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id="toc-Diagnostics_for_identifying_auxiliary_verbs_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Light verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Auxiliary verb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulpwerkwoord" title="Hulpwerkwoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hulpwerkwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfsverb" title="Hilfsverb – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hilfsverb" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo_auxiliar" title="Verbo auxiliar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Verbo auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb-skoazella%C3%B1" title="Verb-skoazellañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Verb-skoazellañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_auxiliar" title="Verb auxiliar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Verb auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomocn%C3%A9_sloveso" title="Pomocné sloveso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pomocné sloveso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lpeudsagnsord" title="Hjælpeudsagnsord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjælpeudsagnsord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfsverb" title="Hilfsverb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hilfsverb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitegus%C3%B5na" title="Abitegusõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abitegusõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Βοηθητικό ρήμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοηθητικό ρήμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo_auxiliar" title="Verbo auxiliar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Verbo auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditz_laguntzaile" title="Aditz laguntzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aditz laguntzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="فعل کمکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فعل کمکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbe_auxiliaire" title="Verbe auxiliaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Verbe auxiliaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helptiidwurd" title="Helptiidwurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Helptiidwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briathar_c%C3%BAnta" title="Briathar cúnta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Briathar cúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC" title="조동사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조동사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Օժանդակ բայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օժանդակ բայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_kerja_bantu" title="Kata kerja bantu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kata kerja bantu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lpars%C3%B6gn" title="Hjálparsögn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjálparsögn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo_ausiliare" title="Verbo ausiliare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Verbo ausiliare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8" title="פועל עזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פועל עזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitenzi_kikuu_kisaidizi" title="Kitenzi kikuu kisaidizi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitenzi kikuu kisaidizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%A9dige" title="Segédige – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Segédige" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Помошен глагол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Помошен глагол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoanteny_mpanampy" title="Matoanteny mpanampy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matoanteny mpanampy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulpwerkwoord" title="Hulpwerkwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hulpwerkwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="助動詞 (言語学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="助動詞 (言語学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelpeverb" title="Hjelpeverb – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjelpeverb" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelpeverb" title="Hjelpeverb – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjelpeverb" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czasownik_posi%C5%82kowy" title="Czasownik posiłkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czasownik posiłkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo_auxiliar" title="Verbo auxiliar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Verbo auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_auxiliar" title="Verb auxiliar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Verb auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Вспомогательный глагол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вспомогательный глагол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folja_ndihm%C3%ABse" title="Folja ndihmëse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Folja ndihmëse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbu_Ausiliari" title="Verbu Ausiliari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Verbu Ausiliari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Auxiliary verb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C5%BEni_glagol" title="Pomožni glagol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomožni glagol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuverbi" title="Apuverbi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apuverbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lpverb" title="Hjälpverb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjälpverb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="துணைவினை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துணைவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Auxiliary verb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="助動詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="助動詞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q465800#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Auxiliary_verb" title="Talk:Auxiliary verb">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>auxiliary verb</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><b>aux</b></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the <a href="/wiki/Clause_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clause (linguistics)">clause</a> in which it occurs, so as to express <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">modality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a>, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany an <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive verb</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>, which respectively provide the main semantic content of the clause.