithuanian+to+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dicts.info%2F2%2Fenglish-lithuanian.php%3Fword%3Dstudent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014110255/http://www.lingvozone.com/">"Lingvozone English to Lithuanian Online Dictionary"</a>. Lingvozone.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingvozone.com/">the original</a> on 14 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lingvozone.com&rft.atitle=Lingvozone+English+to+Lithuanian+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingvozone.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrazas_et_al.199713-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrazas_et_al.199713_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbrazas_et_al.1997">Ambrazas et al. (1997)</a>, p. 13. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrazas_et_al.1997" class="citation cs2">Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-813-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/9986-813-22-0"><bdi>9986-813-22-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuanian+Grammar&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Institute+of+the+Lithuanian+Language&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9986-813-22-0&rft.aulast=Ambrazas&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft.au=Geniu%C5%A1ien%C4%97%2C+Emma&rft.au=Girdenis%2C+Aleksas&rft.au=Sli%C5%BEien%C4%97%2C+Nijol%C4%97&rft.au=Valeckien%C4%97%2C+Adel%C4%97&rft.au=Valiulyt%C4%97%2C+Elena&rft.au=Tekorien%C4%97%2C+Dalija&rft.au=Pa%C5%BE%C5%ABsis%2C+Lionginas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dambriūnas, Leonardas; Antanas Klimas, William R. Schmalstieg, Beginner's Lithuanian, Hippocrene Books, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0678-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0678-X">0-7818-0678-X</a>. Older editions (copyright 1966) called "Introduction to modern Lithuanian".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDini2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dini, P. U. (2000). Baltų kalbos: Lyginamoji istorija [Baltic Languages: A Comparative History] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-420-01444-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-420-01444-0"><bdi>5-420-01444-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balt%C5%B3+kalbos%3A+Lyginamoji+istorija&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Mokslo+ir+enciklopedij%C5%B3+leidybos+institutas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=5-420-01444-0&rft.aulast=Dini&rft.aufirst=P.+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimas,_Antanas" class="citation web cs1">Klimas, Antanas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506213608/http://www.lituanus.org/1973/73_1_02.htm">"Baltic and Slavic revisited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lituanus" title="Lituanus">Lituanus</a> vol. 19, no. 1, Spring 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1973/73_1_02.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lituanus+vol.+19%2C+no.+1%2C+Spring+1973&rft.atitle=Baltic+and+Slavic+revisited&rft.au=Klimas%2C+Antanas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1973%2F73_1_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages">The Sounds of the World's Languages</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Remys, Edmund, Review of Modern Lithuanian Grammar, Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, Chicago, 2nd revised edition, 2003.</li> <li>Remys, Edmund, General distinguishing features of various Indo-European languages and their relationship to Lithuanian, Indogermanische Forschungen, Berlin, New York, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinkevičius1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zinkevičius, Zigmas</a> (1984). Lietuvių kalbos istorija [History of Lithuanian]. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>: Mokslas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-420-00102-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-420-00102-0"><bdi>5-420-00102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+kalbos+istorija&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Mokslas&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=5-420-00102-0&rft.aulast=Zinkevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Zigmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubačius2005" class="citation book cs1">Subačius, Giedrius (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subacius.people.uic.edu/SUB_KN/SUB_2005_Lith_Lang_2nd_ed_ENGLISH.pdf">The Lithuanian language: traditions and trends</a> (PDF). The Lithuanian Institute, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Lithuania)" title="Ministry of Culture (Lithuania)">Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9955-548-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/9955-548-09-6"><bdi>9955-548-09-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lithuanian+language%3A+traditions+and+trends&rft.pub=The+Lithuanian+Institute%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+of+the+Republic+of+Lithuania&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9955-548-09-6&rft.aulast=Suba%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Giedrius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubacius.people.uic.edu%2FSUB_KN%2FSUB_2005_Lith_Lang_2nd_ed_ENGLISH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenckienė2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Venckienė, Jurgita (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istorija.lt/data/public/uploads/2020/12/2017-archivum-lithuanicum-t.-19-1-jurgita-venckiene-lietuviski-xix-a.-pabaigos-p.-9-38.pdf">"Lietuviški XIX a. pabaigos ir XX a. pradžios antkapių užrašai: santykis su bendrine kalba"</a> (PDF). Archivum Lithuanicum (in Lithuanian) (19). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Lithuanicum&rft.atitle=Lietuvi%C5%A1ki+XIX+a.+pabaigos+ir+XX+a.+prad%C5%BEios+antkapi%C5%B3+u%C5%BEra%C5%A1ai%3A+santykis+su+bendrine+kalba&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Venckien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Jurgita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istorija.lt%2Fdata%2Fpublic%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2F2017-archivum-lithuanicum-t.-19-1-jurgita-venckiene-lietuviski-xix-a.-pabaigos-p.-9-38.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lt:"> Lithuanian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lithuanian_phrasebook#Q9083" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Lithuanian phrasebook">Lithuanian</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wn/lt" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wn/lt">Lithuanian language test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Lithuanian language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Lithuanian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Lithuanian language">Lithuanian language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/litol">Baltic Online – Series Introduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lkz.lt/">Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926081505/http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/grammar/grammar11.html">The Historical Grammar of Lithuanian language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326114512/http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/nakhleh05JLSA.pdf">2005 analysis of Indo-European linguistic relationships</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapp.lt/lit/">Lithuanian verbs training</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapp.lt/lit/test.php">Lithuanian verbs test</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lithuanian-language">Encyclopaedia Britannica – Lithuanian language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-olt.html">glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online</a>, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Languages of Lithuania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Lithuania" title="Template talk:Languages of Lithuania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Lithuania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Lithuania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Lithuania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Languages of Lithuania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_languages" title="Template:Baltic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_languages" title="Template talk:Baltic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>West <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomor-Baltic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomor-Baltic language (page does not exist)">Pomor-Baltic</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Поморско-балтийский язык">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalvians#Language" title="Skalvians">Skalvian</a> (possibly separate West Baltic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dnieper-Oka_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dnieper-Oka language (page does not exist)">Dnieper-Oka</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Днепровско-окский язык">ru</a>]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> · Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left · Asterisk (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> occasionally classified as languages · Question mark (?) indicates disputed classification.