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id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Core principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juche_in_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juche_in_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Juche</i> in practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Juche_in_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Juche</i> in practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Juche_in_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_outreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_outreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International outreach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_outreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Songun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Songun</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suryong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suryong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Suryong</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suryong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism_of_Our_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism_of_Our_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Socialism of Our Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism_of_Our_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_to_other_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_to_other_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Comparisons to other ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_to_other_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_to_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_to_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Comparisons to religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_to_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presence_of_a_sacred_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_of_a_sacred_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Presence of a sacred leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_of_a_sacred_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Familism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_and_magazine_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_and_magazine_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>News and magazine articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_and_magazine_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Juche</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="جوتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87u%C3%A7xe" title="Çuçxe – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çuçxe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8D" title="Чучхэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чучхэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Чучхе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чучхе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu%C4%8Dche" title="Čučche – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čučche" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuch%E2%80%99e-Ideologie" title="Chuch’e-Ideologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chuch’e-Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuch%27e" title="Chuch'e – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chuch'e" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5" title="Τζούτσε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζούτσε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88u%C4%89eo" title="Ĉuĉeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉuĉeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutxe" title="Jutxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jutxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87" title="جوچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%B2%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81" title="주체사상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주체사상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche-ideo" title="Juche-ideo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Juche-ideo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%94" title="צ'וצ'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'וצ'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94" title="ჯუჩე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯუჩე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu%C4%8Dh%C4%97" title="Čučhė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čučhė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsucse" title="Dzsucse – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsucse" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94" title="ჩუჩხე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩუჩხე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B2" title="ဂျူချဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျူချဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="主体思想 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="主体思想" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuchxe" title="Chuchxe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chuchxe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87" title="ਜੂਚੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੂਚੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87" title="جوچه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوچه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCucze" title="Dżucze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżucze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Чучхе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чучхе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEu%C4%8De" title="Džuče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džuče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Џуче идеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џуче идеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A" title="ชูเช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชูเช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Чучхе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чучхе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" title="Juche – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Juche" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Ch%E1%BB%A7_th%E1%BB%83" title="Tư tưởng Chủ thể – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư tưởng Chủ thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuch%27e" title="Chuch'e – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the date system, see <a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar"><i>Juche</i> calendar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><i><b>Juche</b></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Juche_Tower_torch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Juche_Tower_torch.jpg/220px-Juche_Tower_torch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Juche_Tower_torch.jpg/330px-Juche_Tower_torch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Juche_Tower_torch.jpg/440px-Juche_Tower_torch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Torch symbolizing <i>Juche</i> at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower"><i>Juche</i> Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%B2%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:주체">주체</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:사상">사상</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%AB%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:主體">主體</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:思想">思想</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Juche sasang</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Chuch'e sasang</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Literally "<a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> idea"</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/125px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/188px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/250px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juche</a></i><span class="nowrap">  </span>(state ideology)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></i><span class="nowrap">  </span>("military-first" policy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_leaders_of_North_Korea" title="Eternal leaders of North Korea">Eternal leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_meetings_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="National meetings of the Workers' Party of Korea">Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th</a>)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Floor_Secretariat" title="Third Floor Secretariat">Personal Secretariat</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Rules of the Workers' Party of Korea">Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Presidium</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Yong-won" title="Jo Yong-won">Jo Yong-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tok-hun" title="Kim Tok-hun">Kim Tok-hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Pyong-chol" title="Ri Pyong-chol">Ri Pyong-chol</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Military Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th</a>) <ul><li>Chairman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice Chairman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-gil" title="Ri Yong-gil">Ri Yong-gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Pyong-chol" title="Ri Pyong-chol">Ri Pyong-chol</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Auditing Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th</a>) <ul><li>Chairman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jae-ryong" title="Kim Jae-ryong">Kim Jae-ryong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_and_Guidance_Department" title="Organization and Guidance Department">Organization and Guidance Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_Agitation_Department" title="Propaganda and Agitation Department">Propaganda and Agitation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="United Front Department of the Workers' Party of Korea">United Front Department</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"><b> <a href="/wiki/14th_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Supreme People's Assembly">14th term</a> </b> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly">Chairman</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pak_In-chol_(politician)" title="Pak In-chol (politician)">Pak In-chol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="14th Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly">Chairman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_North_Korea" title="Judiciary of North Korea">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Court_(North_Korea)" title="Central Court (North Korea)">Central Court</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Court (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Central_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the Central Court (page does not exist)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Yun-sok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kang Yun-sok (page does not exist)">Kang Yun-sok</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Public_Prosecutors_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Public Prosecutors Office (page does not exist)">Central Public Prosecutors</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Public_Prosecutors_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Public Prosecutors Office (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_Central_Public_Prosecutors_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Director of the Central Public Prosecutors Office (page does not exist)">Director</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Myong-gil_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Myong-gil (politician) (page does not exist)">Kim Myong-gil</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs Commission</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"><b> <a href="/wiki/14th_State_Affairs_Commission" title="14th State Affairs Commission">14th term</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State Affairs Commission">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li></ul></li> <li>First Vice President <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tok-hun" title="Kim Tok-hun">Kim Tok-hun</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_North_Korea" title="Cabinet of North Korea">Cabinet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"><b> <a href="/wiki/14th_Cabinet_of_North_Korea" title="14th Cabinet of North Korea">14th term</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tok-hun" title="Kim Tok-hun">Kim Tok-hun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Vice Premier of North Korea">Vice Premier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Jong-gun" title="Pak Jong-gun">Pak Jong-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hyon-chol" title="Jon Hyon-chol">Jon Hyon-chol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Song-ryong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Song-ryong (page does not exist)">Kim Song-ryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Song-hak" title="Ri Song-hak">Ri Song-hak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pak_Hun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pak Hun (page does not exist)">Pak Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_Chol-gyu" title="Ju Chol-gyu">Ju Chol-gyu</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="2009 North Korean parliamentary election">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="2014 North Korean parliamentary election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="2019 North Korean parliamentary election">2019</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2015_North_Korean_local_elections" title="2015 North Korean local elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korean_local_elections" title="2019 North Korean local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_North_Korean_local_elections" title="2023 North Korean local elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b>First-level</b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_North_Korea" title="Provinces of North Korea">Provinces</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea">Second-level</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">cities</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea">Kun</a></i><span class="nowrap">  </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(county)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><b>Third-level</b> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Eup_(administrative_division)" title="Eup (administrative division)">Eup</a></i><span class="nowrap">  </span>(town)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_(administrative_division)" title="Dong (administrative division)">Dong</a></i><span class="nowrap">  </span>(neighborhood)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ri_(administrative_division)" title="Ri (administrative division)">Ri</a></i><span class="nowrap">  </span>(village)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodonjagu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodonjagu (page does not exist)">Rodonjagu</a></i><span class="nowrap">  </span>(workers' district)</dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Choe_Son-hui" title="Choe Son-hui">Choe Son-hui</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions of North Korea">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions in North Korea">in North Korea</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nationality_law" title="North Korean nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_passport" title="North Korean passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_North_Korean_citizens" title="Visa requirements for North Korean citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_North_Korea" title="Visa policy of North Korea">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean reunification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ten_Principles_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Monolithic_Ideological_System" title="Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System">Ten Principles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_activities_of_North_Korea" title="Illicit activities of North Korea">Illicit activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Korea" title="Law of North Korea">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Korea" title="Law enforcement in North Korea">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Social Security (North Korea)">Security Ministry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Politics of North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Template talk:Politics of North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Juche</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c0\/Juche_English_pronunciation.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Juche English pronunciation.mp3"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Juche_English_pronunciation.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Juche_English_pronunciation.mp3" title="File:Juche English pronunciation.mp3">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JOO</span>-chay</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">주체</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Chuch'e</i></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Korean:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[tɕutɕʰe]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f8\/%EC%A3%BC%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\uc8fc\uccb4 \ubc1c\uc74c.mp3"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/%EC%A3%BC%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%A3%BC%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.mp3" title="File:주체 발음.mp3">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), officially the <b><i>Juche</i> idea</b>, is the state <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and the official ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a>. North Korean sources attribute its conceptualization to <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, the country's founder and first leader. <i>Juche</i> was originally regarded as a variant of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> until <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>, Kim Il Sung's son and successor, declared it a distinct ideology in the 1970s. Kim Jong Il further developed <i>Juche</i> in the 1980s and 1990s by making ideological breaks from Marxism–Leninism and increasing the importance of his father's ideas. </p><p><i>Juche</i> incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical materialist">historical materialist</a> ideas of Marxism–Leninism but also strongly emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, and national <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. <i>Juche</i> posits that a country will prosper once it has become self-reliant by achieving political, economic, and military independence. As Kim Jong Il emerged as Kim Il Sung's likely successor in the 1970s, loyalty to the leader was increasingly emphasized as an essential part of <i>Juche</i>, as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Principles_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Monolithic_Ideological_System" title="Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System">Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System</a>. </p><p><i>Juche</i> has been variously described by critics as a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-religion">quasi-religion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fascistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascistic">fascistic</a> ideology, and a deviation from Marxism–Leninism.