CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Domino theory - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b8c3a325-6e2a-41eb-906a-57783c9d2ac3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Domino_theory","wgTitle":"Domino theory","wgCurRevisionId":1260385191,"wgRevisionId":1260385191,"wgArticleId":79710,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Source attribution","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from November 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from December 2023","Articles that may contain original research from August 2020","All articles that may contain original research","Cold War terminology","Cold War policies","History of the foreign relations of the United States", "Political metaphors","Revolution terminology","Political theories","Anti-communism in the United States","Indochina Wars","Dominoes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Domino_theory","wgRelevantArticleId":79710,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled": false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q221608","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Domino theory - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Domino_theory rootpage-Domino_theory skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Domino+theory" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Domino+theory" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Domino+theory" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Domino+theory" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments_in_favor_of_the_domino_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_in_favor_of_the_domino_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arguments in favor of the domino theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_in_favor_of_the_domino_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_domino_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_domino_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Criticism of the domino theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_domino_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_of_the_domino_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_of_the_domino_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significance of the domino theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_of_the_domino_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_to_communism_outside_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_to_communism_outside_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications to communism outside Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_to_communism_outside_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Domino theory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="نظرية الدومينو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية الدومينو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ডমিনো তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডমিনো তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Тэорыя даміно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэорыя даміно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Теория на доминото – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теория на доминото" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_del_d%C3%B2mino" title="Teoria del dòmino – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teoria del dòmino" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorie_domina" title="Teorie domina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teorie domina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damcaniaeth_y_dominos" title="Damcaniaeth y dominos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Damcaniaeth y dominos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoteorien" title="Dominoteorien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dominoteorien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino-Theorie" title="Domino-Theorie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Domino-Theorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doominoteooria" title="Doominoteooria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Doominoteooria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Θεωρία του ντόμινο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεωρία του ντόμινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_del_domin%C3%B3" title="Teoría del dominó – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teoría del dominó" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_teorio" title="Domena teorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Domena teorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoaren_teoria" title="Dominoaren teoria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dominoaren teoria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88" title="نظریه دومینو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظریه دومینو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_dominos" title="Théorie des dominos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théorie des dominos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_do_domin%C3%B3" title="Teoría do dominó – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teoría do dominó" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="도미노 이론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도미노 이론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դոմինոյի տեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոմինոյի տեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_domino" title="Teori domino – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teori domino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3m%C3%ADn%C3%B3kenningin" title="Dómínókenningin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dómínókenningin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_del_domino" title="Teoria del domino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teoria del domino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="תאוריית הדומינו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאוריית הדומינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დომინოს თეორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დომინოს თეორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Домино теориясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Домино теориясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domin%C3%B3elm%C3%A9let" title="Dominóelmélet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dominóelmélet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Домино теорија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Домино теорија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_domino" title="Teori domino – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teori domino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominotheorie" title="Dominotheorie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dominotheorie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="ドミノ理論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドミノ理論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoteorien" title="Dominoteorien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dominoteorien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_do_domin%C3%B3" title="Teoria do dominó – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria do dominó" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_dominoului" title="Teoria dominoului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teoria dominoului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теория домино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория домино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_e_dominove" title="Teoria e dominove – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teoria e dominove" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Domino theory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Домино ефекат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Домино ефекат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoteoria" title="Dominoteoria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dominoteoria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoteorin" title="Dominoteorin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dominoteorin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="ทฤษฎีโดมิโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทฤษฎีโดมิโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_teorisi" title="Domino teorisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Domino teorisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теорія доміно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теорія доміно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_domino" title="Thuyết domino – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết domino" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E8%AB%BE%E9%AA%A8%E7%89%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="多米諾骨牌理論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多米諾骨牌理論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q221608#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Domino_theory" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Domino_theory" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Domino_theory" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&oldid=1260385191" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Domino_theory&id=1260385191&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDomino_theory"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDomino_theory"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Domino_theory&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domino_theory" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q221608" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cold War–era geopolitical theory on the spread of communism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the theory involving communist countries. For the Weather Report album, see <a href="/wiki/Domino_Theory_(album)" title="Domino Theory (album)">Domino Theory (album)</a>. For the Steve Wariner song, see <a href="/wiki/The_Domino_Theory" title="The Domino Theory">The Domino Theory</a>. For the mechanics and logic concept, see <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">Domino effect</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domino_theory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Domino_theory.svg/290px-Domino_theory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Domino_theory.svg/435px-Domino_theory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Domino_theory.svg/580px-Domino_theory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Domino theory presents a metaphor of falling <a href="/wiki/Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino">dominoes</a>: that a rise or fall in communist influence in a country will have the same knock-on effect in neighboring countries, and so on.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>domino theory</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a> theory which posits that changes in the political structure of one country tend to spread to neighboring countries in a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was prominent in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from the 1950s to the 1980s in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, suggesting that if one country in a region came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, then the surrounding countries would follow. It was used by successive United States administrations during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as justification for <a href="/wiki/Overseas_interventions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas interventions of the United States">American intervention</a> around the world. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> described the theory during a news conference on April 7, 1954, when referring to communism in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the "falling domino" principle. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Moreover, Eisenhower's deep belief in the domino theory in Asia heightened the "perceived costs for the United States of pursuing <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of multifaceted events including the "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">1949 victory of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, the June 1950 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pokpoong" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pokpoong">North Korean invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">the 1954 Quemoy offshore island crisis</a>, and the conflict in Indochina constituted a broad-based challenge not only for one or two countries, but for the entire Asian continent and Pacific."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This connotes a strong magnetic force to give in to communist control, and aligns with the comment by General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> that "victory is a strong magnet in the East."