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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Prussia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brandenburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandenburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Brandenburg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandenburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pomerania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomerania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pomerania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomerania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania,_Livonia,_Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania,_Livonia,_Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Lithuania, Livonia, Estonia </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bremen,_Bremen-Verden,_Hamburg_and_Holstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Bremen, Bremen-Verden, Hamburg and Holstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bremen,_Bremen-Verden,_Hamburg_and_Holstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_statistics_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_statistics_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death statistics by region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_statistics_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habsburg_Monarchy_and_Bavaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg_Monarchy_and_Bavaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Habsburg Monarchy and Bavaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg_Monarchy_and_Bavaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89" title="تفشي الطاعون أثناء الحرب الشمالية العظمى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفشي الطاعون أثناء الحرب الشمالية العظمى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_mor_v_letech_1708%E2%80%931714" title="Velký mor v letech 1708–1714 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký mor v letech 1708–1714" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesten_i_Danmark_1710-1711" title="Pesten i Danmark 1710-1711 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pesten i Danmark 1710-1711" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Pest_von_1708_bis_1714" title="Große Pest von 1708 bis 1714 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Große Pest von 1708 bis 1714" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katk_P%C3%B5hjas%C3%B5ja_ajal" title="Katk Põhjasõja ajal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katk Põhjasõja ajal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemia_de_peste_en_la_Gran_Guerra_del_Norte" title="Epidemia de peste en la Gran Guerra del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epidemia de peste en la Gran Guerra del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%B6%81%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81%EA%B3%BC_%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="대북방전쟁과 페스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대북방전쟁과 페스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielais_m%C4%93ris_Latvij%C4%81" title="Lielais mēris Latvijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielais mēris Latvijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEiojo_%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_karo_maras" title="Didžiojo Šiaurės karo maras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžiojo Šiaurės karo maras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="طاعون الحرب الشمالية الكبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طاعون الحرب الشمالية الكبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesten_i_1710%E2%80%931713" title="Pesten i 1710–1713 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pesten i 1710–1713" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Великая Чума во время Северной войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая Чума во время Северной войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuren_Pohjan_sodan_aikainen_rutto" title="Suuren Pohjan sodan aikainen rutto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suuren Pohjan sodan aikainen rutto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesten_i_Sverige_1710%E2%80%931713" title="Pesten i Sverige 1710–1713 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pesten i Sverige 1710–1713" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Чума під час Великої Північної війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чума під час Великої Північної війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97dl%C4%ABs%C4%97s_mars" title="Dėdlīsės mars – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dėdlīsės mars" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5599700#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early 18th-century Yersinia pestis epidemic</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721), many towns and areas around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a> had a severe outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> with a peak from 1708 to 1712. This <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> was probably part of a <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> affecting an area from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. Most probably via <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, it spread to <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="Pińczów">Pińczów</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, where it was first recorded in a Swedish military hospital in 1702. The plague then followed trade, travel and army routes, reached the Baltic coast at <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> in 1709, affected areas all around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> by 1711 and reached <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> by 1712. Therefore, the course of the war and the course of the plague mutually affected each other: while soldiers and refugees were often agents of the plague, the death toll in the military as well as the depopulation of towns and rural areas sometimes severely impacted the ability to resist enemy forces or to supply troops. This plague was the last to affect the area around the Baltic, which had experienced several waves of the plague since the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of the 14th century. However, for some areas, it was the most severe. People died within a few days of first showing symptoms. Especially on the eastern coast from Prussia to <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, the average death toll for wide areas was up to two thirds or three quarters of the population, and many farms and villages were left completely desolated. It is, however, hard to distinguish between deaths due to a genuine plague infection and deaths due to starvation and other diseases that spread along with the plague. While <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">buboes</a> are recorded among the symptoms, contemporary means of diagnosis were poorly developed, and death records are often unspecific, incomplete or lost. Some towns and areas were affected only for one year, while in other places the plague recurred annually throughout several subsequent years. In some areas, a disproportionally high death toll is recorded for children and women, which may be due to <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1695%E2%80%931697" title="Great Famine of 1695–1697">famine</a> and the men being drafted. As the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)#Cause" title="Plague (disease)">cause of the plague</a> was unknown to contemporaries, with speculations reaching from religious causes over "<a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">bad air</a>" to contaminated clothes, the only means of fighting the disease was containment, to separate the ill from the healthy. <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(medicine)" title="Cordon sanitaire (medicine)">Cordons sanitaire</a> were established around infected towns like <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>; one was also established around the whole <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> and another one between <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> and the Danish isles along the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96resund" class="mw-redirect" title="Öresund">Sound</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Saltholm" title="Saltholm">Saltholm</a> as the central <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> station. "<a href="/wiki/Plague_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Plague house">Plague houses</a>" to quarantine infected people were established within or before the city walls. An example of the latter is the <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, which was spared from the plague. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Local outbreaks of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> are grouped into three plague pandemics, whereby the respective start and end dates and the assignment of some outbreaks to one or another pandemic are still subject to discussion.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen13-1">[1]</a> According to Joseph P. Byrne from <a href="/wiki/Belmont_University" title="Belmont University">Belmont University</a>, the pandemics were: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/First_plague_pandemic" title="First plague pandemic">first plague pandemic</a> from 541 to ~750, spreading from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> (starting with the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a>) and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-Byrnexxi-2">[2]</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic" title="Second plague pandemic">second plague pandemic</a> from ~1345 to ~1840, spreading from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the Mediterranean and Europe (starting with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>), and probably also to China<a href="#cite_note-Byrnexxi-2">[2]</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">third plague pandemic</a> from 1866 to the 1960s, spreading from China to various places around the world, notably the US-American west coast and India.<a href="#cite_note-Byrnexxii-3">[3]</a></li></ul> However, the late medieval Black Death is sometimes seen not as the start of the second, but as the end of the first pandemic – in that case, the second pandemic's start would be 1361; the end dates of the second pandemic given in literature also vary, e.g. ~1890 instead of ~1840.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen13-1">[1]</a> The plague during the Great Northern War falls within the second pandemic, which by the late 17th century had its final recurrence in western Europe (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a> 1666–68) and, in the 18th century final recurrences in the rest of Europe (e.g. the plague during the Great Northern War in the area around the Baltic sea, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a> 1720–22 in southern Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_plague_of_1770%E2%80%931772" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian plague of 1770–1772">Russian plague of 1770–1772</a> in eastern Europe), being thereafter confined to less severe outbreaks in ports of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In the late 17th century, the plague had retreated from Europe, making a last appearance in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> in 1682 and vanishing from the continent in 1684.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The subsequent wave hitting Europe during the Great Northern War most probably had its origins in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, spreading to Europe via <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> Georg Sticker numbered this epidemic as the "12th period" of plague epidemics, first recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> in 1683 and until 1724 affecting a territory from India over <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> as well as to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and southern France on the one hand and to East Central Europe up to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> on the other hand.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Constantinople was reached in 1685 and remained a site of infection for the subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Sporadically, the plague had entered <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a> since 1697, yet the wave of the plague that met and followed the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> was first recorded in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in 1702.<a href="#cite_note-Sticker213-9">[9]</a> Along with the plague, other diseases like <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever" title="Spotted fever">spotted fever</a> spread during the war, and at least in some regions the population encountered those while starving.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> Already in 1695–1697, a great <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> had already <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Finland_(1695%E2%80%931697)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of Finland (1695–1697)">struck Finland</a> (death toll between a quarter and a third of the population), <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Estonia_(1695%E2%80%931697)" title="Great Famine of Estonia (1695–1697)">Estonia</a> (death toll about a fifth of the population), Livonia, and Lithuania<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (where the famine as well as epidemics and warfare killed half of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> between 1648 and 1697).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">the winter of 1708-1709 was exceptionally long and severe</a>;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> as a result, the winter seed froze to death in Denmark and Prussia, and the soil had to be plowed and tilled again in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1702–1706:_Southern_Poland">1702–1706: Southern Poland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1702–1706: Southern Poland">edit</a>]</div> By 1702, the armies of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> had repelled and taken up pursuit of the armies of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus the Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">king of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, defeating them in July <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klissow" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Klissow">at Klissow</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="Pińczów">Pińczów</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nida_(river)" title="Nida (river)">Nida</a> in southern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In their military hospital in Pińczów, the Swedish army suffered its first plague infections of soldiers, recorded on the basis of reports from "trustworthy people from that very land" by Danzig (Gdańsk) physician Johann Christoph Gottwald.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In Poland, the plague recurred in various places until 1714.<a href="#cite_note-Sticker213-9">[9]</a> During the following two years, plague broke out in <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> (Lemberg, Lwów) suffering around 10,000 plague deaths in 1704 and 1705 (40% of all inhabitants).<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> From 1705 to 1706, occurrences of plague in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> were also recorded in <a href="/wiki/Kolomyia" title="Kolomyia">Kołomyję</a> (Kolomyja, Kolomea), <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Stanisławów</a> (Stanislaviv, Stanislau), <a href="/wiki/Stryi" title="Stryi">Stryj</a> (Stryi), <a href="/wiki/Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambor</a> (Sambir), <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw" title="Jarosław">Jarosław</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burchardt80-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_in_Poland–Lithuania_after_1706">Spread in Poland–Lithuania after 1706</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spread in Poland–Lithuania after 1706">edit</a>]</div> After the Swedish incursion, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> was in a state of civil war between the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation_(1704)" title="Warsaw Confederation (1704)">Warsaw Confederation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1705)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1705)">supportive of</a> the pro-Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_I_Leszczy%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław I Leszczyński">Stanisław I Leszczyński</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz_Confederation" title="Sandomierz Confederation">Sandomierz Confederation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Narva" title="Treaty of Narva">supportive of</a> Sweden's adversaries, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Russian tsar</a> and August the Strong, who was <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Altranst%C3%A4dt_(1706)" title="Treaty of Altranstädt (1706)">forced to abdicate in 1706</a> by Charles XII.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1707,<a href="#cite_note-Sticker213-9">[9]</a> the plague reached <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, where according to Frandsen (2009) 20,000 people died within three years,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> according to Sticker (1905) 18,000 people within two years, most in 1707,<a href="#cite_note-Sticker213-9">[9]</a> and according to Burchardt et al. (2009) 12,000 people between 1706 and 1709.<a href="#cite_note-Burchardt80-16">[16]</a> From Kraków, the plague spread to <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> (the surrounding area), <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a> (including the city of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Great_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Poland">Great Poland</a> with the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski">Ostrów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a> (Kalisch) and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (Posen).<a href="#cite_note-Burchardt80-16">[16]</a> In Warsaw, 30,000 people died in annually recurring plague epidemics between 1707 and 1710.