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_2012,_p._4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong_2012,_p._4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuh1988309_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh1988309-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Juche</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese word</a> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">主體</span></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">modern spelling</a>: <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">主体</span></span></span>), whose <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> reading is <i>shutai</i>. The word was coined in 1887 to translate the concept of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Subjekt</i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>, meaning "the entity perceiving or acting upon an object or environment") into Japanese. The word migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> at around the turn of the century and retained this meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201511_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201511-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shutai</i> went on to appear in Japanese translations of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201512_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201512-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korean editions of Marx used the word <i>Juche</i> even before the word was attributed to Kim Il Sung in its supposedly novel meaning in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201513_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201513-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary political discourse on North Korea, <i>Juche</i> has a connotation of "self-reliance", "autonomy", and "independence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997207,_403–04_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997207,_403–04-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201473–74_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201473–74-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often defined in opposition to the Korean concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Sadae" title="Sadae">Sadae</a></i>, or reliance on the great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoneMcCormack1993180_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoneMcCormack1993180-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Koreans</a> use the word without reference to the North Korean ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201513–14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201513–14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideology is officially known as <i>Juche sasang</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">주체사상</span></span>) in Korean and the <i>Juche</i> idea in English. <i>Juche sasang</i> literally means "<a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> idea"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201514_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201514-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has also been translated as <i>Juche</i> thought<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2008161_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2008161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Jucheism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adherents of <i>Juche</i> are sometimes referred to as "Jucheists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov201430–31_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov201430–31-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official statements by the North Korean government attribute the origin of <i>Juche</i> to Kim Il Sung's experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Down-with-Imperialism_Union" title="Down-with-Imperialism Union">Down-with-Imperialism Union</a> during Korea's liberation struggle against Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House20141_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House20141-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimKimKim200510_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimKimKim200510-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first documented reference to <i>Juche</i> as an ideology dates to 1955, when Kim Il Sung delivered a speech titled "<a href="/wiki/On_Eliminating_Dogmatism_and_Formalism_and_Establishing_Juche_in_Ideological_Work" title="On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work">On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work</a>". The speech promoted a political purge similar to the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsiatic_Research_Institute,_Korea_University197063_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsiatic_Research_Institute,_Korea_University197063-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became known as the "<i>Juche</i> speech"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201568_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201568-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered one of Kim Il Sung's most important works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuh1981109_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh1981109-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western scholars generally agree that <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Jang-yop" title="Hwang Jang-yop">Hwang Jang-yop</a>, Kim Il Sung's top adviser on philosophy, was responsible for the conceptualization and early development of <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker200565_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker200565-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hwang rediscovered the <i>Juche</i> speech sometime in the late 1950s, when Kim Il Sung, having established a <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il Sung's cult of personality">cult of personality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeCh'oede_Bary2001419_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeCh'oede_Bary2001419-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sought to develop his own version of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and solidify his position in the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (WPK).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrogueregimekimjo00beckpage65_65–66]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrogueregimekimjo00beckpage65_65–66]-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaparano00frenpagen48_30]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaparano00frenpagen48_30]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hwang expanded upon the meaning of <i>Juche</i> and rewrote Korean communist history to make it appear as though Kim Il Sung had been the WPK's leader since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrogueregimekimjo00beckpage65_65–66]_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrogueregimekimjo00beckpage65_65–66]-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lankov" title="Andrei Lankov">Andrei Lankov</a>, a Russian scholar of Korean studies, argues that the first reference to <i>Juche</i> as an ideology was on 14 April 1965, when Kim Il Sung gave a speech in Indonesia titled "On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">조선민주주의인민공화국에서의사회주의건설과남조선혁명에대하여</span></span>). Lankov posits that the 1955 speech "used the word in a different meaning" and that <i>Juche</i> was adopted as the "basic ideological principle of North Korean politics" only after the 1965 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Juche_Idea" title="On the Juche Idea">On the Juche Idea</a></i>, the principal work on <i>Juche</i>, was published under <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>'s name in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North Korea it serves as "the authoritative and comprehensive explanation of <i>Juche</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the treatise, the WPK is responsible for educating the masses in the ways of <i>Juche</i> thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Juche</i> is inexorably linked with Kim Il Sung and "represents the guiding idea of the Korean revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>Juche</i> is rooted in Marxism–Leninism, it is not merely a creative application of the ideas of Marx and Lenin to Korean conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim19827_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim19827-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, it is a "new phase of revolutionary theory"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim19827_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim19827-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and represents "a new era in the development of human history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Jong Il also criticized the Korean communists and nationalists of the 1920s for their "elitist posture", saying they were "divorced from the masses".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201620_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201620-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North Korean government issued a decree on 8 July 1997, the third anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">death of Kim Il Sung</a>, declaring the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar"><i>Juche</i> calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6Rx8Q_cxqvkCpgPA220_220]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6Rx8Q_cxqvkCpgPA220_220]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_People%27s_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central People's Committee (page does not exist)">Central People's Committee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:中央人民委員会">ja</a>]</span> promulgated regulations regarding its use in August,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKCNA1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKCNA1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the calendar entered public usage on 9 September, the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Foundation_of_the_Republic_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the Foundation of the Republic (North Korea)">Day of the Foundation of the Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6Rx8Q_cxqvkCpgPA220_220]_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6Rx8Q_cxqvkCpgPA220_220]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> dates are used for years before 1912 while years after 1912 (the year of <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Sun" title="Day of the Sun">Kim Il Sung's birth</a>) are called "<i>Juche</i> years". The Gregorian year 2024, for example, is "<i>Juche</i> 113" as 2024 − 1911 = 113. When used, "<i>Juche</i> years" are often accompanied by the Gregorian equivalent, i.e. "<i>Juche</i> 113, 2024" or "<i>Juche</i> 113 (2024)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKCNA1997_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKCNA1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Core_principles">Core principles<span class="anchor" id="Guiding_principles"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Core principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of <i>Juche</i> is to establish a self-reliant state that independently determines its political, economic, and military affairs. Kim Il Sung summarized the application of this objective to North Korea in a 1967 speech to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a> titled "Let Us Embody the Revolutionary Spirit of Independence, Self-sustenance and Self-defence More Thoroughly in All Fields of State Activity":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003105_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003105-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>First, the government of the republic will implement with all consistency the line of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-defence to consolidate the political independence of the country, build up more solidly the foundations of an independent national economy capable of insuring the complete unification, independence, and prosperity of our nation and increasing the country's defence capabilities, so as to safeguard the security of the fatherland reliably by our own force, by splendidly embodying our party's idea of <i>Juche</i> in all fields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim202112_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim202112-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Political independence (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">자주</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">jaju</i></span>) is a core principle of <i>Juche</i>. <i>Juche</i> stresses equality and mutual respect among nations, Juche's emphasis on self-reliance and national sovereignty has resonated beyond North Korea, influencing independence movements in countries such as Zimbabwe<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Angola<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, where leaders saw it as a framework for resisting colonialism and economic dependency ,asserting that every state has the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yielding to foreign pressure or intervention would violate the principle of political independence and threaten a country's ability to defend its sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to <i><a href="/wiki/Sadaejuui" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaejuui">sadaejuui</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">사대주의</span></span>), which advocates reliance on a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeong2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeong2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>Juche</i> does not advocate <a href="/wiki/Hermit_kingdom" title="Hermit kingdom">total isolation</a> and encourages cooperation between socialist states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Kim Jong Il writes in <i>On the Juche Idea</i>: "Independence is not in conflict with internationalism but is the basis of its strengthening".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198242_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198242-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Il Sung acknowledged that it was important for North Korea to learn from other socialist states, in particular the Soviet Union and China, but did not want to follow their examples dogmatically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said the WPK must "resolutely repudiate the tendency to swallow things of others undigested or imitate them mechanically", attributing North Korea's early success to the WPK's independence in policymaking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Economic self-sufficiency (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">자립</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">jarip</i></span>) is required to achieve political independence, according to adherents of <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Il Sung believed that excessive foreign aid threatened a country's ability to develop socialism, which only a state with a strong, independent economy could build.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>On the Juche Idea</i>, Kim Jong Il argues that a state can achieve economic self-sufficiency only when it has created an "independent national economy" based on <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198245_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198245-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as this sector will drive the rest of the economy. He also emphasizes the importance of technological independence<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198246_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198246-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and self-sufficiency in resources.,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198247_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198247-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but says that this does not rule out "economic cooperation" between socialist states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198247_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198247-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Military self-reliance (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">자위</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">jawi</i></span>) is also crucial for a state to maintain its political independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003107_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003107-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accomplish military self-reliance, states must develop a domestic defence industry to avoid dependence on foreign arms suppliers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198252_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198252-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Jong Il argued that it was acceptable for socialist states to receive military aid from their allies but that such aid would be effective only if the state was militarily strong in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198249–50_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198249–50-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juche_in_practice"><i>Juche</i> in practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Juche in practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North Korea maintained close relations with the Soviet Union and China during the Cold War, having emerged from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet occupation</a> and a war it fought alongside Chinese communists. However, North Korea also opposed what it viewed as Soviet and Chinese attempts to interfere in its postwar affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimZagoria19751018_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimZagoria19751018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/August_Faction_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="August Faction Incident">failed challenge to Kim Il Sung's leadership in 1956</a> led to a purge of pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese elements from the WPK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung197845_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung197845-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea rejected the <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> efforts of Soviet premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> but avoided taking sides during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korea was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> in 1975 and has since presented itself as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>, promoting <i>Juche</i> as a model for developing countries to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200910–13_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200910–13-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20151_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20151-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National survival has been seen as a guiding principle of North Korea's diplomatic strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013434_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013434-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As countries in the Eastern Bloc collapsed and introduced market reforms, North Korea increasingly emphasized <i>Juche</i> in both theory and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007105–107_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007105–107-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159–160_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159–160-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzo200295_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzo200295-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even amid economic and political crises, North Korea continues to emphasize its independence on the world stage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013471–472_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013471–472-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></div> <p>After the devastation of the Korean War, North Korea began to rebuild its economy with a base in heavy industry, with the aim to become as self-sufficient as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluth200832–33_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluth200832–33-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it developed what has been called the "most <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarkic</a> industrial economy in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997419_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997419-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea received economic aid and technical assistance from the Soviet Union and China, but it did not join <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>, the communist common market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997420_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997420-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluth200833_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluth200833-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, it had one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">the world's lowest rates for dependence on petroleum</a>, using hydroelectric power and coal instead of imported oil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997426_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997426-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its textile industry uses <a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">vinylon</a>, known as the "<i>Juche</i> fiber", which was invented by a Korean and is made from locally available coal and limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201439_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201439-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007134–135_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007134–135-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of vinylon often features in propaganda that preaches the virtues of technological self-reliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea had 10,000 <a href="/wiki/CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> machines in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHee2010_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHee2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first domestic homemade CNC machine was introduced in 1995, and in 2017 it had around 15,000 machines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin2017_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin2017-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commentators have often pointed out the discrepancy between the principle of self-sufficiency and North Korea's dependence on foreign aid, especially during its economic crisis in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007138_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007138-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pursuit of economic <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> has been blamed for contributing to the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002147–152_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002147–152-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this view, attempts at self-sufficiency led to inefficiency and to the neglect of export opportunities in industries where there was a <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013367_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013367-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence">Defence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> is one of the largest on earth and has developed its own nuclear missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinones20085_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinones20085-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp-Mustafaga2014_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp-Mustafaga2014-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It produces <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">UDMH</a> fuel for liquid-fueled missiles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2017_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tumansky_RD-9" title="Tumansky RD-9">Tumansky RD-9</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a> engines, which power the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-19" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-6" title="Shenyang J-6">Shenyang J-6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermudez2017_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermudez2017-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CNC machines produce missiles and centrifuges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin2017_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin2017-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea's propaganda since the Korean War has contrasted its military autonomy with the presence of U.S. forces in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_outreach">International outreach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: International outreach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juche_Tower_tribute_plaques.