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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lithuanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Computer use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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(lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ę (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="Ę (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ę (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ę" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin letter E with ogonek</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_E_with_ogonek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Latin_letter_E_with_ogonek.svg/220px-Latin_letter_E_with_ogonek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Latin_letter_E_with_ogonek.svg/330px-Latin_letter_E_with_ogonek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Latin_letter_E_with_ogonek.svg/440px-Latin_letter_E_with_ogonek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Latin letter E with ogonek</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ę</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a>: <b>ę</b>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">e z <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonkiem</a></i>, "<i>e</i> with a little tail"; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">e nosinė</i>, "nasal <i>e</i>") is a letter in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian alphabet">Lithuanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian alphabet">Dalecarlian</a> alphabets. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽ]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a> to represent the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-open_near-front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Near-open near-front unrounded vowel (page does not exist)">near-open near-front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̝]</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">palaeography</a>, it is known as <a href="/wiki/E_caudata" title="E caudata"><i>e</i> caudata</a> ('tailed <i>e</i>'). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish">Polish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Polish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/%C4%98" title="Special:EditPage/Ę">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a>, <i>ę</i> comes after <i>e</i>. It never appears word-initially, except for the <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%99si" class="extiw" title="wikt:ęsi">ęsi</a>. It does not have one determined pronunciation and instead, its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronunciation of <i>ę</i> depending on its position </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Position </th> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation </th> <th colspan="3">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Phonemic </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Pronunciation <p>(phonemic) </p> </th> <th>Pronunciation <p>(phonetic) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ę</i> + <i>f</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>z</i>, <i>sz</i>, <i>ż</i>, <i>rz</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>ch</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛŋ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛw̃]</span> </td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-k%C4%99s.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-k%C4%99s.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"k\u0119s"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-k\u0119s.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-k%C4%99s.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-k%C4%99s.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">kęs</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-k%C4%99s.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-kęs.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ('bite') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɛŋs/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɛw̃s]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ę</i> + <i>k</i>, <i>g</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛŋ]</span> </td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Pl-l%C4%99k.ogg\/Pl-l%C4%99k.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"l\u0119k"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-l\u0119k.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Pl-l%C4%99k.ogg/Pl-l%C4%99k.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">lęk</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-l%C4%99k.ogg" title="File:Pl-lęk.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ('fear') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɛŋk/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɛŋk]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ę</i> + <i>t</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>dz</i>, <i>cz</i>, <i>dż</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛn/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛn̪]</span> </td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99d%C4%99.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99d%C4%99.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"b\u0119d\u0119"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-b\u0119d\u0119.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99d%C4%99.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99d%C4%99.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">będę</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-b%C4%99d%C4%99.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-będę.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ('I will be') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbɛndɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɛn̪d̪ɛ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ę</i> + <i>p</i>, <i>b</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛm/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛm]</span> </td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/06\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-s%C4%99p.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-s%C4%99p.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"s\u0119p"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-s\u0119p.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-s%C4%99p.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-s%C4%99p.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">sęp</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-s%C4%99p.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-sęp.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ('vulture') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɛmp/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛmp]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ę</i> + <i>ś</i>, <i>ź</i>, <i>ć</i>, <i>dź</i>, <i>si</i>, <i>zi</i>, <i>ci</i>, <i>dzi</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛɲ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛj̃]</span> </td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99dzie.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99dzie.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"b\u0119dzie"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-b\u0119dzie.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99dzie.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-b%C4%99dzie.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">będzie</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-b%C4%99dzie.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-będzie.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ('it will be') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbɛɲd͡ʑɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɛj̃d͡ʑɛ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ę</i> + <i>l</i>, <i>ł</i>; word-finally </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-ci%C4%99.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-ci%C4%99.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ci\u0119"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-ci\u0119.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-ci%C4%99.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-ci%C4%99.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">cię</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-ci%C4%99.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-cię.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ('you') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕɛ]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some dialects, word-final <i>ę</i> is also pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛm/</span>, causing <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">robię</i></span> to be occasionally pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈrɔbjɛm/</span>. That nonstandard form is used by the former Polish president <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>. Some of his sentences that were respelled to reflect the pronunciation have entered popular language, e.g., <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Nie chcem, ale muszem</i></span> (properly written <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Nie chcę, ale muszę</i></span>; 'I don't want to, but I have to'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_orthography" title="History of Polish orthography">History of Polish orthography</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a>, nasal vowels were either not indicated at all or indicated with digraphs including a nasal consonant; <a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a> was also used. During the first decades after <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_Poland" title="History of printing in Poland">the introduction of movable type to Poland</a> (exclusively <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> at the time) a need to standardize orthography developed, and in the early 16th century Stanisław Zaborowski, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Old_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Czech">Old Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthographia_bohemica" title="Orthographia bohemica">orthography reform</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, analyzed Polish phonology and in <i>Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam utilissimus</i> proposed to add diacritics to Polish, including to mark nasal vowels with strokes. In particular, he proposed to write the nasal e sound as <i>a</i> with <i>semivirgula superior</i> (the letter was used to spell the phoneme traditionally