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> Poznań lost around 9,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> about two thirds of its 14,000 inhabitants, to the plague between 1707 and 1709.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1708, the plague spread north to the war-torn town of <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> (Thorn) in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, killing more than 4,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> When news of the plague in Poland arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, then still neutral in the war,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> precautions were taken to prevent it spreading across the border. From 1704, health certificates were compulsory for travellers from Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen33-21">[21]</a> From 1707, a broad <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(medicine)" title="Cordon sanitaire (medicine)">cordon sanitaire</a> extended around the border of the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, and those crossing into the Prussian exclave were <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantined</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Yet the border was long and wooded, and not all roads could be guarded; thus bridges were demolished, lesser roads blocked, and orders were given to hang people avoiding the guarded crossings and burn or fumigate all incoming goods.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen33-21">[21]</a> There were, however, many exemptions for people with cross-border estates or occupations, who were allowed to pass freely.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_in_the_area_around_the_Baltic_sea_1708–1713">Spread in the area around the Baltic sea 1708–1713</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread in the area around the Baltic sea 1708–1713">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussia">Prussia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prussia">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pest_in_Danzig_1709.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pest_in_Danzig_1709.png/250px-Pest_in_Danzig_1709.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pest_in_Danzig_1709.png/375px-Pest_in_Danzig_1709.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pest_in_Danzig_1709.png/500px-Pest_in_Danzig_1709.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Donnet: Illustration of the Great Plague in Danzig (Gdańsk) 1709, contemporary woodcut with an annotation noting the death toll</figcaption></figure> A few days after a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> official in <a href="/wiki/Soldau" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldau">Soldau</a> forwarded the information that on 18 August 1708 the plague had reached the village of <a href="/wiki/Piekie%C5%82ko,_M%C5%82awa" title="Piekiełko, Mława">Piekielko</a> on the Polish side of the border, the epidemic had crossed into the village of <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82uty,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Białuty, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Bialutten</a> on the Prussian side, killing most of its inhabitants within a month.<a href="#cite_note-Sahm38Frandsen33-24">[24]</a> The Prussian authorities reacted by containing the village with a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>; however, the survivors, led by the local reverend, had already taken refuge in the nearby woods.<a href="#cite_note-Sahm38-25">[25]</a> On 13 September 1708, a Prussian official from <a href="/wiki/Hohenstein_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenstein (Ostpreußen)">Hohenstein</a> reported that the plague had been brought to this small border town by the son of the local hatter returning from Polish service.<a href="#cite_note-Sahm38-25">[25]</a> By December, 400 people had died in Hohenstein.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen33-21">[21]</a> While the plague faded out during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">hard winter</a>, food became scarce due to war contributions and conscription, and the cordon sanitaire and the respective restrictions were lifted by edict on 12 July 1709.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen33-21">[21]</a> In January 1709, the plague reached Pillupönen (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevskoye,_Kaliningrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevskoye, Kaliningrad (page does not exist)">Nevskoye</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newskoje_(Kaliningrad,_Nesterow)" class="extiw" title="de:Newskoje (Kaliningrad, Nesterow)">de</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>) in the rural Prussian east,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen38-26">[26]</a> and by the end of the winter it reached <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (Gdansk).<a href="#cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyDanzig-27">[27]</a> Danzig, at that time a largely autonomous, Protestant and German-speaking town in Polish <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, had become one of the greatest towns in the area around the Baltic sea due to its position as a hub between Polish trade (via the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>) and international trade (via the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen23-28">[28]</a> While it had so far avoided participation in the war, the conflict had affected it indirectly by a reduction of its trade volume, rising taxes<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen23-28">[28]</a> and food shortages.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen27-29">[29]</a> The city council adopted a dual strategy of actively downplaying the plague to the outside world, especially Danzig's trading partners,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> thus keeping the city open and allowing international and local trade to continue with few restrictions,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen27-29">[29]</a> while at the same time the restrictions on burials were eased due to a coffin shortage and the deaths of many grave diggers, plague (pest) houses and new graveyards were designated,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen26-31">[31]</a> and a "health commission" to organize the anti-plague measures was implemented to, for example, collect weekly reports from the physicians and provide the plague victims with food.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen27-29">[29]</a> Until the end of May, it seemed that the plague would not be as severe, and the health commission's reports were openly accessible. However, the plague was not contained and spread from the plague houses to the poorer suburbs and surrounding countryside, and starting in early June the death toll rose significantly.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The health commission's reports were then declared secret.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen27-29">[29]</a> When the plague faded out by December 1709<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen27-29">[29]</a> never to return to Danzig,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> the town had lost about half of its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen26-31">[31]</a> The next large town to the east of Danzig was <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian kingdom</a>, which had so far profited from the war by taking over some of the Swedish and Polish Livonian trade.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen33-21">[21]</a> In preparation for the plague, a Collegium Sanitatis (health commission) was set up,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen33-21">[21]</a> including physicians from the university and leading civilian and military officials of the town.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen34-34">[34]</a> The plague arrived in August 1709, most probably carried by a Danzig sailor.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen35-35">[35]</a> The provincial government was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Wehlau" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehlau">Wehlau</a> while the chancellor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Creytzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Creytzen (page does not exist)">von Creytzen</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_von_Creytzen" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Friedrich von Creytzen">de</a>], remained in Königsberg and continued to work as the chairman of the Collegium Sanitatis, which met daily.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen34-34">[34]</a> The city walls were manned by the military, the burghers were conscripted into <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_watch" title="Neighborhood watch">neighborhood watches</a>, medical and other personnel was hired, dressed in black waxed clothes and housed in separate buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Herden66-36">[36]</a> While at first the city authorities downplayed the plague, which had reached a peak in early October and then declined, this approach was abandoned when the death toll again started to rise significantly in November.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen35-35">[35]</a> Without prior public announcement, a <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(medicine)" title="Cordon sanitaire (medicine)">cordon sanitaire</a> was implemented around the city, sealing it off completely from the surrounding countryside from 14/15 November until 21 December 1709.<a href="#cite_note-Herden66-36">[36]</a> When the plague had fully retreated from Königsberg by mid-1710, more than 9,500 townspeople had died,<a href="#cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyKbg-37">[37]</a> about a quarter of its population.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> Located between Danzig and Königsberg, the town of <a href="/wiki/Elbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbing">Elbing</a> (Elblag) became infected in late September 1709, probably by shoemakers travelling from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen29-39">[39]</a> Unusual compared to the plague in other places, the Elbing plague peaked in October 1709, faded out in the winter, peaked again in the spring 1710, faded in the summer, and peaked for a last time in the fall before vanishing in the winter, having killed about 1,200 people or 15% of the population each year.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen29-39">[39]</a> This led Frandsen (2009) to speculate whether it was indeed the plague that raged in Elbing, a thorough analysis is however difficult due to the loss of the town's plague records in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen29-39">[39]</a> On the other hand, some Elbing burghers profited from the plague in the neighboring cities insofar as its skippers were allowed to enter non-infected houses in Königsberg and, according to Frandsen (2009), "carried out an illegal, but probably very useful and lucrative trade between Königsberg and Danzig."<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen31-40">[40]</a> Elbing had protected its population by guarding its walls and enforcing a 40-day quarantine on incoming persons.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen31-40">[40]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, since 1701 a province of the kingdom with the same name), where the plague had first occurred in late 1708 (see above) and returned from 1709 to 1711, lost more than 200,000<a href="#cite_note-Kroll138-41">[41]</a> and up to 245,000 inhabitants,<a href="#cite_note-Kossert96-42">[42]</a> which was more than a third of its population of ~600,000.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The peasants had been weakened by crop failures and pressured by high taxes: while 38.4% of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">king Frederick</a>'s subjects lived in eastern Prussia, the revenues gathered from this province accounted for only 16.4% of the kingdom's total tax income by the end of the 17th century, thereafter taxes for the peasants were increased by 65% from the outbreak of the war in 1700 until the outbreak of the plague in 1708.<a href="#cite_note-Kossert96-42">[42]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">hard winter of 1708/09</a> annilihated the winter seed, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunger-typhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger-typhus">hunger-typhus</a> further weakened the population.<a href="#cite_note-Kossert96-42">[42]</a> As a consequence, according to Kossert (2005), "the peasants were easy pray for the plague, as their physical condition was miserable,"<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and 10,800 farms were completely deserted.<a href="#cite_note-Kossert107-45">[45]</a> Especially hard-hit were regions with a substantial non-German population: <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> in the south as well as the eastern counties with a substantial <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuanian peasant population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kossert109-46">[46]</a> About 128,000 people died in the <a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">ämter</a> (rural districts) of <a href="/wiki/Insterburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Insterburg">Insterburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnit">Ragnit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilsit">Tilsit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kossert96-42">[42]</a> and the number of villages populated completely by Lithuanians sank from 1,830 before the plague to 35 thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Kossert109-46">[46]</a> While indigenous, including Lithuanian population was included in the subsequent repopulation measures,<a href="#cite_note-Kossert107-45">[45]</a> the ethnic make-up of the province changed<a href="#cite_note-Kossert109-46">[46]</a> with the settlement of mostly German-speaking immigrants, most of whom were Protestants seeking refuge from religious prosecution (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exulanten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exulanten (page does not exist)">Exulanten</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exulanten" class="extiw" title="de:Exulanten">de</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brandenburg">edit</a>]</div> In November 1709, when the Prussian king <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> from a meeting with Russian tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, the king had a strange encounter with his mentally deranged wife <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Sophia Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Sophia Louise</a>, who in a white dress and with bloody hands pointed at him saying that the plague would devour the king of Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As there was a legend of a <a href="/wiki/White_Lady_(ghost)#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="White Lady (ghost)">White Lady</a> foretelling the deaths of the Hohenzollern, Frederick took his wife's outburst seriously<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and ordered that precautions be taken for his residence city.<a href="#cite_note-Jaeckel16-50">[50]</a> Among other measures, he ordered the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Pest_house" title="Pest house">pest house</a> outside the city walls, the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaeckel16-50">[50]</a> While the plague eventually spared Berlin,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> it raged in the northeastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, affecting the <a href="/wiki/New_March" class="mw-redirect" title="New March">New March</a> (Neumark) in 1710<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Prenzlau" title="Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> was infected on 3 August 1710.<a href="#cite_note-Goese165-53">[53]</a> There, the Prussian military enforced a quarantine and nailed up houses where infected people lived.<a href="#cite_note-Goese165-53">[53]</a> By January 1711, 665 people had died of the plague in Prenzlau and were buried on the city walls, and the quarantine was lifted on 10 August 1711.<a href="#cite_note-Goese165-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomerania">Pomerania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pomerania">edit</a>]</div> In August 1709, the plague arrived in the small <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomeranian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Szczecin-D%C4%85bie" class="mw-redirect" title="Szczecin-Dąbie">(Alt-)Damm</a> (now Dąbie) on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river, rapidly killing 500 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Wieden13-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> (now Szczecin), the capital city of Swedish Pomerania located on the opposite bank of the river, reacted by isolating the town with a guarded cordon sanitaire.<a href="#cite_note-Thiede782-55">[55]</a> Precautions taken in Stettin since the arrival of the plague in Danzig included restrictions for travellers, especially soldiers' families returning from Swedish-occupied Poland after the lost <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> (8 July 1709), and a ban on fruits in the town's markets, since fruits were believed to transmit the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Thiede781782-56">[56]</a> According to Zapnik (2006), the returning soldiers' wives who had contact with the plague-stricken areas around Poznań were most likely the transmitters of the plague to Pomerania.<a href="#cite_note-Zapnik228-57">[57]</a> After the outbreak in Damm, the mail route connecting Stettin with <a href="/wiki/Stargard_Szczeci%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargard Szczeciński">Stargard</a> in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Prussian province of Pomerania</a> via Damm was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Podjuchy" title="Podjuchy">Podejuch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiede782-55">[55]</a> Despite the precautions, the plague broke out in <a href="/wiki/Warszewo,_Szczecin" title="Warszewo, Szczecin">Warsow</a>, just north of Stettin, and by the end of September also inside Stettin's walls, transmitted by a local woman who had provided food to her son in Damm.