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the verb <i>have</i> in the sentence <i>I have finished my lunch.</i> Here, the auxiliary <i>have</i> helps to express the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect aspect</a> along with the participle, <i>finished</i>. Some sentences contain a chain of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are also called <b>helping verbs</b>, <b>helper verbs</b>, or <b>(verbal) auxiliaries</b>. Research has been conducted into split inflection in auxiliary verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_examples">Basic examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are some sentences that contain representative auxiliary verbs from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, with the auxiliary verb marked in bold: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. <b>Do</b> you want tea? <small>– <i>do</i> is an auxiliary accompanying the infinitive, <i>want</i>, used here to form a question – see <a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support"><i>do</i>-support</a>.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>b. She <b>has</b> given her best shot. <small>– <i>have</i>, from which <i>has</i> is <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a>, is an auxiliary used in expressing the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect aspect</a> of <i>give</i>.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>c. <b>He</b> cogido tu lápiz. <small>– <i>he</i> is an auxiliary accompanying the infinitive <i>coger</i>, used here to form a verb phrase, the perfect present in Spanish.</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>(I) have grabbed your pencil = 'I have taken your pencil.'</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>d. Das <b>wurde</b> mehrmals gesagt. <small>– <i>werden</i>, from which <i>wurde</i> is inflected, <i>become</i> is an auxiliary used to build the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> in German.</small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>That became many times said = 'That was said many times.'</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>e. Sie <b>ist</b> nach Hause gegangen. <small>– <i>sein</i>, from which <i>ist</i> is inflected, 'be' is an auxiliary used with movement verbs to build the perfect tense/aspect in German.</small><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>She is to home gone = 'She went home/She has gone home.'</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>f. J<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><b>ai</b> vu le soleil. <small>– <i>avoir</i>, from which <i>ai</i> is inflected, 'have' is an auxiliary used to build the perfect tense/aspect in French.</small><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>I have seen the sun = 'I have seen the sun/I saw the sun.'</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>g. Nous <b>sommes</b> hébergés par un ami. <small>– <i>être</i>, from which <i>sommes</i> is inflected, 'be' is an auxiliary used to build the passive voice in French.</small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>We are hosted by a friend.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>These auxiliaries help express a question, show tense/aspect, or form passive voice. Auxiliaries like these typically appear with a full verb that carries the main semantic content of the clause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traits_across_languages">Traits across languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traits across languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Auxiliary verbs typically help express grammatical <a href="/wiki/Tense_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense (grammar)">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voice</a>. They generally appear together with an infinitive. The auxiliary is said to "help" the infinitive. The auxiliary verbs of a language form a <a href="/wiki/Closed_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed class">closed class</a>, i.e., there is a fixed, relatively small number of them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widely acknowledged verbs that can serve as auxiliaries in English and many related<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> languages are the equivalents of <i>be</i> to express passive voice, and <i>have</i> (and sometimes <i>be</i>) to express <a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect aspect</a> or past time reference.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some treatments, the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> <i>be</i> is classed as an auxiliary even though it does not "help" another verb, e.g., </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The bird <b>is</b> in the tree. <small>– <i>is</i> serves as a copula with a <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicative expression</a> not containing any other verb.