because it was the original medieval pronunciation, see below), which printers of the time found not very convenient, and instead, Hieronymus Vietor crossed the lower part of an <i>e</i>. Later, when Polish printers began to use <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">antiqua</a> in the late 16th-century, Jan Januszowski took <a href="/wiki/E_caudata" title="E caudata">E caudata</a> from Latin lettercase so as not to cast a new letter. </p><p>Polish <i>ę</i> sound evolved from the short nasal <i>a</i> of medieval Polish, which developed into a short nasal <i>e</i> in the modern language. The medieval vowel, along with its long counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *<i>ę</i> and *<i>ǫ</i> of Late <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Evolution </caption> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><b>Early Proto-Slavic</b> </td> <td align="center">*em/*en and *am/*an </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Late Proto-Slavic</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ẽ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/õ/</span>, transcribed by <span class="nowrap">⟨ę⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ǫ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Medieval Polish</b> </td> <td align="center">short and long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span>, written approximately <span class="nowrap">⟨ø⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Modern Polish</b> </td> <td align="center">short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛn/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛm/</span>, written <span class="nowrap">⟨ę⟩</span><br /> <p>long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔn/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔm/</span>, written <span class="nowrap">⟨ą⟩</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternations">Alternations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ę</i> often alternates with <i>ą</i>: </p> <ul><li>'husband': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">mąż</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">mężowie</i></span> ('husbands'),</li> <li>'error': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">błąd</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">błędy</i></span> ('errors'),</li> <li>'pigeon': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">gołąb</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">gołębie</i></span> ('pigeons')</li> <li>'oak' in <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">dąb</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">dębem</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>)</li> <li>'hands' in <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ręce</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">rąk</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>)</li> <li>'five': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">pięć</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">piąty</i></span> ('fifth')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithuanian">Lithuanian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lithuanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lithuanian, the ogonek, called the nosinė (literally, "nasal") mark, originally indicated vowel nasalization, but around the late 17th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is now <i>de facto</i> an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently), and formerly nasal <i>en/em</i> forms are now pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span>, as in <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">kęsti</i></span> (to suffer) – <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">kenčia</i></span> (is suffering or suffers), so the <i>ę</i> is no longer nasal. </p><p>The ogonek also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms which otherwise have the same written form but are pronounced differently. For example, for some forms of the noun, <i>ę</i> is used at the end of the word for the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, as in <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">eglę</i></span>, accusative of <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">eglė</i></span> (spruce). It is also used to change <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> in the past, e.g., <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tempė</i></span> to <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tempęs</i></span> – somebody who has pulled. </p><p>In some cases, <i>ą</i>, <i>ę</i> and <i>į</i> (but never <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%96" title="Ė">ė</a></i>) may be used for different forms, as in <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tąsa</i></span> (extension) – <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tęsia</i></span> (extends) – <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tįsoti</i></span> (to lie extended). Finally, some verbs have the letter in the middle of the word only in the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, e.g., <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">gęsta</i></span> (<span style="font-size:85%;">[fire, light]</span> is going off) but not <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">užgeso</i></span> (went off).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike with <i>į</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">ą</a></i>, no Lithuanian word is known to start with <i>ę</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_use">Computer use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ę</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ę </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>280</td> <td>U+0118</td> <td>281</td> <td>U+0119 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>196 152</td> <td>C4 98</td> <td>196 153</td> <td>C4 99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#280;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x118;<wbr /></td> <td>&#281;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x119;<wbr /> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">Named character reference</a></td> <td colspan="2">&Eogon;</td> <td colspan="2">&eogon; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-2">ISO 8859-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-4">ISO 8859-4</a></td> <td>202</td> <td>CA</td> <td>234</td> <td>EA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-10" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-10">ISO 8859-10</a></td> <td>221</td> <td>DD</td> <td>253</td> <td>FD </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">Ą</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">Ogonek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Yus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter E with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">Éé</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">Èè</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ĕ">Ĕĕ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">Êê</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ế">Ếế</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ề">Ềề</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ễ">Ễễ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ể">Ểể</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ê̄">Ê̄ê̄</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A%CC%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ê̌">Ê̌ê̌</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%9A" title="Ě">Ěě</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ëë</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%BC" title="Ẽ">Ẽẽ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%96" title="Ė">Ėė</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%96%CC%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ė́ (page does not exist)">Ė́ė́</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%96%CC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ė̃ (page does not exist)">Ė̃ė̃</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȩ">Ȩȩ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḝ">Ḝḝ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ęę</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%98%CC%81" title="Ę́">Ę́ę́</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%98%CC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ę̃ (page does not exist)">Ę̃ę̃</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ē">Ēē</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḗ">Ḗḗ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḕ">Ḕḕ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẻ">Ẻẻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȅ">Ȅȅ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/E%CC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="E̋">E̋e̋</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȇ">Ȇȇ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẹ">Ẹẹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ệ">Ệệ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḙ">Ḙḙ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḛ">Ḛḛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/E_with_stroke" title="E with stroke">Ɇɇ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/E%CC%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="E̩">E̩e̩</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%88%CC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="È̩ (page does not exist)">È̩è̩</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89%CC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="É̩ (page does not exist)">É̩é̩</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶒ">ᶒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ⱸ">ⱸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%EA%AC%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ꬴ">ꬴ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%EA%AC%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ꬳ">ꬳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ ɛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> sign (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̨ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">Ąą </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">Ą́ą́ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ęę </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%AE" title="Į">Į į </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">Ǫǫ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%B2" title="Ų">Ųų </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ę&oldid=1253631028">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ę&oldid=1253631028</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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