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> brought most of the countries of eastern Europe and Central Europe into its influence as part of the post-World War II new settlement,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> to declare in a speech in 1946 at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_College_(Missouri)" title="Westminster College (Missouri)">Westminster College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton, Missouri</a> that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> an "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> declared what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promising to contribute financial aid to the Greek government during its <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> following World War II, in the hope that this would impede the advancement of Communism into Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, diplomat <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Kennan</a> wrote an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> magazine that became known as the "<a href="/wiki/X_Article" title="X Article">X Article</a>", which first articulated the policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that the further spread of Communism to countries outside a "<a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a>" around the USSR, even if it happened via democratic elections, was unacceptable and a threat to U.S. national security.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennan was also involved, along with others in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Presidency_(1945–1953)" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a>, in creating the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also began in 1947, to give aid to the countries of Western Europe (along with Greece and Turkey),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in large part with the hope of keeping them from falling under Soviet domination.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, a Communist-backed government, led by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, overthrew the earlier government of China (officially Zedong's regime instated the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The installation of the new government was established after the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist Republican Government of China</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927-1949).<sup id="cite_ref-ChineseRev_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChineseRev-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a> were formed – mainland "Communist China" (People's Republic of China) and 'Nationalist China' Taiwan (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a>). The takeover by Communists of the world's most populous nation was seen in the West as a great strategic loss, prompting the popular question at the time, "Who lost China?"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States subsequently ended diplomatic relations with the newly founded People's Republic of China in response to the communist takeover in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-ChineseRev_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChineseRev-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and communist China did not re-instate diplomatic relations again until under <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">president Nixon's visit in 1972</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> had also partially fallen under Soviet domination at the end of World War II, split from the south of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> where U.S. forces subsequently moved into. By 1948, as a result of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the U.S., Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, each claiming to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepting the border as permanent. In 1950 fighting broke out between Communists and Republicans that soon involved troops from China (on the Communists' side), and the United States and 15 allied countries (on the Republicans' side). Though the <a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> has not officially ended, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> ended in 1953 with an <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">armistice</a> that left Korea divided into two nations, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. Mao Zedong's decision to take on the U.S. in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Communist bloc</a> viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world, undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">consolidating its own power</a> after winning the Chinese Civil War. </p><p>The first figure to propose the domino theory was President Harry S. Truman in the 1940s, where he introduced the theory in order to "justify sending military aid to Greece and Turkey."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the domino theory was popularized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower when he applied it to Southeast Asia, especially South Vietnam during the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. Moreover, the domino theory was utilized as one of the key arguments in the "Kennedy and Johnson administrations during the 1960s to justify increasing American military involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>, a Communist and nationalist army, defeated French troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> and took control of what became <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused the French to fully withdraw from the region then known as <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, a process they had begun earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regions were then divided into four independent countries (North Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a>) after a deal and truce was brokered at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">1954 Geneva Conference</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This would give them a geographical and economic strategic advantage, and it would make Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand the front-line defensive states. The loss of regions traditionally within the vital regional trading area of countries like Japan would encourage the front-line countries to compromise politically with communism. </p><p>Eisenhower's domino theory of 1954 was a specific description of the situation and conditions within <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> at the time, and he did not suggest a generalized domino theory as others did afterward. </p><p>During the summer of 1963, Buddhists protested about the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">harsh treatment</a> they were receiving under the <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Diem government</a> of South Vietnam. Such actions of the South Vietnamese government made it difficult for the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a>'s strong support for President Diem. President Kennedy was in a tenuous position, trying to contain Communism in Southeast Asia, but on the other hand, supporting an anti-Communist government that was not popular with its domestic citizens and was guilty of acts objectionable to the American public.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kennedy administration intervened in Vietnam in the early 1960s to, among other reasons, keep the South Vietnamese "domino" from falling. When Kennedy came to power there was concern that the communist-led <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> in Laos would provide the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> with bases, and that eventually they could take over Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_in_favor_of_the_domino_theory">Arguments in favor of the domino theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arguments in favor of the domino theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary evidence for the domino theory is the spread of communist rule in three Southeast Asian countries in 1975, following the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">communist takeover of Vietnam</a>: South Vietnam (by the Viet Cong), Laos (by the Pathet Lao), and Cambodia (by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can further be argued that before they finished taking Vietnam prior to the 1950s, the communist campaigns did not succeed in Southeast Asia. Note the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and the increasing involvement with <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communists</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> of Indonesia from the late 1950s until he was deposed in 1967. All of these were unsuccessful Communist attempts to take over Southeast Asian countries which stalled when communist forces were still focused in Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Robert Grainger Thompson argued that US involvement even turned those within Communist nations toward the West.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Whitman Rostow">Walt Whitman Rostow</a> and the then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister of Singapore</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> have argued that the U.S. intervention in Indochina, by giving the nations of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> time to consolidate and engage in economic growth, prevented a wider domino effect.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meeting with President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> in 1975, Lee Kuan Yew argued that "there is a tendency in the U.S. Congress not to want to export jobs. But we have to have the jobs if we are to stop Communism. We have done that, moving from simple to more complex skilled labor. If we stop this process, it will do more harm than you can every [sic] repair with aid. Don't cut off imports from Southeast Asia."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a> argued that the prospects for a domino effect, though high in the 1950s and early 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Killing_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killing-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were weakened in 1965 when the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian killings of 1965–66">Indonesian Communist Party was destroyed</a> via death squads in the Indonesian genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Killing_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killing-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, proponents believe that the efforts during the containment (i.e., Domino Theory) period ultimately led to the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. </p><p>Linguist and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> wrote that he believes that the domino theory is roughly accurate, writing that communist and socialist movements became popular in poorer countries because they brought economic improvements to those countries in which they took power. For this reason, he wrote, the U.S. put so much effort into suppressing so-called "people's movements" in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, Laos, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, etc. "The weaker and poorer a country is, the more dangerous it is as an example. If a tiny, poor country like Grenada can succeed in bringing about a better life for its people, some other place that has more resources will ask, 'Why not us?<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Chomsky refers to this as the "threat of a good example".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some supporters of the domino theory note the history of communist governments supplying aid to communist revolutionaries in neighboring countries. For instance, China supplied the Viet Minh and later the North Vietnamese army with troops and supplies, while the Soviet Union supplied them with tanks and heavy weapons. The fact that the Pathet Lao and Khmer Rouge were both originally part of the Vietminh, not to mention Hanoi's support for both in conjunction with the Viet Cong, also give credence to the theory.