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Juche_Tower_tribute_plaques.png/220px-Juche_Tower_tribute_plaques.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Juche_Tower_tribute_plaques.png/330px-Juche_Tower_tribute_plaques.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Juche_Tower_tribute_plaques.png/440px-Juche_Tower_tribute_plaques.png 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Tribute plaques to <i>Juche</i> from foreign delegates, contained in the interior entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower"><i>Juche</i> Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kim Il Sung believed that <i>Juche</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> principles could be applied worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997404_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997404-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea has organized international seminars on <i>Juche</i> since 1976. The International Scientific Seminar on the <i>Juche</i> Idea took place in <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, from 28 to 30 September 1976 under the sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Democratic Republic of Madagascar</a>. Many prominent party and government officials, public figures, representatives of revolutionary and progressive organizations, scientists and journalists from more than 50 countries attended. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Madagascar">Malagasy President</a> <a href="/wiki/Didier_Ratsiraka" title="Didier Ratsiraka">Didier Ratsiraka</a> expressed strong sympathy and support for North Korea. An excerpt from the opening speech says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Regardless of the opposition forces, the determination of the people and their strength and conviction are not measured by territorial dimensions, possession of advanced technology, still less, opulence or riches. For those who wish to forget the lesson of history so easily and so quickly, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>—and, closer to us, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a>—are excellent examples which make them deeply reflect on. What we want is not the perfection of political independence alone. The evil forces craftily manipulate the economic levers in order to perpetuate their supremacy and reduce us to vassals and eternal mendicants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House197711_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House197711-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The North Korean government established the International Institute of the <i>Juche</i> Idea (initially the International <i>Juche</i> Research Centre) in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> in 1978 to supervise international <i>Juche</i> study groups' activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007107–108_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007107–108-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribute plaques from these groups are contained in the <a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower">Juche Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201473–74_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201473–74-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> of the United States studied <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranigan2014_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan2014-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party">Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party</a> declared <i>Juche</i> its guiding idea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2016_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of far-right groups have also adopted <i>Juche</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a>-affiliated Rural People's Party adheres to <i>Juche</i> and reportedly has connections with North Korean officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer2013_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer2013-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a> also promotes <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2023_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2023-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songun"><i>Songun</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Songun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fahey_DSCF2839_(6074653969)_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29_1_1.jpg/220px-Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29_1_1.jpg/330px-Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29_1_1.jpg/440px-Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda art promoting <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span>. The Korean text reads, "Long live the great victory of military-first (<span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span>) politics!"</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">선군정치</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Sŏn'gun chŏngch'i</i></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> military-first politics) was first mentioned on 7 April 1997 in <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></i></span> under the headline "There Is a Victory for Socialism in the Guns and Bombs of the People's Army" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">인민군대의 총창우에 사회주의의 승리가 있다</span></span>). Its description in the article echoed the military-centered thinking of the time: "[<span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span> is] the revolutionary philosophy to safeguard our own style of socialism under any circumstances". The concept was credited to Kim Jong Il,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200663_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200663-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who posited that <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span> was the next stage of development of <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House201461_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House201461-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A joint editorial entitled "Our Party's Military-First Politics Will Inevitably Achieve Victory and Will Never Be Defeated" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">우리 당의 선군정치는 필승불패이다</span></span>) was published by <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kulloja" title="Kulloja">Kulloja</a></i></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Rodong Sinmun</i></span> (the WPK's theoretical magazine and newspaper, respectively) on 16 June 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodong_Sinmun1999_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodong_Sinmun1999-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, it was stated that <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span> meant "the leadership method under the principle of giving priority to the military and resolving the problems that may occur in the course of revolution and construction as well as establishing the military as the main body of the revolution in the course of achieving the total tasks of socialism". While the article often referred to "our Party", this was not a reference to the WPK but rather to the personal leadership of Kim Jong Il.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200664_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200664-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Commission" title="National Defence Commission">National Defence Commission</a>, the highest military body, was designated the supreme body of the state by a 1998 revision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">North Korean Constitution</a>. The <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span> era is considered to have begun with this revision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200664_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200664-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2021, Kim Jong Un declared that the "military-first" politics of <span title="Korean-language text"><i lang="ko-Latn">Songun</i></span> would be replaced by "people-first politics" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">인민대중제일주의</span></span>) guided by himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYonhap_News_Agency2021_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYonhap_News_Agency2021-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suryong"><i>Suryong</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suryong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_(april_2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg/220px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg/330px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg/440px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3663" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>Visitors of the <a href="/wiki/Mansu_Hill_Grand_Monument" title="Mansu Hill Grand Monument">Mansu Hill Grand Monument</a> in Pyongyang bow to massive bronze statues of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Suryong</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">수령형상창조</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Suryŏng hyŏngsang ch'angjo</i></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> creation of the lead figure) is a revolutionary theory concerning the relationship between leadership and society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20044-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Marxism–Leninism, which considers developments in the material conditions of production and exchange as the driving force of historical progress (known as <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>), <i>Juche</i> considers human beings in general the driving force in history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20044-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is summarized as "the popular masses are placed in the center of everything, and the leader is the center of the masses".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20044-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Juche</i>, North Korea maintains, is a "man-centered ideology" in which "man is the master of everything and decides everything".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20044-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Marxism–Leninism, in which a people's decisions are conditioned by their relations to the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, <i>Juche</i> argues that people's decisions take consideration of, but are independent from, external factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20044-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like Marxism–Leninism, <i>Juche</i> believes history is law-governed, but that it is only man who drives progress, stating that "the popular masses are the drivers of history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20045_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20045-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process for the masses to reach consciousness, independence, and creativity requires the "leadership of a great leader".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20045_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20045-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxism–Leninism argues that the popular masses will lead (on the basis of their relation to production), but in North Korea the role of a correct leadership is required to organize a unified and effective group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20046_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20046-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korean political scientist Lee Kyo-duk argues that <i>Suryong</i> helped Kim Il Sung establish a unitary system over North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20046_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20046-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory says the leader has a decisive role as an absolute supreme leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20047_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20047-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader is like the brain of the working class, who is the driving force of revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20047_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20047-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader is also a flawless human being who never commits mistakes, who guides the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20048_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20048-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular masses are the driving force of history, but they require the guidance of the party leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20049_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20049-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism"><span id="Kimilsungism.E2.80.93Kimjongilism"></span>Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Posthumous portrait of Kim Il Sung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait-3.jpg/150px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait-3.jpg/225px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait-3.jpg/300px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="21600" data-file-height="27288" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Posthumous portrait of Kim Jong Il" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/150px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/225px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/300px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22800" data-file-height="29352" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">At its fourth party conference in April 2012, the Workers' Party of Korea declared itself "the party of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il" and Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism as "the only guiding idea of the party".</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Kimilsungism</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">김일성주의</span></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Principles_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Monolithic_Ideological_System" title="Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System">Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System</a> were formally introduced by Kim Jong Il in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012561-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Jong Il reportedly did so to strengthen his position within the WPK, taking advantage of his father's political supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012561-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimilsungism refers to the ideas of Kim Il Sung, while the Ten Principles serve as a guide for North Korean political and social life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012561-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Jong Il argued that his father's ideas had evolved and they therefore deserved their own distinct name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korean state media had previously described Kim Il Sung's ideas as "contemporary <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>"; by calling them "Kimilsungism", Kim Jong Il sought to elevate the ideas of his father to the same level of prestige as <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after the introduction of "Kimilsungism" into the North Korean <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lexicon" class="extiw" title="wikt:lexicon">lexicon</a>, Kim Jong Il began calling for a "Kimilsungist transformation" of North Korean society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012561-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political analyst Lim Jae-cheon argues that there is no discernible difference between Kimilsungism and <i>Juche</i>, and that the two terms are interchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012561-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in his 1976 speech "On Correctly Understanding the Originality of Kimilsungism", Kim Jong Il said that Kimilsungism comprises the "<i>Juche</i> idea and a far-reaching revolutionary theory and leadership method evolved from this idea".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin2006_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin2006-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further added that "Kimilsungism is an original idea that cannot be explained within the frameworks of Marxism–Leninism. The <i>Juche</i> idea, which constitutes the quintessence of Kimilsungism, is an idea newly discovered in the history of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Jong Il went further, stating that Marxism–Leninism had become obsolete and must be replaced by Kimilsungism:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200690-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a revolutionary theory which has provided solutions to problems arising in the revolutionary practice in a new age different from the era that gave rise to Marxism–Leninism. On the basis of <i>Juche</i> idea, the leader gave a profound explanation of the theories, strategies and tactics of national liberation, class emancipation and human liberations in our era. Thus, it can be said that the revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a perfect revolutionary theory of Communism in the era of <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200690-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to analyst Shin Gi-wook, the ideas of <i>Juche</i> and Kimilsungism are in essence the "expressions of North Korean particularism over supposedly more universalistic Marxism–Leninism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200690-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new terminology signalled a move from socialism to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200690-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was evident in a speech presented by Kim Jong Il in 1982, during celebrations of his father's 70th <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Sun" title="Day of the Sun">birthday</a>, in which he stated that love for the nation came before love for socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690–91_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200690–91-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particularism gave birth to such concepts as "A Theory of the Korean Nation as Number One" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">조선민족제일주의</span></span>) and "Socialism of Our Style" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">우리식사회주의</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Kim_Jong_Il" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Kim Jong Il">death of Kim Jong Il</a> in December 2011, Kimilsungism became <b>Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">김일성-김정일주의</span></span>) at the 4th Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea in April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüdiger201345_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüdiger201345-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party members at the conference also stated that the WPK was "the party of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il" and declared Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism "the only guiding idea of the party".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüdiger201345_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüdiger201345-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a> (KCNA) stated that "the Korean people have long called the revolutionary policies ideas of the President [Kim Il Sung] and Kim Jong Il as Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism and recognized it as the guiding of the nation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley2013109_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley2013109-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>, the son of Kim Jong Il who succeeded him as leader of the WPK, said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism is an integral system of the idea, theory and method of <i>Juche</i> and a great revolutionary ideology representative of the <i>Juche</i> era. Guided by Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, we should conduct Party building and Party activities, so as to sustain the revolutionary character of our Party and advance the revolution and construction in line with the ideas and intentions of the President [Kim Il Sung] and the General [Kim Jong Il].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20126_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20126-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_of_Our_Style">Socialism of Our Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Socialism of Our Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Socialism of Our Style" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">우리식사회주의</span></span>), also referred to as "Korean-style socialism" and "our-style socialism" within North Korea, is an ideological concept Kim Jong Il introduced on 27 December 1990 in the speech "Socialism of Our Country is a Socialism of Our Style as Embodied by the <i>Juche</i> Idea" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang-KP">우리 나라 사회주의는 주체 사상을 구현한 우리식 사회주의이다</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> that brought down the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries, Kim Jong Il explicitly stated that North Korea needed – and survived because of – Socialism of Our Style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that socialism in Eastern Europe failed because they "imitated the Soviet experience in a mechanical manner".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kim, they failed to understand that the Soviet experience was based on specific historical and social circumstances and could not be used by other countries aside from the Soviet Union itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added that "if experience is considered absolute and accepted dogmatically it is impossible to build Socialism properly, as the times change and the specific situation of each country is different from another".