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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leninism_and_Marxism–Leninism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leninism and Marxism–Leninism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leninism_and_Marxism–Leninism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotskyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotskyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Trotskyism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotskyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Soviet_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Soviet_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Opposition to Soviet imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Soviet_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Islamic imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_anti-imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_anti-imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Liberal anti-imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_anti-imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-imperialism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معاداة الاستعمارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة الاستعمارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimperialismu" title="Antimperialismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antimperialismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiimperializm" title="Antiimperializm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antiimperializm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антыімперыялізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыімперыялізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антиимпериализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиимпериализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиимпериализм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антиимпериализм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiimperialisme" title="Antiimperialisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiimperialisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrth-imperialaeth" title="Gwrth-imperialaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrth-imperialaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiimperialismus" title="Antiimperialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiimperialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9-%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αντι-ιμπεριαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντι-ιμπεριαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiimperialismo" title="Antiimperialismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiimperialismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADimperiismo" title="Kontraŭimperiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭimperiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinperialismo" title="Antiinperialismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antiinperialismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="امپریالیسم‌ستیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپریالیسم‌ستیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imp%C3%A9rialisme" title="Anti-impérialisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anti-impérialisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiimperialismo" title="Antiimperialismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antiimperialismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반제국주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반제국주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperijalizam" title="Anti-imperijalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anti-imperijalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialisme" title="Anti-imperialisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anti-imperialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиимпериализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антиимпериализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretimperi%C4%81lisms" title="Pretimperiālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pretimperiālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антиимперијализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антиимперијализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反帝国主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反帝国主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiimperialisme" title="Antiimperialisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiimperialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyimperializm" title="Antyimperializm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyimperializm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialismo" title="Anti-imperialismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anti-imperialismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиимпериализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиимпериализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiimperializmi" title="Antiimperializmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antiimperializmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-imperialism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антиимперијализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антиимперијализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialismi" title="Anti-imperialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anti-imperialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism#Antiimperialism" title="Imperialism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Imperialism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemperyalizm" title="Antiemperyalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antiemperyalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиімперіалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антиімперіалізм" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political stance in opposition to interventionist or expansionist policies</div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/350px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/525px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/700px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Anti-imperialist <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a> mural in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, specifically targeting <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>. Written in Spanish "Out with imperialism, only the people save the people"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Russian_graffiti_in_Tbilisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti-Russian_graffiti_in_Tbilisi.jpg/220px-Anti-Russian_graffiti_in_Tbilisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti-Russian_graffiti_in_Tbilisi.jpg/330px-Anti-Russian_graffiti_in_Tbilisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti-Russian_graffiti_in_Tbilisi.jpg/440px-Anti-Russian_graffiti_in_Tbilisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> opposing <a href="/wiki/Russian_neo-imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neo-imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anti-imperialism</b> in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> is opposition to <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>. Anti-imperialist sentiment typically manifests as a political principle in <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> struggles against <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">intervention</a> or influence from a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">global superpower</a>, as well as in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial rule</a>. Anti-imperialism can also arise from a specific economic theory, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> interpretation of imperialism (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> being <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exported</a> to less developed nations in search of higher <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a>, eventually leading to imperialism), which is derived from Lenin's 1917 work <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i>. People who categorize themselves as anti-imperialists often state that they are opposed to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, colonial empires, <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and the territorial expansion of a country beyond its established borders.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An influential movement independent of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> that advocated religious imperialism was <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a>; which challenged the <a href="/wiki/Western_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilisation">Western civilisational</a> model and rose to prominence across various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a> during the 19th and 20th centuries. Its most influential ideologue was the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a>, a fierce opponent of Western ideas, who called upon <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to rise up in armed resistance by waging <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and re-establish an <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his resolution in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_World_Congress_of_the_Communist_International" title="2nd World Congress of the Communist International">Second World Congress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> (1920), Lenin accused the anti-imperialism of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamists</a> of favouring the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, feudal landlords and <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">religious clerics</a>; and incited <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a> to compulsorily fight pan-Islamism. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> authorities regularly employed the charge of pan-Islamism to target Islamic dissidents for <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet sentiment">anti-Soviet</a> activities and fomenting <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase gained a wide currency after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some anti-imperialist groups who opposed the <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">United States</a> supported the power of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, while in some Marxist schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, this was criticized as <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social imperialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> movements traditionally view <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as imperial and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colonial</a> forces engaged in persecution and oppression of Muslim communities domestically and abroad, in addition to the U.S. and its allies like <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1870s, the term "imperialism" was introduced to the English language by opponents of the aggressively imperial policies of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> (1874–1880).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was shortly appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>. For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest; and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term. Many theoreticians on the left have followed either or both in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a global system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural and the temporal. Those changes reflect—among other shifts in sensibility—a growing unease with the fact of power, specifically Western power.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationships among <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> have been discussed and analysed by theoreticians, historians, political scientists such as <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those intellectuals produced much of their works about imperialism before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), yet their combined work informed the study of the impact of imperialism upon Europe and contributed to the political and ideologic reflections on the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a> in the United States from the 1950s onwards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobson">Hobson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hobson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperialism_(Hobson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialism (Hobson)">Imperialism (Hobson)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a> strongly influenced the anti-imperialism of both Marxists and liberals, worldwide through his 1902 book on <i>Imperialism.</i> He argued that the "taproot of imperialism" is not in <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist pride</a>, but in Capitalism. As a form of economic organization, imperialism is unnecessary and immoral, the result of the mis-distribution of wealth in a capitalist society. That created an irresistible desire to extend the national markets into foreign lands, in search of profits greater than those available in the Mother Country. In the capitalist economy, rich capitalists received a disproportionately higher income than did the working class. If the owners invested their incomes to their factories, the greatly increased productive capacity would exceed the growth in demand for the products and services of said factories. Lenin adopted Hobson's ideas to argue that capitalism was doomed and would eventually be replaced by socialism, the sooner the better.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hobson was also influential in liberal circles, especially the British Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians Peter Duignan and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Gann" title="Lewis H. Gann">Lewis H. Gann</a> argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hobson's ideas were not entirely original; however his hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the positive side, Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth and encourage a peaceful multilateral world order. Conversely, should the state not intervene, rentiers (people who earn income from property or securities) would generate socially negative wealth that fostered imperialism and protectionism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_movement">Political movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a self-conscious political movement, anti-imperialism originated in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in opposition to the growing European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial empires</a> and the United States control of the Philippines after 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it reached its highest level of popular support in the colonies themselves, where it formed the basis for a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/National_liberation_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation movements">national liberation movements</a> during the mid-20th century and later. These movements, and their anti-imperialist ideas, were instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> process of the 1950s and 1960s, which saw most European colonies in Asia and Africa achieving their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_context">International context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">American Anti-Imperialist League</a></div> <p>An early use of the term "anti-imperialist" occurred after the United States entered the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most activists supported the war itself, but opposed the annexation of new territory, especially the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">Anti-Imperialist League</a> was founded on June 15, 1898, in Boston in opposition of the acquisition of the Philippines, which would happen anyway. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">credo of republicanism</a>, especially the need for "<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>". Appalled by American imperialism, the Anti-Imperialist League, which included famous citizens such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, formed a platform which stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We maintain that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. We insist that the subjugation of any people is "criminal aggression" and open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our Government... We cordially invite the cooperation of all men and women who remain loyal to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fred Harrington states that "the anti-imperialist's did not oppose expansion because of commercial, religious, constitutional, or humanitarian reasons but instead because they thought that an imperialist policy ran counter to the political doctrines of the Declaration of Independence, Washington's Farewell Address, and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important influence on American intellectuals was the work of British writer <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a>. especially <a href="/wiki/Imperialism_(Hobson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialism (Hobson)"><i>Imperialism: A Study</i> (1902).</a> Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis H. Gann argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hobson's ...hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The American rejection of the League of Nations in 1919 was accompanied with a sharp American reaction against European imperialism. American textbooks denounced imperialism as a major cause of the World War. The uglier aspects of British colonial rule were emphasized, recalling the long-standing anti-British sentiments in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Britain_and_Canada">In Britain and Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Britain and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-imperialism within Britain emerged in the 1890s, especially from within the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. For over a century, back to the days of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> in 1776, economists had been hostile to imperialism on the grounds that it is a violation of the principles of free trade; they never formed a popular movement. Indeed, imperialism seems to have been generally popular before the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key impetus around 1900 came from strong public disapproval with the British actions during with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902). The war was fought against the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>, who were <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonists</a> who had built new homelands in South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Opposition to the Second Boer War</a> was modest when the war began and was generally less widespread than support for it. However, influential groups formed immediately against the war, including the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Conciliation_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Conciliation Committee">South African Conciliation Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">W. T. Stead</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Committee" title="Stop the War Committee">Stop the War Committee</a>. Much of the opposition in Britain came from the Liberal Party. Intellectuals and activists Britain based in the socialist, labour and Fabian movements generally oppose imperialism and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a>, a Liberal, took many of his ideas from their writings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Boer war, opponents of imperialism turned their attention to the British crown colonies in Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1920s, the government was sponsoring large-scale exhibits promoting imperialism, notably the 1924 <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition" title="British Empire Exhibition">British Empire Exhibition</a> in London and the 1938 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Empire_Exhibition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glasgow Empire Exhibition (page does not exist)">Glasgow Empire Exhibition</a>. Some intellectuals used the opportunity to criticise imperialism as a policy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moderately active anti-imperial movements emerged in Canada and Australia. The French Canadians were hostile to British expansion whilst in Australia, it was the Irish Catholics who were opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French Canadians argue that Canadian nationalism was the proper and true goal and it sometimes conflicted with loyalty to the British Empire. Many French Canadians claimed that they would fight for Canada but would not fight for the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestant Canadians, typically of British descent, generally supported British imperialism enthusiastically. They sent thousands of volunteers to fight alongside British and imperial forces against the Boers and in the process identified themselves even more strongly with the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little opposition also came from some English immigrants such as the intellectual leader <a href="/wiki/Goldwin_Smith" title="Goldwin Smith">Goldwin Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, the Irish Catholics were fighting the French Canadians for control of the Catholic Church, so the Irish generally supported the pro-British position.