<a href="#cite_note-Thiede782-55">[55]</a> As in Danzig (see above), the city council downplayed the plague cases to not impair Stettin's trade, but also set up a health commission and pest houses and hired personnel to deal with the infected.<a href="#cite_note-Thiede782-55">[55]</a> The situation was aggravated in October 1709, when the Swedish army corps commanded by the Swedish Pomeranian <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Detlev_von_Krassow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Detlev von Krassow">Ernst Detlev von Krassow</a> entered Pomerania. Krassow's corps, together with units of the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanislaw I</a>, had failed to reinforce the army of king <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> as their eastward advance was blocked by Russian and Polish-Lithuanian forces near <a href="/wiki/Lemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemberg">Lemberg</a> (Lviv, Lwow).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> When Charles was defeated at Poltava, many Polish-Lithuanian magnates switched from supporting Stanislaw I to supporting <a href="/wiki/Augustus_the_Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus the Strong">Augustus the Strong</a>, and under pursuit by Russian and Saxon forces, Krassow's corps retreated westward through plague-stricken Poland, taking with them the abandoned Polish king as well as his court and wife.<a href="#cite_note-Thiede782-55">[55]</a> Against the will of the Prussian king, whose troops were occupied in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, they crossed through the Prussian <a href="/wiki/New_March" class="mw-redirect" title="New March">New March</a> and Prussian Pomerania to reach Damm in Swedish Pomerania with the main army and the Swedish border near <a href="/wiki/Wollin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollin">Wollin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gollnow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollnow">Gollnow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gryfino" title="Gryfino">Greifenhagen</a> with smaller units on 21 October.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Krassow, who on his march was followed and monitored by Prussian officials, denied having infected soldiers in his corps when confronted with suspicions.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In a meeting with Prussian official Scheden, he justified his choice to march through infected Damm and probably infected Gollnow by responding that Gollnow was not infected at all, and that the situation in Damm would be dealt with by setting up a military corridor through the town separating the army from the inhabitants; Horn from Krassow's corps added reports that in Damm, after the death of 500 people, none of the remaining 400 inhabitants had died for three weeks.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Contrary to Krassow's assurances, part of his corps was indeed infected with the plague, and the retreat from the infected Polish territories was carried out in disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Zapnik228-57">[57]</a> According to Zapnik (2006), "hordes of unrestrained soldateska, without adequate supplies and driven by fear of pursuit by their adversaries, behaved in a way more resembling their treatment of enemy territory when they had entered Swedish Pomerania."<a href="#cite_note-Zapnik228-57">[57]</a> In addition to Damm, and Stettin, where 2,000 people died, the plague from 1709 to 1710 ravaged <a href="/wiki/Pasewalk" title="Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a>, killing 67% of its inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kammin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kammin">Kammin</a> in Swedish Pomerania and <a href="/wiki/Belgard" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgard">Belgard</a> in Prussian Pomerania.<a href="#cite_note-Wieden13-54">[54]</a> From 1710 to 1711 the plague afflicted <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altentreptow" title="Altentreptow">Altentreptow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolgast" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a> which lost 40% of its inhabitants, and <a href="/wiki/Wollin_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollin (town)">Wollin</a>, all in Swedish Pomerania,<a href="#cite_note-Wieden13-54">[54]</a> as well as Stargard and <a href="/wiki/Banie" title="Banie">Bahn</a> in Prussian Pomerania and <a href="/wiki/Prenzlau" title="Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> across the border with <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (all in 1710).<a href="#cite_note-Wieden12-62">[62]</a> In 1711, the plague spread to <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wieden13-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania,_Livonia,_Estonia">Lithuania, Livonia, Estonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lithuania, Livonia, Estonia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilnia._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_(1710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vilnia._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281710%29.jpg/220px-Vilnia._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vilnia._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281710%29.jpg/330px-Vilnia._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vilnia._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281710%29.jpg/440px-Vilnia._%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281710%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the plague in Vilnius depicts <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a> holding broken arrows of God's wrath. It hangs inside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_and_St._Paul,_Vilnius" title="Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Vilnius">Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Vilnius</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the years 1710 and 1711, 190,000 People were infected half of which died.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll138-41">[41]</a> The main Lithuanian city, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> suffered from the plague from 1709 to 1713.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> Between 23,000 and 33,700 people died in the city in 1709 and 1710; that number continued to rise in the following three years, when many of the starving from the Lithuanian countryside, which was ravaged by hunger and other diseases, took refuge within its walls.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Swedish Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">(both of which capitulated to the Russian tsar in 1710)</a>, the death toll between 1709 and 1711 was up to 75% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll138-41">[41]</a> The largest city there was <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, guarded by a garrison of 12,000, which after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> was targeted by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Boris_Sheremetev" title="Boris Sheremetev">Boris Sheremetev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> A siege was raised by November 1709; however, when the plague broke out in the city in May 1710, it soon spread from the defendants to the Russian siege forces, causing the latter to retreat behind a cordon sanitaire.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> When the plague spread to Swedish <a href="/wiki/Daugavgr%C4%ABvas_fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugavgrīvas fortress">Dünamünde</a> upstream on the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCna" class="mw-redirect" title="Düna">Düna</a> (Daugava) river, thwarting Riga's defendants' hopes for relief, and plague and hunger became so widespread in the city<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> that only 1,500 men of the garrison were still alive,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen43-64">[64]</a> on 5 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>) / 15 July they surrendered the city to Sheremetev, who reported to the tsar 60,000 deaths in Riga and 10,000 deaths among his own forces.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> While Frandsen (2009) dismisses the number for Riga as "most likely a heavy exaggeration"<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> and instead gives a rough estimate of 20,000 deaths by the end of the plague in October,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen43-64">[64]</a> Sheremetev's number of Russian plague deaths seem to be "closer to the truth."<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> Dünamünde surrendered on 9 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>) / 19 August, when only some officers and 64 healthy and ~500 sick ordinary soldiers were left.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> The contemporaries believed that the plague in Riga continued because, when the Russian forces lifted the siege, the influx of fresh air swirled and further distributed the plague's <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">bad air</a> throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen43-64">[64]</a> Some Russian measures, however, really contributed to the spread of the plague: Sheremetev allowed 114 Swedish government officials to leave for <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Dünamünde">Dünamünde</a> and from there for <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> with all their families and households, taking the plague with them;<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen43-64">[64]</a> also captured sick soldiers were sent to the isle of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ösel">Ösel</a> (Øsel, Saaremaa) off the Estonian coast, while the healthy were integrated into Sheremetev's corps.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen41-63">[63]</a> Refugees from Dünamünde also carried the plague to <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Ösel</a>, where the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Kuressaare" title="Kuressaare">Arensburg</a> was depopulated by the disease.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The primary city of Swedish Estonia, <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a> (Tallinn), was approached by a Russian force of 5,000 commanded by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Felix_Bauer" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Felix Bauer">Christian Bauer</a> in August 1710, and due to a decision by the local officials and nobles, capitulated on 30 September without actually being attacked.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Behind its walls was a population of ~20,000 people in August, composed of the regular inhabitants, soldiers, refugees and the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which had been demolished by the defendants on 18 August.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen61-67">[67]</a> By mid-December, about 15,000 of them had died of the plague, and the number of inhabitants was reduced to 1,990 inside the walls and 200 in the adjacent villages.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen62-68">[68]</a> The rest had either fled elsewhere, or in the case of the surviving Swedish troops and some citizens, had been allowed to leave by ship after the surrender,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen62-68">[68]</a> carrying the plague to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen61-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland,_Gotland_and_Central_Sweden">Finland, Gotland and Central Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finland, Gotland and Central Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruttopuisto_muistotaulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ruttopuisto_muistotaulu.jpg/220px-Ruttopuisto_muistotaulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ruttopuisto_muistotaulu.jpg/330px-Ruttopuisto_muistotaulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ruttopuisto_muistotaulu.jpg/440px-Ruttopuisto_muistotaulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A commemorative plaque on the gate of <a href="/wiki/Vanha_kirkkopuisto" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanha kirkkopuisto">Old Church park</a> in Helsinki. Translation of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> text: "At this site was the cemetery where in 1710, during four months, 1185 inhabitants of Helsinki were buried. A terrible plague, having come from abroad, killed then two thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki. – The eternal God is thy refuge and underneath are the everlasting arms. (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 32:27)"</figcaption></figure> From Livonia and Estonia, refugees brought the plague to Central Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, at that time still an integral part of Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In June 1710, most probably via a ship from <a href="/wiki/Pernau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernau">Pernau</a>, the plague arrived in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, where the health commission (Collegium Medicum) until 29 August denied that it was indeed the plague, despite <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">buboes</a> being visible on the bodies of victims from the ship and in the town.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The plague raged in Stockholm until 1711, affecting primarily women (45.3% of the dead) and children (38.7% of the dead) in the poorer quarters outside the <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Stan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamla Stan">Old Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Of Stockholm's approximately 55,000 inhabitants, about 22,000 did not survive the plague.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen68-72">[72]</a> From Stockholm, the plague in August<a href="#cite_note-Persson21-73">[73]</a> and September 1710 spread to various other places in <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping" title="Enköping">Enköping</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen68-72">[72]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Persson21-73">[73]</a> The court was evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Sala,_Sweden" title="Sala, Sweden">Sala</a> in August, the <a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5det" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksrådet">riksrådet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arboga" title="Arboga">Arboga</a> in September.<a href="#cite_note-Persson21-73">[73]</a> While in Uppland the disease seemingly faded out in the winter, it continued, though with less intensity, to ravage the Uppland countryside throughout the whole year of 1711, infecting for instance <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmd%C3%B6_Municipality" title="Värmdö Municipality">Värmdö</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tillinge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tillinge (page does not exist)">Tillinge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danmark_Church" title="Danmark Church">Danmark parish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> From Uppland, the plague spread southward. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a> lost 31% of its inhabitants in 1710 and 1711.<a href="#cite_note-Svahn-75">[75]</a> Besides "bad air" (<a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">miasma</a>), animals were believed to transmit the disease, and people were forbidden to keep domestic animals inside the built-up areas and ordered to kill stray pigs.<a href="#cite_note-Svahn-75">[75]</a> In September 1710, ships from <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a> (Tallinn) carried the plague across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Helsingfors" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsingfors">Helsingfors</a> (Helsinki), where it killed 1,185 inhabitants and refugees<a href="#cite_note-Vuorinen55-76">[76]</a> (two thirds of the population),<a href="#cite_note-Engstroem38-77">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borg%C3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgå">Borgå</a> (Porvoo), where 652 people from in and around the town died.<a href="#cite_note-Vuorinen55-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eken%C3%A4s,_Finland" title="Ekenäs, Finland">Ekenäs</a> (Tammisaari) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Åbo">Åbo</a> (Turku), then the largest town on the Finnish coast, with a population of 6,000, were also infected in September 1710.<a href="#cite_note-Vuorinen55-76">[76]</a> 2,000 inhabitants and refugees died of the plague in Åbo by January 1711.<a href="#cite_note-Vuorinen55-76">[76]</a> The plague then spread northwards and between 1710 and 1711 infected the towns of <a href="/wiki/Uusikaupunki" title="Uusikaupunki">Nystad</a> (Uusikaupunki), <a href="/wiki/Raumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Raumo">Raumo</a> (Rauma), <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Björneborg</a> (Pori), <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5dendal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nådendal">Nådendal</a> (Naantali), <a href="/wiki/Jakobstad" title="Jakobstad">Jakobstad</a> (Pietarsaari), <a href="/wiki/Gamlakarleby" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamlakarleby">Gamlakarleby</a> (Kokkola) and <a href="/wiki/Ule%C3%A5borg" class="mw-redirect" title="Uleåborg">Uleåborg</a> (Oulu) as well as an abundance of rural communities<a href="#cite_note-Vuorinen55-76">[76]</a> up to a line between Uleåborg and <a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani">Cajana</a> (Kajana, Kajaani).<a href="#cite_note-Engstroem38-77">[77]</a> As the actual cause of the plague was unknown, counter-measures included flight, dissection of buboes and the lighting of huge fires to reduce the air's humidity, which was thought to reduce the chance of being affected by the plague's "bad air."<a href="#cite_note-Engstroem38-77">[77]</a> The island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> was also affected by the plague from 1710 to 1712.<a href="#cite_note-Bohn83-78">[78]</a> In its port town of <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a>, the plague claimed more than 450 deaths, which was about one fifth of its population.