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id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1789–1933" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1789–1933"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1789–1933</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1789–1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Imperial presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critics_of_presidency's_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics_of_presidency's_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Critics of presidency's evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics_of_presidency's_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legislative powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislative_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislative powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signing_and_vetoing_bills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signing_and_vetoing_bills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Signing and vetoing bills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signing_and_vetoing_bills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting_the_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_the_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Setting the agenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_the_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promulgating_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promulgating_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Promulgating regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promulgating_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convening_and_adjourning_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convening_and_adjourning_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Convening and adjourning Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convening_and_adjourning_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Executive powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Executive_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Executive powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Executive_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Administrative powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commander-in-chief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander-in-chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Commander-in-chief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commander-in-chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juridical_powers_and_privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juridical_powers_and_privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Juridical powers and privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juridical_powers_and_privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership_roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Head of state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Head of party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Global leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selection process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selection_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selection process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selection_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Eligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_and_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_and_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Campaigns and nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_and_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Inauguration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incumbency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incumbency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Incumbency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Incumbency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Incumbency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Incumbency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Term_limit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Term_limit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Term limit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Term_limit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacancies_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacancies_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vacancies and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacancies_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declarations_of_inability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarations_of_inability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Declarations of inability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarations_of_inability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumvention_of_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumvention_of_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Circumvention of authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumvention_of_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Residence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pension_and_other_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pension_and_other_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pension and other benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pension_and_other_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Presidential libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political affiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Timeline of presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of the United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_die_Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="President van die Verenigde State van Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="President van die Verenigde State van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%9A%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5" title="የአሜሪካ ፕሬዚዳንት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የአሜሪካ ፕሬዚዳንት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovt%C3%A2stum_staat%C3%A2i_president" title="Ovtâstum staatâi president – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ovtâstum staatâi president" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresittend_%C3%BEara_Geandena_Rica" title="Foresittend þara Geandena Rica – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Foresittend þara Geandena Rica" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="رئيس الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_d%27os_Estaus_Unius" title="President d'os Estaus Unius – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="President d'os Estaus Unius" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Presidente d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="АЦШ президент – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="АЦШ президент" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_Prezidenti" title="ABŞ Prezidenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Prezidenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sid%C3%A9n_Am%C3%A9rika_Serikat" title="Présidén Amérika Serikat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Présidén Amérika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_ch%C3%B3ng-th%C3%B3ng" title="Bí-kok chóng-thóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok chóng-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="АҠШ президенты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="АҠШ президенты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Прэзідэнт ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэзідэнт ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_kan_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente kan Estados Unidos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Presidente kan Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Президент на Съединените американски щати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Президент на Съединените американски щати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units" title="President dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95" title="АПШ президенчĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="АПШ президенчĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuno-Nasod_sa_Tinipong_Bansa" title="Pamuno-Nasod sa Tinipong Bansa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pamuno-Nasod sa Tinipong Bansa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Prezident Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prezident Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlywydd_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Arlywydd yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arlywydd yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_pr%C3%A6sident" title="USA's præsident – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's præsident" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A7_%DE%84%DE%AD%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%85%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އެމެރިކާގެ ރައީސްކަން ކުރައްވާފައިވާ ބޭފުޅުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެމެރިކާގެ ރައީސްކަން ކުރައްވާފައިވާ ބޭފުޅުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_president" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide president – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide president" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Πρόεδρος των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Usono" title="Prezidanto de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prezidanto de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="رئیس‌جمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Sambandsr%C3%ADki_Amerika" title="Forseti Sambandsríki Amerika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Forseti Sambandsríki Amerika" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Président des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidint_fan_de_Feriene_Steaten" title="Presidint