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-imperialism also grew rapidly in India and formed a core element of the demand by Congress for independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leninism_and_Marxism–Leninism"><span id="Leninism_and_Marxism.E2.80.93Leninism"></span>Leninism and Marxism–Leninism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leninism and Marxism–Leninism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lenin_1920.jpg/200px-Lenin_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lenin_1920.jpg/300px-Lenin_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lenin_1920.jpg/400px-Lenin_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>To the Russian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, imperialism was the highest, but degenerate, stage of capitalism.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Che_Guevara_June_2,_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Che_Guevara_June_2%2C_1959.jpg/200px-Che_Guevara_June_2%2C_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Che_Guevara_June_2%2C_1959.jpg/300px-Che_Guevara_June_2%2C_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Che_Guevara_June_2%2C_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>To the Latin American revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, imperialism was a capitalistic geopolitical system of control and repression which must be understood as such in order to be defeated.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> mentioned imperialism to be part of the prehistory of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i> (1867–1894). <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> defined imperialism as "the highest stage of capitalism", the economic stage in which <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> finance capital becomes the dominant application of capital.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, said financial and economic circumstances impelled national governments and private business corporations to worldwide competition for control of natural resources and human labour by means of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> views of imperialism and related theories, such as <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a>, address the economic <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of a country, rather than the military and the political dominance of a people, their country and its natural resources. Hence, the primary purpose of imperialism is economic exploitation, rather than mere control of either a country or of a region. The Marxist and the Leninist denotation thus differs from the usual political science denotation of imperialism as the direct control (intervention, occupation and rule) characteristic of colonial and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colonial</a> empires as used in the realm of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> (1917), Lenin outlined the five features of capitalist development that lead to imperialism: </p> <ol><li>Concentration of production and capital leading to the dominance of national and multinational monopolies and cartels.</li> <li>Industrial capital as the dominant form of capital has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">finance capital</a>, with the industrial capitalists increasingly reliant on capital provided by monopolistic financial institutions. "Again and again, the final word in the development of banking is monopoly".</li> <li>The export of the aforementioned finance capital is emphasized over the export of goods.</li> <li>The economic division of the world by multinational cartels.</li> <li>The political division of the world into colonies by the great powers, in which the great powers monopolise investment.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Generally, the relationship among Marxist-Leninists and radical, left-wing organisations who are <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a>, often involves persuading such political activists to progress from <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> to anti-imperialism—that is, to progress from the opposition of war, in general, to the condemnation of the capitalist economic system, in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> represented themselves as the foremost enemy of imperialism and thus politically and financially supported <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> revolutionary organisations who fought for national independence. This was accomplished through the export of both financial capital and Soviet military apparatuses, with the Soviet Union sending military advisors to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> as well as many other Marxist organizations, have characterized Soviet foreign policy as imperialism and cited it as evidence that the philosophy of Marxism would not resolve and eliminate imperialism. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> developed the theory that the Soviet Union was a <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social imperialist</a> nation, a socialist people with tendencies to imperialism, an important aspect of Maoist analysis of the history of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporarily, the term "anti-imperialism" is most commonly applied by Marxist-Leninists, and political organisations of like ideological persuasion who oppose capitalism, present a <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class analysis</a> of society and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About the nature of imperialism and how to oppose and defeat it, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>imperialism is a world system, the last stage of capitalism—and it must be defeated in a world confrontation. The strategic end of this struggle should be the destruction of imperialism. Our share, the responsibility of the exploited and underdeveloped of the world, is to eliminate the foundations of imperialism: our oppressed nations, from where they extract capitals, raw materials, technicians, and cheap labor, and to which they export new capitals—instruments of domination—arms and all kinds of articles; thus submerging us in an absolute dependence.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Che Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental, 1967<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trotskyism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <b>permanent war economy</b> originated in 1945 with an article by <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ed Sard (alias Frank Demby, Walter S. Oakes and T.N. Vance), a <a href="/wiki/Theoretician_(Marxism)" title="Theoretician (Marxism)">theoretician</a> who predicted a post-war <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>. He argued at the time that the United States would retain the character of a <a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">war economy</a>; even in peacetime, <a href="/wiki/US_military_expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="US military expenditure">US military expenditure</a> would remain large, reducing the percentage of unemployed compared to the 1930s. He extended this analysis in 1950 and 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept has been a core tenet of the British <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party</a> with founder, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a>, examining its application to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> and colonial empires including Britain, France and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_Soviet_imperialism">Opposition to Soviet imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition to Soviet imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Sting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Sting.jpg/220px-First_Sting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Sting.jpg/330px-First_Sting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_Sting.jpg/440px-First_Sting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the first shoot-down of Soviet helicopter gunships by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> using Western-supplied <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">Stinger Missiles</a>, widely regarded as the turning point in the Soviet-Afghan War</figcaption></figure> <p>The nations which were part of the Soviet sphere of influence were nominally independent countries with separate governments that set their own policies, but those policies had to stay within certain limits decided by the Soviet Union. These limits were enforced by the threat of intervention by Soviet forces, and later the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. Major military invasions took place in <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany in 1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary in 1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Czechoslovakia in 1968</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989</a>. Countries in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> were considered <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a>. </p><p>The Soviet Union exhibited tendencies common to historic empires.