<a href="#cite_note-Bohn83-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zealand">Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zealand">edit</a>]</div> Already in 1708, the Danish Politi- och Kommercekollegium proposed shielding the Danish islands with a marine cordon sanitaire, with dedicated ports for inspection of incoming ships from the Baltic Sea and a quarantine station on <a href="/wiki/Saltholm" title="Saltholm">Saltholm</a>, a small island in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96resund" class="mw-redirect" title="Öresund">Sound</a> between <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a> (Sjælland) and <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen72-79">[79]</a> These measures were not implemented immediately, as the plague had not yet reached the Baltic coast.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen72-79">[79]</a> On 16 and 19 August 1709, however, the king ordered the implementation of a revised plan, and a quarantine station was built on Saltholm for goods and crews of ships coming to Denmark from the infected ports of <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen7476-80">[80]</a> while their ships were meanwhile cleansed in <a href="/wiki/Christianshavn" title="Christianshavn">Christianshavn</a>; Dutch traders sailing from infected ports to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> were to pay the <a href="/wiki/Sound_Dues" title="Sound Dues">Sound Dues</a> on a special boat off the coast at <a href="/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r" title="Helsingør">Helsingør</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen79-81">[81]</a> When the plague did not arrive in Denmark, though, Saltholm effectively fell out of use by 3 July 1710, when only three people were left in the station.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen79-81">[81]</a> The main problem then was rather the lost <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsingborg" title="Battle of Helsingborg">Battle of Helsingborg</a> and the aggressive type of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> that the retreating Danish soldiers carried to Zealand from Scania.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen80-82">[82]</a> When in the course of the Russian conquest of Livonia refugees carried the plague to Finland and Central Sweden, and on the southern shore of the Baltic the plague had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>, the worried council of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> sent alerting letters to the Danish government, which after a discussion lasting from 21 October to 7/8 November resulted in a government decision to renew the quarantine requirement.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen80-82">[82]</a> Saltholm was to be manned and equipped again, and the quarantine requirement was extended to ships from other infected ports.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen80-82">[82]</a> It is unclear whether at that time the plague had already arrived in Zealand's northeastern port of <a href="/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r" title="Helsingør">Helsingør</a> (Elsinore), where the Sound Dues were collected from entering ships<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen107-83">[83]</a> and where a suspicious series of deaths was reported by the local health commission, allegedly starting with the death in the town on 1 October 1710 of a Dutch passenger arriving from Stockholm.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> According to Persson (2001), it is "difficult to determine whether their cases have actually been a matter of plague, even if the progress in my eyes seems very suspicious;"<a href="#cite_note-Persson168-85">[85]</a> while Frandsen (2009) says that "I will risk my neck and postulate that the disease in Elsinore in the autumn of 1710 was not the plague but (as the barbers indicate) a form of typhus or spotted fever."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> There are however no doubts concerning the outbreak of the plague in late November 1710 in the small village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lappen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lappen (page does not exist)">Lappen</a> just north of Helsingør, populated by fishermen, ferrymen and nautical pilots.<a href="#cite_note-Persson168-85">[85]</a> The first death attributed to the plague was that of a fisherman's daughter on 14 November;<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> the peak of the plague in Lappen was reached already on 23 December, and while it faded out there in January 1711, it had already spread to or continued in neighboring Helsingør.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> More than 1,800 people died in Helsingør in 1711, or roughly two thirds of its ~3,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen92-89">[89]</a> Despite the precautions, the plague ultimately spread from Helsingør to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen82-90">[90]</a> where from June to November 1711, between 12,000 and 23,000 people died out of a population of ~60,000.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyKopenhagen-91">[91]</a> Only on 19 September did the king decree that people from Zealand must not go to other Danish regions without a special passport; Zealand indeed remained the only Danish region with cases of the plague, except for Holstein (see below).<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen475-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scania_and_Blekinge">Scania and Blekinge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scania and Blekinge">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> (Skåne), the plague arrived on 20 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>)/ 30 November 1710, when an infected <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stan%C3%A5" title="Västanå">Västanå</a> boatman returned home from the navy.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen469-93">[93]</a> Scania had not yet fully recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a> when its population was further weakened by a <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> epidemic in 1706, a crop failure and the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in 1708–1709, an invasion of the Danish army in 1709, the expulsion of this army after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsingborg" title="Battle of Helsingborg">battle of Helsingborg</a>, followed by conscriptions into the Swedish army and an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> in 1710.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen469-93">[93]</a> While Scania was protected from an infection from the north by a cordon sanitaire between it and <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, the plague came by sea<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen470-94">[94]</a> and made landfall not only in Västanå, but also in January 1711 in <a href="/wiki/Domsten" title="Domsten">Domsten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allerum" title="Allerum">Allerum</a> parish, where the locals had ignored the ban on contact with their relatives and friends on the Danish side of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96resund" class="mw-redirect" title="Öresund">Sound</a>, most notably in the infected area around <a href="/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r" title="Helsingør">Helsingør</a> (Elsinore); the third starting point for the plague in Scania was <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a>, where on 19 June an infected soldier arrived from <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen469-93">[93]</a> The plague remained in Scania until 1713, probably 1714.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen470-94">[94]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>, the plague arrived in August 1710 by means of army movements from and to <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a>, the central Swedish naval base.<a href="#cite_note-Persson21-73">[73]</a> By the beginning of 1712, about 15,000 soldiers and civilians had died not only in Karlskrona, but also in <a href="/wiki/Karlshamn" title="Karlshamn">Karlshamn</a> and other localities in Blekinge.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bremen,_Bremen-Verden,_Hamburg_and_Holstein">Bremen, Bremen-Verden, Hamburg and Holstein</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bremen, Bremen-Verden, Hamburg and Holstein">edit</a>]</div> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, the northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was a patchwork with the <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">Swedish dominion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> located between the largely autonomous cities of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, bordered to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a> <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George Louis</a> became king of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1714, and to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</a>, divided into <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Holstein-Glückstadt">Holstein-Glückstadt</a>, ruled by the Danish king, and <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorp</a>, whose duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Charles Frederick</a>, a cousin and ally of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a>, resided in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> while Danish forces had occupied his share of the duchy only disturbed by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock">Stenbock</a>'s march <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gadebusch" title="Battle of Gadebusch">from Wakenstädt</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_T%C3%B6nning" title="Siege of Tönning">Tønning</a> in 1713.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Hamburg and Bremen were crowded with refugees of war, and Bremen in addition was suffering from a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic that had caused the deaths of 1,390 children in 1711.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen483-97">[97]</a> From Copenhagen,<a href="#cite_note-Winkle4-98">[98]</a> the plague had infected several places in Holstein,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and while it is unclear whether Danish ships first brought it to <a href="/wiki/Friedrichsort" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrichsort">Friedrichsort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laboe" title="Laboe">Laboe</a>, and whether <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a> were infected separately,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> it is established that it was the Danish army that brought the plague to Holstein.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen475-92">[92]</a> In addition to the ports, infected towns included <a href="/wiki/Itzehoe" title="Itzehoe">Itzehoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kropp" title="Kropp">Kropp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, the plague was limited to the castle and spared the town.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen475-92">[92]</a> The plague also broke out in neighboring Bremen-Verden, whose capital, <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, became infected<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> by early July 1712 and on 7 September capitulated to the Danish forces who had entered Bremen-Verden on 31 July.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen483-97">[97]</a> The plague, as in formerly Swedish Livonia and Estonia, was a main reason for the defendants' surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen483-97">[97]</a> In the spring and summer of 1712, the plague also broke out in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%B6pelingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gröpelingen (page does not exist)">Gröpelingen</a> on Bremish territory.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen483-97">[97]</a> The city council downplayed the plague cases in order not to impair trade, but set up a health commission and a pest house for quarantine measures.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen483-97">[97]</a> Isolation of the infected did not prevent the plague from spreading into Bremen, but reduced the resulting deaths, which in 1712 were "only" 56 in Gröpelingen, which had a population of 360, and 12 in Bremen, which had a population of 28,000.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen484-103">[103]</a> However, the plague returned to Bremen in 1713, killing another 180 people,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen484-103">[103]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plague_doctors%27_beak_shaped_mask.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Plague_doctors%27_beak_shaped_mask.png/100px-Plague_doctors%27_beak_shaped_mask.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Plague_doctors%27_beak_shaped_mask.png/150px-Plague_doctors%27_beak_shaped_mask.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Plague_doctors%27_beak_shaped_mask.png/200px-Plague_doctors%27_beak_shaped_mask.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Beak shaped mask, as worn by Hamburg's <a href="/wiki/Plague_doctor" title="Plague doctor">plague doctor</a> Majus</figcaption></figure> Hamburg was hit much more severely. When the plague had reached <a href="/wiki/Pinneberg" title="Pinneberg">Pinneberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rellingen" title="Rellingen">Rellingen</a> just north of the Hamburg territory in the summer of 1712,<a href="#cite_note-Winkle5-104">[104]</a> Hamburg restricted travel to the town, which the Danish king used as a pretext to encircle Hamburg with his forces<a href="#cite_note-Winkle5-104">[104]</a> and confiscate Hamburg vessels on the River <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, demanding 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">thalers</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> (later reduced to 246,000 thalers)<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> to make up for this alleged discrimination against his subjects in Altona.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> 12,000 Danish soldiers were moved before Hamburg's gates.<a href="#cite_note-Winkle5-104">[104]</a> When the plague broke out in Hamburg less than three weeks later, it was carried there from the Danish troops by a prostitute from Hamburg's Gerkenshof lane, where out of 53 people 35 fell ill and 18 died.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The lane was blocked and isolated;<a href="#cite_note-fw6-109">[109]</a> however, the quarantine could not prevent the disease from spreading through the densely built-up neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Winkle6-110">[110]</a> Among the dead was the <a href="/wiki/Plague_doctor" title="Plague doctor">plague doctor</a> Majus, who belonged to those physicians <a href="/wiki/Plague_doctor_costume" title="Plague doctor costume">who wore a beak-shaped mask</a> containing a vinegar-soaked sponge to protect him against the <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">miasma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winkle6-110">[110]</a> In December, the plague faded out.<a href="#cite_note-fw6-109">[109]</a> In January 1713, Stenbock's Swedish army marched through Hamburg and burned down the neighboring town of Altona,<a href="#cite_note-fw7-111">[111]</a> which in contrast to Hamburg had refused to pay a contribution.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen480-112">[112]</a> In Altona, the plague had killed 1,000 people, among them 300 Jews, while Hamburg remained free of the plague until July and did not take in refugees from Altona.<a href="#cite_note-Winkle7-113">[113]</a> Just a week after the Swedish army had marched through Hamburg, the Russian army led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> entered the town.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen480-112">[112]</a> According to Frandsen (2009), the tsar "frolicked in Hamburg while his troops plundered the suburbs."<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen480-112">[112]</a> When in August 1713 the plague broke out again,<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen480-112">[112]</a> it was much more severe than what Hamburg's inhabitants had experienced in 1712,<a href="#cite_note-fw7-111">[111]</a> and the meanwhile returned Danish army established a cordon sanitaire around the city.<a href="#cite_note-fw8-114">[114]</a> The cordon was supervised by Major von Ingversleben, who had dealt with the plague in Helsingør, and effectively prevented the plague from spreading to Holstein again.