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Jong Il went on to criticize "dogmatic application" of Marxism–Leninism, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691–92_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691–92-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Marxism–Leninism presented a series of opinions on building of Socialism and Communism, but it confined itself to presupposition and hypothesis owing to the limitations of the conditions of their ages and practical experiences<span class="nowrap"> </span>... But many countries applied the principles of Marxist–Leninist <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">materialistic conception of history</a> dogmatically, failing to advance revolution continually after the establishment of the socialist system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691–92_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691–92-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>North Korea would not encounter such difficulties because of the conceiving of <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his words, North Korea was "a backward, colonial semifeudal society" when the communists took over, but since the North Korean communists did not accept <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, which was based on European experiences with <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, which was based on Russia's experience, they conceived of <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that the situation in North Korea was more complex because of the American presence in nearby South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il argued, the revolution had "put forward original lines and policies suited to our people's aspirations and the specific situation of our country".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The <i>Juche</i> idea is a revolutionary theory which occupies the highest stage of development of the revolutionary ideology of the working class", Kim Jong Il said, further stating that the originality and superiority of the <i>Juche</i> idea defined and strengthened Korean socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then conceded by stating that Socialism of Our Style was "a man-centered Socialism", explicitly making a break with basic Marxist–Leninist thought, which argues that material forces are the driving force of historical progress, not people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialism of Our Style was presented as an organic sociopolitical theory, using the language of Marxism–Leninism, saying:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692–93_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692–93-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The political and ideological might of the motive force of revolution is nothing but the power of single-hearted unity between the leader, the Party, and the masses. In our socialist society, the leader, the Party, and the masses throw in their lot with one another, forming a single socio-political organism. The consolidation of blood relations between the leader, the Party and the masses is guaranteed by the single ideology and united leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692–93_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692–93-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics have called <i>Juche</i> a <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> ideology and a departure from Marxist–Leninist principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2019159_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2019159-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Korean_studies" title="Korean studies">Koreanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Brian Reynolds Myers</a> argues that <i>Juche</i> has more in common with <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Japanese fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalism</a> than Marxism–Leninism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean political scientist <a href="/wiki/Suh_Dae-sook" title="Suh Dae-sook">Suh Dae-sook</a> argues that Kim Il Sung did not explain the difference between <a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">socialist patriotism</a>, which he said he supported, and nationalism, which he said he opposed. Suh also criticized Kim Il Sung's initial conceptualization of <i>Juche</i>, saying that he had failed to explain how Marxism–Leninism had been applied to Korean conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuh1988309_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh1988309-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian Derek R. Ford, by contrast, emphasizes the continuity between Marxism–Leninism and <i>Juche</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2018_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2018-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and credits <i>Juche</i> as the guiding principle that allowed North Korea to survive the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of the Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIIJI2020_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIIJI2020-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Armstrong" title="Charles K. Armstrong">Charles K. Armstrong</a> argues that North Korea may appear "Stalinist in form" but is "nationalist in content".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200694_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200694-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shin Gi-wook similarly argues that "there is no trace of Marxism–Leninism or the Stalinist notion of nationhood" in North Korea, and its government instead stresses the importance of the Korean people's blood, soul, and national traits, echoing earlier Korean nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Sin_Chaeho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin Chaeho">Sin Chaeho</a>, Yi Kwangsu, and <a href="/wiki/Choe_Namson" class="mw-redirect" title="Choe Namson">Choe Namson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200693_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200693-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shin believes that the key difference between Marxism–Leninism and <i>Juche</i> is that the latter places ideology above materialism; the vocabulary of family lineage and nationalism is retained and given primacy over <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a>, while social distinction and hierarchy are supported instead of a <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200694_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200694-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few critics have dismissed the idea that <i>Juche</i> is an ideology altogether. Myers argues that <i>Juche</i> cannot be described as a true political ideology because it does not have an underlying <a href="/wiki/Belief_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Belief system">belief system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2016_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2016-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Alzo David-West calls it "meaningless on logical and naturalistic grounds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid-West2011104_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid-West2011104-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American political analyst <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(political_analyst)" title="Robert Kelly (political analyst)">Robert E. Kelly</a> argues that <i>Juche</i> exists solely to protect the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a>'s monopoly over political power in North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2015_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2015-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Myers dismisses the idea that <i>Juche</i> is North Korea's leading ideology, regarding its public exaltation as designed to deceive foreigners. He argues that it exists to be praised and not actually read.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERank2012_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERank2012-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on his experience living in North Korea, Swiss businessman <a href="/wiki/Felix_Abt" title="Felix Abt">Felix Abt</a> calls Myers's arguments "shaky" and "questionable". Having seen the extent to which North Korean university students actually believe in <i>Juche</i>, Abt says it is "rather absurd" to call it "window-dressing" for foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201462–63_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201462–63-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Bruce Cumings</a> and Professor of International Relations <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Hartmut_Bluth" title="Christoph Hartmut Bluth">Christoph Hartmut Bluth</a> similarly argue that <i>Juche</i> is not mere rhetoric, but rather an ideal of self-reliance that North Korea has attempted to implement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997419_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997419-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluth200833_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluth200833-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparisons_to_other_ideologies">Comparisons to other ideologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comparisons to other ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Juche</i> has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> ideology that advocates the establishment of a unified Arab state based on socialism and national self-reliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar2006365_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar2006365-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korean political commentator Park Sang-seek argues that Syrian Ba'athism in particular has rhetorical similarities to <i>Juche</i>, but the latter has a stronger ideological basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark2017_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2017-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparisons_to_religion">Comparisons to religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparisons to religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of scholars have compared facets of <i>Juche</i> to those of preexisting <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean religions</a>. Jung Tae-il argues that certain elements of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a>, and Confucianism were appropriated by and incorporated into <i>Juche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201395-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean cultural anthropologists Byung Ho Chung and Heonik Kwon liken the commemorations of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il to <a href="/wiki/Jesa" title="Jesa">Confucian ancestor worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201395-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ju Jun-hui similarly contends that <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a> influenced <i>Juche</i>, comparing the ecstatic state experienced in a <a href="/wiki/Gut_(ritual)" title="Gut (ritual)">shamanic ritual (<i>gut</i>)</a> to the enthusiasm and fervor North Koreans display for their supreme leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201395-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong accordingly calls <i>Juche</i> a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-religion">quasi-religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_2012,_p._4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong_2012,_p._4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presence_of_a_sacred_leader">Presence of a sacred leader</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Presence of a sacred leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideology teaches that the role of a Great Leader is essential for the popular masses to succeed in their revolutionary movement because without leadership they cannot survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991205_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991205-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il Sung's cult of personality">Kim Il Sung's cult of personality</a>. The personality cult explains how the <i>Juche</i> ideology has endured, even during the North Korean government's undeniable dependence on foreign assistance during <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">its famine</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2012192_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2012192-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a "sacred leader" in <i>Juche</i> as well as the cult around the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a> has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> ideology of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> was seen as a <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">divine being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpin2015_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpin2015-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the fundamental belief in the essential role of the Great Leader, Kim Il Sung has become the "supreme deity for the people" and the <i>Juche</i> doctrine is reinforced in North Korea's constitution as the country's guiding principle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaanothe00cumipage158_158]_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaanothe00cumipage158_158]-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parallel relationship structure between Kim Il Sung and his people and religious founders or leaders and their followers has led many scholars to consider <i>Juche</i> a religious movement as much as a political ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201395-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those familiar with cults posit that <i>Juche</i> bypasses the tenets of religion completely and instead meets the criteria of a totalitarian cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan2017_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan2017-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Juche</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> emphasis on the political and sacred role of the leader and the ensuing worship by the popular masses has been critiqued by various Western Marxists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991205_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991205-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who argue that the North Korean proletariat has been stripped of its honor, and call the cult of personality non-Marxist and undemocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991206_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991206-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rituals">Rituals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The religious behavior of <i>Juche</i> can also be seen in the perspectives of the North Korean people through refugee interviews from former participants in North Korea's ritual occasions. One pertinent example is the <a href="/wiki/Arirang_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang Festival">Arirang Festival</a>, a gymnastic and artistic festival held in the <a href="/wiki/Rungrado_1st_of_May_Stadium" title="Rungrado 1st of May Stadium">Rungrado 1st of May Stadium</a> in Pyongyang. All components of the festival, from the selection of performers, mobilization of resources, recruitment of the audience, and publicity for the show have been compared to facets of a national religious event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung2013101_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung2013101-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arirang Festival has been said to show the power of the North Korean government to arrange a form of religious gathering. It has done so by "appropriating a mass of bodies for calisthenic and performative arts representing the leader as the father and his faithful followers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201396_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201396-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival's effectiveness in transforming its participants into loyal disciples of <i>Juche</i> seems to originate from the <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivist principle</a> of "one for all and all for one" and the ensuing emotional bond and loyalty to the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201396_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201396-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to accounts of refugees who were recruited to mass gymnastics, the collectivist principle is nurtured by physical punishment such as beatings and more importantly the organization of recruits into small units, whose performances were held accountable by larger units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung2013111_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung2013111-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival's ritual components of collectivism serve to reinforce a "certain structure of sociality and affect", establishing Kim Il Sung as the "father" in both the body and psyche of the performers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201396_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201396-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Familism">Familism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Familism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Armstrong" title="Charles K. Armstrong">Charles K. Armstrong</a> argues that familism has transformed itself into a kind of <a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">political religion</a> in the form of <i>Juche</i>. With the emergence of <i>Juche</i> as North Korea's guiding political principle since the 1960s, the familial relationship within the micro-family unit has been translated into a national, macro-unit, with Kim Il Sung representing the father and the North Korean people his children. <i>Juche</i> is thus based on the language of family relationships with its East Asian or neo-Confucian "resonances of filial piety and maternal love".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005383_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005383-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong also argues that North Korea has transferred the "filial piety of nationalism in the family of the leader himself" by positioning Kim Il Sung as the universal patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005389_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005389-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that while the official pursuit of the <i>Juche</i> ideology in the 1960s signalled North Korea's desire to separate from the "fraternity of international socialism", the ideology also replaced Stalin as the father figure with Kim Il Sung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005390_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005390-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, North Korea's familial nationalism has supplanted the "rather abstract, class-oriented language of socialism with a more easily understandable and identifiable language of familial connections, love and obligations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005384_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005384-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After attaining significant positions in the WPK and military in the early 1980s, Kim Jong Il transformed the personality cult surrounding Kim Il Sung into a family cult and became the heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth_China_Morning_Post1982_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth_China_Morning_Post1982-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong calls this a "family romance", a term <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> used to describe "the neurotic replacement of a child's real parents with fantasy substitutes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005385_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005385-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Il Sung's consecration as the "Great Father" has been strengthened by the development of the North Korean family romance with the language, symbols, and rituals associated with familism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201395-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a>, political ideology of South Korea's first president, Syngman Rhee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche_faction" title="Juche faction"><i>Juche</i> faction</a>, a political faction within South Korea's student movements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_bibliography" title="Kim Il Sung bibliography">Kim Il Sung bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il_bibliography" title="Kim Jong Il bibliography">Kim Jong Il bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un_bibliography" title="Kim Jong Un bibliography">Kim Jong Un bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism (Marxism)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong_2012,_p._4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_2012,_p._4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_2012,_p._4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2012">Armstrong 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwoD97Y8XPMC&q=quasi-religion">4</a>: "Among observers outside of North Korea, opinions about the 'ruling ideology' of <i>juche</i> range from the view that <i>juche</i> is a complete sham, merely disguising the Kim family despotism, to those who see it as a quasi-religion more or less believed by a majority of the population."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly_2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2015">Kelly 2015</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Brian Myers</a> has led this school, which argues that North Korea is a misunderstood racist state based on Japanese and German fascist forms from the early twentieth century. It rallies its citizens through aggressive race-based nationalism (the defence of <i>minjok</i>), defends the racial 'cleanliness' of Korea in a big intrusive world, insists that ethnic Koreans of other nationalities are still Koreans, and routinely uses racist language in its diplomacy. On top of this, it is one of the most highly militarised states in the world. Racism plus hypermilitarism looks a lot more like fascism than communism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher2016">Fisher 2016</a>: "[The Soviets] had a problem: There wasn't really a leftist intelligentsia or officialdom to draw upon. So the Soviets ended up recycling in many of the Koreans who'd been a part of the Japanese fascist project in Korea.