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caroe_1953_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caroe_1953-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of "Soviet empire" often refers to a form of "classic" or "colonial" empire with communism only replacing conventional imperial ideologies such as Christianity or monarchy, rather than creating a revolutionary state. Academically the idea is seen as emerging with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>' 1957 book <i>The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923,</i> but it has been reinforced, along with several other views, in continuing scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> Several scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union practiced colonialism similar to conventional imperial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Caroe_1953_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caroe_1953-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_imperialism">Islamic imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islamic imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/260px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/390px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/520px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> fighters of <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Imamate" title="Caucasian Imamate">Caucasian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahidin</a></i> defend the village of <a href="/wiki/Salta,_Republic_of_Dagestan" title="Salta, Republic of Dagestan">Salta</a> from the invading <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Army">Russian Imperial Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed the rise of numerous <a href="/wiki/Colonial" class="mw-disambig" title="Colonial">colonial</a> and imperial Islamic resistance movements across various parts of the Muslim World. These included the <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> movement led by the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Imamate" title="Caucasian Imamate">Imamate of Caucasus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassian Confederacy</a> against <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasus Wars</a> (1763–1864 CE). Prominent leaders in this resistance campaign included <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Muhammad" title="Ghazi Muhammad">Ghazi Mullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamzat_Bek" title="Hamzat Bek">Hamzat Bek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Shamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qerandiqo_Berzeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Qerandiqo Berzeg">Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jembulat_Boletoqo" title="Jembulat Boletoqo">Jembulat Boletoqo</a>, etc. Other major anti-imperial movements included the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonisation of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith#Indian_Jihad_Movement" title="Ahl-i Hadith">South Asian Jihad</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ahmad_Shahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Ahmad Shahid">Sayyid Ahmad Shahid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and the Arabian <i><a href="/wiki/Muwahhidun_(Wahhabi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidun (Wahhabi)">Muwahhidun</a></i> that fought <a href="/wiki/British_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonialism">British colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abd al-Qadir's</a> military insurgency against <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> in Algeria, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier" title="Military history of the North-West Frontier">North-West Frontier Uprisings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a> against the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a>'s Jihad against <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian Fascists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, etc. The establishment and defense of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic statehood</a> that enforces <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> (Islamic law) based on <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i>, elimination of <a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">superstitions</a> and heterodox local practices and folk rituals, etc. were key objectives of these <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuhammadRashidRida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg/220px-MuhammadRashidRida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg/330px-MuhammadRashidRida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/MuhammadRashidRida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> was an ardent advocate of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamist">Pan-Islamist</a> insurgency against <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. His teachings inspired figures like <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan al-Banna">Hasan al-Banna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>These anti-colonial movements inspired the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> during the late 19th century; which gave birth to numerous <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> organisations advocating anti-imperialism across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a>; such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<i>Ikhwan al-Muslimeen</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syro-Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> theoretician <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (1865 CE/1282 AH–1935 CE/1354 AH), a Salafi theologian greatly influenced by preceding militant <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalist</a> movements, was an ardent opponent of European imperial powers; and he called for armed <i>jihad</i> to defend the Islamic World from encroaching colonialism, complemented by a political programme to establish Islamic states which would implement <i>Sharia</i> (Islamic laws). He extended this anti-imperialist campaign to the theological level through the Arab <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a> movement; which professed the key theme of returning to the values of <i><a href="/wiki/Salaf_as_salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaf as salih">Salaf al-Salih</a></i>. This encompassed a theological assault on Western ideological currents emanating from the principles of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> as well as denunciation of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After Rashid Rida, the mantle of Islamist anti-imperialism was spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Muslim_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood">Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hasan al-Banna</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> revolutionary Islamist leader <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> Jihadist theoretician <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>. Mawdudi held the belief that West was in decline and that restoration of Islamic prowess was inevitable. Openly equating Western colonialism with <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, Mawdudi called upon Muslims to rally in <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> against the imperialist forces to regain their spiritual, cultural, economic and military sovereignty and self-sufficiency. Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian scholar influenced by both Mawdudi and Rashid Rida, took their ideas to its logical culmination; proclaiming the necessity of a permanent, un-ending Islamist revolution not only against the imperialists but also its allied regimes in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a>. This revolution against the apostate regimes has to be waged as an armed <i>jihad</i> by an ideological vanguard committed to establish the Islamic state and uphold <i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i> (Islamic monotheism). These ideas gained prominence and arose in influence across the Islamic World during the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II">post-World War II</a> era. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period, the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> intellectuals from the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e Islami also launched fervent <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> campaigns, ideologically critiquing <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and chiding <a href="/wiki/Leftists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftists">leftists</a> as agents of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Imperialism">Soviet Imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg/257px-Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg/386px-Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamic</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a>, popularly known as the "<i>Lion of the Desert</i>", led the Libyan <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahidin</a></i> against the <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_fascism" title="Italian imperialism under fascism">imperialist forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Period">Interwar Period</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>In his book "<a href="/wiki/Al_Jihad_fil_Islam" title="Al Jihad fil Islam"><i>Al Jihad Fil Islam</i></a>", South Asian revolutionary Islamist scholar Abul A'la Mawdudi made a comprehensive religious refutation of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. He argued that oppressive rulers justify imperialism in the name of progress and socio-political reforms. Describing the main features of imperialism, Mawdudi wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"the basic quality of imperialism is the dominance of one particular nation or country... Thus, the doors of imperialism remain closed to people of other nationalities and for this reason, they can play no major role in running its affairs. This gives rise to the development of other faults in the system and characters of the subject nation. They develop a weakness of character, lose self-esteem and the sense of righteousness. Even if the ruling nation does not treat the subjects with outright cruelty and arrogance, their (the subject nation’s) character sinks to such a low ebb of ignobility that they become quite incapable of striving for attaining and maintaining self-rule for a very long time."