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Definitions of auxiliary verbs are not always consistent across languages, or even among authors discussing the same language. <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal verbs</a> may or may not be classified as auxiliaries, depending on the language. In the case of English, verbs are often identified as auxiliaries based on their grammatical behavior, as described below. In some cases, verbs that function similarly to auxiliaries, but are not considered full members of that class (perhaps because they carry some independent lexical information), are called <i>semi-auxiliaries</i>. In French, for example, verbs such as <i>devoir</i> (have to), <i>pouvoir</i> (be able to), <i>aller</i> (be <a href="/wiki/Going_to" class="mw-redirect" title="Going to">going to</a>), <i>vouloir</i> (want), <i>faire</i> (make), and <i>laisser</i> (let), when used together with the infinitive of another verb, can be called semi-auxiliaries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been a study on auxiliary verb constructions in Dravidian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. What is the significance or result of this statement? (May 2022)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_auxiliaries_and_contractions" class="mw-redirect" title="English auxiliaries and contractions">English auxiliaries and contractions</a></div> <p>The following sections consider auxiliary verbs in English. They list auxiliary verbs, then present the diagnostics that motivate this special class (subject-auxiliary inversion and negation with <i>not</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal verbs</a> are included in this class, due to their behavior with respect to these diagnostics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_auxiliaries_in_English">List of auxiliaries in English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of auxiliaries in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A list of verbs that (can) function as auxiliaries in English is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>be</i>, <i>can</i>, <i>could</i>, <i>dare</i>, <i>do</i>, <i>have</i>, <i>may</i>, <i>might</i>, <i>must</i>, <i>need</i>, <i>ought</i>, <i>shall</i>, <i>should</i>, <i>will</i>, <i>would</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The status of <i>dare (not)</i>, <i>need (not)</i>, and <i>ought (to)</i> is debatable<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of these verbs as auxiliaries can vary across dialects of English. If the negative forms <i>can't</i>, <i>don't</i>, <i>won't</i>, etc. are viewed as separate verbs (and not as contractions), then the number of auxiliaries increases. The verbs <i>do</i> and <i>have</i> can also function as full verbs or as <a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">light verbs</a>, which can be a source of confusion about their status. The <a href="/wiki/English_modal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verb">modal verbs</a> (<i>can</i>, <i>could</i>, <i>may</i>, <i>might</i>, <i>must</i>, <i>shall</i>, <i>should</i>, <i>will</i>, <i>would</i>, and <i>dare</i>, <i>need</i> and <i>ought</i> when included) form a subclass of auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs are <a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">defective</a> insofar as they cannot be <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a>, nor do they appear as gerunds, infinitives, or participles. </p><p>The following table summarizes the auxiliary verbs in standard English and the meaning contribution to the clauses in which they appear. Many auxiliary verbs are listed more than once in the table based upon discernible differences in use. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Auxiliary verb</th> <th>Meaning contribution</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>be<sub>1</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> (= <a href="/wiki/Linking_verb" title="Linking verb">linking verb</a>)</td> <td>She <b>is</b> the boss. </td></tr> <tr> <td>be<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive aspect</a></td> <td>He <b>is</b> sleeping. </td></tr> <tr> <td>be<sub>3</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a></td> <td>They <b>were</b> seen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>can<sub>1</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">deontic modality</a></td> <td>I <b>can</b> swim. </td></tr> <tr> <td>can<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">epistemic modality</a></td> <td>Such things <b>can</b> help. </td></tr> <tr> <td>could<sub>1</sub></td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td>I <b>could</b> swim. </td></tr> <tr> <td>could<sub>2</sub></td> <td>epistemic modality</td> <td>That <b>could</b> help. </td></tr> <tr> <td>dare</td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td>I <b>dare</b> not attempt it. </td></tr> <tr> <td>do<sub>1</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support">do-support</a>/emphasis</td> <td>You <b>did</b> not understand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>do<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>question </td> <td><b>Do</b> you like it? </td></tr> <tr> <td>have</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect aspect</a></td> <td>They <b>have</b> understood. </td></tr> <tr> <td>may<sub>1</sub></td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td><b>May</b> I stay? </td></tr> <tr> <td>may<sub>2</sub></td> <td>epistemic modality</td> <td>That <b>may</b> take place. </td></tr> <tr> <td>might</td> <td>epistemic modality</td> <td>We <b>might</b> give it a try. </td></tr> <tr> <td>must<sub>1</sub></td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td>You <b>must</b> not mock me. </td></tr> <tr> <td>must<sub>2</sub></td> <td>epistemic modality</td> <td>It <b>must</b> have rained. </td></tr> <tr> <td>need</td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td>You <b>need</b> not water the grass. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ought</td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td>You <b>ought</b> to play well. </td></tr> <tr> <td>shall</td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td>You <b>shall</b> not pass. </td></tr> <tr> <td>should<sub>1</sub></td> <td>deontic modality</td> <td>You <b>should</b> listen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>should<sub>2</sub></td> <td>epistemic modality</td> <td>That <b>should</b> help. </td></tr> <tr> <td>will<sub>1</sub></td> <td>epistemic modality</td> <td>We <b>will</b> eat pie. </td></tr> <tr> <td>will<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a></td> <td>The sun <b>will</b> rise tomorrow at 6:03. </td></tr> <tr> <td>will<sub>3</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual aspect</a></td> <td>He <b>will</b> make that mistake every time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>would<sub>1</sub></td> <td>epistemic modality</td> <td>Nothing <b>would</b> accomplish that. </td></tr> <tr> <td>would<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Future-in-the-past" class="mw-redirect" title="Future-in-the-past">future-in-the-past</a> tense</td> <td>After 1990, we <b>would</b> do that again. </td></tr> <tr> <td>would<sub>3</sub></td> <td>habitual aspect</td> <td>Back then we <b>would</b> always go there. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Deontic <a href="/wiki/Modality_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (grammar)">modality</a> expresses an ability, necessity, or obligation that is associated with an agent subject. Epistemic modality expresses the speaker's assessment of reality or likelihood of reality. Distinguishing between the two types of modality can be difficult, since many sentences contain a modal verb that allows both interpretations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_auxiliaries_unique_to_African_American_Vernacular_English">List of auxiliaries unique to African American Vernacular English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of auxiliaries unique to African American Vernacular English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English</a> makes a variety of finer <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense/aspect</a> distinctions than other dialects of English by making use of unique variant forms of, in particular: <a href="/wiki/Habitual_be" title="Habitual be">habitual 'be'</a>, reduced 'done' (dən), and stressed 'been' (BIN):<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verbal Auxiliaries in AAVE </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Auxiliary </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>be </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a> aspect </td> <td>She <b>be</b> telling people she eight. <p>'She is always telling people she's eight' </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>done </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resultative" title="Resultative">resultative</a> modality </td> <td>I <b>done</b> pushed it. <p>'I have (already) pushed it' </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>been </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">distant past</a> tense </td> <td>I <b>been</b> knew that. <p>'I've known that for a long time' </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnostics_for_identifying_auxiliary_verbs_in_English">Diagnostics for identifying auxiliary verbs in English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnostics for identifying auxiliary verbs in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verbs listed in the previous section can be classified as auxiliaries based upon two diagnostics: they allow <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93auxiliary_inversion" title="Subject–auxiliary inversion">subject–auxiliary inversion</a> (the type of inversion used to form questions etc.) and (equivalently) they can take <i>not</i> as a postdependent (a dependent that follows its <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a>). The following examples illustrate the extent to which subject–auxiliary inversion can occur with an auxiliary verb but not with a full verb.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The asterisk * is the means commonly used in linguistics to indicate that the example is grammatically unacceptable or that a particular construction has never been attested in use). </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. <b>He was</b> working today.</dd> <dd>b. <b>Was he</b> working today? <small>- Auxiliary verb <i>was</i> allows subject–auxiliary inversion.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. <b>He worked</b> today.</dd> <dd>b. *<b>Worked he</b> today? <small>- Full verb <i>worked</i> does not allow subject–auxiliary inversion.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. <b>She can</b> see it.</dd> <dd>b. <b>Can she</b> see it? <small>- Auxiliary verb <i>can</i> allows subject–auxiliary inversion.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. <b>She sees</b> it.</dd> <dd>b. *<b>Sees she</b> it? <small>- Full verb <i>sees</i> does not allow subject–auxiliary inversion.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The following examples illustrate that the negation <i>not</i> can appear as a postdependent of a finite auxiliary verb, but not as a postdependent of a finite full verb:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. Sam would try that.</dd> <dd>b. Sam would <b>not</b> try that. <small>- The negation <i>not</i> appears as a postdependent of the finite auxiliary <i>would</i>.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. Sam tried that.</dd> <dd>b. *Sam tried <b>not</b> that. <small>- The negation <i>not</i> cannot appear as a postdependent of the finite full verb <i>tried</i>.</small></dd> <dd>a. Tom could help.</dd> <dd>b. Tom could <b>not</b> help. <small>- The negation <i>not</i> appears as a postdependent of the finite auxiliary <i>could</i>.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. Tom helped.</dd> <dd>b. *Tom helped <b>not</b>. <small>- The negation <i>not</i> cannot appear as a postdependent of the finite full verb <i>helped</i>.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>A third diagnostic that can be used for identifying auxiliary verbs is verb phrase ellipsis. See the article on <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase_ellipsis" title="Verb phrase ellipsis">verb phrase ellipsis</a> for examples. </p><p>These criteria lead to the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> <i>be</i> and non-copular use of <i>be</i> as an <a href="/wiki/Existential_clause" title="Existential clause">existential</a> verb being considered an auxiliary (it undergoes inversion and takes postdependent <i>not</i>, e.g., <i>Is she the boss?</i>, <i>She is not the boss</i>, <i>Is there a God?