fan de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Presidint fan de Feriene Steaten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uachtar%C3%A1n_na_St%C3%A1t_Aontaithe" title="Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaghtyrane_ny_Steatyn_Unnaneysit" title="Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-shuidhe_nan_St%C3%A0itean_Aonaichte" title="Cinn-shuidhe nan Stàitean Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cinn-shuidhe nan Stàitean Aonaichte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-koet_Ch%C3%BAng-th%C3%BAng" title="Mî-koet Chúng-thúng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mî-koet Chúng-thúng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="미국의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="ԱՄՆ նախագահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ նախագահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का राष्ट्रपति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का राष्ट्रपति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="President of the United States" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_iti_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente iti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Presidente iti Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presiden Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_del_Statos_Unite_de_America" title="Presidente del Statos Unite de America – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Presidente del Statos Unite de America" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Forseti Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forseti Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נשיא ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აშშ-ის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="АҚШ президенті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ президенті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_wa_Marekani" title="Rais wa Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rais wa Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidan_Etazini" title="Prezidan Etazini – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Prezidan Etazini" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serokdewlet%C3%AA_Dewlet%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA" title="Serokdewletê Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serokdewletê Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses_Civitatum_Foederatarum_Americae" title="Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidents" title="ASV prezidents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV prezidents" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_vun_de_Vereenegte_Staaten" title="President vun de Vereenegte Staaten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="President vun de Vereenegte Staaten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_prezidentas" title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokambi-Ek%C3%B3lo_ya_Lisang%C3%A1_lya_Amer%C3%ADka" title="Mokambi-Ekólo ya Lisangá lya Ameríka – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokambi-Ekólo ya Lisangá lya Ameríka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_di_Stat_Unii" title="President di Stat Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="President di Stat Unii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_eln%C3%B6ke" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnöke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnöke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Претседател на Соединетите Американски Држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседател на Соединетите Американски Држави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="അമേരിക്കൻ പ്രസിഡണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമേരിക്കൻ പ്രസിഡണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="अमेरिकेचे राष्ट्राध्यक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमेरिकेचे राष्ट्राध्यक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="رئيس امريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس امريكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Presiden Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%95%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="АНУ-ын Ерөнхийлөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Ерөнхийлөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90" title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ သမ္မတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ သမ္မတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="President van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="President van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अमेरिकाको राष्ट्रपति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="アメリカ合衆国大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国大統領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%A1%DF%8D%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC_%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%95%DF%8C%DF%AE" title="ߊߡߍߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߲ߕߌ߮ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߡߍߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߲ߕߌ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_o%27_Yunitid_Staits_o%27_Merika" title="President o' Yunitid Staits o' Merika – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="President o' Yunitid Staits o' Merika" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_president" title="USAs president – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs president" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_i_USA" title="President i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="President i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units_d%27America" title="President dels Estats Units d'America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="President dels Estats Units d'America" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_prezidenti" title="AQSh prezidenti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="AQSh prezidenti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="صدر امریکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صدر امریکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="د متحده ایالتونو ولسمشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ایالتونو ولسمشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="ប្រធានាធិបតីនៃសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រធានាធិបតីនៃសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Президент США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президент США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_the_Unitit_States" title="Preses o the Unitit States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Preses o the Unitit States" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenti_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Presidenti i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Presidenti i Shteteve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Prezident Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prezident Spojených štátov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Predsednik Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predsednik Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سەرۆک کۆماری ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرۆک کۆماری ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Председник Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Председник Сједињених Америчких Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentti" title="Yhdysvaltain presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_president" title="USA:s president – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s president" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Pangulo ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangulo ng Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் குடியரசுத் தலைவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="АКШ президенты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="АКШ президенты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Президенти Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Президенти Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_prezidenti" title="ABŞ prezidenti – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="ABŞ prezidenti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Президент США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Президент США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_dei_Stati_Unii_de_l%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Presidente dei Stati Unii de l'Amèrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Presidente dei Stati Unii de l'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="美國總統 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="美國總統" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangulo_han_Estados_Unidos" title="Mangulo han Estados Unidos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mangulo han Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="美國總統 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美國總統" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F" title="פרעזידענט פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרעזידענט פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%C3%A0r%E1%BA%B9_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="美國總統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國總統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="美国总统 – 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of state and government of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of the officeholders, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="President of the United States (disambiguation)">President of the United States (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the United States</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the president of the United States">Presidential seal</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="651" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the president of the United States">Presidential flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg/220px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg/330px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg/440px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a><br /></div>since January 20, 2021</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the U.S. government">Executive branch of the U.S. government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office of the President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (informal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable#United_States" title="The Honourable">The Honorable</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (diplomatic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">POTUS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council" title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Domestic Policy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Council_(United_States)" title="National Economic Council (United States)">National Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> or via succession</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Four years, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">renewable once</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1789<span class="noprint"><br />(235 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1789-03-04</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-formation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">$400,000 per year<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitehouse.gov">whitehouse<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224118861">.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar{width:20em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-politics-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States"><small>Politics of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade"> Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b> National elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primary</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b> Elections by state and territory</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas" title="Elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado"> Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut" title="Elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware" title="Elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Florida" title="Elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois" title="Elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas" title="Elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky" title="Elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee"> Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Texas" title="Elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Utah" title="Elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="Elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming" title="Elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Elections in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Elections in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Elections in the District of Columbia">Elections in the District of Columbia</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States" title="List of elections in the United States">List of elections</a>)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in the United States">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States" title="Populism in the United States">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States" title="Political culture of the United States">Political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territorial</a> government</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislatures</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Courts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia government</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Council of the District of Columbia">District Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_United_States_citizens" title="Visa requirements for United States citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United States and the United Nations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">P5</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Principles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right#United_States" title="Constitutional right">Individual rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#United_States" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_review" title="Standard of review">Tiers of scrutiny</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Government structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Executive branch</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Judicial branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Individual rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#United_States_Constitution" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juries_in_the_United_States" title="Juries in the United States">Right to trial by jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Right to candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">Comprehensible rules</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_Constitution" title="Living Constitution">Living Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">Substantive due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_process_theory_(law)" title="Political process theory (law)">Political process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">Judicial restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">Strict constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_constitutional_law" title="Template:United States constitutional law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_constitutional_law" title="Template talk:United States constitutional law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_constitutional_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States constitutional law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president of the United States</b> (<b>POTUS</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. The president directs the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">executive branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States#Commander-in-chief" title="Powers of the president of the United States">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. </p><p>The power of the presidency has grown substantially<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the first president, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, took office in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-formation_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly significant role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, carrying over into the 21st century with notable expansions during the presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the president is one of the world's most powerful political figures and the leader of the world's only remaining <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the leader of the nation with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest economy by nominal GDP</a>, the president possesses significant domestic and international <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>. For much of the 20th century, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the U.S. president was often called "the leader of the free world".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II of the Constitution</a> establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting U.S. foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">most expensive military</a>, which has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">second-largest nuclear arsenal</a>. </p><p>The president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_7:_Bills" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section<span class="nowrap"> </span>7</a> of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">veto</a> federal legislation. Since modern presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of Congress who are often electorally dependent on the president.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades, presidents have also made increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a>, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy. </p><p>The president is <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">elected indirectly</a> through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> to a four-year term, along with the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-second Amendment">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, ratified in 1951, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States who died in office">president's intra-term death</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nixon_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon resignation">resignation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">45 individuals</a> have served 46 presidencies spanning 58 four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> is the 46th and current president, having <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">assumed office</a> on January 20, 2021. <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> is scheduled to be <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">inaugurated as</a> the 47th president on January 20, 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, declared themselves to be independent <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> and no longer under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> rule. The affirmation was made in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, which was written predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and adopted unanimously on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Continental Congress simultaneously began the process of drafting a constitution that would bind the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> together. There were long debates on a number of issues, including