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data-astro-cid-ej6f5fy4>About</a></li> </ul> </li>  </ul> </nav> </div> <script> // Get references to elements const navbarToggle = document.getElementById("navbar-toggle"); const navbarUl = document.querySelector("nav ul"); const navbarDropdownItems = document.querySelectorAll("nav ul li a:not(:only-child)"); // Function to open and close the navigation menu (hamburger menu) function toggleNavbar() { navbarUl.classList.toggle("show"); navbarToggle.classList.toggle("active"); } // Event listener for the navbar toggle button navbarToggle.addEventListener("click", toggleNavbar); // Event listener for dropdown items navbarDropdownItems.forEach((item) => { item.addEventListener("click", function (event) { const dropdown = this.nextElementSibling; // Check if the dropdown exists if (dropdown && dropdown.classList.contains("navbar-dropdown")) { dropdown.classList.toggle("show"); // Close other dropdowns const otherDropdowns = document.querySelectorAll(".navbar-dropdown.show"); 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class="container"> <div><p>This period is sometimes grouped with the <a href="/ancient-egypt/period/third-intermediate-period">Third Intermediate Period</a> as it represents the final decline of Egyptian culture following the Persian invasion of 525 BC. It sometimes also include the Ptolemaic Dynasty, which ruled Egypt for three centuries until becoming a <a href="/ancient-egypt/period/roman-emperors">province of the Roman Empire</a> in 30 BC.</p> <p class="font-sans w-10/12 mx-auto leading-6">The order of Egyptian pharaohs is not always fixed. New discoveries can sometimes lead to changes in the accepted sequence. This is true for all Egyptian dynasties.</p> <h2 class="text-center pt-3">Dynasty XXVII</h2> <p class="text-lg text-center font-serif pb-3">First Persian satrapy</p> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Cambyses-II">Cambyses II</a></td><td></td><td>525–522</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Darius-I">Darius I</a></td><td></td><td>522–486</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Xerxes-I">Xerxes I</a></td><td></td><td>486–465</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Artaxerxes-I">Artaxerxes I</a></td><td></td><td>465–424</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Darius-II">Darius II</a></td><td></td><td>424–405</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Artaxerxes-II">Artaxerxes II</a></td><td></td><td>405–404</td></tr></table> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Dynasty XXVIII</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></td><td></td><td>404–399</td></tr></table><br> <h2 class="text-center py-3 col-12">Dynasty XXIX</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Neferites-I">Neferites I</a></td><td></td><td>398–393</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Akoris">Akoris</a></td><td></td><td>393–380</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Psammuthis">Psammuthis</a></td><td></td><td>393</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Neferites-II">Neferites II</a></td><td></td><td>380</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Muthis">Muthis</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table><br> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Dynasty XXX</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Nectanebo-I">Nectanebo I</a></td><td></td><td>380–362</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Djedhor-Teos-I">Djedhor Teos I</a></td><td></td><td>362–360</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Nectanebo-II">Nectanebo II</a></td><td></td><td>360–343</td></tr></table><br> <h3 class="mt-10 mb-20 text-center shine">Here ends the native Egyptian pharaohs.</h3> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Dynasty XXXI</h2> <p class="text-lg text-center font-serif pb-3">Second Persian satrapy</p> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Artaxerxes-III">Artaxerxes III</a></td><td></td><td>343–338</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Arses">Arses</a></td><td></td><td>338–336</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Darius-III">Darius III</a></td><td></td><td>336–332</td></tr></table><br> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Argead Dynasty</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Alexander-the-Great">Alexander the Great</a></d><td></td><td>332–323</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Philip-III-Arrhidaeus">Philip III Arrhidaeus</></td><td></td><td>323–317</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Alexander-IV">Alexander IV Aegus</a></td><td></td><td>317–309</td></tr></table><br> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Ptolemaic Dynasty</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-I">Ptolemy I</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Soter</em></td><td>305–285</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-II">Ptolemy II</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Philadelphos</em></td><td>288–246</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-III">Ptolemy III</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Euergetes</em></td><td>246–222</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-IV">Ptolemy IV</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Philopator</em></td><td>222–204</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-V">Ptolemy V</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Epiphanes</em></td><td>204–180</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-VI">Ptolemy VI</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Philometor</em></td><td>180–145</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-VII">Ptolemy VII</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Neos Philopator</em></td><td>145</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-VIII">Ptolemy VIII</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Euergetes Physcon</em></td><td>169–164,<br>144–132,<br>126–116</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-IX">Ptolemy IX</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Soter Lathyrus</em></td><td>116–110,<br>109–107,<br>88–81</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-X">Ptolemy X</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Alexander</em></td><td>110–109,<br>107–88</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-XI">Ptolemy XI</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Alexander II</em></td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-XII">Ptolemy XII</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Neos Dionysus Auletes</em></td><td>80–58</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-XIII">Ptolemy XIII</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Philopator II</em></td><td>51–47</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-XIV">Ptolemy XIV</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Philopator Philadelphus</em></td><td>47–44</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Cleopatra-VII">Cleopatra VII</a></td><td><em>Kleopatra</em></td><td>51–30</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Ptolemy-XV">Ptolemy XV</a></td><td><em>Ptolemaios Philopator Philometor Caesarion</em></td><td>44–30</td></tr></table></div> </div> </section> <div class="py-10 my-5 print:hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <img src="/svg/thoth.svg" loading="lazy" class="mx-auto h-28 opacity-50 transition duration-300 hover:opacity-100" alt="Thoth" title="You have reached the end of the page. This is Thoth, the wise God of writing and hieroglyphs." srcset=""> <p class="text-center uppercase font-sans text-xs pt-3"> <abbr class="text-stone-400 dark:text-shark-700 no-underline" title="Latin for: Nothing comes from nothing">Ex nihilo nihil fit</abbr> </p> </div> <div class="hidden print:block print:py-20 