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... 'Almost all intellectuals who moved to Pyongyang after liberation had collaborated with the Japanese so some degree,' the historian B.R. Myers writes in his book <i>The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh1988309-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuh1988309_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuh1988309_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuh1988">Suh 1988</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201511-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201511_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2015">Myers 2015</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201512-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201512_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2015">Myers 2015</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201513-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201513_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2015">Myers 2015</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997207,_403–04-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997207,_403–04_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumings1997">Cumings 1997</a>, pp. 207, 403–04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201473–74-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201473–74_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201473–74_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbt2014">Abt 2014</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoneMcCormack1993180-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoneMcCormack1993180_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoneMcCormack1993">Lone & McCormack 1993</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201513–14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201513–14_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2015">Myers 2015</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201514-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201514_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2015">Myers 2015</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2008161-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2008161_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2008">Myers 2008</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung2013_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2013">Jung 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov201430–31-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov201430–31_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLankov2014">Lankov 2014</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House20141-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House20141_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForeign_Languages_Publishing_House2014">Foreign Languages Publishing House 2014</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimKimKim200510-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimKimKim200510_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimKimKim2005">Kim, Kim & Kim 2005</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsiatic_Research_Institute,_Korea_University197063-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsiatic_Research_Institute,_Korea_University197063_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsiatic_Research_Institute,_Korea_University1970">Asiatic Research Institute, Korea University 1970</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers201568-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers201568_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2015">Myers 2015</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh1981109-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuh1981109_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuh1981">Suh 1981</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker200565-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker200565_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2005">Becker 2005</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeCh'oede_Bary2001419-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeCh'oede_Bary2001419_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeCh'oede_Bary2001">Lee, Ch'oe & de Bary 2001</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrogueregimekimjo00beckpage65_65–66]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrogueregimekimjo00beckpage65_65–66]_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrogueregimekimjo00beckpage65_65–66]_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2005">Becker 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck/page/65">65–66</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaparano00frenpagen48_30]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaparano00frenpagen48_30]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrench2007">French 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northkoreaparano00fren/page/n48">30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2007_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLankov2007">Lankov 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201619_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKwakJoo2016">Kwak & Joo 2016</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim19827-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim19827_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim19827_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim1982">Kim 1982</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201620-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwakJoo201620_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKwakJoo2016">Kwak & Joo 2016</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6Rx8Q_cxqvkCpgPA220_220]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6Rx8Q_cxqvkCpgPA220_220]_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6Rx8Q_cxqvkCpgPA220_220]_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2001">Lee 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rx8Q_cxqvkC&pg=PA220">220</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKCNA1997-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKCNA1997_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKCNA1997_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKCNA1997">KCNA 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003105-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003105_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim202112-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim202112_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2021">Kim 2021</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_Working_Paper_1_Juche_and_North_Koreas_Global_Aspirations_web.pdf">https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_Working_Paper_1_Juche_and_North_Koreas_Global_Aspirations_web.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2FNKIDP_Working_Paper_1_Juche_and_North_Koreas_Global_Aspirations_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-6ecda0a1-4ecb-443a-ba44-5a1d125ee81c">http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-6ecda0a1-4ecb-443a-ba44-5a1d125ee81c</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.desklight-6ecda0a1-4ecb-443a-ba44-5a1d125ee81c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003106-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003106_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeong2020-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeong2020_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeong2020">Jeong 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198242-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198242_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim1982">Kim 1982</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198245-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198245_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim1982">Kim 1982</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198246-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198246_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim1982">Kim 1982</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198247-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198247_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198247_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim1982">Kim 1982</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003107-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003107_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198252-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198252_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim1982">Kim 1982</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim198249–50-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim198249–50_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim1982">Kim 1982</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimZagoria19751018-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimZagoria19751018_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimZagoria1975">Kim & Zagoria 1975</a>, p. 1018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung197845-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung197845_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChung1978">Chung 1978</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2010_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2010">Armstrong 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200910–13-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200910–13_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2009">Armstrong 2009</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20151-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20151_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWertzOhKim2015">Wertz, Oh & Kim 2015</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013434-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013434_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJager2013">Jager 2013</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007105–107-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007105–107_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn2007">Lynn 2007</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159–160-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007159–160_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzo200295-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzo200295_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuzo2002">Buzo 2002</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013471–472-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013471–472_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJager2013">Jager 2013</a>, pp. 471–472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluth200832–33-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluth200832–33_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluth2008">Bluth 2008</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997419-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997419_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997419_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumings1997">Cumings 1997</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007160_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997420-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997420_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumings1997">Cumings 1997</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluth200833-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluth200833_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluth200833_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluth2008">Bluth 2008</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997426-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997426_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumings1997">Cumings 1997</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201439-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201439_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbt2014">Abt 2014</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007134–135-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007134–135_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn2007">Lynn 2007</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHee2010-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHee2010_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHee2010">Hee 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin2017-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin2017_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin2017_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2017">Shin 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007138-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007138_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn2007">Lynn 2007</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002147–152-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002147–152_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuzo2002">Buzo 2002</a>, pp. 147–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013367-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013367_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJager2013">Jager 2013</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinones20085-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinones20085_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinones2008">Quinones 2008</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp-Mustafaga2014-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp-Mustafaga2014_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauchamp-Mustafaga2014">Beauchamp-Mustafaga 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2017_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2017">Lewis 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermudez2017-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermudez2017_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermudez2017">Bermudez 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1997404-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1997404_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumings1997">Cumings 1997</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House197711-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House197711_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForeign_Languages_Publishing_House1977">Foreign Languages Publishing House 1977</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2007107–108-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2007107–108_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn2007">Lynn 2007</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan2014-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranigan2014_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranigan2014">Branigan 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2016-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2016_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2016">Lee 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer2013-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer2013_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThayer2013">Thayer 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2023-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2023_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2023">Young 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200663-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200663_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKihlKim2006">Kihl & Kim 2006</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House201461-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Languages_Publishing_House201461_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForeign_Languages_Publishing_House2014">Foreign Languages Publishing House 2014</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodong_Sinmun1999-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodong_Sinmun1999_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodong_Sinmun1999">Rodong Sinmun 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200664-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200664_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihlKim200664_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKihlKim2006">Kihl & Kim 2006</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYonhap_News_Agency2021-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYonhap_News_Agency2021_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYonhap_News_Agency2021">Yonhap News Agency 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20044-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20044_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20045-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20045_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20045_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20046-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20046_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20046_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20047-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20047_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20047_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20048-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20048_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20049-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20049_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2012561-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2012561_90-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLim2012">Lim 2012</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200689–90_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin2006-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin2006_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200690-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200690–91-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200690–91_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERüdiger201345-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüdiger201345_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüdiger201345_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüdiger2013">Rüdiger 2013</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley2013109-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley2013109_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltonChidley2013">Alton & Chidley 2013</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20126-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20126_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2012">Kim 2012</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200691–92-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691–92_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200691–92_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692_100-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200692–93-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692–93_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200692–93_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2019159-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2019159_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeth2019">Seth 2019</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2018-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2018_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord2018">Ford 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIIJI2020-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIIJI2020_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIIJI2020">IIJI 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200694-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200694_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200694_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin200693-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShin200693_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShin2006">Shin 2006</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2016-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2016_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2016">Young 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid-West2011104-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid-West2011104_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid-West2011">David-West 2011</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2015-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2015_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2015">Kelly 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERank2012-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERank2012_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRank2012">Rank 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201462–63-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt201462–63_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbt2014">Abt 2014</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar2006365-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar2006365_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar2006">Bar 2006</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2017-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark2017_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2017">Park 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201395-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201395_114-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2013">Jung 2013</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991205-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991205_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991205_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelgesen1991">Helgesen 1991</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2012192-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2012192_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoare2012">Hoare 2012</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpin2015-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpin2015_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpin2015">Halpin 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaanothe00cumipage158_158]-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnorthkoreaanothe00cumipage158_158]_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCumings2003">Cumings 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northkoreaanothe00cumi/page/158">158</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan2017-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan2017_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHassan2017">Hassan 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991206-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgesen1991206_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelgesen1991">Helgesen 1991</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung2013101-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung2013101_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2013">Jung 2013</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung201396-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201396_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201396_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung201396_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2013">Jung 2013</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung2013111-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung2013111_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2013">Jung 2013</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005383-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005383_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2005">Armstrong 2005</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005389-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005389_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2005">Armstrong 2005</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005390-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005390_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2005">Armstrong 2005</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005384-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005384_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2005">Armstrong 2005</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth_China_Morning_Post1982-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth_China_Morning_Post1982_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth_China_Morning_Post1982">South China Morning Post 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005385-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2005385_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2005">Armstrong 2005</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbt2014" class="citation book cs1">Abt, Felix (2014). <i>A Capitalist in North Korea: My Seven Years in the Hermit Kingdom</i>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804844390" title="Special:BookSources/9780804844390"><bdi>9780804844390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Capitalist+in+North+Korea%3A+My+Seven+Years+in+the+Hermit+Kingdom&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780804844390&rft.aulast=Abt&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltonChidley2013" class="citation book cs1">Alton, David; Chidley, Rob (2013). <i>Building Bridges: Is There Hope for North Korea?