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union also heavily supplied Sukarno with military supplies and advisors from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy in Indonesia</a>, especially during and after the 1958 civil war in Sumatra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_domino_theory">Criticism of the domino theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism of the domino theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a memorandum sent to <a href="/wiki/CIA_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Director">CIA Director</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McCone" class="mw-redirect" title="John McCone">John McCone</a> on 9 June 1964, the Board of National Estimates generally discounted the idea of the domino theory as applied to Vietnam: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We do not believe that the loss of South Vietnam and Laos would be followed by the rapid, successive communization of the other states of the Far East. Instead of a shock wave passing from one nation to the next, there would be a simultaneous, direct effect on all Far Eastern countries. With the possible exception of Cambodia, it is likely that no nation in the area would quickly succumb to communism as a result of the fall of Laos and South Vietnam. Furthermore, a continuation of the spread of communism in the area would not be inexorable and any spread which did occur would take time—time in which the total situation might change in any of a number of ways unfavorable to the Communist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the spring of 1995, despite having been a strong proponent of it during his time in office, former US <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> said he believed the domino theory to have been a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I think we were wrong. I do not believe that Vietnam was that important to the communists. I don’t believe that its loss would have lead – it didn’t lead – to Communist control of Asia."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Tran Chung Ngoc, an overseas Vietnamese living in the US, said: "The US does not have any plausible reason to intervene in Vietnam, a small, poor, undeveloped country that does not have any ability to do anything that could harm America. Therefore, the US intervention in Vietnam regardless of public opinion and international law is "using power over justice", giving itself the right to intervene anywhere that America wants."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_of_the_domino_theory">Significance of the domino theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance of the domino theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The domino theory is significant because it underlines the importance of alliances, which may vary from rogue alliances to bilateral alliances. This implies that the domino theory is useful in evaluating a country's intent and purpose of forging an alliance with others, including a cluster of other countries within a particular region. While the intent and purpose may differ for every country, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cha" title="Victor Cha">Victor Cha</a> portrays the asymmetrical bilateral alliance between the United States and countries in East Asia as a strategic approach, where the United States is in control and power to either mobilize or stabilize its allies. This is supported by how the United States created asymmetrical bilateral alliances with the Republic of Korea, Republic of China and Japan "not just to contain but also constrain potential 'rogue alliances' from engaging in adventurist behavior that might it into larger military contingencies in the region or that could trigger a domino effect, with Asian countries falling to communism."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the United States struggled with the challenge of "rogue alliances and the threat of falling dominoes combined to produce a dreaded entrapment scenario for the United States,"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the domino theory further underscores the importance of bilateral alliances in international relations. This is evident in how the domino theory provided the United States with a coalition approach, where it "fashioned a series of deep, tight bilateral alliances"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Asian countries including Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan to "control their ability to use force and to foster material and political dependency on the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, this indicates that the domino theory assists in observing the effect of forged alliances as a stepping stone or stumbling block within international relations. This underscores the correlation between domino theory and path dependency, where a retrospective collapse of one country falling to communism may not only have adverse effects to other countries but more importantly, on one's decision-making scope and competence in overcoming present and future challenges. Therefore, the domino theory is indubitably a significant theory which deals with the close relationship between micro-cause and macro-consequence, where it suggests such macro-consequences may result in long-term repercussions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_to_communism_outside_Southeast_Asia">Applications to communism outside Southeast Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Applications to communism outside Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a> has argued that though the domino theory failed regionally, there was a global wave, as communist or socialist regimes came to power in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> during the 1970s. The global interpretation of the domino effect relies heavily upon the "prestige" interpretation of the theory, meaning that the success of Communist revolutions in some countries, though it did not provide material support to revolutionary forces in other countries, did contribute morale and rhetorical support. </p><p>In this vein, Argentine revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> wrote an essay, the "Message to the Tricontinental", in 1967, calling for "two, three ... many Vietnams" across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Max Boot</a> wrote, "In the late 1970s, America's enemies seized power in countries from Mozambique to Iran to Nicaragua. American hostages were seized aboard the SS <i>Mayaguez</i> (off Cambodia) and in Tehran. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet Army invaded Afghanistan</a>. There is no obvious connection with the Vietnam War, but there is little doubt that the defeat of a superpower encouraged our enemies to undertake acts of aggression that they might otherwise have shied away from."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, this theory can be further bolstered by the rise in terrorist incidents by left-wing terrorist groups in Western Europe, funded in part by Communist governments, between the 1960s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, this includes the kidnapping and assassination of former Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a>, and the kidnapping of former US Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_L._Dozier" title="James L. Dozier">James L. Dozier</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>. </p><p>In West Germany, this includes the terrorist actions of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a>. In the far east the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> carried out similar acts. All four, as well as others, worked with various Arab and Palestinian terrorists, which like the red brigades were backed by the Soviet Bloc. </p><p>In the 1977 <a href="/wiki/The_Nixon_Interviews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nixon Interviews">Frost/Nixon interviews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> defended the United States' destabilization of the <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> regime in Chile on domino theory grounds. Borrowing a metaphor he had heard, he stated that a Communist Chile and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> would create a "red sandwich" that could entrap Latin America between them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the domino theory was used again to justify the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>'s interventions in Central America and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">Caribbean region</a>. </p><p>In his memoirs, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Rhodesian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> described the successive rise of authoritarian left-wing governments in Sub-Saharan Africa during <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonization</a> as "the communists' domino tactic".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of pro-communist governments in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (1961–64) and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (1964) and explicitly Marxist–Leninist governments in Angola (1975), Mozambique (1975), and eventually <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> itself (in 1980)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are cited by Smith as evidence of "the insidious encroachment of Soviet imperialism down the continent".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The cartoon depicts Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak as the next to fall after the Tunisian revolution forced President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to flee the country." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png/220px-Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png/330px-Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png/440px-Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>2011 political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Latuff" title="Carlos Latuff">Carlos Latuff</a> applying domino theory imagery to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Some foreign-policy analysts in the United States have referred to the potential spread both of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theocracy">Islamic theocracy</a> and of liberal democracy in the Middle East as two different possibilities for a domino-theory scenario. During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> of 1980 to 1988 the United States and other western nations supported <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a>, fearing the spread of Iran's radical theocracy throughout the region. In the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism"> neoconservatives</a> argued that when a democratic government is implemented, it would then help spread democracy and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> across the Middle East. This has been referred to as a "reverse domino theory",<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "democratic domino theory",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so called because its effects are considered positive, not negative, by Western democratic states. </p><p>Russian analysis of a perceived pattern of pro-democratic movements in the post-Soviet era resulted in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s "domino theory of <a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">colour revolutions</a>, reiterated by other <a href="/wiki/Siloviki" class="mw-redirect" title="Siloviki">siloviki</a> and found in military and national security doctrines".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some views of successive Russian military interventions - in <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War"> Georgia</a> in 2008, in <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest"> Kazakhstan</a> (2022) and in <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War"> Ukraine</a> (2014 onwards), for example - postulate a domino theory whereby Putin might expand Russian influence in eastern and central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Export of revolution">Export of revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quagmire_theory" title="Quagmire theory">Quagmire theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Revolutionary wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeesonDean2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leeson, Peter T.; Dean, Andrea (2009). "The Democratic Domino Theory". <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 533–551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2009.00385.x">10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00385.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Democratic+Domino+Theory&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-551&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2009.00385.x&rft.aulast=Leeson&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Dean%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/features/eise/jrranger/quotes2.htm">"The Quotable Quotes of Dwight D. Eisenhower"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. December 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328071311/http://www.nps.gov/features/eise/jrranger/quotes2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quotable+Quotes+of+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffeatures%2Feise%2Fjrranger%2Fquotes2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCha2016" class="citation book cs1">Cha, Victor (2016). <i>Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia</i>. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powerplay%3A+The+Origins+of+the+American+Alliance+System+in+Asia&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extracts of Memorandum of Conversation by Mr. W. Averell Harriman, Special Assistant to the President, with General MacArthur in Tokyo, August 6 and 8, 1950, Top Secret, August 20, 1950, in FRUS, 1950, Vol. 7: Korea, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2010" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Mark (April 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021040535/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6186/Stalin_and_Eastern_Europe.pdf">"STALIN, SOVIET POLICY, AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF A COMMUNIST BLOC IN EASTERN EUROPE, 1944-1953"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6186/Stalin_and_Eastern_Europe.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STALIN%2C+SOVIET+POLICY%2C+AND+THE+CONSOLIDATION+OF+A+COMMUNIST+BLOC+IN+EASTERN+EUROPE%2C+1944-1953&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2010-04-30&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiis-db.stanford.edu%2Fevnts%2F6186%2FStalin_and_Eastern_Europe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/120-the-sinews-of-peace">"The Iron Curtain: Winston S. Churchill, "The Sinews of Peace," speech, 1946"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_International_Churchill_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Churchill Society">The International Churchill Society</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128181818/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/120-the-sinews-of-peace">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Curtain%3A+Winston+S.+Churchill%2C+%22The+Sinews+of+Peace%2C%22+speech%2C+1946&rft.pub=The+International+Churchill+Society&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fspeeches%2F1946-1963-elder-statesman%2F120-the-sinews-of-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolies2012" class="citation book cs1">Margolies, Daniel S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQquNKw1tZwC&q=after+the+Iran+crisis+of+1946%2C+Harry+Truman+declared+the+trumandoctrine&pg=PA373"><i>A Companion to Harry S. Truman</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 372, 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444331417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444331417"><bdi>978-1444331417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.pages=372%2C+373&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1444331417&rft.aulast=Margolies&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQquNKw1tZwC%26q%3Dafter%2Bthe%2BIran%2Bcrisis%2Bof%2B1946%252C%2BHarry%2BTruman%2Bdeclared%2Bthe%2Btrumandoctrine%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine">"The Truman Doctrine, 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs" title="Bureau of Public Affairs">Bureau of Public Affairs</a>. December 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516181411/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truman+Doctrine%2C+1947&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1945-1952%2Ftruman-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/kennan">"Kennan and Containment, 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs" title="Bureau of Public Affairs">Bureau of Public Affairs</a>. December 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628012824/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/kennan">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kennan+and+Containment%2C+1947&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1945-1952%2Fkennan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennan1947" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">Kennan, George</a> (July 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23331/x/the-sources-of-soviet-conduct">"The Sources of Soviet Conduct"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212043538/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23331/x/the-sources-of-soviet-conduct">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+Soviet+Conduct&rft.date=1947-07&rft.aulast=Kennan&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F23331%2Fx%2Fthe-sources-of-soviet-conduct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lukacs2009" class="citation book cs1">John Lukacs (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWll1goeBzwC&q=George+Kennan+involved+in+drafting+marshall+plan&pg=PA1944"><i>George Kennan: A Study of Character</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300143065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300143065"><bdi>978-0300143065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Kennan%3A+A+Study+of+Character&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0300143065&rft.au=John+Lukacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWll1goeBzwC%26q%3DGeorge%2BKennan%2Binvolved%2Bin%2Bdrafting%2Bmarshall%2Bplan%26pg%3DPA1944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜstün1997" class="citation journal cs1">Üstün, Senem (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/44/1569/17035.pdf">"Turkey and the Marshall Plan: Strive for Aid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations</i>. <b>27</b>. <a href="/wiki/Ankara_University" title="Ankara University">Ankara University</a>: 31–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1501%2FIntrel_0000000254">10.1501/Intrel_0000000254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Turkish+Yearbook+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+the+Marshall+Plan%3A+Strive+for+Aid&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=31-52&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1501%2FIntrel_0000000254&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cst%C3%BCn&rft.aufirst=Senem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergiler.ankara.edu.tr%2Fdergiler%2F44%2F1569%2F17035.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/truman">"The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs" title="Bureau of Public Affairs">Bureau of Public Affairs</a>. December 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512021347/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/truman">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truman+Doctrine+and+the+Marshall+Plan&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fshort-history%2Ftruman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mao-zedong-outlines-the-new-chinese-government">"Mao Zedong outlines the new Chinese government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a>. December 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102093822/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mao-zedong-outlines-the-new-chinese-government">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+outlines+the+new+Chinese+government&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fmao-zedong-outlines-the-new-chinese-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChineseRev-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChineseRev_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChineseRev_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev">"The Chinese Revolution of 1949"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs" title="Bureau of Public Affairs">Bureau of Public Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004017/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Revolution+of+1949&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1945-1952%2Fchinese-rev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3oay_KTHwoC&pg=PA230">Rogue Regimes: Terrorism and Proliferation, pg. 230</a>, Raymond Tanter, Macmillan, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/nixon-china-visit-cold-war">"How Nixon's 1972 Visit to China Changed the Balance of Cold War Power"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. February 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=How+Nixon%27s+1972+Visit+to+China+Changed+the+Balance+of+Cold+War+Power&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fnixon-china-visit-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolen" class="citation web cs1">Nolen, Jeannette L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/domino-theory">"Domino theory"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Domino+theory&rft.aulast=Nolen&rft.aufirst=Jeannette+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fdomino-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/french-indochinavietnam-1941-1954/">"Political Science: 11. French Indochina/Vietnam (1941–1954)"</a>. <i>UCA.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Arkansas" title="University of Central Arkansas">University of Central Arkansas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517074321/http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/french-indochinavietnam-1941-1954">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCA.edu&rft.atitle=Political+Science%3A+11.+French+Indochina%2FVietnam+%281941%E2%80%931954%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fasiapacific-region%2Ffrench-indochinavietnam-1941-1954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/dienbienphu54.htm">"1954 Dien Bien Phu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Community_College" title="Northern Virginia Community College">Northern Virginia Community College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601141617/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/dienbienphu54.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1954+Dien+Bien+Phu&rft.pub=Northern+Virginia+Community+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnovaonline.nvcc.edu%2Feli%2Fevans%2Fhis135%2Fevents%2Fdienbienphu54.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_3894000/3894175.stm">"1954: Peace deal ends Indo-China war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. July 21, 1954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120185805/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_3894000/3894175.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1954%3A+Peace+deal+ends+Indo-China+war&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1954-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F21%2Fnewsid_3894000%2F3894175.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/education/teachers/curricular-resources/high-school-curricular-resources/jfk-and-vietnam-the-september-1963-tv-interviews">"JFK and Vietnam: The September 1963 TV Interviews"</a>. <i>www.jfklibrary.org</i>. JFK Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jfklibrary.org&rft.atitle=JFK+and+Vietnam%3A+The+September+1963+TV+Interviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Feducation%2Fteachers%2Fcurricular-resources%2Fhigh-school-curricular-resources%2Fjfk-and-vietnam-the-september-1963-tv-interviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical Briefings: JFK, the Cold War, and Vietnam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater1993" class="citation journal cs1">Slater, Jerome (1993). "The Domino Theory and International Politics: The Case of Vietnam". <i>Security Studies</i>. The Domino Theory: A Debate. <b>3</b> (2): 186–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636419309347547">10.1080/09636419309347547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Domino+Theory+and+International+Politics%3A+The+Case+of+Vietnam&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-224&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09636419309347547&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackman1969" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Arnold C. (1969). <i>The Communist collapse in Indonesia</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Norton. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+collapse+in+Indonesia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1970" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Robert Grainger Ker (1970). <i>Revolutionary war in world strategy, 1945-1969</i>. Taplinger. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+war+in+world+strategy%2C+1945-1969&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Grainger+Ker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kuan Yew (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromthirdworldto00leek/page/467"><i>From Third World to First: The Singapore Story – 1965-2000</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromthirdworldto00leek/page/467">467,573</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019776-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019776-5"><bdi>0-06-019776-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Third+World+to+First%3A+The+Singapore+Story+%E2%80%93+1965-2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=467%2C573&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-06-019776-5&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kuan+Yew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromthirdworldto00leek%2Fpage%2F467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford,_Kissinger,_Singapore_Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_-_May_8,_1975(Gerald_Ford_Library)(1553067).pdf" title="File:Ford, Kissinger, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew - May 8, 1975(Gerald Ford Library)(1553067).pdf">Ford, Kissinger, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew - May 8, 1975 (Gerald Ford Library)</a>, pg. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Killing-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Killing_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Killing_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (October 2019). <i>The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691196497" title="Special:BookSources/9780691196497"><bdi>9780691196497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965-66&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10&rft.isbn=9780691196497&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/unclesam01/">"The Threat of a Good Example, by Noam Chomsky (Excerpted from What Uncle Sam Really Wants)"</a>. <i>chomsky.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chomsky.info&rft.atitle=The+Threat+of+a+Good+Example%2C+by+Noam+Chomsky+%28Excerpted+from+What+Uncle+Sam+Really+Wants%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchomsky.info%2Funclesam01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Guan, Ang Cheng (2001). "The Domino Theory Revisited: The Southeast Asia Perspective". <i>War and Society</i>. <b>19</b>: 109–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F072924701791201576">10.1179/072924701791201576</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153669352">153669352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Domino+Theory+Revisited%3A+The+Southeast+Asia+Perspective&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=109-130&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F072924701791201576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153669352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Ang+Cheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1964" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Kent (June 9, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d209">"209. Memorandum From the Board of National Estimates to the Director of Central Intelligence (McCone)"</a>. <i>Office of the Historian</i>. United States Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=209.+Memorandum+From+the+Board+of+National+Estimates+to+the+Director+of+Central+Intelligence+%28McCone%29&rft.date=1964-06-09&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v01%2Fd209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/vietnam2-domino-theory.htm">"Vietnam War - The Domino Theory"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=Vietnam+War+-+The+Domino+Theory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fops%2Fvietnam2-domino-theory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1995" class="citation web cs1">Brown, David (April 28, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0428/28182.html">"The Lessons of Vietnam: Mr. McNamara's View"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=The+Lessons+of+Vietnam%3A+Mr.+McNamara%27s+View&rft.date=1995-04-28&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1995%2F0428%2F28182.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524135816/http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/van-de-su-kien/khong-the-xuyen-tac-chien-thang-3041975/7312.html">"Không thể xuyên tạc Chiến thắng 30-4-1975 - Tạp chí Quốc phòng toàn dân"</a>. <i>tapchiqptd.vn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/van-de-su-kien/khong-the-xuyen-tac-chien-thang-3041975/7312.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tapchiqptd.vn&rft.atitle=Kh%C3%B4ng+th%E1%BB%83+xuy%C3%AAn+t%E1%BA%A1c+Chi%E1%BA%BFn+th%E1%BA%AFng+30-4-1975+-+T%E1%BA%A1p+ch%C3%AD+Qu%E1%BB%91c+ph%C3%B2ng+to%C3%A0n+d%C3%A2n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftapchiqptd.vn%2Fvi%2Fvan-de-su-kien%2Fkhong-the-xuyen-tac-chien-thang-3041975%2F7312.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2005/Che-Guevara-Gott11aug05.htm">"Rough Draft of History: 'All Right, Let's Get the @#!*% Out of Here'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126071737/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2005/Che-Guevara-Gott11aug05.htm">Archived</a> November 26, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Richard Gott, August 11, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118792232818807567">"Another Vietnam?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709153053/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118792232818807567#">Archived</a> July 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Max Boot, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, August 24, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0523.htm">"KGB Active Measures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629193045/https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0523.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KGB+Active+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Frussia%2Fkgb%2Fsu0523.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/para/raf.htm">"Red Army Faction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629203451/https://fas.org/irp/world/para/raf.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Army+Faction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fraf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/para/br.htm">"Brigate Rosse"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629232055/https://fas.org/irp/world/para/br.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brigate+Rosse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fbr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gaddis (1994). <i>The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine, 1945-1993</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5mUrNoWa7J0C&dq=Chile%2Bcuba%2Bred+sandwich&pg=PA133">133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Years+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine%2C+1945-1993&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gaddis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith, Ian</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Betrayal:_The_Memoirs_of_Ian_Douglas_Smith" title="The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith"><i>Bitter Harvest: Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of Its Independence</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Blake_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blake Publishing">John Blake Publishing</a>. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84358-548-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84358-548-0"><bdi>978-1-84358-548-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Harvest%3A+Zimbabwe+and+the+Aftermath+of+Its+Independence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=John+Blake+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84358-548-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 2008: 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 2008: 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2003" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Robert (April 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624135941/http://www.slate.com/id/2080976/nav/navoa/">"The War and the Peace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2080976/nav/navoa/">the original</a> on June 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+War+and+the+Peace&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2080976%2Fnav%2Fnavoa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2003" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, Paul (April 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2935969.stm">"The 'democratic domino' theory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003074026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2935969.stm">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+%27democratic+domino%27+theory&rft.date=2003-04-10&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2935969.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGötz2018" class="citation book cs1">Götz, Elias, ed. (December 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHx_DwAAQBAJ"><i>Russia, the West, and the Ukraine Crisis</i></a> (reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351706117" title="Special:BookSources/9781351706117"><bdi>9781351706117</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+the+West%2C+and+the+Ukraine+Crisis&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.isbn=9781351706117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkHx_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2023" class="citation web cs1">Short, Philip (October 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/article/the-ukraine-imbroglio/">"The Ukraine Imbroglio"</a>. The Institute for Regional Security (Australia)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2023</span>. <q>To Ukraine's neighbours, notably Poland and the Baltic States, the war is neither colonial nor preventive but the first step in a broader Russian offensive. 'If he isn't stopped in Ukraine,' they say, 'we shall be next.' [...] Eastern Europe's threat narrative is an iteration of the infamous US domino theory of 50 years ago [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ukraine+Imbroglio&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Regional+Security+%28Australia%29&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregionalsecurity.org.au%2Farticle%2Fthe-ukraine-imbroglio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomino+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–United States relations">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Timor–United States relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cook Islands–United States relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United States relations">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Sardinia–United States relations">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies–United States relations">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Asia–United States relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Doctrines,_policies,_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrines, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">policies</a>, concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Presidential<br />doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Template:Dwight D. Eisenhower"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Template talk:Dwight D. Eisenhower"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dwight D. Eisenhower"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a> (1945–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force#Commander_and_senior_staff" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> (1943–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Military<br />career</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Motor_Transport_Corps_convoy" title="1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy">1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Maneuvers" title="Louisiana Maneuvers">Louisiana Maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations United States Army">European Theater of Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6,_1944,_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)" title="Berlin Declaration (1945)">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmed_Enemy_Forces" title="Disarmed Enemy Forces">Disarmed Enemy Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1957 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="February 1953 State of the Union Address">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1954 State of the Union Address">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1955 State of the Union Address">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1956 State of the Union Address">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1957 State of the Union Address">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1958 State of the Union Address">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1959 State of the Union Address">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1960 State of the Union Address">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 12, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower%27s_farewell_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower's farewell address">Farewell address</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Dwight_David_Eisenhower/Executive_Orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Dwight David Eisenhower/Executive Orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Dwight_David_Eisenhower/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Dwight David