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen480-112">[112]</a> When the plague finally faded out in Hamburg in March 1714, ~10,000 people had died of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen480-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_statistics_by_region">Death statistics by region</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death statistics by region">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Town/Area </th> <th>Plague years </th> <th>Peak </th> <th>Inhabitants </th> <th>Deaths (absolute) </th> <th>Deaths (relative) </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a> </td> <td>March 1709 – December 1709 </td> <td>August 1709 – September 1709 </td> <td>~50,000 </td> <td>24,533 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyDanzig-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1709 </td> <td>~50,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>50–65% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Danzig incl. surrounding places </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>32,599 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyDanzig-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td> <td>1709–1713 </td> <td>1709–1710 </td> <td> </td> <td>23,000–33,700 (1709–10) </td> <td> </td> <td>Frandsen (2009)<a href="#cite_note-Frandsen20-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> </td> <td>August 1709 – mid-1710 </td> <td>October 1709 – December 1709 </td> <td>35,000–40,000 </td> <td>>9,500 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyKbg-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1709 </td> <td>~35,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>20–25% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> </td> <td>fall 1709–1711 </td> <td> </td> <td>11,000–12,000 </td> <td>1,650–2,200 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>~11,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>15–20% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel (Klaipėda)</a> </td> <td>September 1709 – 1710 </td> <td>1710 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,401 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Tilsit</a> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>June 1710 – October 1710 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,883 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stargard_Szczeci%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargard Szczeciński">Stargard</a> </td> <td>1710–1711 </td> <td> </td> <td>~7,000 </td> <td>200–380 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>~7,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>3–5% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> </td> <td>June 1710 – late 1711 </td> <td> </td> <td>~3,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td> <td>May 1710 – late 1711 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,455 </td> <td>6,300–7,350 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>~10,500 </td> <td> </td> <td>60–70% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pernau</a> </td> <td>July 1710 – late 1710 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>1,100–1,200 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>1,700 </td> <td> </td> <td>65–70% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval</a> (Tallinn) and suburbs </td> <td>August 1710 – December 1710 </td> <td> </td> <td>9,801 </td> <td>6,000–7,646 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-Reval-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>55–70% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reval and surrounding places </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-Reval-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> </td> <td>August 1710 – April 1711 </td> <td>September 1710 – November 1710 </td> <td>~6,500–8,500 </td> <td>1,750–2,800 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>~7,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>25–40% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td>July/August 1710 – February 1711 </td> <td>September 1710 – November 1710 </td> <td>~50,000–55,000 </td> <td>18,000–23,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1710 </td> <td>~55,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>33–40% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a> </td> <td>1710–1711 </td> <td> </td> <td>~2,000–2,500 </td> <td>459–625 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1711 </td> <td>~2,500 </td> <td> </td> <td>20–25% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> </td> <td>October 1710 – December 1711 </td> <td>November 1710, July–August 1711 </td> <td>~1,500 </td> <td>386–500 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-linkoeping-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Linköping and surrounding places </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,772 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-linkoeping-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r" title="Helsingør">Helsingør</a> </td> <td>November 1710 – summer 1711 </td> <td> </td> <td>~4,000 </td> <td>862 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a> </td> <td>Dec 1710-late 1711 </td> <td> </td> <td>~2,500 </td> <td>872–1,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td> <td>June 1711 – November 1711 </td> <td>August – October 1711 </td> <td>~60,000 </td> <td>12,000–23,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyKopenhagen-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1711 </td> <td>~60,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>20–35% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a> </td> <td>June 1712 – late 1712 </td> <td> </td> <td>~1,600–2,300 </td> <td>750 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> </td> <td>June 1712 – late 1712 </td> <td>August 1712 </td> <td>~5,000 </td> <td>1,500–2,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1712 </td> <td>~55,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>30–40% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td>1712–1714 </td> <td>August – October 1711 </td> <td>~70,000 </td> <td>9,000–10,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012)<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1713 </td> <td>~70,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>10–15% </td> <td>Kroll (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Kroll137-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habsburg_Monarchy_and_Bavaria">Habsburg Monarchy and Bavaria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Habsburg Monarchy and Bavaria">edit</a>]</div> From Poland, there had been three incursions of the plague into <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> (then belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Crown</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>) in 1708: first into <a href="/wiki/Miasteczko_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Miasteczko Śląskie">Georgenberg</a> (Miasteczko), transmitted by a Kraków wagoner but successfully contained; then into <a href="/wiki/Olesno" title="Olesno">Rosenberg</a> (Olesno), where it killed 860 inhabitants out of 1,700;<a href="#cite_note-Lorinser437-132">[132]</a> and also into two villages near <a href="/wiki/Militsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Militsch">Militsch</a> (Milicz), from where it spread into the nearby lands of <a href="/wiki/Syc%C3%B3w" title="Syców">Wartenberg</a> (Syców).<a href="#cite_note-Lorinser438-133">[133]</a> After the Swedish defeat <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">at Poltava</a> in 1709, refugees from Poland including part of the Swedish-Polish corps of Joseph <a href="/wiki/Potocki_family" title="Potocki family">Potocki</a> crossed into the Silesian borderlands, but also their Russian pursuers.<a href="#cite_note-Lorinser438-133">[133]</a> This resulted in the infection of 25 villages in the <a href="/wiki/Oels" class="mw-redirect" title="Oels">Oels</a> (Oleśnica) and Militsch area, and while the plague seemed to have faded out by February 1710, it struck again and even more severe from spring 1710 to winter 1711, killing more than 3,000 inhabitants of Oels and many villagers.<a href="#cite_note-Lorinser438-133">[133]</a> In 1712, the plague crossed into Silesia for a last time from Polish <a href="/wiki/Zduny" title="Zduny">Zduny</a>, infecting the village of Luzin near Oels and killing 14 people before it vanished in the beginning of 1713.<a href="#cite_note-Lorinser438-133">[133]</a> Contemporary to the plague, there was also a <a href="/wiki/Cattle_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle plague">cattle plague</a> in Silesia.<a href="#cite_note-Lorinser438-133">[133]</a> The plague also spread to other territories of the Habsburg monarchy, though it was not involved in the Great Northern War. Territories severely affected in 1713 were <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (where 37,000 died only in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Helleiner60-134">[134]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HelleinerLisorner-135">[135]</a> and the plague also struck <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lorinser437-132">[132]</a> From the Habsburg territories, the plague crossed into the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a>, infecting in 1713 also the <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Free Imperial Cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Free Imperial City of Nuremberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Ratisbon</a><a href="#cite_note-Lorinser437-132">[132]</a> (Regensburg, then seat of the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Diet_of_Regensburg" title="Perpetual Diet of Regensburg">Perpetual Diet</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of epidemics">List of epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic" title="Second plague pandemic">Second plague pandemic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen13-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen13_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen13_1-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrnexxi-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byrnexxi_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrnexxi_2-1">b</a> Byrne (2012), p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrnexxii-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Byrnexxii_3-0">^</a> Byrne (2012), p. xxii. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Byrne (2012), p. 322; for the Circum-Baltic Frandsen (2009), title and Kroll (2006), p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Sticker (1908), pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen20-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen20_6-7">h</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Sticker (1908), pp. 209 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Sticker (1908), pp. 210 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sticker213-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sticker213_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sticker213_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sticker213_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sticker213_9-3">d</a> Sticker (1908), p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Munzar (1995), p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> O'Connor (2003), p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Lenke (1964), p. 3: "the winter of 1708/09 must have been the coldest hitherto known in Central Europe;" in detail pp. 27–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Frandsen (2006), p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Frost (2000), p. 273; Frandsen (2009), p. 20; details of the battle locations in Hatton (1968), pp. 183–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 20, 495; Sahm (1905), p. 35; Gottwald (1710), p. 1: "So wie mir berichtet worden/und ich von glaubwürdigen Leuten aus dem Lande selbst erfahren können [...]". </li> <li id="cite_note-Burchardt80-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burchardt80_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burchardt80_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burchardt80_16-2">c</a> Burchardt et al. (2009), p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 20; Burchardt et al. (2009), p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Burchardt et al. (2009), p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen33-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen33_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen33_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen33_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen33_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen33_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen33_21-5">f</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Sahm (1905), p. 35; Frandsen (2009), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Sahm (1905), pp. 35–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahm38Frandsen33-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Sahm38Frandsen33_24-0">^</a> detailed in Sahm (1905), p. 38; cf. Frandsen (2009), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahm38-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sahm38_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sahm38_25-1">b</a> Sahm (1905), p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen38-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen38_26-0">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyDanzig-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll&GabinskyDanzig_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll&GabinskyDanzig_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll&GabinskyDanzig_27-2">c</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Danzig.html">Danzig.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094255/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Danzig.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen23-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen23_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen23_28-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen27-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen27_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen27_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen27_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen27_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen27_29-4">e</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 27, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen26-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen26_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen26_31-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen34-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen34_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen34_34-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 34, Herden (2005), p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen35-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen35_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen35_35-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Herden66-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herden66_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herden66_36-1">b</a> Herden (2005), p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyKbg-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll&GabinskyKbg_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll&GabinskyKbg_37-1">b</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/K%C3%B6nigsberg.html">Königsberg.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094245/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/K%C3%B6nigsberg.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroll137-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll137_38-13">n</a> Kroll (2006), p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen29-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen29_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen29_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen29_39-2">c</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen31-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen31_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen31_40-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroll138-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll138_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll138_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll138_41-2">c</a> Kroll (2006), p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kossert96-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert96_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert96_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert96_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert96_42-3">d</a> Kossert (2005), p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Kroll (2006), p. 138; Kossert (2005), p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Kossert (2005), p. 96: "Die Pest hatte leichte Beute, denn die körperliche Verfassung der bäuerlichen Bevölkerung war erbärmlich." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kossert107-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert107_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert107_45-1">b</a> Kossert (2005), p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kossert109-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert109_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert109_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossert109_46-2">c</a> Kossert (2005), p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Kossert (2005), pp. 104–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Jaeckel (1999), p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Jaeckel (1999), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaeckel16-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaeckel16_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaeckel16_50-1">b</a> Jaeckel (1999), p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Jaeckel (1999), p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Schwartz (1901), pp. 53–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goese165-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goese165_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goese165_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goese165_53-2">c</a> Göse (2009), p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wieden13-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wieden13_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wieden13_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wieden13_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wieden13_54-3">d</a> bei der Wieden (1999), p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiede782-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiede782_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiede782_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiede782_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiede782_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiede782_55-4">e</a> Thiede (1849), p. 782. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiede781782-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Thiede781782_56-0">^</a> Thiede (1849), pp. 781–782. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zapnik228-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zapnik228_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zapnik228_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zapnik228_57-2">c</a> Zapnik (2008), p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Englund (2002), pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Schöning (1837), pp. 46–107, esp. pp. 68ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Schöning (1837), pp. 68ff, esp. p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Schöning (1837), p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wieden12-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Wieden12_62-0">^</a> bei der Wieden (1999), p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen41-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen41_63-7">h</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen43-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen43_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen43_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen43_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen43_64-3">d</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen61-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen61_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen61_67-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen62-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen62_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen62_68-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 80; Engström (1994), p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen68-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen68_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen68_72-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Persson21-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persson21_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persson21_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persson21_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persson21_73-3">d</a> Persson (2011), p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Svahn-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svahn_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svahn_75-1">b</a> Svahn (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jkpglm.se/arkeologi/projekt/diplomaten/fordjupning12.html">Pesten i Jönköping.