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lion_Books" title="Lion Books">Lion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745955988" title="Special:BookSources/9780745955988"><bdi>9780745955988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Bridges%3A+Is+There+Hope+for+North+Korea%3F&rft.pub=Lion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780745955988&rft.aulast=Alton&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Chidley%2C+Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2012" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (2012). "The Role and Influence of Ideology". In Park, Kyung-Ae; Snyder, Scott (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwoD97Y8XPMC"><i>North Korea in Transition: Politics, Economy, and Society</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1813-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-1813-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+and+Influence+of+Ideology&rft.btitle=North+Korea+in+Transition%3A+Politics%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1813-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmwoD97Y8XPMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Becker" title="Jasper Becker">Becker, Jasper</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck"><i>Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517044-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517044-3"><bdi>978-0-19-517044-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Regime%3A+Kim+Jong+Il+and+the+Looming+Threat+of+North+Korea&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517044-3&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frogueregimekimjo00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelke1999" class="citation book cs1">Belke, Thomas Julian (1999). <i>Juche: A Christian Study of North Korea's State Religion</i>. Bartlesville: Living Sacrifice Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88264-329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88264-329-8"><bdi>978-0-88264-329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juche%3A+A+Christian+Study+of+North+Korea%27s+State+Religion&rft.place=Bartlesville&rft.pub=Living+Sacrifice+Book+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88264-329-8&rft.aulast=Belke&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluth2008" class="citation book cs1">Bluth, Christoph (2008). <i>Korea</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07456-3357-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-07456-3357-2"><bdi>978-07456-3357-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-07456-3357-2&rft.aulast=Bluth&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzo2002" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo"><i>The Making of Modern Korea</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23749-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23749-9"><bdi>978-0-415-23749-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23749-9&rft.aulast=Buzo&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingmodernkore00buzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung1978" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Chin O. (1978). <i>Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975</i>. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817347284" title="Special:BookSources/9780817347284"><bdi>9780817347284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2508036">2508036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyongyang+Between+Peking+and+Moscow%3A+North+Korea%27s+Involvement+in+the+Sino-Soviet+Dispute%2C+1958%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2508036&rft.isbn=9780817347284&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Chin+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings1997" class="citation book cs1">Cumings, Bruce (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasplaceinsun00bruc"><i>Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History</i></a></span> (1st ed.). W W Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393040111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393040111"><bdi>978-0393040111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Place+in+the+Sun%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0393040111&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreasplaceinsun00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2005" class="citation book cs1">——— (2005). <i>Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393327021" title="Special:BookSources/9780393327021"><bdi>9780393327021</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62042862">62042862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Place+in+the+Sun%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62042862&rft.isbn=9780393327021&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2003" class="citation book cs1">——— (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northkoreaanothe00cumi"><i>North Korea: Another Country</i></a></span>. New York: The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565848733" title="Special:BookSources/9781565848733"><bdi>9781565848733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+Another+Country&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781565848733&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthkoreaanothe00cumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrov2013" class="citation book cs1">Dimitrov, Martin (2013). <i>Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107035539" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107035539"><bdi>978-1107035539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Communism+Did+Not+Collapse%3A+Understanding+Authoritarian+Regime+Resilience+in+Asia+and+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107035539&rft.aulast=Dimitrov&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2014" class="citation book cs1">French, Paul (2014). <i>North Korea: State of Paranoia</i>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-947-5"><bdi>978-1-78032-947-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+State+of+Paranoia&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78032-947-5&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2007" class="citation book cs1">——— (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northkoreaparano00fren"><i>North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula – A Modern History</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: Zed Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+The+Paranoid+Peninsula+%E2%80%93+A+Modern+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthkoreaparano00fren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2012" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI-6NARaLusC"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810861510" title="Special:BookSources/9780810861510"><bdi>9780810861510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810861510&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZI-6NARaLusC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJager2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager" title="Sheila Miyoshi Jager">Jager, Sheila Miyoshi</a> (2013). <i>Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea</i>. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-067-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-067-0"><bdi>978-1-84668-067-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers+at+War+%E2%80%93+The+Unending+Conflict+in+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-067-0&rft.aulast=Jager&rft.aufirst=Sheila+Miyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Languages_Publishing_House2014" class="citation book cs1"><i>Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions</i>. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juche+Idea%3A+Answers+to+Hundred+Questions&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Languages_Publishing_House1977" class="citation book cs1"><i>Juche, the Banner of Independence</i>. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 1977. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4048345">4048345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juche%2C+the+Banner+of+Independence&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4048345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKihlKim2006" class="citation book cs1">Kihl, Young; Kim, Hong Nack (2006). <i>North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival</i>. <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765616388" title="Special:BookSources/9780765616388"><bdi>9780765616388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+The+Politics+of+Regime+Survival&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780765616388&rft.aulast=Kihl&rft.aufirst=Young&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hong+Nack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimKimKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hyung-chan; Kim, Dong-khu; Kim, Tong-gyu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMudAAAAMAAJ"><i>Human Remolding in North Korea: A Social History of Education</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3172-3"><bdi>978-0-7618-3172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Remolding+in+North+Korea%3A+A+Social+History+of+Education&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3172-3&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hyung-chan&rft.au=Kim%2C+Dong-khu&rft.au=Kim%2C+Tong-gyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMudAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2021" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Il-sung (2021) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kkfonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Let-Us-Embody-The-Revolutionary-Spirit-Of-Independence-Self-Sustenance-And-Self-Defence-More-Thoroughly-In-All-Branches-Of-State-Activity.pdf"><i>Let Us Embody the Revolutionary Spirit of Independence, Self-sustenance and Self-defense More Thoroughly in All Fields of State Activity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Us+Embody+the+Revolutionary+Spirit+of+Independence%2C+Self-sustenance+and+Self-defense+More+Thoroughly+in+All+Fields+of+State+Activity&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Il-sung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkkfonline.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FLet-Us-Embody-The-Revolutionary-Spirit-Of-Independence-Self-Sustenance-And-Self-Defence-More-Thoroughly-In-All-Branches-Of-State-Activity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1984" class="citation book cs1">——— (1984) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/work/leader1/00000549.pdf#page=244">"On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution: Lecture at the 'Ali Archam' Academy of Social Sciences of Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kim Il Sung: Works</i>. Vol. 19. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. pp. 236–284. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827642144">827642144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Socialist+Construction+in+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea+and+the+South+Korean+Revolution%3A+Lecture+at+the+%27Ali+Archam%27+Academy+of+Social+Sciences+of+Indonesia&rft.btitle=Kim+Il+Sung%3A+Works&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pages=236-284&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827642144&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Il-sung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean-books.com.kp%2FKBMbooks%2Fen%2Fwork%2Fleader1%2F00000549.pdf%23page%3D244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1982" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jong-il (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zv6jwEACAAJ"><i>On the Juche Idea</i></a>. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Juche+Idea&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jong-il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Zv6jwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jong-un (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamadilavoce.it/kimJongUn181008.pdf"><i>Let Us Brilliantly Accomplish the Revolutionary Cause of Juche, Holding Kim Jong-il in High Esteem as the Eternal General Secretary of Our Party</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Us+Brilliantly+Accomplish+the+Revolutionary+Cause+of+Juche%2C+Holding+Kim+Jong-il+in+High+Esteem+as+the+Eternal+General+Secretary+of+Our+Party&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jong-un&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamadilavoce.it%2FkimJongUn181008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwakJoo2016" class="citation book cs1">Kwak, Tae-hwan; Joo, Seung-ho, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R7CoDQAAQBAJ"><i>North Korea's Foreign Policy under Kim Jong Il: New Perspectives</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91432-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91432-1"><bdi>978-1-351-91432-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+Foreign+Policy+under+Kim+Jong+Il%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-91432-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR7CoDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2014" class="citation book cs1">Lankov, Andrei (2014). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_North_Korea:_Life_and_Politics_in_the_Failed_Stalinist_Utopia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia">The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199390038" title="Special:BookSources/9780199390038"><bdi>9780199390038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+North+Korea%3A+Life+and+Politics+in+the+Failed+Stalinist+Utopia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199390038&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2001" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Hy-Sang (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rx8Q_cxqvkC"><i>North Korea: A Strange Socialist Fortress</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96917-2"><bdi>978-0-275-96917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+A+Strange+Socialist+Fortress&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96917-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hy-Sang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Rx8Q_cxqvkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kyo Duk (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/744">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Peaceful Utilization of the DMZ' as a National Strategy"</a>. <i>The successor theory of North Korea</i>. Korean Institute for National Reunification. pp. 1–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8984792258" title="Special:BookSources/978-8984792258"><bdi>978-8984792258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Peaceful+Utilization+of+the+DMZ%27+as+a+National+Strategy&rft.btitle=The+successor+theory+of+North+Korea&rft.pages=1-52&rft.pub=Korean+Institute+for+National+Reunification&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8984792258&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kyo+Duk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepo.kinu.or.kr%2Fhandle%2F2015.oak%2F744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeCh'oede_Bary2001" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter H.; Ch'oe, Yongho; de Bary, William Theodore (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9LoA9L1ABcC"><i>Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume 2: from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51800-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51800-0"><bdi>978-0-231-51800-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Korean+Tradition%2C+Volume+2%3A+from+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51800-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Ch%27oe%2C+Yongho&rft.au=de+Bary%2C+William+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9LoA9L1ABcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoneMcCormack1993" class="citation book cs1">Lone, Stewart; <a href="/wiki/Gavan_McCormack" title="Gavan McCormack">McCormack, Gavan</a> (1993). <i>Korea since 1850</i>. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312096852" title="Special:BookSources/0312096852"><bdi>0312096852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+since+1850&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Longman+Cheshire&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0312096852&rft.aulast=Lone&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2007" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Hyung-Gu (2007). <i>Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas Since 1989</i>. Halifax: Fernwood Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842777435" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842777435"><bdi>978-1842777435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bipolar+Orders%3A+The+Two+Koreas+Since+1989&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=Fernwood+Pub.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1842777435&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Hyung-Gu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalici2009" class="citation book cs1">Malici, Akan (2009). <i>When Leaders Learn and When They Don't: Mikhail Gorbachev and Kim Il Sung at the End of the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791473047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791473047"><bdi>978-0791473047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Leaders+Learn+and+When+They+Don%27t%3A+Mikhail+Gorbachev+and+Kim+Il+Sung+at+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0791473047&rft.aulast=Malici&rft.aufirst=Akan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1997" class="citation book cs1">McCann, David (1997). <i>Korea Briefing: Toward Reunification</i>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563248863" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563248863"><bdi>978-1563248863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Briefing%3A+Toward+Reunification&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1563248863&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2015" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Brian Reynolds (2015). <i>North Korea's Juche Myth</i>. Busan: Sthele Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5087-9993-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5087-9993-1"><bdi>978-1-5087-9993-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+Juche+Myth&rft.place=Busan&rft.pub=Sthele+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5087-9993-1&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2011" class="citation book cs1">——— (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleanestracehown00myer"><i>The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters</i></a></span>. New York: Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935554-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935554-97-4"><bdi>978-1-935554-97-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cleanest+Race%3A+How+North+Koreans+See+Themselves+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-935554-97-4&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleanestracehown00myer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael E (2007). <i>Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-3174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Twentieth-Century+Odyssey&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüdiger2013" class="citation book cs1">Rüdiger, Frank (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017111605/http://www.academia.edu/4478846/Framing_the_Globalisation_Debate_in_Korean_Higher_Education"><i>North Korea in 2012: Domestic Politics, the Economy and Social Issues</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 41–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004262973" title="Special:BookSources/9789004262973"><bdi>9789004262973</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4478846">the original</a> on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea+in+2012%3A+Domestic+Politics%2C+the+Economy+and+Social+Issues&rft.pages=41-72&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004262973&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4478846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2019" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2019). <i>A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538129050" title="Special:BookSources/9781538129050"><bdi>9781538129050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+Korea%3A+From+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781538129050&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2006" class="citation book cs1">Shin, Gi-wook (2006). <i>Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804754088" title="Special:BookSources/9780804754088"><bdi>9780804754088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Nationalism+in+Korea%3A+Genealogy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780804754088&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Gi-wook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuh1988" class="citation book cs1">Suh, Dae-sook (1988). <i>Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231065733" title="Special:BookSources/9780231065733"><bdi>9780231065733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Il+Sung%3A+The+North+Korean+Leader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780231065733&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.aufirst=Dae-sook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuh1981" class="citation book cs1">——— (1981). <i>Korean Communism, 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System</i>. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0740-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-0740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Communism%2C+1945%E2%80%931980%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+the+Political+System&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0740-5&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.aufirst=Dae-Sook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuh2012" class="citation book cs1">Suh, Jae-Jung, ed. (2012). <i>Origins of North Korea's Juche: Colonialism, War, and Development</i>. Lanham: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7659-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7659-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-7659-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+North+Korea%27s+Juche%3A+Colonialism%2C+War%2C+and+Development&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7659-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2005" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (2005). "Familism, Socialism and Political Religion in North Korea". <i>Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 383–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14690760500317743">10.1080/14690760500317743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145497407">145497407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=Familism%2C+Socialism+and+Political+Religion+in+North+Korea&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-394&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14690760500317743&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145497407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2009" class="citation journal cs1">——— (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/NKIDP_Working_Paper_1_Juche_and_North_Koreas_Global_Aspirations_web.pdf">"Juche and North Korea's Global Aspirations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NKIDP Working Paper</i> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307074422/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/NKIDP_Working_Paper_1_Juche_and_North_Koreas_Global_Aspirations_web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NKIDP+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Juche+and+North+Korea%27s+Global+Aspirations&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNKIDP_Working_Paper_1_Juche_and_North_Koreas_Global_Aspirations_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation journal cs1">——— (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116204532/https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf">"The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (51): 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+and+Reconstruction+of+North+Korea%2C+1950%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F-Charles-K--Armstrong%2F3460%2Farticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid-West2011" class="citation journal cs1">David-West, Alzo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719456">"Between Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism: Juche and the Case of Chŏng Tasan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korean_Studies_(journal)" title="Korean Studies (journal)">Korean Studies</a></i>. <b>35</b>: 93–121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-840X">0145-840X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719456">23719456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=Between+Confucianism+and+Marxism-Leninism%3A+Juche+and+the+Case+of+Ch%C5%8Fng+Tasan&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=93-121&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0145-840X&rft.aulast=David-West&rft.aufirst=Alzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid-West2013" class="citation journal cs1">David-West, Alzo (2013). 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2012.52.3.550">"North Korea's Hereditary Succession Comparing Two Key Transitions in the DPRK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a></i>. <b>52</b> (3): 550–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2012.52.3.550">10.1525/as.2012.52.3.550</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2012.52.3.550">10.1525/as.2012.52.3.550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Hereditary+Succession+Comparing+Two+Key+Transitions+in+the+DPRK&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=550-570&rft.date=2012-05%2F2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2012.52.3.550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fas.2012.52.3.550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Jae-cheon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fas.2012.52.3.550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, Brian Reynolds (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/805056/summary">"Ideology as Smokescreen: North Korea's Juche Thought"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Koreana" title="Acta Koreana">Acta Koreana</a></i>. <b>11</b> (3): 161–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18399%2Facta.2008.11.3.007">10.18399/acta.2008.11.3.007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2733-5348">2733-5348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Koreana&rft.atitle=Ideology+as+Smokescreen%3A+North+Korea%27s+Juche+Thought&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-182&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18399%2Facta.2008.11.3.007&rft.issn=2733-5348&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F805056%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2014" class="citation journal cs1">——— (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/paaf/paaf/2014/00000087/00000004/art00006">"Western Academia and the Word <i>Juche</i>"</a>. <i>Pacific Affairs</i>. <b>87</b> (4): 779–789. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5509%2F2014874779">10.5509/2014874779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Western+Academia+and+the+Word+Juche&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=779-789&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5509%2F2014874779&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fpaaf%2Fpaaf%2F2014%2F00000087%2F00000004%2Fart00006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinones2008" class="citation journal cs1">Quinones, C. Kenneth (7 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ckquinones.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Maison-Franco-Japonaise-Juche-Paper.pdf">"Juche's Role in North Korea's Foreign Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Symposium on Communism in Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135957/http://www.ckquinones.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Maison-Franco-Japonaise-Juche-Paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Symposium+on+Communism+in+Asia&rft.atitle=Juche%27s+Role+in+North+Korea%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2008-06-07&rft.aulast=Quinones&rft.aufirst=C.+Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ckquinones.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F08%2FMaison-Franco-Japonaise-Juche-Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_and_magazine_articles">News and magazine articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: News and magazine articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp-Mustafaga2014" class="citation news cs1">Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Nathan (3 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinonk.com/2014/12/03/zhang-liangui-on-north-korea-nuclear/">"Assessing North Korea's Nuclear Gambit: A View from Beijing"</a>. <i>Global Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202130053/http://sinonk.com/2014/12/03/zhang-liangui-on-north-korea-nuclear/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016 – via Sino-NK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Times&rft.atitle=Assessing+North+Korea%27s+Nuclear+Gambit%3A+A+View+from+Beijing&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft.aulast=Beauchamp-Mustafaga&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinonk.com%2F2014%2F12%2F03%2Fzhang-liangui-on-north-korea-nuclear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan2014" class="citation news cs1">Branigan, Tania (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/19/black-panthers-north-korea-us-imperialism">"How Black Panthers turned to North Korea in fight against US imperialism"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Black+Panthers+turned+to+North+Korea+in+fight+against+US+imperialism&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjun%2F19%2Fblack-panthers-north-korea-us-imperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2016" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Max (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/1/6/10724334/north-korea-history">"The single most important fact for understanding North Korea"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+single+most+important+fact+for+understanding+North+Korea&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F1%2F6%2F10724334%2Fnorth-korea-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpin2015" class="citation news cs1">Halpin, Dennis (19 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2015/02/north-koreas-kim-family-cult-roots-in-state-shinto/">"North Korea's Kim family cult: Roots in Japanese state Shinto?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014231/https://www.nknews.org/2015/02/north-koreas-kim-family-cult-roots-in-state-shinto/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Kim+family+cult%3A+Roots+in+Japanese+state+Shinto%3F&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Halpin&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2015%2F02%2Fnorth-koreas-kim-family-cult-roots-in-state-shinto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHee2010" class="citation news cs1">Hee, Min Cho (18 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynk.com/english/m/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=6136">"Vinylon and CNC? What are they good for?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017093724/http://www.dailynk.com/english/m/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=6136">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span> – via DailyNK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vinylon+and+CNC%3F+What+are+they+good+for%3F&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft.aulast=Hee&rft.aufirst=Min+Cho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynk.com%2Fenglish%2Fm%2Fread.php%3FcataId%3Dnk01300%26num%3D6136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jeong, Dae-il (29 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tongiltimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=22"><bdi lang="ko">주체사상은 누가, 언제, 어떤 배경에서 창시하였나요?</bdi></a>. <i>Tongil Times</i> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tongil+Times&rft.atitle=%EC%A3%BC%EC%B2%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81%EC%9D%80+%EB%88%84%EA%B0%80%2C+%EC%96%B8%EC%A0%9C%2C+%EC%96%B4%EB%96%A4+%EB%B0%B0%EA%B2%BD%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C+%EC%B0%BD%EC%8B%9C%ED%95%98%EC%98%80%EB%82%98%EC%9A%94%3F&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Dae-il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tongiltimes.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2015" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Robert E. (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/if-north-korea-isn-t-communist-then-what-it">"If North Korea isn't communist, then what is it?"</a>. <i>The Lowy Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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No. 12. 20 April 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Kim%27s+Son+%27Only+One%27+to+Take+Over&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1982-04-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2007" class="citation news cs1">Lankov, Andrei (27 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/07/166_14442.html">"Juche: Idea for All Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. Another Korea. No. 246<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Juche%3A+Idea+for+All+Times&rft.issue=246&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2020%2F07%2F166_14442.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Seulki (25 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/City-of-devotees-devotes-itself-to-development,3009">"City of devotees devotes itself to development"</a>. Nepali Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209183136/http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/City-of-devotees-devotes-itself-to-development%2C3009">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=City+of+devotees+devotes+itself+to+development&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Seulki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepalitimes.com%2Farticle%2Fnation%2FCity-of-devotees-devotes-itself-to-development%2C3009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2017" class="citation news cs1">Park, Sang-seek (23 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401070232/https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/north-korea-and-syria-two-evil-states-1498254754.html">"North Korea and Syria: Two evil states"</a>. <i>The Statesman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/north-korea-and-syria-two-evil-states-1498254754.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=North+Korea+and+Syria%3A+Two+evil+states&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Sang-seek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fopinion%2Fnorth-korea-and-syria-two-evil-states-1498254754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKCNA1997" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313071908/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1997/9708/news8/25.htm">"Rules on use of Juche Era adopted"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a></i>. 25 August 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1997/9708/news8/25.htm#4">the original</a> on 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Central+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Rules+on+use+of+Juche+Era+adopted&rft.date=1997-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcna.co.jp%2Fitem%2F1997%2F9708%2Fnews8%2F25.htm%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2017" class="citation news cs1">Shin, James Pearson (13 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-technology/how-a-homemade-tool-helped-north-koreas-missile-program-idUSKBN1CH1I4">"How a homemade tool helped North Korea's missile program"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014160831/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-technology/how-a-homemade-tool-helped-north-koreas-missile-program-idUSKBN1CH1I4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=How+a+homemade+tool+helped+North+Korea%27s+missile+program&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=James+Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-northkorea-missiles-technology%2Fhow-a-homemade-tool-helped-north-koreas-missile-program-idUSKBN1CH1I4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nate_Thayer" title="Nate Thayer">Thayer, Nate</a> (6 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2013/05/white-power-and-apocalyptic-cults-pro-dprk-americans-revealed/">"White Power and apocalyptic cults: Pro-DPRK Americans revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020154902/https://www.nknews.org/2013/05/white-power-and-apocalyptic-cults-pro-dprk-americans-revealed/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=White+Power+and+apocalyptic+cults%3A+Pro-DPRK+Americans+revealed&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2013%2F05%2Fwhite-power-and-apocalyptic-cults-pro-dprk-americans-revealed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2023" class="citation news cs1">Young, Benjamin R. (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2023/11/white-juche-how-north-korea-captured-the-imagination-of-the-global-far-right/">"White Juche: How North Korea captured the imagination of the global far right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=White+Juche%3A+How+North+Korea+captured+the+imagination+of+the+global+far+right&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2023%2F11%2Fwhite-juche-how-north-korea-captured-the-imagination-of-the-global-far-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodong_Sinmun1999" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021124132659/http://www.kcna.co.jp/munkon/m-1999-06-16.htm"><bdi lang="ko">우리 당의 선군정치는 필승불패이다</bdi></a> [Our Party's Military-First Politics Will Inevitably Achieve Victory and Will Never Be Defeated]. <i><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></i> (in Korean). 16 June 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcna.co.jp/munkon/m-1999-06-16.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rodong+Sinmun&rft.atitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC+%EB%8B%B9%EC%9D%98+%EC%84%A0%EA%B5%B0%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EB%8A%94+%ED%95%84%EC%8A%B9%EB%B6%88%ED%8C%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4&rft.date=1999-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcna.co.jp%2Fmunkon%2Fm-1999-06-16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermudez2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr. (3 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10162&num=9"><bdi lang="ko">유용원군사세계</bdi></a>. <i>bemil.Chosun.com</i> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050934/http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10162&num=9">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bemil.Chosun.com&rft.atitle=%EC%9C%A0%EC%9A%A9%EC%9B%90%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.aulast=Bermudez&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbemil.chosun.com%2Fnbrd%2Fbbs%2Fview.html%3Fb_bbs_id%3D10162%26num%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2017" class="citation web cs1">Hassan, Steven (20 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomofmind.com/north-korea-hopefully-not-a-potential-global-waco/">"North Korea: Hopefully Not a Potential Global Waco?"</a>. <i>Freedom of Mind Resource Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104134035/https://freedomofmind.com/north-korea-hopefully-not-a-potential-global-waco/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+Mind+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=North+Korea%3A+Hopefully+Not+a+Potential+Global+Waco%3F&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomofmind.com%2Fnorth-korea-hopefully-not-a-potential-global-waco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Jeffrey (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1204170/domestic-udmh-production-in-the-dprk/">"Domestic UDMH Production in the DPRK"</a>. <i>www.ArmsControlWonk.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015063336/http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1204170/domestic-udmh-production-in-the-dprk/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ArmsControlWonk.com&rft.atitle=Domestic+UDMH+Production+in+the+DPRK&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armscontrolwonk.com%2Farchive%2F1204170%2Fdomestic-udmh-production-in-the-dprk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonhap_News_Agency2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210601170100504"><bdi lang="ko">북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a></i> (in Korean). 1 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C+%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EB%8B%B9+%EA%B7%9C%EC%95%BD+%EC%A3%BC%EC%9A%94+%EA%B0%9C%EC%A0%95+%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAKR20210601170100504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIIJI2020" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juche.v.wol.ne.jp/l_english/news/20200215/article1.html">Activities Conducted in Japan Signal Beginning of 2020: To Celebrate Birth Anniversary of Chairman Kim Jong Un New Year Seminar, Celebration Party and Art Performances Held in Okinawa</a> (Report). International Institute of the Juche Idea<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Activities+Conducted+in+Japan+Signal+Beginning+of+2020%3A+To+Celebrate+Birth+Anniversary+of+Chairman+Kim+Jong+Un+New+Year+Seminar%2C+Celebration+Party+and+Art+Performances+Held+in+Okinawa&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+the+Juche+Idea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuche.v.wol.ne.jp%2Fl_english%2Fnews%2F20200215%2Farticle1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2006" class="citation web cs1">Bar, Shmuel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Herzliya_Conference" title="Herzliya Conference">Herzliya Conference</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashar%27s+Syria%3A+The+Regime+and+its+Strategic+Worldview&rft.pub=Herzliya+Conference&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herzliyaconference.org%2F_Uploads%2F2590Bashars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2018" class="citation podcast cs1">Ford, Derek (28 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groundings.simplecast.com/episodes/the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-3e897ea3">"The Democratic People's Republic of Korea Beyond Propaganda"</a>. <i>Groundings Podcast</i> (Podcast). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430215825/https://groundings.simplecast.com/episodes/the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-3e897ea3">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea+Beyond+Propaganda&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroundings.simplecast.com%2Fepisodes%2Fthe-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-3e897ea3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRank2012" class="citation web cs1">Rank, Michael (10 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112092300/http://atimes.com/atimes/Korea/LD10Dg02.html">"Lifting the cloak on North Korean secrecy: <i>The Cleanest Race, How North Koreans See Themselves</i> by B. R. Myers"</a>. Asia Times (Book review). Archived from the original on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifting+the+cloak+on+North+Korean+secrecy%3A+The+Cleanest+Race%2C+How+North+Koreans+See+Themselves+by+B.+R.+Myers&rft.pub=Asia+Times+%28Book+review%29&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft.aulast=Rank&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FKorea%2FLD10Dg02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertzOhKim2015" class="citation report cs1">Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf">The DPRK Diplomatic Relations</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). National Committee on North Korea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085503/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+DPRK+Diplomatic+Relations&rft.pub=National+Committee+on+North+Korea&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Oh%2C+JJ&rft.au=Kim%2C+Insung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncnk.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2FNCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2016" class="citation web cs1">Young, Benjamin R. (7 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2016/03/north-koreas-juche-myth-or-meaningful/">"North Korea's Juche: Myth or meaningful?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a> (Book review)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+Juche%3A+Myth+or+meaningful%3F&rft.pub=NK+News+%28Book+review%29&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2016%2F03%2Fnorth-koreas-juche-myth-or-meaningful%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuche" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juche&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/20px-WPK_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/30px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/40px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Workers' Party of Korea</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Hon-yong" title="Pak Hon-yong">Pak Hon-yong</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-bom" title="Kim Yong-bom">Kim Yong-bom</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong">Kim Tu-bong</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1949–1994)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> (1997–2011)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FF0">Decision-making bodies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Floor_Secretariat" title="Third Floor Secretariat">Personal Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_and_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary and Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary and Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Auditing Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FF0">Departments and offices</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_and_Guidance_Department" title="Organization and Guidance Department">Organisation and Guidance Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_Agitation_Department" title="Propaganda and Agitation Department">Propaganda and Agitation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadres_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadres Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Cadres Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_Industry_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light Industry Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Light Industry Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Affairs_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Affairs Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Education_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Education Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Science and Education Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Military Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine-Building_Industry_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine-Building Industry Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Machine-Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_Organisation_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Working Organisation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Working Organisation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Agriculture Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_History_Institute_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party History Institute of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Party History Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Archives_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Document Archives of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Document Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Defense_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Defense Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Civil Defense Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeals_Office_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appeals Office of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Appeals Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finance_Accounting_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finance Accounting Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Finance Accounting Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Affairs_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Affairs Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">General Affairs Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front Department">United Front Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_39" title="Room 39">Office 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Higher_Party_School" title="Kim Il Sung Higher Party School">Kim Il Sung Higher Party School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea_Publishing_House" title="Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House">Publishing House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FF0">Publications</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kulloja" title="Kulloja">Kulloja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><a href="/wiki/National_meetings_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="National meetings of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">National meetings</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FF0">Congress</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of the Communist Party of South Korea (page does not exist)">CPK / CPSK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Congress of the Workers' Party of South Korea (page does not exist)">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FF0">Conference</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Conference of the Workers' Party of North Korea (page does not exist)">1st (1958)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%A1%9C%EB%8F%99%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8C%80%ED%91%9C%EC%9E%90%ED%9A%8C" class="extiw" title="ko:조선로동당 제1차 대표자회">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">4th (2012)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><span style="color:#FF0">CC plenums</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Joint_Plenary_Session_of_the_2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Joint Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">1st Joint Plenum, 2nd CC (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Plenary_Session_of_the_2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">12th Plenum, 2nd CC (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_faction_incident" title="August faction incident">2nd Plenum, 3rd CC (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsan_faction_incident" title="Kapsan faction incident">14th Plenum, 4th CC (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsan_faction_incident" title="Kapsan faction incident">15th Plenum, 4th CC (1967)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><span style="color:#FF0">Leadership sittings</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Presidium</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li>3rd—none (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Politburo</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_North_Korean_Branch_Bureau" title="Executive Committee of the North Korean Branch Bureau">NKBB (1945)</a></li> <li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Secretariat</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Policy_Bureau" title="Executive Policy Bureau">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_North_Korean_Branch_Bureau" title="Executive Committee of the North Korean Branch Bureau">NKBB (1945)</a></li> <li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Auditing Commission</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Military Commission</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">4th (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Control Commission</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Organisation Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">1st (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><span style="color:#FF0">Wider organisation</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Rules of the Workers' Party of Korea">Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Patriotic_Youth_League" title="Socialist Patriotic Youth League">Socialist Patriotic Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Children%27s_Union" title="Korean Children's Union">Korean Children's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Women%27s_Union_of_Korea" title="Socialist Women's Union of Korea">Socialist Women's Union of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Trade_Unions_of_Korea" title="General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea">General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_National_Democratic_Front" title="Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front">Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Ideology</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim dynasty (North Korea)">Baekdu bloodline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">North Korean cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Principles_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Monolithic_Ideological_System" title="Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System">Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><span style="color:#FF0">Abolished organs</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_and_Vice_Chairman_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea">Chairman and Vice Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Control Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Policy_Bureau" title="Executive Policy Bureau">Executive Policy Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Organisation Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><span style="color:#FF0">Predecessors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_Foundation_Day" title="Party Foundation Day">Party Foundation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Korea" title="Communist Party of Korea">Communist Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_Branch_Bureau" title="North Korean Branch Bureau">North Korean Branch Bureau / Communist Party of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="Workers' Party of North Korea">Workers' Party of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Workers' Party of South Korea">Workers' Party of South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Category:Workers' Party of Korea"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FF0; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korea_topics" title="Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korea_topics" title="Template talk:Korea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Index of Korea-related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military history of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">List of monarchs of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline of Korean history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon">Dangun Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin (Korean state)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">North–South States Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Later Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Borders of North Korea">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Korea">List of islands of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Korea" title="List of lakes of Korea">List of lakes of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Korea" title="List of mountains in Korea">List of mountains in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Korea" title="List of rivers of Korea">List of rivers of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Korea" title="Geology of South Korea">Geology of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Korea" title="Floods in Korea">Floods in Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">Geography of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">List of cities in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Korea" title="Geology of North Korea">Geology of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Geography of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">Administrative divisions of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Korea" title="Environment of South Korea">Environment of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">List of cities in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">List of special cities of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitution of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">Government of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_North_Korea" title="List of heads of state of North Korea">Heads of state of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier of North Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Korea" title="Law of North Korea">Law of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">Elections in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea#Political_parties_and_elections" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs Commission of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State Affairs Commission">President of State Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">Foreign relations of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Government of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister of South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">Human rights in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">Republic of Korea Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">Elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Presidential elections in South Korea">Presidential elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Legislative elections in South Korea">Legislative elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Korea" title="List of political parties in South Korea">List of political parties in South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Korea and weapons of mass destruction">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">Judiciary of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Supreme Court of Korea">Supreme Court of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">Automotive industry in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">Energy in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">Telecommunications in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea" title="Tourism in North Korea">Tourism in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">Transport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Korea" title="Agriculture in North Korea">Agriculture in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangmadang" title="Jangmadang">Jangmadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_North_Korea" title="Mining in North Korea">Mining in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rason_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Rason Special Economic Zone">Rason Special Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">Automotive industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Economic inequality in South Korea">Economic inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">Telecommunications in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">Transport in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_South_Korea" title="Financial services in South Korea">Financial services in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Fishing industry in South Korea">Fishing industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Korea" title="Science and technology in South Korea">Science and technology in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_South_Korea" title="Squatting in South Korea">Squatting in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Korea" title="Trade unions in South Korea">Trade unions in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demographics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Demographics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">Demographics of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Demographics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_South_Korea" title="Aging of South Korea">Aging of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Gender inequality in South Korea">Gender inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_birth_rate_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Low birth rate in South Korea">Low birth rate in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children" title="International adoption of South Korean children">International adoption of South Korean children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Cinema of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_South_Korea" title="Globalization in South Korea">Globalization in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_sword" title="Korean sword">Korean sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea" title="Tattooing in South Korea">Tattooing in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional music of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">Culture of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">Education in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">Smoking in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">Sport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang_Mass_Games" title="Arirang Mass Games">Arirang Festival</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">Propaganda in North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">Culture of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">Education in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">Smoking in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Korea" title="Sport in South Korea">Sport in South Korea</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in South Korea">Marriage in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">Sexuality in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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[\"CITEREFCumings2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid-West2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid-West2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimitrov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Languages_Publishing_House1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Languages_Publishing_House2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelgesen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIIJI2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJager2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKCNA1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKihlKim2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimKimKim2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimZagoria1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwakJoo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeCh\u0026#039;oede_Bary2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoneMcCormack1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalici2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCann1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRank2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodong_Sinmun1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRüdiger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouth_China_Morning_Post1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuh1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuh1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertzOhKim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYonhap_News_Agency2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2023\"] = 1,\n [\"Guiding_principles\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite podcast\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Korean name\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Korea topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo2\"] = 2,\n [\"Politics of North Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 131,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transcluded section\"] = 1,\n [\"Trim\"] = 4,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Workers' Party of Korea\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","25.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","16.7"],["?","160","13.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","8.3"],["(for generator)","80","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","5.0"],["hyphen_to_dash 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