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lithuania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lithuania_topics" title="Template:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lithuania_topics" title="Template talk:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lithuania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Lithuania-related_articles" title="Index of Lithuania-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_proper" title="Lithuania proper">Lithuania proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%931295)" title="History of Lithuania (1219–1295)">1219–1295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revival and independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">National Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seimas_of_Vilnius" title="Great Seimas of Vilnius">Great Seimas of Vilnius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Declaration" title="Amber Declaration">Amber Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Act of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Wars of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Polish_coup_attempt_in_Lithuania" title="1919 Polish coup attempt in Lithuania">1919 Polish coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Lithuanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1926 Lithuanian coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">WWII and occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Second Soviet republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Diplomatic_Service" title="Lithuanian Diplomatic Service">Government-in-exile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Restoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Reform Movement (Sąjūdis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution#Lithuania" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Act of Re-Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania" title="Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania">Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Lithuanian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum">2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">EU accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lithuania" title="List of cities in Lithuania">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania#Climate" title="Geography of Lithuania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Lithuania" title="List of extreme points of Lithuania">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Lithuania" title="Flora of Lithuania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Lithuania" title="Forests in Lithuania">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Lithuania" title="List of lakes of Lithuania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Lithuania" title="List of regional parks of Lithuania">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Lithuania" title="List of rivers of Lithuania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Gap" title="Suwałki Gap">Suwałki Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Lithuania" title="List of towns in Lithuania">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Lithuania" title="Administrative divisions of Lithuania">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Lithuania" title="Counties of Lithuania">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lithuania" title="Municipalities of Lithuania">municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">elderships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Lithuania" title="Constitutional Court of Lithuania">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lithuania" title="Foreign relations of Lithuania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lithuania" title="Government of Lithuania">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Lithuania" title="Law of Lithuania">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lithuania">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lithuania" title="Human rights in Lithuania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lithuania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lithuania" title="List of political parties in Lithuania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania#Republic_of_Lithuania_(1918–1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Seimas" title="List of speakers of the Seimas">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Lithuania">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Land_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Land Force">Land Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Naval_Force" title="Lithuanian Naval Force">Naval Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Special Operations Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lithuania" title="Agriculture in Lithuania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Lithuania" title="List of banks in Lithuania">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Lithuania" title="E-Residency of Lithuania">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lithuania" title="Transport in Lithuania">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Lithuania" title="List of airports in Lithuania">airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Railways" title="Lithuanian Railways">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lithuania#Lithuanian_road_system" title="Transport in Lithuania">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Klaip%C4%97da" title="Port of Klaipėda">seaport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lithuania" title="Tourism in Lithuania">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Society of Lithuania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lithuania" title="Demographics of Lithuania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Lithuania" title="List of universities and colleges in Lithuania">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Lithuania" title="Ethnic minorities in Lithuania">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Lithuania">Ethnographic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Lithuania" title="Health in Lithuania">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_culture" title="History of Lithuanian culture">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Lithuania" title="Cultural regions of Lithuania">Cultural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_design" title="Lithuanian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Lithuania" title="Ethnographic Lithuania">Ethnographic Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_literature" title="Lithuanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Cultural_Property_(Lithuania)" title="Registry of Cultural Property (Lithuania)">Monuments of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Lithuania" title="Name of Lithuania">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lithuania" title="Public holidays in Lithuania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lithuania" title="Sport in Lithuania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Lithuania" title="National symbols of Lithuania">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauti%C5%A1ka_giesm%C4%97" title="Tautiška giesmė">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lithuania" title="Flag of Lithuania">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lithuania" title="Outline of Lithuania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Lithuania-related_articles" title="Index of Lithuania-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lithuania" title="Category:Lithuania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lithuania" title="Portal:Lithuania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9083#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9083#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9083#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1000363/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133373-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85077647">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12227618m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12227618m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569566">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122412&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048566&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531561605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&oldid=1258588581">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_language&oldid=1258588581</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lithuanian_language" title="Category:Lithuanian language">Lithuanian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Baltic_languages" title="Category:East Baltic languages">East Baltic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Languages of Lithuania">Languages of Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Poland" title="Category:Languages of Poland">Languages of Poland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_19" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 19">Language articles citing Ethnologue 19</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Lithuanian-language_sources_(lt)" title="Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)">CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2015">Use dmy dates from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Lithuanian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Lithuanian IPA">Pages with Lithuanian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-1_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code">Languages with ISO 639-1 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Old Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> 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