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821053230/http://www.jkpglm.se/arkeologi/projekt/diplomaten/fordjupning12.html">Archived</a> 2010-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vuorinen55-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vuorinen55_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuorinen55_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuorinen55_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuorinen55_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuorinen55_76-4">e</a> Vuorinen (2007), p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engstroem38-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engstroem38_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engstroem38_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engstroem38_77-2">c</a> Engström (1994), p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohn83-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bohn83_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohn83_78-1">b</a> Bohn (1989), p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen72-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen72_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen72_79-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen7476-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen7476_80-0">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 74-76. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen79-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen79_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen79_81-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen80-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen80_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen80_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen80_82-2">c</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen107-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen107_83-0">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 135–138, Persson (2001), pp. 167–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-Persson168-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persson168_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persson168_85-1">b</a> Persson (2001), p. 168: "Det är därför svårt att avgöra om det i deras fall verkligen har rört sig om pest, även om förloppet i mina ögon verkar mycket suspekt." </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 140, 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen92-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen92_89-0">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen82-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen82_90-0">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroll&GabinskyKopenhagen-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll&GabinskyKopenhagen_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll&GabinskyKopenhagen_91-1">b</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Kopenhagen.html">Kopenhagen.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094108/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Kopenhagen.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen475-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen475_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen475_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen475_92-2">c</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen469-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen469_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen469_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen469_93-2">c</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 469 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen470-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen470_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen470_94-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 470 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Persson (2011), pp. 3, 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> For Gottorp and Stenbock, cf. Frandsen (2009), p. 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen483-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen483_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen483_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen483_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen483_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen483_97-4">e</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkle4-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Winkle4_98-0">^</a> Winkle (1983), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 476, Winkle (1983), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Ulbricht (2004), pp. 271–272. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 476 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Frandsen (2009), pp. 476, 483; Winkle (1983), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen484-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen484_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen484_103-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkle5-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winkle5_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkle5_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkle5_104-2">c</a> Winkle (1983), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 480; Ulbricht (2004), p. 300; Winkle (1983), p. 5: "300,000" thalers. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Winkle (1983), p. 6; Frandsen (2009), p. 480: "a quarter of a million." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 480; Ulbricht (2004), p. 300; Winkle (1983), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 480; Winkle (1983), pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-fw6-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fw6_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fw6_109-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 480; Winkle (1983), p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkle6-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winkle6_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkle6_110-1">b</a> Winkle (1983), p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-fw7-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fw7_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fw7_111-1">b</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 480; Winkle (1983), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frandsen480-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen480_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen480_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen480_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen480_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen480_112-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frandsen480_112-5">f</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 480. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkle7-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Winkle7_113-0">^</a> Winkle (1983), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-fw8-114"><a href="#cite_ref-fw8_114-0">^</a> Frandsen (2009), p. 480; Winkle (1983), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stettin.html">Stettin.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094226/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stettin.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Memel.html">Memel.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094352/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Memel.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Tilsit.html">Tilsit.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093928/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Tilsit.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stargard.html">Stargard.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094305/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stargard.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Narva.html">Narva.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093952/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Narva.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Riga.html">Riga.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094330/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Riga.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Pernau.html">Pernau.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094035/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Pernau.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reval-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reval_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reval_122-1">b</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Reval.html">Reval.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093830/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Reval.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stralsund.html">Stralsund.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093903/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stralsund.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stockholm.html">Stockholm.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094053/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Stockholm.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Visby.html">Visby.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093753/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Visby.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-linkoeping-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linkoeping_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linkoeping_126-1">b</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Linkoeping.html">Linköping.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094213/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Linkoeping.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Helsingoer.html">Helsingør.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093941/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Helsingoer.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Joenkoeping.html">Jönköping.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094314/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Joenkoeping.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Ystad.html">Ystad.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094013/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Ystad.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Malmoe.html">Malmö.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094157/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Malmoe.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Kroll & Gabinsky (retrieved 2012): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Hamburg.html">Hamburg.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094144/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Hamburg.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorinser437-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser437_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser437_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser437_132-2">c</a> Lorinser (1837), p. 437 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorinser438-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser438_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser438_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser438_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser438_133-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorinser438_133-4">e</a> Lorinser (1837), p. 438 </li> <li id="cite_note-Helleiner60-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Helleiner60_134-0">^</a> Helleiner (1967), p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-HelleinerLisorner-135"><a href="#cite_ref-HelleinerLisorner_135-0">^</a> Helleiner (1967), p. 60; Lorinser (1837), p. 437. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFbei_der_Wieden1999" class="citation book cs1">bei der Wieden, Brage (1999). Die Entwicklung der pommerschen Bevölkerung, 1701 bis 1918. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern (vol. 33). Forschungen zur Pommerschen Geschichte (vol. 5). Cologne: Böhlau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Entwicklung+der+pommerschen+Bev%C3%B6lkerung%2C+1701+bis+1918&rft.place=Cologne&rft.series=Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+der+Historischen+Kommission+f%C3%BCr+Pommern+%28vol.+33%29.+Forschungen+zur+Pommerschen+Geschichte+%28vol.+5%29&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=bei+der+Wieden&rft.aufirst=Brage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohn1989" class="citation book cs1">Bohn, Robert (1989). Das Handelshaus Donner in Visby und der gotländische Aussenhandel im 18. Jahrhundert. Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte. Vol. 33. Cologne: Böhlau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Handelshaus+Donner+in+Visby+und+der+gotl%C3%A4ndische+Aussenhandel+im+18.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=Cologne&rft.series=Quellen+und+Darstellungen+zur+hansischen+Geschichte&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bohn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchardtMeissnerBurchardt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Burchardt, Jarosław; Meissner, Roman K; Burchardt, Dorota (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowinylekarskie.ump.edu.pl/uploads/issues/78/078_0071.pdf">"Oddech śmierci – zaraza dżumy w Wielkopolsce i w Poznaniu w pierwszej połowie XVIII wieku"</a> [Bubonic Plague – The Contagious Disease in the Great Poland and City of Poznań area in the first half of the XVIII c.] (PDF). Nowiny Lekarskie. 78 (1): 79–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nowiny+Lekarskie&rft.atitle=Oddech+%C5%9Bmierci+%E2%80%93+zaraza+d%C5%BCumy+w+Wielkopolsce+i+w+Poznaniu+w+pierwszej+po%C5%82owie+XVIII+wieku&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Burchardt&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Meissner%2C+Roman+K&rft.au=Burchardt%2C+Dorota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowinylekarskie.ump.edu.pl%2Fuploads%2Fissues%2F78%2F078_0071.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2012" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC">Encyclopedia of the Black Death</a>. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842531" title="Special:BookSources/9781598842531"><bdi>9781598842531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Black+Death&rft.place=Santa+Barbara+%28CA%29&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781598842531&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KtDfvlSrDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglund2002" class="citation book cs1">Englund, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EP79gZ7SNBcC&pg=PA65">The Battle That Shook Europe – Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire</a>. London: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860648472" title="Special:BookSources/9781860648472"><bdi>9781860648472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+That+Shook+Europe+%E2%80%93+Poltava+and+the+Birth+of+the+Russian+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781860648472&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEP79gZ7SNBcC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngström1994" class="citation journal cs1">Engström, Nils Göran (1994). "Pesten i Finland 1710" [The plague in Finland in 1710]. Hippokrates. Suomen Lääketieteen Historian Seuran vuosikirja. 11: 38–46. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11640321">11640321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hippokrates.+Suomen+L%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen+Historian+Seuran+vuosikirja&rft.atitle=Pesten+i+Finland+1710&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11640321&rft.aulast=Engstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Nils+G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrandsen2006" class="citation book cs1">Frandsen, Karl-Erik (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcdONPw-L2wC&pg=PA205">"'Das könnte nützen.' Krieg, Pest, Hunger und Not in Helsingør im Jahr 1711"</a>. In Stefan Kroll; Kersten Krüger (eds.). Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Frühen Neuzeit: Urbane Lebensräume und Historische Informationssysteme, Beiträge des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums in Rostock vom 15. und 16. November 2004. Geschichte und Wissenschaft. Vol. 12. Berlin: LIT. pp. 205–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825887780" title="Special:BookSources/9783825887780"><bdi>9783825887780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Das+k%C3%B6nnte+n%C3%BCtzen.%27+Krieg%2C+Pest%2C+Hunger+und+Not+in+Helsing%C3%B8r+im+Jahr+1711&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtesystem+und+Urbanisierung+im+Ostseeraum+in+der+Fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit%3A+Urbane+Lebensr%C3%A4ume+und+Historische+Informationssysteme%2C+Beitr%C3%A4ge+des+wissenschaftlichen+Kolloquiums+in+Rostock+vom+15.+und+16.+November+2004&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Geschichte+und+Wissenschaft&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783825887780&rft.aulast=Frandsen&rft.aufirst=Karl-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcdONPw-L2wC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrandsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Frandsen, Karl-Erik (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3bNWrVRMb8C">The Last Plague in the Baltic Region. 1709–1713</a>. Copenhagen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788763507707" title="Special:BookSources/9788763507707"><bdi>9788763507707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Plague+in+the+Baltic+Region.