</i>, <i>There is a God</i>). However, if one defines <i>auxiliary verb</i> as a verb that somehow "helps" another verb, then the copula <i>be</i> is not an auxiliary, because it appears without another verb. The literature on auxiliary verbs is somewhat inconsistent in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also some properties that some but not all auxiliary verbs have. Their presence can be used to conclude that the verb is an auxiliary, but their absence does not guarantee the converse. One such property is to have the same form in the present tense, also for the first and the third person singular. This in particular is typical for <i><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal</a></i> auxiliary verbs, such as <i>will</i> and <i>must</i>. (Examples: <i>He will come tomorrow</i>, <i>she must do it at once</i>, not <s><i>he wills</i></s> or <s><i>she musts</i></s>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Light_verbs">Light verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Light verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some syntacticians distinguish between auxiliary verbs and <a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">light verbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two are similar insofar as both verb types contribute mainly just functional information to the clauses in which they appear. Hence both do not qualify as separate <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicates</a>, but rather they form part of a predicate with another expression – usually with a full verb in the case of auxiliary verbs and usually with a noun in the case of light verbs. </p><p>In English, light verbs differ from auxiliary verbs in that they cannot undergo inversion and they cannot take <i>not</i> as a postdependent. The verbs <i>have</i> and <i>do</i> can function as auxiliary verbs or as light verbs (or as full verbs). When they are light verbs, they fail the inversion and negation diagnostics for auxiliaries, e.g. </p><p>Note that in some dialects (for example, the West and South West dialects of <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>), the inversion test may sound correct to native speakers. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. They <b>had</b> a long meeting.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>b. *<b>Had</b> they a long meeting? <small>- Light verb <i>had</i> fails the inversion test.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>c. *They <b>had</b> not a long meeting. <small>- Light verb <i>had</i> fails the negation test.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. She <b>did</b> a report on pandering politicians.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>b. *<b>Did</b> she a report on pandering politicians? <small>- Light verb <i>did</i> fails the inversion test.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>c. *She <b>did</b> not a report on pandering politicians. <small>- Light verb <i>did</i> fails the negation test.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>(In some cases, though, <i>have</i> may undergo auxiliary-type inversion and negation even when it is not used as an auxiliary verb – see <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93auxiliary_inversion#Inversion_with_other_types_of_verb" title="Subject–auxiliary inversion">Subject–auxiliary inversion § Inversion with other types of verb</a>.) </p><p>Sometimes the distinction between auxiliary verbs and light verbs is overlooked or confused. Certain verbs (e.g., <i>used to</i>, <i>have to</i>, etc.) may be judged as light verbs by some authors, but as auxiliaries by others.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular verb">Irregular verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, Second Edition, defines an auxiliary verb as "a verb used to form the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>, [grammatical mood/moods], [grammatical voice/voices], etc. of other verbs." OED Second Edition, 1989. Entry for <i>auxiliary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2006" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2006-06-08), "The Origins of Patterns of Inflection in Auxiliary Verb Constructions", <i>Auxiliary Verb Constructions</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">302–</span>389, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199280315.003.0007">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280315.003.0007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928031-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928031-5"><bdi>978-0-19-928031-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auxiliary+Verb+Constructions&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Patterns+of+Inflection+in+Auxiliary+Verb+Constructions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199280315.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928031-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gregory+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuxiliary+verb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the use of <i>coger</i> as an auxiliary in Spanish, see for instance <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chimichurris1ba.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/manual-sintaxis-1c2ba-bachillerato.pdf">https://chimichurris1ba.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/manual-sintaxis-1c2ba-bachillerato.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the use of <i>werden</i> as an auxiliary in German, see for instance Engel (1994:114).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning <i>sein</i> as an auxiliary in German used to form perfect tense/aspect, see Eroms (2000:138f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the selection of <i>avoir</i> or <i>être</i> as the auxiliary verb to form perfect tense/aspect in French, see Rowlett (2007:40f.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning <i>être</i> as the auxiliary used to build the passive voice in French, see Rowlett (2007:44f.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning auxiliaries forming a closed class, see Kroeger (2004:251).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That the equivalents of <i>have</i> and <i>be</i> are perhaps the most widely acknowledged auxiliaries across languages (related to English) can be verified by glancing at the literature on auxiliaries, e.g., Engel (1994:104ff.), Eroms (2000:137ff.), Rowlett (2007:24ff.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the term <i>semi-auxiliaries</i> for French, see Warnant (1982:279).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Gregory D. S. 2015. “Areal-typological perspectives on the morphosyntax of auxiliary verb constructions in Dravidian languages.” In G. K. Panikkar, B. Ramakrishna Reddy, K. Rangan and B. B. Rajapurohit (eds.) V. I. Subramoniam Commemoration Volume I. Studies on Dravidian. Thiruvananthapuram: International School of Dravidian Linguistics, pp. 61–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For lists of the auxiliary verbs like the one produced here but with minor discrepancies, see for instance Radford (2004:324), Crystal (1997:35), and Jurafsky and Martin (2000:322).