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jihad_fil_Islam" title="Al Jihad fil Islam">Al Jihad fil Islam</a></i>, <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayed_Qotb_in_jail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sayed_Qotb_in_jail.jpg/220px-Sayed_Qotb_in_jail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Sayed_Qotb_in_jail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>According to the Egyptian Jihadist theoretician <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, the imperialism of secular Western powers was a by-product of their historical <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusading spirit</a> and driven by ideological differences.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Hind" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Hind">Jamaat-e-Islami Hind</a> launched a ten-day nationwide campaign titled Anti-Imperialism Campaign in December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, influenced by Sayyid Qutb's thought, declares itself as a "global revolutionary vanguard" waging <i>jihad</i> to defend <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> from atrocities committed by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western imperialism">Western imperialism</a> and its allies.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the worldview of <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> Jihadist theoretician <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, imperialist policies of the <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> Western regimes were a continuation of their historical "Crusading Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his commentary of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'anic</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">verse</a> 2:120 "{<i>Never will the Jews be pleased with you, (O Prophet), nor the Christians until you follow their way..</i>}", Sayyid Qutb writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> world on the one side, and the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> on the other, remains in essence one of ideology, although over the years it has appeared in various guises and has grown more sophisticated and, at times, more insidious. We have seen the original ideological conflict succeeded by economic, political and military confrontation, on the basis that 'religious' or 'ideological' conflicts are outdated and are usually prosecuted by 'fanatics' and backward people. Unfortunately, some naïve and confused Muslims have fallen for this stratagem and persuaded themselves that the religious and ideological aspects of the conflict are no longer relevant. But in reality <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">world Zionism</a> and Christian <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">world Communism</a>, are conducting the fight against <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the Muslim community, first and foremost, on ideological grounds... The confrontation is not over control of territory or economic resources, or for military domination. If we believe that, we would play into our enemies’ hands and would have no one but ourselves to blame for the consequences."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fi_Zilal_al-Quran" title="Fi Zilal al-Quran">Fi Zilal al-Quran</a></i>, <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberal_anti-imperialism">Liberal anti-imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liberal anti-imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have also been many examples of liberal anti-imperialism. However, liberal anti-imperialists are distinct from socialist anti-imperialists because they do not support <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-자유무역_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-자유무역-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korean liberals</a> have opposed <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> imperialism. "<a href="/wiki/No_Japan_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="No Japan Movement">No Japan Movement</a>" is related to anti-imperialist sentiment in South Korea. On August 14, 2019, seven politicians of the DPK's descendants of <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">independence activists</a> said at a press conference, "In the spirit of Great Korean Independence 100 years ago, let's overcome the economic invasion of <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a>'s government." (100년 전 대한독립의 정신으로 아베 정부 경제침략을 이겨내자.)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korean liberals, unlike protectionist anti-imperialists, believing that the Japanese government's actions that undermined the "<a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> principle" (자유무역 원칙 or 자유무역 철칙) during the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute" title="Japan–South Korea trade dispute">Japan–South Korea trade dispute</a> were <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">far-right imperialist 'economic invasion'</a>. (South Korean liberals argue that the Japanese government caused unfair damage to the South Korean economy to avoid compensation for Korean victims of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> during the past <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">imperialist Japan</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-자유무역_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-자유무역-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korean liberals also oppose the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">appropriation of Korean culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberals in the United States</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a>, support <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a> assert that traditional anti-imperialism is no longer relevant. In the book <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negri and Hardt argue that imperialism is no longer the practice or domain of any one nation or state. Rather, they claim, the "Empire" is a conglomeration of all states, nations, corporations, media, popular and intellectual culture and so forth; and thus, traditional anti-imperialist methods and strategies can no longer be applied against them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> political scientist Maria Mälksoo argues that "one of many blind spots" in <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial studies">postcolonial studies</a> linked to anti-imperialist movements is that they often ignore <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a> and colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment" title="Anti-British sentiment">Anti-British sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">Anti-French sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">Indigenismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberation_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation wars">National liberation wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_self-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="National self-determination">National self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Koebner and Helmut Schmidt, <i>Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840–1960</i> (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalvatoreHanafiObuse2022" class="citation book cs1">Salvatore, Armando; Hanafi, Sari; Obuse, Kieko, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34731"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of the Middle East</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 13, 860, 861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190087470.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190087470.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190087470" title="Special:BookSources/9780190087470"><bdi>9780190087470</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104174722/https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34731">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13%2C+860%2C+861&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190087470.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780190087470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F34731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Landau2016" class="citation book cs1">M. Landau, Jacob (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxk-CgAAQBAJ"><i>Pan-Islam: History and Politics</i></a>. New York: Routledge. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83939-7"><bdi>978-1-138-83939-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102222/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pan_Islam/wxk-CgAAQBAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan-Islam%3A+History+and+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83939-7&rft.aulast=M.+Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwxk-CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2007" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (2007). "3: Reform Movements among the Muslims of the Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyE9DAAAQBAJ"><i>The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7609-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7609-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-7609-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102223/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_New_Central_Asia/FyE9DAAAQBAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Reform+Movements+among+the+Muslims+of+the+Empire&rft.btitle=The+New+Central+Asia%3A+The+Creation+of+Nations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7609-4&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyE9DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud_Abdelnasser2011" class="citation book cs1">Mahmoud Abdelnasser, Walid (2011). "1: A Historical Background". <i>The Islamic Movement in Egypt: Perceptions of International Relations 1967–81</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 31, 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0469-8"><bdi>978-0-7103-0469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+A+Historical+Background&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Movement+in+Egypt%3A+Perceptions+of+International+Relations+1967%E2%80%9381&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31%2C+32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0469-8&rft.aulast=Mahmoud+Abdelnasser&rft.aufirst=Walid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila2021" class="citation book cs1">Kapila, Shruti (2021). "2: Ghadar! Violence and the Political Potential of the Planet". <i>Violent Fraternity: Indian Political Thought in the Global Age</i>. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19522-3"><bdi>978-0-691-19522-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Ghadar%21+Violence+and+the+Political+Potential+of+the+Planet&rft.btitle=Violent+Fraternity%3A+Indian+Political+Thought+in+the+Global+Age&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19522-3&rft.aulast=Kapila&rft.aufirst=Shruti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin_Ricklefs2007" class="citation book cs1">Calvin Ricklefs, Merle (2007). "8: Polarities Politicised, c. 1908-30". <i>Polarising Javanese Society: Islamic and Other Visions, c. 1830–1930</i>. Singapore: NUS Press. pp. 235, 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-359-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-359-6"><bdi>978-9971-69-359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+Polarities+Politicised%2C+c.+1908-30&rft.btitle=Polarising+Javanese+Society%3A+Islamic+and+Other+Visions%2C+c.+1830%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=235%2C+236&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-359-6&rft.aulast=Calvin+Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Landau_·2015" class="citation book cs1">M. Landau ·, Jacob (2015). "III: Pan-Islam clashes with the Russian and Soviet authorities". <i>Pan-Islam: History and Politics</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 167, 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83939-7"><bdi>978-1-138-83939-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III%3A+Pan-Islam+clashes+with+the+Russian+and+Soviet+authorities&rft.btitle=Pan-Islam%3A+History+and+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=167%2C+168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83939-7&rft.aulast=M.+Landau+%C2%B7&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Fuller2003" class="citation book cs1">E. Fuller, Graham (2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781403978608"><i>The Future of Political Islam</i></a></span>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403978608">10.1057/9781403978608</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6556-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6556-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-6556-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104175056/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781403978608">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403978608&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6556-1&rft.aulast=E.+Fuller&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1057%2F9781403978608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Koebner and Helmut Schmidt, <i>Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840–1960</i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark F. Proudman, "Words for Scholars: The Semantics of 'Imperialism'". <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i>, September 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p395-433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. K. Fieldhouse, "Imperialism": An Historiographical Revision", <i>South African Journal of Economic History</i>, March 1992, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp 45–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.K. Peatling, “Globalism, Hegemonism and British Power: J. A. Hobson and Alfred Zimmern Reconsidered”, <i>History</i>, July 2004, Vol. 89 Issue 295, pp. 381–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Long, <i>Towards a new liberal internationalism: the international theory of JA Hobson</i> (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_DuignanLewis_H._Gann2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Duignan; Lewis H. Gann (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RY642QAhLVwC&pg=PT59"><i>Burden of Empire: An Appraisal of Western Colonialism in Africa South of the Sahara</i></a>. Hoover Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916930" title="Special:BookSources/9780817916930"><bdi>9780817916930</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102208/https://books.google.com/books?id=RY642QAhLVwC&pg=PT59">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burden+of+Empire%3A+An+Appraisal+of+Western+Colonialism+in+Africa+South+of+the+Sahara&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780817916930&rft.au=Peter+Duignan&rft.au=Lewis+H.+Gann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRY642QAhLVwC%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. J. Cain, "Capitalism, Aristocracy and Empire: Some 'Classical' Theories of Imperialism Revisited", <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>, March 2007, Vol. 35 Issue 1, pp 25–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.K. Peatling, "Globalism, Hegemonism and British Power: J. A. Hobson and Alfred Zimmern Reconsidered", <i>History</i>, July 2004, Vol. 89 Issue 295, pp 381–398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Beisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert L. Beisner (page does not exist)">Robert L. Beisner</a>, <i>Twelve against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898–1900</i> (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Pratt, <i>Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands</i> (1936) pp 266–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1899antiimp.asp">"Platform of the American Antilmperialist League, 1899"</a>. Fordham University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324044614/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1899antiimp.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platform+of+the+American+Antilmperialist+League%2C+1899&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1899antiimp.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, 1935, pp 211–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard E. Welch, Jr., <i>Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902</i> (1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Berkeley Tompkins, <i>Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890–1920</i>. (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell_University1942" class="citation book cs1">Cornell University (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTlnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Impact of the war on America: six lectures by members of the faculty of Cornell university</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801400971" title="Special:BookSources/9780801400971"><bdi>9780801400971</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102205/https://books.google.com/books?id=MTlnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+war+on+America%3A+six+lectures+by+members+of+the+faculty+of+Cornell+university&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=9780801400971&rft.au=Cornell+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTlnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Livingston Schuyler, "The rise of anti-imperialism in England." Political science quarterly 37.3 (1922): 440–471. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142146">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116230313/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2142146">Archived</a> 2016-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Claeys, <i>Imperial Sceptics: British Critics of Empire, 1850–1920</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkSU5kUscOMC">excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Porter, <i>Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa 1895–1914</i> (1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Britton, "‘Come and See the Empire by the All Red Route!’: Anti-Imperialism and Exhibitions in Interwar Britain." <i>History Workshop Journal</i> 69#1 (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. N. Connolly, "Class, birthplace, loyalty: Australian attitudes to the Boer War." <i>Australian Historical Studies</i> 18.71 (1978): 210–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Berger, ed. <i>Imperialism and Nationalism, 1884–1914: a conflict in Canadian thought</i> (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon L. Heath, <i>War with a Silver Lining: Canadian Protestant Churches and the South African War, 1899–1902</i> (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Craig Brown, "Goldwin Smith and Anti-imperialism." <i>Canadian Historical Review</i> 43.2 (1962): 93–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark G. McGowan, "The De-Greening of the Irish: Toronto’s Irish‑Catholic Press, Imperialism, and the Forging of a New Identity, 1887–1914." <i>Historical Papers/Communications historiques</i> 24.1 (1989): 118–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Imperialism", <i>The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations</i> (1998), by Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham. p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Colonialism", <i>The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations</i> (1998) Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Imperialism", <i>The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations</i> (1998) Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/">"Lenin: Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110012717/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+Imperialism%2C+the+Highest+Stage+of+Capitalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1916%2Fimp-hsc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020711081333/http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/403/pacifism_disarms.html">"Weekly Worker 403 Thursday October 11 2001"</a>. <i>www.cpgb.