+1709%E2%80%931713&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788763507707&rft.aulast=Frandsen&rft.aufirst=Karl-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3bNWrVRMb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2000" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721. Harlow: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars.+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Northeastern+Europe+1558%E2%80%931721&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöse2009" class="citation book cs1">Göse, Frank (2009). "Prenzlau im Zeitalter des 'Absolutismus' (1648–1806)". In Neitmann, Klaus; Schich, Winfried (eds.). Geschichte der Stadt Prenzlau. Horb am Neckar: Geiger. pp. 140–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prenzlau+im+Zeitalter+des+%27Absolutismus%27+%281648%E2%80%931806%29&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Stadt+Prenzlau&rft.place=Horb+am+Neckar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Geiger&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6se&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottwald1710" class="citation book cs1">Gottwald, Johann Christoph (1710). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020101623/https://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/55837/5/cache.off">Memoriale Loimicum, Oder Kurtze Verzeichnüß, Dessen, Was in der Königl. Stadt Dantzig, bey der daselbst Anno 1709. hefftig graßirenden Seuche der Pestilentz, sich zugetragen, Nach einer Dreyfachen Nachricht, aus eigener Erfahrung auffgesetzet und beschrieben</a>. Danzig. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/55837/5/cache.off">the original</a> on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2012-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoriale+Loimicum%2C+Oder+Kurtze+Verzeichn%C3%BC%C3%9F%2C+Dessen%2C+Was+in+der+K%C3%B6nigl.+Stadt+Dantzig%2C+bey+der+daselbst+Anno+1709.+hefftig+gra%C3%9Firenden+Seuche+der+Pestilentz%2C+sich+zugetragen%2C+Nach+einer+Dreyfachen+Nachricht%2C+aus+eigener+Erfahrung+auffgesetzet+und+beschrieben&rft.place=Danzig&rft.date=1710&rft.aulast=Gottwald&rft.aufirst=Johann+Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.slub-dresden.de%2Fwerkansicht%2Fdlf%2F55837%2F5%2Fcache.off&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatton1968" class="citation book cs1">Hatton, Ragnhild Marie (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesxiiofswed00hatt">Charles XII. of Sweden</a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297748267" title="Special:BookSources/9780297748267"><bdi>9780297748267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+XII.+of+Sweden&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780297748267&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Ragnhild+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesxiiofswed00hatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelleiner1967" class="citation book cs1">Helleiner, Karl F. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60">"The population of Europe from the Black Death to the Eve of the Vital Revolution"</a>. In Rich, E. E.; Wilson, C. H. (eds.). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire. Vol. 4. Cambridge: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521045070" title="Special:BookSources/9780521045070"><bdi>9780521045070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+population+of+Europe+from+the+Black+Death+to+the+Eve+of+the+Vital+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Expanding+Europe+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Europe+from+the+Decline+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780521045070&rft.aulast=Helleiner&rft.aufirst=Karl+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvA8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerden2005" class="citation book cs1">Herden, Ralf Bernd (2005). Roter Hahn und Rotes Kreuz. Diskussionspapiere der Hochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung in Kehl. Kehl: BoD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roter+Hahn+und+Rotes+Kreuz&rft.place=Kehl&rft.series=Diskussionspapiere+der+Hochschule+f%C3%BCr+%C3%B6ffentliche+Verwaltung+in+Kehl&rft.pub=BoD&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Herden&rft.aufirst=Ralf+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeckel1999" class="citation book cs1">Jaeckel, Gerhard (1999). Die Charité. Die Geschichte eines Weltzentrums der Medizin von 1710 bis zur Gegenwart. Berlin: Ullstein.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Charit%C3%A9.+Die+Geschichte+eines+Weltzentrums+der+Medizin+von+1710+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ullstein&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jaeckel&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossert2005" class="citation book cs1">Kossert, Andreas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFjj63ZscA8C&pg=PT101">"Die Große Pest 1709–1711"</a>. Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos. Berlin: Siedler. pp. 96 [101]–103 [108]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783641032326" title="Special:BookSources/9783641032326"><bdi>9783641032326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Gro%C3%9Fe+Pest+1709%E2%80%931711&rft.btitle=Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.+Geschichte+und+Mythos&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=96+101-103+108&rft.pub=Siedler&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783641032326&rft.aulast=Kossert&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFjj63ZscA8C%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossert2005" class="citation book cs1">Kossert, Andreas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFjj63ZscA8C&pg=PT109">"Preußische Toleranz, Fremde und 'Repeuplirung'"</a>. Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos. Berlin: Siedler. pp. 104 [109]–110 [115]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783641032326" title="Special:BookSources/9783641032326"><bdi>9783641032326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preu%C3%9Fische+Toleranz%2C+Fremde+und+%27Repeuplirung%27&rft.btitle=Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.+Geschichte+und+Mythos&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=104+109-110+115&rft.pub=Siedler&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783641032326&rft.aulast=Kossert&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFjj63ZscA8C%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll2006" class="citation book cs1">Kroll, Stefan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcdONPw-L2wC&pg=PA124">"Die "Pest" im Ostseeraum zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung"</a>. In Stefan Kroll; Kersten Krüger (eds.). Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Frühen Neuzeit: Urbane Lebensräume und Historische Informationssysteme, Beiträge des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums in Rostock vom 15. und 16. November 2004. Geschichte und Wissenschaft. Vol. 12. Berlin: LIT. pp. 124–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825887780" title="Special:BookSources/9783825887780"><bdi>9783825887780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+%22Pest%22+im+Ostseeraum+zu+Beginn+des+18.+Jahrhunderts%3A+Stand+und+Perspektiven+der+Forschung&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtesystem+und+Urbanisierung+im+Ostseeraum+in+der+Fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit%3A+Urbane+Lebensr%C3%A4ume+und+Historische+Informationssysteme%2C+Beitr%C3%A4ge+des+wissenschaftlichen+Kolloquiums+in+Rostock+vom+15.+und+16.+November+2004&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Geschichte+und+Wissenschaft&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783825887780&rft.aulast=Kroll&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcdONPw-L2wC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrollGrabinsky" class="citation web cs1">Kroll, Stefan; Grabinsky, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093729/http://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Karte.html">"Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Neuzeit – Historisches Informationssystem und Analyse von Demografie, Wirtschaft und Baukultur im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. B: Komplexe Historische Informationssysteme. B2: Der letzte Ausbruch der Pest im Ostseeraum zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts. Chronologie des Seuchenzugs und Bestandsaufnahme überlieferter Sterbeziffern. Karte"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Karte.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2012-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtesystem+und+Urbanisierung+im+Ostseeraum+in+der+Neuzeit+%E2%80%93+Historisches+Informationssystem+und+Analyse+von+Demografie%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Baukultur+im+17.+und+18.+Jahrhundert.+B%3A+Komplexe+Historische+Informationssysteme.+B2%3A+Der+letzte+Ausbruch+der+Pest+im+Ostseeraum+zu+Beginn+des+18.+Jahrhunderts.+Chronologie+des+Seuchenzugs+und+Bestandsaufnahme+%C3%BCberlieferter+Sterbeziffern.+Karte&rft.pub=University+of+Rostock&rft.aulast=Kroll&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Grabinsky%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phf.uni-rostock.de%2Fimd%2FForschung%2FHomeMare2%2FSeuchenzug%2FKarte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"> Suppages: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Danzig.html">Danzig</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094255/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Danzig.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; 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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Malmoe.html">Malmö</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094157/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Malmoe.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Helsingoer.html">Helsingør</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093941/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Helsingoer.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Kopenhagen.html">Kopenhagen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094108/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Kopenhagen.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Hamburg.html">Hamburg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703094144/https://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Staedte/Hamburg.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersson2001" class="citation book cs1">Persson, Bodil E. B. (2001). Pestens gåta. Farsoter i det tidiga 1700-talets Skåne. Studia historica Lundensia. Vol. 5. Lund: Historiska institutionen vid Lunds universitet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pestens+g%C3%A5ta.+Farsoter+i+det+tidiga+1700-talets+Sk%C3%A5ne&rft.place=Lund&rft.series=Studia+historica+Lundensia&rft.pub=Historiska+institutionen+vid+Lunds+universitet&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Persson&rft.aufirst=Bodil+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenke1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lenke, Walter (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/~manfred/Winter1709.pdf">Untersuchung der ältesten Temperaturmessungen mit Hilfe des strengen Winters 1708–1709</a> (PDF). Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes. Vol. 13, Nr. 92. Offenbach am Main.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchung+der+%C3%A4ltesten+Temperaturmessungen+mit+Hilfe+des+strengen+Winters+1708%E2%80%931709&rft.place=Offenbach+am+Main&rft.series=Berichte+des+Deutschen+Wetterdienstes&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Lenke&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.fu-berlin.de%2F~manfred%2FWinter1709.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorinser1837" class="citation book cs1">Lorinser, Carl Ignaz (1837). "Die letzte Pest in Schlesien 1708–1713". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4ZY_AAAAcAAJ">Die Pest des Orients. Wie sie entsteht und verhütet wird</a>. Berlin: Enslin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4ZY_AAAAcAAJ/page/n444">437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+letzte+Pest+in+Schlesien+1708%E2%80%931713&rft.btitle=Die+Pest+des+Orients.+Wie+sie+entsteht+und+verh%C3%BCtet+wird&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Enslin&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Lorinser&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ignaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4ZY_AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunzar1995" class="citation book cs1">Munzar, Jan (1995). "The "cold-wet" famines of the years 1695–1697 in Finland and manifestations of the Little Ice Age in Central Europe". In Heikinheimo, Pirkko (ed.). International conference on past, present and future climate. Helsinki: Edita. pp. 167–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22cold-wet%22+famines+of+the+years+1695%E2%80%931697+in+Finland+and+manifestations+of+the+Little+Ice+Age+in+Central+Europe&rft.btitle=International+conference+on+past%2C+present+and+future+climate&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Edita&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Munzar&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Connor2003" class="citation book cs1">O’Connor, Kevin (2003). The History of the Baltic States. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, CT/London: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT%2FLondon&rft.series=The+Greenwood+Histories+of+the+Modern+Nations&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Connor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersson2011" class="citation web cs1">Persson, Thomas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blekingemuseum.se/pesten/pdf/pesten_katalog.pdf">"Pesten i Blekinge 1710–1711"</a> (PDF). Blekinge museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pesten+i+Blekinge+1710%E2%80%931711&rft.pub=Blekinge+museum&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Persson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blekingemuseum.se%2Fpesten%2Fpdf%2Fpesten_katalog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahm1905" class="citation book cs1">Sahm, Wilhelm (1905). Geschichte der Pest in Ostpreußen. Leipzig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Pest+in+Ostpreu%C3%9Fen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Sahm&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchöning1837" class="citation journal cs1">Schöning, Kurt von (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QK0OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA46">"Aktenmäßige Darstellung, wie ein Theil von Hinterpommern und die Provinz Neumark Brandenburg, als Gebiete eines neutralen Fürsten, während des Nordischen Krieges zweimal den unerlaubten Durchmarsch feindlicher Truppen erfuhren"</a>. Baltische Studien. 4 (1): 46–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltische+Studien&rft.atitle=Aktenm%C3%A4%C3%9Fige+Darstellung%2C+wie+ein+Theil+von+Hinterpommern+und+die+Provinz+Neumark+Brandenburg%2C+als+Gebiete+eines+neutralen+F%C3%BCrsten%2C+w%C3%A4hrend+des+Nordischen+Krieges+zweimal+den+unerlaubten+Durchmarsch+feindlicher+Truppen+erfuhren&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6ning&rft.aufirst=Kurt+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQK0OAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1901" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Paul (1901). "Die letzte Pest in der Neumark 1710". Schriften des Vereins für die Geschichte der Neumark. XI. Landsberg an der Warthe: 53–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schriften+des+Vereins+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+der+Neumark&rft.atitle=Die+letzte+Pest+in+der+Neumark+1710&rft.volume=XI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSticker1908" class="citation book cs1">Sticker, Georg (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenausd01stic">Die Pest</a>. Abhandlungen aus der Seuchengeschichte und Seuchenlehre. Vol. 1. Gießen: A. Töpelmann (vormals J. Ricker).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Pest&rft.place=Gie%C3%9Fen&rft.series=Abhandlungen+aus+der+Seuchengeschichte+und+Seuchenlehre&rft.pub=A.+T%C3%B6pelmann+%28vormals+J.+Ricker%29&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Sticker&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabhandlungenausd01stic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvahn" class="citation web cs1">Svahn, Joakim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821053230/http://www.jkpglm.se/arkeologi/projekt/diplomaten/fordjupning12.html">"Pesten i Jönköping"</a>. Jönköpings läns museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jkpglm.se/arkeologi/projekt/diplomaten/fordjupning12.html">the original</a> on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2012-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pesten+i+J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping&rft.pub=J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings+l%C3%A4ns+museum&rft.aulast=Svahn&rft.aufirst=Joakim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jkpglm.se%2Farkeologi%2Fprojekt%2Fdiplomaten%2Ffordjupning12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiede1849" class="citation book cs1">Thiede, Friedrich (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E_wAAAAAcAAJ">Chronik der Stadt Stettin. Bearbeitet nach Urkunden und den bewährten historischen Nachrichten</a>. Stettin: Müller.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronik+der+Stadt+Stettin.+Bearbeitet+nach+Urkunden+und+den+bew%C3%A4hrten+historischen+Nachrichten&rft.place=Stettin&rft.pub=M%C3%BCller&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Thiede&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_E_wAAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlbricht2004" class="citation book cs1">Ulbricht, Otto (2004). Die leidige Seuche. Pest-Fälle in der Frühen Neuzeit. Cologne/Weimar: Böhlau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+leidige+Seuche.+Pest-F%C3%A4lle+in+der+Fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit&rft.place=Cologne%2FWeimar&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ulbricht&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVourinen2007" class="citation book cs1">Vourinen, Heikki S. (2007). "History of plague epidemics in Finland" [Histoire des epidemies de peste en Finlande]. In Signoli, Michel; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3rNCWtv0MC&pg=PA53">Peste: entre épidemies et sociétés</a>. Firenze: Firenze University Press. pp. 53–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788884534903" title="Special:BookSources/9788884534903"><bdi>9788884534903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+plague+epidemics+in+Finland&rft.btitle=Peste%3A+entre+%C3%A9pidemies+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Firenze+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788884534903&rft.aulast=Vourinen&rft.aufirst=Heikki+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3u3rNCWtv0MC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkle1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Winkle, Stefan (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520023329/http://aerztekammer-hamburg.de/funktionen/aebonline/pdfs/1181649660.pdf">"Die Pest in Hamburg. Epidemiologische und ätiologische Überlegungen während und nach der letzten Pestepidemie im Hamburger Raum 1712/13"</a> (PDF). Hamburger Ärzteblatt. 