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For some discussion of the status of <i>dare</i> as a "marginal modal", see Fowler's Modern English Usage, p. 195f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_Lisa_J.,_1963–2002" class="citation book cs1">Green, Lisa J., 1963– (2002). <i>African American English : a linguistic introduction</i>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-511-07823-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-511-07823-4"><bdi>0-511-07823-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57572547">57572547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+English+%3A+a+linguistic+introduction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57572547&rft.isbn=0-511-07823-4&rft.au=Green%2C+Lisa+J.%2C+1963%E2%80%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuxiliary+verb" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Lisa J. & Walter Sistrunk. 2015. Syntax and Semantics in African American English. In Jennifer Bloomquist, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Green_(linguist)" title="Lisa Green (linguist)">Lisa J. Green</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sonja_Lanehart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonja Lanehart">Sonja L. Lanehart</a> (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of African American Language</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199795390.013.15">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.013.15</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199795390-e-15">http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199795390-e-15</a> (10 June 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples of the inversion diagnostic used to identify auxiliaries, see for instance Radford (1997:50f., 494), Sag and Wasow (1999:308f.), and Kroeger (2004:253).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The negation diagnostic for identifying auxiliary verbs is employed for instance by Radford (1997:51), Adgar (2003:176f.), and Culicover (2009:177f.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jurafsky and Martin (2000:320) state clearly that copula <i>be</i> is an auxiliary verb. Bresnan (2001:18f) produces and discusses examples of subject-auxiliary inversion using the copula. Tesnière (1959) repeatedly refers to the copula <i>être</i> in French as an auxiliary verb, and Eroms (2000:138f.) discusses the copula <i>sein</i> in German as a <i>Hilfsverb</i> 'helping verb'. Crystal (1997:35) lists <i>be</i> as an auxiliary verb without distinguishing between its various uses (e.g., as a copula or not). Other definitions are less clear; Radford (2004:324) suggests that copula <i>be</i> is not an auxiliary, but he does not address why it behaves like an auxiliary with respect to the criteria he employs (e.g., inversion) for identifying auxiliaries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning light verbs in English, see Allterton (2006:176).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Light verbs are called <i>Funktionsverben</i> 'function verbs' in German – see Engel (1994:105f.) and Eroms (2000:162ff.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jurafsky and Martin (2000:22), for instance, lists <i>have</i> as a modal auxiliary when it appears as <i>have to</i> and Fowler's Modern English Usage (1996:195) lists <i>used to</i> as a "marginal modal".</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Auxiliary_verbs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Auxiliary verbs">Auxiliary verbs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Allerton, D. 2006. Verbs and their Satellites. In Handbook of English Linguistics. Aarts 7 MacMahon (eds.). Blackwell.</li> <li>Adger, D. 2003. Core syntax. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Anderson, Gregory D. S. 2011. Auxiliary Verb Constructions (and Other Complex Predicate Types): A Functional-Constructional Typology. Language and Linguistics Compass 5 (11): 795–828.</li> <li>Bresnan, J. 2001. Lexical-Functional Syntax. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li>Culicover, P. 2009. Natural language syntax. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crystal, D. 1997. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 4th edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li>Engel, U. 1994. Syntax der deutschen Sprache, 3rd edition. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.</li> <li>Eroms, H.-W. 2000. Syntax der deutschen Sprache. Berlin: de Gruyter.</li> <li>Finch, G. 2000. Linguistic terms and concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press.</li> <li>Fowler's Modern English Usage. 1996. Revised third edition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Jurafsky, M. and J. Martin. 2000. Speech and language processing. Dorling Kindersley (India): Pearson Education, Inc.</li> <li>Kroeger, P. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIAleOSnXpIC">Analyzing syntax: A lexical-functional approach</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lewis, M. The English Verb 'An Exploration of Structure and Meaning'. Language Teaching Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906717-40-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-906717-40-X">0-906717-40-X</a></li> <li>Osborne, T. and T. Groß 2012. Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1, 165–216.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Radford_(linguist)" title="Andrew Radford (linguist)">Radford, A.</a> 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eaiLBNuFDHMC">Syntactic theory and the structure of English: A minimalist approach</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Radford, A. 2004. English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Rowlett, P. 2007. The syntax of French. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Sag, I. and T. Wasow. 1999. Syntactic theory: A formal introduction. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.</li> <li>Tesnière, L. 1959. Éleménts de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck.</li> <li>Warnant, L. 1982. Structure syntaxique du français. Librairie Droz.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexical_categories" title="Template talk:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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