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/403/pacifism_disarms.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cpgb.org.uk&rft.atitle=Weekly+Worker+403+Thursday+October+11+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpgb.org.uk%2Fworker%2F403%2Fpacifism_disarms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States</i> (1997), by Michael M. Sheng. p.00.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey</i> (1990), by Anthony Brewer. p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1967/04/16.htm">Che Guevara: Message to the Tricontinental</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127152906/https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1967/04/16.htm">Archived</a> 2018-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spring of 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Linden2018" class="citation journal cs1">van der Linden, Marcel (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03017605.2017.1412629">"Edward L. Sard (1913–99), Theorist of the Permanent War Economy"</a>. <i>Critique</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 117–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03017605.2017.1412629">10.1080/03017605.2017.1412629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-7605">0301-7605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique&rft.atitle=Edward+L.+Sard+%281913%E2%80%9399%29%2C+Theorist+of+the+Permanent+War+Economy&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-130&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03017605.2017.1412629&rft.issn=0301-7605&rft.aulast=van+der+Linden&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F03017605.2017.1412629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Peter Drucker, <i>Max Schachtman and his Left. A Socialist Odyssey through the 'American Century',</i> Humanities Press 1994, p. xv, 218; Paul Hampton, "Trotskyism after Trotsky? C'est moi!", in <i>Workers Liberty</i>, vol 55, April 1999, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1957/05/permwar.htm">"Tony Cliff: Permanent War Economy (May 1957)"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Tony+Cliff%3A+Permanent+War+Economy+%28May+1957%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcliff%2Fworks%2F1957%2F05%2Fpermwar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeissinger2006" class="citation journal cs1">Beissinger, Mark R. (2006). "Soviet Empire as "Family Resemblance"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>65</b> (2): 294–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4148594">10.2307/4148594</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4148594">4148594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156553569">156553569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Soviet+Empire+as+%22Family+Resemblance%22&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=294-303&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156553569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4148594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4148594&rft.aulast=Beissinger&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span><br />Dave, Bhavna (2007). <i>Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, Language and Power</i>. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caroe_1953-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caroe_1953_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caroe_1953_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroe1953" class="citation journal cs1">Caroe, O. (1953). "Soviet Colonialism in Central Asia". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 135–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20031013">10.2307/20031013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20031013">20031013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Soviet+Colonialism+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-144&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20031013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20031013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caroe&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekus2010" class="citation book cs1">Bekus, Nelly (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DiwPRpRYt2kC"><i>Struggle Over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarusianness"</i></a>. Central European University Press. pp. 4, 41–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-68-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-68-5"><bdi>978-963-9776-68-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+Over+Identity%3A+The+Official+and+the+Alternative+%22Belarusianness%22&rft.pages=4%2C+41-50&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-963-9776-68-5&rft.aulast=Bekus&rft.aufirst=Nelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDiwPRpRYt2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnus2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Epp_Annus" title="Epp Annus">Annus, Epp</a> (2019). <i>Soviet Postcolonial Studies: A View from the Western Borderlands</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 43–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367-2345-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367-2345-4-6"><bdi>978-0367-2345-4-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Postcolonial+Studies%3A+A+View+from+the+Western+Borderlands&rft.pages=43-48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0367-2345-4-6&rft.aulast=Annus&rft.aufirst=Epp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCucciolla2019" class="citation web cs1">Cucciolla, Riccardo (23 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115001141/https://thecessblog.com/2019/03/the-cotton-republic-colonial-practices-in-soviet-uzbekistan-by-riccardo-mario-cucciolla-higher-school-of-economics-hse/">"The Cotton Republic: Colonial Practices in Soviet Uzbekistan?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Eurasian_Studies_Society" title="Central Eurasian Studies Society">Central Eurasian Studies Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecessblog.com/2019/03/the-cotton-republic-colonial-practices-in-soviet-uzbekistan-by-riccardo-mario-cucciolla-higher-school-of-economics-hse">the original</a> on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Republic%3A+Colonial+Practices+in+Soviet+Uzbekistan%3F&rft.pub=Central+Eurasian+Studies+Society&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.aulast=Cucciolla&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecessblog.com%2F2019%2F03%2Fthe-cotton-republic-colonial-practices-in-soviet-uzbekistan-by-riccardo-mario-cucciolla-higher-school-of-economics-hse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalnačs2016" class="citation book cs1">Kalnačs, Benedikts (2016). <i>20th Century Baltic Drama: Postcolonial Narratives, Decolonial Options</i>. 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Slavica Publishers: 77–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2014.0012">10.1353/kri.2014.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159664992">159664992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=%22Colonizers+with+Party+Cards%22+Soviet+Internal+Colonialism+in+Central+Asia%2C+1917%E2%80%9339&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-102&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2014.0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159664992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Loring&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F538640%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Ewa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcin.org.pl/ibl/Content/51834/WA248_71045_P-I-2524_thompson-it-is.pdf#page=9">"It is Colonialism After All: Some Epistemological Remarks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Teksty Drugie</i> (1). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/111/Al_Qaeda_and_ISIS_From_Revolution_to_Apocalypse">the original</a> on 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda+and+ISIS%3A+From+Revolution+to+Apocalypse&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Borowski&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F111%2FAl_Qaeda_and_ISIS_From_Revolution_to_Apocalypse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutb2006" class="citation book cs1">Qutb, Sayyid (2006). al-Mehri, A.B. (ed.). <i>Milestones: Special Edition</i>. Birmingham: Maktabah Booksellers and Publications. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9548665-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9548665-1-7"><bdi>0-9548665-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones%3A+Special+Edition&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Maktabah+Booksellers+and+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9548665-1-7&rft.aulast=Qutb&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutb2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Qutb, Sayyid (7 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/QuranTafsirInTheShadeOfTheQuranSayyidQutbEngAllVolIn1Pdf/page/n145/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Fi Zilal al-Quran</i></a> [<i>In the Shade of the Qur'an</i>] (in Arabic). pp. 123–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fi+Zilal+al-Quran&rft.pages=123-124&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.aulast=Qutb&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FQuranTafsirInTheShadeOfTheQuranSayyidQutbEngAllVolIn1Pdf%2Fpage%2Fn145%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-자유무역-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-자유무역_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-자유무역_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yonhapnewstv.co.kr/news/MYH20190710000500038">"정부, '日경제보복' WTO 긴급 상정…"자유무역 원칙 위배"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>연합뉴스 TV</i>. 