text-center"> <h3>Original text from:</h3><a href="https://pharaoh.se{currentPath}" class="font-mono text-sm text-black"><img src="/svg/pharaohse.svg" alt="Pharaoh.SE" class="w-60 mx-auto block">https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/period/late-period/</a> </div> </article> <aside class="hidden lg:grid lg:col-span-3 print:hidden border-s border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-900 dark:bg-darky" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="flex h-full px-5 overflow-y-auto sm:w-64 w-80 font-sans" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <nav class="-mx-3 space-y-8 pb-36" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="pharaohs" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/pharaohs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/dynasties" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Dynasties</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/chronology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Chronology</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Egyptian king lists" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptian king lists</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglists" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/abydos-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Abydos Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/karnak-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Karnak Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/saqqara-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Saqqara Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/compare-canons" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Compare canons</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/medinet-habu-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Medinet Habu Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/ramesseum-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ramesseum Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/marseille" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Marseille offering table</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Minor king lists</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Turin king list" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Turin king list</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-history" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>History</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-contents" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Contents</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-fragments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Fragments</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-vorlage" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Vorlage</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-gallery" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Gallery</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-recto" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Recto</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin/library" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Library</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Historians" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Historians</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/herodotus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Herodotus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho-king-list" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho’s king list</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/africanus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Africanus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eusebius" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eusebius</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/josephus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Josephus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/diodorus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Diodorus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/jerome" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>St. Jerome</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eratosthenes" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eratosthenes</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/syncellus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Syncellus</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt: Miscellaneous" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ancient Egypt</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/obelisks" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Obelisks</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/temples-and-monuments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Monuments & Temples</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/hieroglyphs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Hieroglyphs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/cartography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Cartography</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/egyptology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptology</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/titles-and-epithets" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Titles & epithets</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/book-series" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Important books</a>  <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/battle-of-kadesh" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Battle of Kadesh</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/bibliography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Bibliography</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt Periods" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Periods</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/old-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Old Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/first-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>First Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/middle-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Middle Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/second-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Second Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/new-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>New Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/third-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Third Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/late-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Late Period</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/roman-emperors" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Roman Egypt</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/unplaced-kings" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Unplaced kings</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="About these pages" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaoh.se</label>  <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/curiosities" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Curiosities</a> <a class="list-link" href="/privacy" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Privacy</a> <a class="list-link" href="/about" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>About / Contact</a> </div> </nav> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="g2 text-stone-100 print:hidden"> <div class="text-center font-sans container mx-auto pb-20 sm:pb-0"> <div class="flex flex-col gap-x-10 sm:flex-row flex-wrap items-center justify-center min-h-[320px]"> <div class="flex-0 w-28 place-items-end my-5 sm:my-0"> <a href="/" class="no-underline"><img 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