2–3/1983 (Sonderdruck of part I&II first published in Jg. 37 pp. 51–57 and 82–87): 1–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerztekammer-hamburg.de/funktionen/aebonline/pdfs/1181649660.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamburger+%C3%84rzteblatt&rft.atitle=Die+Pest+in+Hamburg.+Epidemiologische+und+%C3%A4tiologische+%C3%9Cberlegungen+w%C3%A4hrend+und+nach+der+letzten+Pestepidemie+im+Hamburger+Raum+1712%2F13&rft.volume=2%E2%80%933%2F1983&rft.issue=Sonderdruck+of+part+I%26II+first+published+in+Jg.+37+pp.+51%E2%80%9357+and+82%E2%80%9387&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Winkle&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerztekammer-hamburg.de%2Ffunktionen%2Faebonline%2Fpdfs%2F1181649660.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapnik2006" class="citation book cs1">Zapnik, Jörg (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcdONPw-L2wC&pg=PA226">"Pest in Stralsund während des Großen Nordischen Krieges 1710 bis 1711 und das Historische Informationssystem "PestStralsund1710""</a>. In Stefan Kroll; Kersten Krüger (eds.). Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Frühen Neuzeit: Urbane Lebensräume und Historische Informationssysteme, Beiträge des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums in Rostock vom 15. und 16. November 2004. Geschichte und Wissenschaft. Vol. 12. Berlin: LIT. pp. 226–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825887780" title="Special:BookSources/9783825887780"><bdi>9783825887780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pest+in+Stralsund+w%C3%A4hrend+des+Gro%C3%9Fen+Nordischen+Krieges+1710+bis+1711+und+das+Historische+Informationssystem+%22PestStralsund1710%22&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtesystem+und+Urbanisierung+im+Ostseeraum+in+der+Fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit%3A+Urbane+Lebensr%C3%A4ume+und+Historische+Informationssysteme%2C+Beitr%C3%A4ge+des+wissenschaftlichen+Kolloquiums+in+Rostock+vom+15.+und+16.+November+2004&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Geschichte+und+Wissenschaft&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783825887780&rft.aulast=Zapnik&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcdONPw-L2wC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapnik2007" class="citation book cs1">Zapnik, Jörg (2007). Pest und Krieg im Ostseeraum. Der "Schwarze Tod" in Stralsund während des Großen Nordischen Krieges (1700–1721). Greifswalder Historische Studien. Vol. 7. Hamburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pest+und+Krieg+im+Ostseeraum.+Der+%22Schwarze+Tod%22+in+Stralsund+w%C3%A4hrend+des+Gro%C3%9Fen+Nordischen+Krieges+%281700%E2%80%931721%29&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Greifswalder+Historische+Studien&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Zapnik&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Northern+War+plague+outbreak" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epidemics" title="Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epidemics" title="Template talk:Epidemics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pandemics,_epidemics_and_notable_disease_outbreaks123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> and notable <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">disease outbreaks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List of epidemics and pandemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_plague" title="Hittite plague">Hittite plague</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1330 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Athens" title="Plague of Athens">Plague of Athens</a> (429–426 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> (165–180 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a> (250–266)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post- classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a> (541–542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Plague_of_590" title="Roman Plague of 590">Roman Plague</a> (590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Sheroe" title="Plague of Sheroe">Plague of Sheroe</a> (627–628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Amwas" title="Plague of Amwas">Plague of Amwas</a> (638–639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_664" title="Plague of 664">Plague of 664</a> (664–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic" title="735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic">Japanese smallpox</a> (735–737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness" title="Sweating sickness">Sweating sickness</a> (1485–1551)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox_in_Mexico" title="History of smallpox in Mexico">Mexican smallpox</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics" title="Cocoliztli epidemics">"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico</a> (1545, 1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1563_London_plague" title="1563 London plague">London plague</a> (1563–1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_London_plague" title="1592–1593 London plague">London plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1603_London_plague" title="1603 London plague">London plague</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1623_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1623 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague" title="1629–1631 Italian plague">Italian plague</a> (1629–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_smallpox_epidemic" title="Massachusetts smallpox epidemic">Massachusetts smallpox</a> (1633)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty</a> (1633–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville" title="Great Plague of Seville">Great Plague of Seville</a> (1647–1652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1655_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1655 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)" title="Naples Plague (1656)">Naples Plague</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a> (1665–1666)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1675%E2%80%931676_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1675–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna" title="Great Plague of Vienna">Great Plague of Vienna</a> (1679)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1707%E2%80%9308_Iceland_smallpox_epidemic" title="1707–08 Iceland smallpox epidemic">Iceland smallpox epidemic</a> (1707–1708)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Northern War plague</a> (1710–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a> (1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_1738" title="Great Plague of 1738">Great Plague of 1738</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague" title="1770–1772 Russian plague">Russian plague</a> (1770–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772%E2%80%931773_Persian_Plague" title="1772–1773 Persian Plague">Persian Plague</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%931782_North_American_smallpox_epidemic" title="1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic">North American smallpox</a> (1780–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic">Philadelphia yellow fever</a> (1793–1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic" title="1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic">Ottoman plague</a> (1812–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813%E2%80%931814_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague" title="Caragea's plague">Caragea's plague</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_epidemic" title="Groningen epidemic">Groningen epidemic</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">Great Plains smallpox</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_North_American_typhus_epidemic" title="1847 North American typhus epidemic">Typhus</a> (1847–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak">Copenhagen cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Stockholm_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak">Stockholm cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">Broad Street cholera</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Guam_smallpox_epidemic" title="1856 Guam smallpox epidemic">Guam smallpox</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">Pacific Northwest smallpox</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Barcelona_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1870 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic">Barcelona yellow fever</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires" title="Yellow fever in Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires yellow fever</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875%E2%80%931876_Australia_scarlet_fever_epidemic" title="1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic">Australia scarlet fever</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Hong_Kong_plague" title="1894 Hong Kong plague">Hong Kong plague</a> (1894)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_plague_of_1900%E2%80%931904" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco plague of 1900–1904">San Francisco plague</a> (1900–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Los_Angeles_pneumonic_plague_outbreak" title="1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak">LA pneumonic plague</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_typhoid_outbreak_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937">Croydon typhoid</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_New_York_City_smallpox_outbreak" title="1947 New York City smallpox outbreak">NYC smallpox</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_smallpox_epidemic_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 smallpox epidemic in Wrocław">Wrocław smallpox</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Yugoslav_smallpox_outbreak" title="1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak">Yugoslav smallpox</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_flu" title="London flu">London flu</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_in_India" title="1974 smallpox epidemic in India">Indian smallpox</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_plague_in_India" title="1994 plague in India">Surat plague</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">Malaysian Nipah virus</a> (1998–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Midwest_monkeypox_outbreak" title="2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak">Midwest monkeypox</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Bird flu</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_India" title="2006 dengue outbreak in India">Indian dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_chikungunya" title="Epidemiology of chikungunya">Chikungunya outbreaks</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">Iraqi cholera</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2008–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bolivian_dengue_fever_epidemic" title="2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic">Bolivian dengue</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Gujarat_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak">Gujarat hepatitis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_West_African_meningitis_outbreak" title="2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak">Western African meningitis</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">Haiti cholera</a> (2010–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_yellow_fever_outbreak_in_Darfur,_Sudan" title="2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan">Darfur yellow fever</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 MERS outbreak">MERS</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swansea_measles_epidemic" title="2013 Swansea measles epidemic">Swansea measles</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_chikungunya_outbreak" title="2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak">Chikungunya</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak">DR Congo Ebola</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Odisha_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak">Odisha hepatitis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication#2011–2015" title="Polio eradication">Polio declaration</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_swine_flu_outbreak" title="2015 Indian swine flu outbreak">Indian swine flu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_MERS_outbreak_in_South_Korea" title="2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea">South Korean MERS</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Zika_virus_epidemic" title="2015–16 Zika virus epidemic">Zika</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Angola_and_DR_Congo_yellow_fever_outbreak" title="2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak">Angolan yellow fever</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">Yemeni cholera</a> (2016–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Gorakhpur_hospital_deaths" title="2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths">Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 MERS outbreak">Saudi Arabian MERS</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus_outbreaks_in_Kerala#2018_outbreak" title="Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala">Kerala Nipah virus</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_%C3%89quateur_province_Ebola_outbreak" title="2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak">Équateur province Ebola</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic" title="Kivu Ebola epidemic">Kivu Ebola</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Madagascar_measles_outbreak" title="2018 Madagascar measles outbreak">Madagascar measles</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Samoa_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Samoa measles outbreak">Samoa measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_measles_outbreak_in_the_Philippines" title="2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines">Philippine measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pacific_Northwest_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Pacific Northwest measles outbreak">Pacific NW measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_York_measles_outbreak" title="2019 New York measles outbreak">New York measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kuala_Koh_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak">Kuala Koh measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tonga_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Tonga measles outbreak">Tonga measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_measles_outbreak_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC measles</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_New_Zealand_measles_outbreak" title="2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak">New Zealand measles</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022-2023_Uganda_Ebola_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2022-2023 Uganda Ebola outbreak">Uganda Ebola</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_dengue_outbreak_in_Jamaica" title="2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica">Jamaica dengue</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Bangsamoro_measles_outbreak" title="2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak">Bangsamoro measles</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_outbreak_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="2024 dengue outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean">2024 Latin American dengue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_epidemic_in_Argentina" title="2024 dengue epidemic in Argentina">Argentina</a> (2024)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_plague_pandemic" title="First plague pandemic">First plague pandemic</a> (541–767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic" title="Second plague pandemic">Second plague pandemic</a> (1348–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">First cholera pandemic</a> (1816–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic" title="1826–1837 cholera pandemic">Second cholera pandemic</a> (1829–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic" title="1846–1860 cholera pandemic">Third cholera pandemic</a> (1852–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic" title="1863–1875 cholera pandemic">Fourth cholera pandemic</a> (1863–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic" title="1881–1896 cholera pandemic">Fifth cholera pandemic</a> (1881–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic">Russian flu</a> (1889–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">Sixth cholera pandemic</a> (1899–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919%E2%80%931930_encephalitis_lethargica_epidemic" title="1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic">encephalitis lethargica epidemic</a> (1919–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic" title="1957–1958 influenza pandemic">Asian flu</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic" title="Seventh cholera pandemic">Seventh cholera pandemic</a> (1961–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu" title="Hong Kong flu">Hong Kong flu</a> (1968–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Russian_flu" title="1977 Russian flu">Russian flu pandemic</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> (1981–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> (2019–present<abbr title="Peaked during 2020-23">*</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_mpox_outbreak" title="2022–2023 mpox outbreak">Mpox (clade II) outbreak</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932025_mpox_epidemic" title="2023–2025 mpox epidemic">Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic</a> (2023–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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