Eisenhower/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>1953; <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_for_Peace_speech" title="Chance for Peace speech">"Chance for Peace" speech</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War#Crisis_and_escalation_(1953–62)" title="Cold War">Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Look_(policy)" title="New Look (policy)">New Look policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">1955 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1954" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1954">Atomic Energy Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace" title="Atoms for Peace">Atoms for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Data" title="Restricted Data">Restricted Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954">Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURATOM_Cooperation_Act_of_1958" title="EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958">EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> <ul><li>1958; <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10479" title="Executive Order 10479">Executive Order 10479</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Continental_Shelf" title="Outer Continental Shelf">Outer Continental Shelf Act</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Relief_Act" title="Refugee Relief Act">Refugee Relief Act</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_Lands_Act" title="Submerged Lands Act">Submerged Lands Act</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Act of 1954">Agricultural Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Wool_Act_of_1954" title="National Wool Act of 1954">National Wool Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Milk_Program" title="Special Milk Program">Special Milk Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1954" title="Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954">Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Internal Revenue Code of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Watershed_Program" title="Small Watershed Program">Small Watershed Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act of 1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1956" title="Agricultural Act of 1956">Agricultural Act of 1956</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Bank_Act" title="Soil Bank Act">Soil Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Bank_Program" title="Soil Bank Program">Soil Bank Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Voting_Assistance_Program" title="Federal Voting Assistance Program">Federal Voting Assistance Program</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Trust_Fund" title="Highway Trust Fund">Highway Trust Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_to_People_Student_Ambassador_Program" title="People to People Student Ambassador Program">People to People Student Ambassador Program</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Fitness,_Sports_and_Nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition">President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Plant_Pest_Act_of_1957" title="Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957">Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine intervention</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%E2%80%93Anderson_Nuclear_Industries_Indemnity_Act" title="Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act">Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Slaughter_Act" title="Humane Slaughter Act">Humane Slaughter Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Act" title="National Defense Education Act">National Defense Education Act</a> <ul><li>1958; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Perkins_Loan" title="Federal Perkins Loan">Federal Perkins Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-Use_Sustained-Yield_Act_of_1960" title="Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960">Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikes_Act" title="Sikes Act">Sikes Act</a> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe" title="Crusade in Europe"><i>Crusade in Europe</i> (1948)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Eisenhower_movement" title="Draft Eisenhower movement">Draft Eisenhower movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican Party presidential primaries (1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention (1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">United States Presidential election (1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Bibliography of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Presidential_Library,_Museum_and_Boyhood_Home" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home">Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Home" title="Eisenhower Home">Boyhood home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_National_Historic_Site" title="Eisenhower National Historic Site">Eisenhower National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_National_Airport" title="Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport">Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Fellowships" title="Eisenhower Fellowships">Eisenhower Fellowships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Institute">Eisenhower Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Monument" title="Eisenhower Monument">Eisenhower Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar" title="Eisenhower dollar">Eisenhower dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Eisenhower Centennial silver dollar">Eisenhower Centennial silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Army_Medical_Center" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center">Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Medical_Center" title="Eisenhower Medical Center">Eisenhower Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Trophy" title="Eisenhower Trophy">Eisenhower Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Golf_Club" title="Eisenhower Golf Club">Eisenhower Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts#Eisenhower_Theater" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Eisenhower Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)">Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Eisenhower" title="Fort Eisenhower">Fort Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Eisenhower" title="Mount Eisenhower">Mount Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places named for Dwight D. Eisenhower">Places named for Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Tributes_and_memorials" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Other tributes and memorials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_jacket" title="Eisenhower jacket">Eisenhower jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Tree" title="Eisenhower Tree">Eisenhower Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe#TV_series" title="Crusade in Europe"><i>Crusade in Europe</i> (1949 television series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> (1979 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_(miniseries)" title="Ike (miniseries)"><i>Ike</i> (1979 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike:_Countdown_to_D-Day" title="Ike: Countdown to D-Day"><i>Ike: Countdown to D-Day</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_(play)" title="Pressure (play)"><i>Pressure</i> (2014 play)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Family of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower"> Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">John Eisenhower</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eisenhower" title="David Eisenhower">David Eisenhower</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Eisenhower" title="Anne Eisenhower">Anne Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Eisenhower" title="Susan Eisenhower">Susan Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jean_Eisenhower" title="Mary Jean Eisenhower">Mary Jean Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Stover_Eisenhower" title="Ida Stover Eisenhower">Ida Stover Eisenhower</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Eisenhower">Arthur Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_N._Eisenhower" title="Edgar N. Eisenhower">Edgar N. Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Eisenhower">Roy Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Eisenhower" title="Earl D. Eisenhower">Earl D. Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Eisenhower" title="Milton S. Eisenhower">Milton S. Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_baseball_controversy" title="Eisenhower baseball controversy">Eisenhower baseball controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_I_don%27t_care_what_it_is" title="And I don't care what it is">And I don't care what it is</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_Award" title="Atoms for Peace Award">Atoms for Peace Award</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Slovik" title="Eddie Slovik">Eddie Slovik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Summersby" title="Kay Summersby">Kay Summersby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">← Harry S. Truman</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Category:Dwight D. Eisenhower">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#c44; color:white;;background:#c44; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Template:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Template talk:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism in Malaysia</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Singapore" title="Category:Communism in Singapore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Singapore</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Wars and incidents <br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Malaysia" title="Category:Wars involving Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Wars</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_movement_in_Malaya_during_World_War_II" title="Anti-Japanese resistance movement in Malaya during World War II">Anti-Japanese resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Days%27_War" title="Fourteen Days' War">Fourteen Days' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li>Communist insurgency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Malaysia (1968-1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malayan_Emergency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency"><span style="color:white">Malayan <br /> Emergency</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Background & causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_village" title="New village">New village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Volunteer_Force" title="Special Operations Volunteer Force">Special Operations Volunteer Force</a></li> <li>Commonwealth Military Involvement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_Malaysia" title="Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Siput_incident" title="Sungai Siput incident">Sungai Siput incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lau_Yew" title="Death of Lau Yew">Death of Lau Yew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labis_incident" title="Labis incident">Labis incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_ambush" title="Penang ambush">Penang ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sir_Henry_Gurney" title="Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney">Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Kepong_incident" title="Bukit Kepong incident">Bukit Kepong incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Semur_River" title="Battle of Semur River">Battle of Semur River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Termite" title="Operation Termite">Operation Termite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_ambush" title="Pipeline ambush">Pipeline ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Templer_Plan" title="The Templer Plan">The Templer Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Hashim#Death" title="Abdul Rahman Hashim">Assassination of Abdul Rahman Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoo_Chong_Kong#Assassination" title="Khoo Chong Kong">Assassination of Khoo Chong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)#National_Monument" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">Bombing of National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Communist_Party" title="South Seas Communist Party">South Seas Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_Malay_Regiment" title="10th Malay Regiment">10th Malay Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Yuen" title="Min Yuen">Min Yuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction">Revolutionary Faction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Malayan People's Liberation Front">MPLF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist">CPM/ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Communist_Party" title="Malaysian Communist