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4+TV&rft.atitle=%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%2C+%27%E6%97%A5%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EB%B3%B4%EB%B3%B5%27+WTO+%EA%B8%B4%EA%B8%89+%EC%83%81%EC%A0%95%E2%80%A6%22%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD+%EC%9B%90%EC%B9%99+%EC%9C%84%EB%B0%B0%22&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yonhapnewstv.co.kr%2Fnews%2FMYH20190710000500038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/905688.html">"독립운동가 후손 민주당 의원 7명 "아베는 새로운 한반도 장애물"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B2%A8%EB%A0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="한겨레">한겨레</a></i>. 14 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B2%A8%EB%A0%88&rft.atitle=%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EA%B0%80+%ED%9B%84%EC%86%90+%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9+%EC%9D%98%EC%9B%90+7%EB%AA%85+%22%EC%95%84%EB%B2%A0%EB%8A%94+%EC%83%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%9A%B4+%ED%95%9C%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84+%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0%EB%AC%BC%22&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fpolitics%2Fassembly%2F905688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chosun.com/politics/election2022/2022/02/05/4PCQ4NLITNC47CYGMGDWZEJL3Y/">"이재명 측 "한복 넘보는 중국 문화공정, 이대로 방치하지 않겠다"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%AC%EB%AA%85+%EC%B8%A1+%22%ED%95%9C%EB%B3%B5+%EB%84%98%EB%B3%B4%EB%8A%94+%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%95%2C+%EC%9D%B4%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%9C+%EB%B0%A9%EC%B9%98%ED%95%98%EC%A7%80+%EC%95%8A%EA%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4%22&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fpolitics%2Felection2022%2F2022%2F02%2F05%2F4PCQ4NLITNC47CYGMGDWZEJL3Y%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt, <i>Empire</i>, Harvard University Press (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00671-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00671-2">0-674-00671-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMälksoo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mälksoo, Maria (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947">"The Postcolonial Moment in Russia's War Against Ukraine"</a>. <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>25</b> (3–4): 471–481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2074947">10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+Postcolonial+Moment+in+Russia%27s+War+Against+Ukraine&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=471-481&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2074947&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2074947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ali, Tariq et al. <i>Anti-Imperialism: A Guide for the Movement</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898876-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-898876-96-7">1-898876-96-7</a>.</li> <li>Boittin, Jennifer Anne. <i>Colonial Metropolis: The Urban Grounds of Anti-Imperialism and Feminism in Interwar Paris</i> (2010).</li> <li>Brendon, Piers. "A Moral Audit of the British Empire." <i>History Today</i>, (Oct 2007), Vol. 57 Issue 10, pp 44–47, online at <a href="/wiki/EBSCO" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCO">EBSCO</a>.</li> <li>Brendon, Piers. <i>The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0307388417">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102209/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0307388417">Archived</a> 2023-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Cain, P. J. and A.G. Hopkins. <i>British Imperialism, 1688–2000</i> (2nd ed. 2001), 739pp, detailed economic history that presents the new "gentlemanly capitalists" thesis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/058220965X">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102207/https://www.amazon.com/dp/058220965X">Archived</a> 2023-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Castro, Daniel, Walter D.Mignolo, and Irene Silverblatt. <i>Another Face of Empire: Bartolomé de Las Casas, Indigenous Rights, and Ecclesiastical Imperialism</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0822339307">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102210/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0822339307">Archived</a> 2023-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Spanish colonies.</li> <li>Cullinane, Michael Patrick. <i>Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism, 1898–1909.</i> New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.</li> <li>Ferguson, Niall. <i>Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power</i> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0465023290">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122150424/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0465023290/">Archived</a> 2020-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Friedman, Jeremy, and Peter Rutland. "Anti-imperialism: The Leninist Legacy and the Fate of World Revolution." <i>Slavic Review</i> 76.3 (2017): 591–599.</li> <li>Griffiths, Martin, and Terry O'Callaghan, and <a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Roach" title="Steven C. Roach">Steven C. Roach</a> 2008. <i>International Relations: The Key Concepts</i>. Second Edition. New Millan.</li></ul> <ul><li>Hamilton, Richard. <i>President McKinley, War, and Empire</i> (2006).</li> <li>Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri. <i>Empire</i> (2001), influential statement from the left.</li></ul> <ul><li>Harrington, Fred H. "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898–1900", <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Sep., 1935), pp. 211–230 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898467">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930060421/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898467">Archived</a> 2018-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Herman, Arthur. <i>Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age</i> (2009) [excerpt and text search].</li> <li>Hobson, J.A. <i>Imperialism: A Study</i> (1905) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1143086198">except and text search 2010 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102145/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1143086198">Archived</a> 2023-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>James, Lawrence. <i>The Rise and Fall of the British Empire</i> (1997).</li> <li>Karsh, Efraim. <i>Islamic Imperialism: A History</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0300122632">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102157/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0300122632">Archived</a> 2023-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Ness, Immanuel, and Zak Cope, eds. <i>The Palgrave encyclopedia of imperialism and anti-imperialism</i> (2 vol. 2016). 1456pp</li> <li>Olson, James S. et al., eds. <i>Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</i> (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/23315236?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20European%20Imperialism">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605093405/http://www.questia.com/read/23315236?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20European%20Imperialism">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Owen, Nicholas. <i>The British Left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885–1947</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233012">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102216/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233012">Archived</a> 2023-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Polsgrove, Carol. <i>Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause</i> (2009).</li> <li>Porter, Bernard. <i>The Lion's Share: A History of British Imperialism 1850–2011</i> (4th ed. 2012), Wide-ranging general history; strong on anti-imperialism.</li> <li>Proudman, Mark F.. "Words for Scholars: The Semantics of 'Imperialism'". <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i>, September 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p395-433.</li> <li>Sagromoso, Domitilla, James Gow, and Rachel Kerr. <i>Russian Imperialism Revisited: Neo-Empire, State Interests and Hegemonic Power</i> (2010).</li> <li>Thornton, A.P. <i>The Imperial Idea and its Enemies</i> (2nd ed. 1985)</li> <li>Tompkins, E. Berkeley, ed. <i>Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890—1920.</i> (1970) excerpts from primary and secondary sources.</li> <li>Tyrell, Ian and Jay Sexton, eds. <i>Empire's Twin: U.S. anti-imperialism from the founding era to the age of terrorism</i> (2015).</li> <li>Wang, Jianwei. "The Chinese interpretation of the concept of imperialism in the anti-imperialist context of the 1920s.," <i>Journal of Modern Chinese History</i> (2012) 6#2 pp 164–181.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Anti-Imperialists</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801062242/http://antiimperialist.com/">A Web based guide to American Anti-Imperialism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=Anti-Colonialism%20in%20the%20Cold%20War">CWIHP at the Wilson Center for Scholars: Primary Document Collection on Anti-Imperialism in the Cold War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605133345/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=Anti-Colonialism%20in%20the%20Cold%20War">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/">Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project</a>, multimedia collection of photographs, video, oral histories and essays.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/">Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism by V.I. Lenin</a> Full text at marxists.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themilitant.com/2009/7314/731449.html">How Imperialist 'Aid' Blocks Development in Africa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a>, <i>The Militant</i>, April 13, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518045623/http://www.cc-ds.org/discussion/CONFRONTING_US_IMPERIALISM.pdf">Daniel Jakopovich, <i>In the Belly of the Beast: Challenging US Imperialism and the Politics of the Offensive</i></a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific<br />wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a 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