Party">Malaysian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Singapore Federation of Trade Unions">Singapore Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">North Kalimantan Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysian_communists" title="Category:Malaysian communists"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Key people</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Peninsular <br />Malaysia <br />and <br />Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_CD" title="Abdullah CD">Abdullah CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Teck" title="Lai Teck">Lai Teck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiah_Fakeh" title="Shamsiah Fakeh">Shamsiah Fakeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Boestamam" title="Ahmad Boestamam">Ahmad Boestamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Maidin" title="Rashid Maidin">Rashid Maidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtaruddin_Lasso" title="Mokhtaruddin Lasso">Mokhtaruddin Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarulzaman_Teh" title="Kamarulzaman Teh">Kamarulzaman Teh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Samah_Mohd_Kassim" title="Abu Samah Mohd Kassim">Abu Samah Mohd Kassim</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Ahmad" class="extiw" title="ms:Musa Ahmad">Musa Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Chik" class="extiw" title="ms:Ibrahim Chik">Ibrahim Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._A._Ganapathy" title="S. A. Ganapathy">S. A. Ganapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriani_Abdullah" title="Suriani Abdullah">Suriani Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Yew" title="Lau Yew">Lau Yew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Meng" title="Lee Meng">Lee Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Tien" title="Chen Tien">Chen Tien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kwo" title="Yeung Kwo">Yeung Kwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Chong_Pik" title="Fong Chong Pik">Fong Chong Pik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eu_Chooi_Yip" title="Eu Chooi Yip">Eu Chooi Yip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim_Chin_Siong" title="Lim Chin Siong">Lim Chin Siong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahi_Annuar" title="Wahi Annuar">Wahi Annuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Indera" title="Muhammad Indera">Mat Indera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Balan" title="R. G. Balan">R. G. Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Veerasenan" title="P. Veerasenan">P. Veerasenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devan_Nair" title="Devan Nair">Devan Nair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Malaysian <br />Borneo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Kee_Chok" title="Bong Kee Chok">Bong Kee Chok</a></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Yang Chu Chung</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Wen Ming Chyuan</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Yap Choon Hau</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Lam Wah Kwai</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Ang Chu Ting</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Wong Lieng Kui</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Cheung Ah Wah</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Youth_and_Students_of_Southeast_Asia_Fighting_for_Freedom_and_Independence" title="Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence">Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Socialist_Club" title="University Socialist Club">University Socialist Club</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subramaniam_v_Public_Prosecutor" title="Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor">Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Malaysia–Soviet Union relations">Malaysia–Soviet Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">China–Malaysia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">China–Singapore relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis" title="Barisan Sosialis">Barisan Sosialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chia_Thye_Poh" title="Chia Thye Poh">Chia Thye Poh</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Ghouse" class="extiw" title="ms:Siddiq Ghouse">Siddiq Ghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_United_Peoples%27_Party" title="Sarawak United Peoples' Party">Sarawak United Peoples' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidong_Island" title="Bidong Island">Bidong Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">1975 AIA building hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_slavery_case" title="Lambeth slavery case">Lambeth slavery case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Peace agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></li> <li>Peace Declaration of Sri Aman 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Malaya_(film)" title="Operation Malaya (film)"><i>Operation Malaya</i> (1953 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Piece_of_Ribbon" title="A Piece of Ribbon"><i>A Piece of Ribbon</i> (1963 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_7th_Dawn" title="The 7th Dawn"><i>The 7th Dawn</i> (1964 drama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Communist" title="The Last Communist"><i>The Last Communist</i> (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apa_Khabar_Orang_Kampung" title="Apa Khabar Orang Kampung"><i>Apa Khabar Orang Kampung</i> (2007 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_Februari" title="29 Februari"><i>29 Februari</i> (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanda_Putera" title="Tanda Putera"><i>Tanda Putera</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Evening_Mists" title="The Garden of Evening Mists"><i>The Garden of Evening Mists</i> (2011 novel)</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%911949" class="extiw" title="zh:新村1949"><i>The New Village</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Evening_Mists_(film)" title="The Garden of Evening Mists (film)"><i>The Garden of Evening Mists</i> (2019 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#c44; color:white;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/23px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism portal</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Malaysia portal</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Singapore portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:; color:;;background:; color:;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Communism in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Communism in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: ; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism in Indonesia</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Indonesia" title="Category:Wars involving Indonesia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: ; text-decoration: inherit;">Wars</span></a> and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbang_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbang raid">Limbang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Jawai" title="Battle of Long Jawai">Battle of Long Jawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Labis" title="Landing at Labis">Landing at Labis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_December_1964" title="Action of 13 December 1964">Action of 13 December 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sungei_Koemba" title="Battle of Sungei Koemba">Battle of Sungei Koemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kindau" title="Battle of Kindau">Battle of Kindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babang" title="Battle of Babang">Battle of Babang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret">Operation Claret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bau" title="Battle of Bau">Battle of Bau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Souths_Affair" title="Three Souths Affair">Three Souths Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Indonesian_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="1965–66 Indonesian mass killings">1965–66 Indonesian mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Socialist Party of Indonesia">Socialist Party of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murba_Party" title="Murba Party">Murba Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Party" title="Acoma Party">Acoma Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbupri" title="Sarbupri">Sarbupri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_All-Indonesian_Workers_Organization" title="Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization">Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Communist_Party" title="South Seas Communist Party">South Seas Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">North Kalimantan Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_communists" title="Category:Indonesian communists"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: ; text-decoration: inherit;">Key people</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siauw_Giok_Tjhan" title="Siauw Giok Tjhan">Siauw Giok Tjhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darsono" title="Darsono">Darsono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimin" title="Alimin">Alimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin_Harahap" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap">Amir Sjarifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipa_Nusantara_Aidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipa Nusantara Aidit">D. N. Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Lukman" title="M. H. Lukman">M. H. Lukman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musso" title="Musso">Musso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njoto" title="Njoto">Njoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samikidin" title="Samikidin">Samikidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaun" title="Semaun">Semaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaruzaman_Sjam" title="Kamaruzaman Sjam">Kamaruzaman Sjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Kartodikromo" title="Marco Kartodikromo">Marco Kartodikromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakri_Wahab" title="Bakri Wahab">Bakri Wahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudisman" title="Sudisman">Sudisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikana" title="Wikana">Wikana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Affiliation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_People%27s_Party" title="Brunei People's Party">Brunei People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Melayu_Muda" title="Kesatuan Melayu Muda">Kesatuan Melayu Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">North Kalimantan Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Youth_and_Students_of_Southeast_Asia_Fighting_for_Freedom_and_Independence" title="Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence">Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONEFO" title="CONEFO">CONEFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasakom" title="Nasakom">Nasakom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Communism in Sumatra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Revolt">Brunei Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pengkhianatan_G30S/PKI" title="Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI">Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(film)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (film)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puisi_Tak_Terkuburkan" title="Puisi Tak Terkuburkan">Puisi Tak Terkuburkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Act_of_Killing" title="The Act of Killing">The Act of Killing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Look_of_Silence" title="The Look of Silence">The Look of Silence</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:; color:;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/23px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Communism portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;background:#DC241f; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Communism in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Communism in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines"><span style="color:white;">Communism in the Philippines</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist armed conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">New People's Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="First Great Rectification Movement">First Great Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Communist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of the Philippines">Socialist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Philippines)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Philippines)">Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawà ng Pilipinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Proletarian_Army" title="Revolutionary Proletarian Army">Revolutionary Proletarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Boncayao_Brigade" title="Alex Boncayao Brigade">Alex Boncayao Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines">Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebolusyonaryong_Hukbong_Bayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan">Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Cordillera People's Liberation Army">Cordillera People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Labor unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Obrera_Democr%C3%A1tica_Filipina" title="Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina">Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas" title="Unión de Impresores de Filipinas">Unión de Impresores de Filipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Filipinas" title="Congreso Obrero de Filipinas">Congreso Obrero de Filipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Labor_Movement" title="Collective Labor Movement">Collective Labor Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas" title="Katipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis sa Pilipinas">Katipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis sa Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Labor_Organizations" title="Congress of Labor Organizations">Congress of Labor Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Peasant groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguman_ding_Maldang_Talapagobra" title="Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra">Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalipunang_Pambansa_ng_mga_Magbubukid_sa_Pilipinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid sa Pilipinas (page does not exist)">Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid sa Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pambansang_Kaisahan_ng_mga_Magbubukid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid (page does not exist)">Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Obrero_de_Filipinas" title="Partido Obrero de Filipinas">Partido Obrero de Filipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Philippines)" title="Democratic Alliance (Philippines)">Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Mass organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabataang_Makabayan" title="Kabataang Makabayan">Kabataang Makabayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayang_Pagkakaisa_ng_Kabataang_Pilipino" title="Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino">Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Young_Communists_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Young Communists of the Philippines">League of Young Communists of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Demokratiko_ng_Kabataan" title="Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan">Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Early thinkers and<br />labor leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes" title="Isabelo de los Reyes">Isabelo de los Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Cruz" title="Hermenegildo Cruz">Hermenegildo Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_K._Santos" title="Lope K. Santos">Lope K. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominador_G%C3%B3mez" title="Dominador Gómez">Dominador Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_H._Poblete" title="Pascual H. Poblete">Pascual H. Poblete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">PKP members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisanto_Evangelista" title="Crisanto Evangelista">Crisanto Evangelista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Ponce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domingo Ponce (page does not exist)">Domingo Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirilo_Bognot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirilo Bognot (page does not exist)">Cirilo Bognot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Balgos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariano Balgos (page does not exist)">Mariano Balgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Capadocia" title="Guillermo Capadocia">Guillermo Capadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Ora (page does not exist)">Antonio Ora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lava" title="Vicente Lava">Vicente Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lava" title="José Lava">José Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Lava" title="Jesus Lava">Jesus Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primitivo_Arrogante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primitivo Arrogante (page does not exist)">Primitivo Arrogante</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Castro_(communist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Castro (communist) (page does not exist)">Pedro Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Frianeza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Frianeza (page does not exist)">Jorge Frianeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Abad_Santos" title="Pedro Abad Santos">Pedro Abad Santos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Peasant leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Feleo" title="Juan Feleo">Juan Feleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casto_Alejandrino" title="Casto Alejandrino">Casto Alejandrino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacinto_Manahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacinto Manahan (page does not exist)">Jacinto Manahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Tadeo" title="Jaime Tadeo">Jaime Tadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mateo_del_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mateo del Castillo (page does not exist)">Mateo del Castillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Hukbalahap</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Taruc" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peregrino_Taruc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peregrino Taruc (page does not exist)">Peregrino Taruc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvestre_Liwanag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvestre Liwanag (page does not exist)">Silvestre Liwanag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaton_Bulaong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaton Bulaong (page does not exist)">Agaton Bulaong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Poblete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo Poblete (page does not exist)">Bernardo Poblete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felipa_Culala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felipa Culala (page does not exist)">Felipa Culala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Communist Party<br />of the Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Agcaoili" title="Fidel Agcaoili">Fidel Agcaoili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Tayag" title="Nilo Tayag">Nilo Tayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Zumel" title="Antonio Zumel">Antonio Zumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Tiamzon" title="Benito Tiamzon">Benito Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Tiamzon" title="Wilma Tiamzon">Wilma Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Rosal" title="Gregorio Rosal">Gregorio Rosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filemon_Lagman" title="Filemon Lagman">Filemon Lagman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jopson" title="Edgar Jopson">Edgar Jopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrado_Balweg" title="Conrado Balweg">Conrado Balweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jalandoni" title="Luis Jalandoni">Luis Jalandoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Anarchism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_history_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor history in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Labor history in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peasant_movement_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peasant movement in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Peasant movement in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance against Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Subversion_Act_of_1957" title="Anti-Subversion Act of 1957">Anti-Subversion Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Karagatan_incident" title="MV Karagatan incident">MV <i>Karagatan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_University_of_the_Philippines%E2%80%93Department_of_National_Defense_accord" title="1989 University of the Philippines–Department of National Defense accord">UP–DND accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Task_Force_to_End_Local_Communist_Armed_Conflict" title="National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict">National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict</a> (NTF-ELCAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_CPP%E2%80%93NPA" title="List of attacks attributed to the CPP–NPA">Attacks and incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rano_massacre" title="Rano massacre">Rano massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Masbate_City_blast" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Masbate City blast">2021 Masbate City blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Samar_boat_explosion" title="2022 Samar boat explosion">2022 Samar boat explosion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/23px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Communism portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&oldid=1260385191">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&oldid=1260385191</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_terminology" title="Category:Cold War terminology">Cold War terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_policies" title="Category:Cold War policies">Cold War policies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States">History of the foreign relations of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_metaphors" title="Category:Political metaphors">Political metaphors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolution_terminology" title="Category:Revolution terminology">Revolution terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_theories" title="Category:Political theories">Political theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Anti-communism in the United States">Anti-communism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indochina_Wars" title="Category:Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dominoes" title="Category:Dominoes">Dominoes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use American English from November 2021">Use American English from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2023">Use mdy dates from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from August 2020">Articles that may contain original research from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 13:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domino_theory&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6lpvq","wgBackendResponseTime":210,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.740","walltime":"0.942","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4246,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":415659,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4565,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":198093,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 611.629 1 -total"," 43.43% 265.661 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.91% 103.441 1 Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States"," 16.61% 101.615 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 14.61% 89.358 24 Template:Cite_web"," 13.22% 80.876 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.80% 53.821 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.28% 44.544 12 Template:Navbox"," 6.28% 38.387 1 Template:Original_Research"," 6.23% 38.124 10 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.363","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6063978,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-vf8k5","timestamp":"20241130133303","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Domino theory","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domino_theory","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q221608","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q221608","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-02T18:12:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T13:33:01Z","headline":"theory concerning the influence of Communism"}</script> </body> </html>