representation and voting, and the exact powers to be given the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress finished work on the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> to establish a <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">perpetual union</a> between the states in November 1777 and sent it to the states for <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Articles, which <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">took effect</a> on March 1, 1781, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> was a central political authority without any legislative power. It could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> ought to have functioned with respect to the royal <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</a> (e.g., making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments. The members of Congress elected a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">president of the United States in Congress Assembled</a> to preside over its deliberation as a neutral <a href="/wiki/Discussion_moderator" title="Discussion moderator">discussion moderator</a>. Unrelated to and quite dissimilar from the later office of president of the United States, it was a largely ceremonial position without much influence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1783, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another. They witnessed their <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> commerce preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a>, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil and political unrest loomed. Events such as the <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> demonstrated that the Articles of Confederation were not working. </p><p>Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and Maryland at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a> in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">convention</a> failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> of New York led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> succeeded in securing <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beeman_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeman-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> emerged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1789–1933"><span id="1789.E2.80.931933"></span>1789–1933</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/440px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="5619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the first president of the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>As the nation's first president, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> established many norms that would come to define the office.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His decision to retire after two terms helped address fears that the nation would devolve into monarchy,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established a precedent that would not be broken until 1940 and would eventually be made permanent by the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-Second Amendment</a>. By the end of his presidency, political parties had developed,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> defeating <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1796, the first truly contested presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jefferson defeated Adams in 1800, he and his fellow Virginians <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> would each serve two terms, eventually dominating the nation's politics during the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> until Adams' son <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> won election in 1824 after the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> split. </p><p>The election of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> in 1828 was a significant milestone, as Jackson was not part of the Virginia and Massachusetts elite that had held the presidency for its first 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a> sought to strengthen the presidency at the expense of Congress, while broadening public participation as the nation rapidly expanded westward. However, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, became unpopular after the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> and subsequent poor relations between <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> and Congress led to further weakening of the office.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including Van Buren, in the 24 years between 1837 and 1861, six presidential terms would be filled by eight different men, with none serving two terms.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate played an important role during this period, with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Triumvirate" title="Great Triumvirate">Great Triumvirate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> playing key roles in shaping national policy in the 1830s and 1840s until debates over slavery began pulling the nation apart in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s leadership during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> has led historians to regard him as one of the nation's greatest presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances of the war and Republican domination of Congress made the office very powerful,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lincoln's re-election in 1864 was the first time a president had been re-elected since Jackson in 1832. After Lincoln's assassination, his successor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> lost all political support<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was nearly removed from office,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Congress remaining powerful during the two-term presidency of Civil War general <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>. After the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> would eventually become the first Democratic president elected since before the war, running in three consecutive elections (1884, 1888, 1892) and winning twice. In 1900, <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> became the first incumbent to win re-election since Grant in 1872. </p><p>After McKinley's <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> in 1901, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> became a dominant figure in American politics.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians believe Roosevelt permanently changed the political system by strengthening the presidency,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some key accomplishments including breaking up trusts, conservationism, labor reforms, making personal character as important as the issues, and hand-picking his successor, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. The following decade, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> led the nation to victory during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, although Wilson's proposal for the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was rejected by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Warren Harding</a>, while popular in office, would see his legacy tarnished by scandals, especially <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Teapot Dome">Teapot Dome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> quickly became very unpopular after failing to alleviate the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_presidency">Imperial presidency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_D_Roosevelt_-_radio_broadcast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Franklin_D_Roosevelt_-_radio_broadcast.jpg/220px-Franklin_D_Roosevelt_-_radio_broadcast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Franklin_D_Roosevelt_-_radio_broadcast.jpg/330px-Franklin_D_Roosevelt_-_radio_broadcast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Franklin_D_Roosevelt_-_radio_broadcast.jpg/440px-Franklin_D_Roosevelt_-_radio_broadcast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9137" data-file-height="7461" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> delivers a <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">radio address</a> in 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>The ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in 1933 led further toward what historians now describe as the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backed by enormous Democratic majorities in Congress and public support for major change, Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> dramatically increased the size and scope of the federal government, including more executive agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnYooFDR_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnYooFDR-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211–12">: 211–12 </span></sup> The traditionally small presidential staff was greatly expanded, with the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office of the President</a> being created in 1939, none of whom require Senate confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnYooFDR_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnYooFDR-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 229–231">: 229–231 </span></sup> Roosevelt's unprecedented re-election to a third and fourth term, the victory of the United States in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the nation's growing economy all helped established the office as a position of global leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnYooFDR_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnYooFDR-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269">: 269 </span></sup> His successors, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, each served two terms as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led the presidency to be viewed as the "<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_free_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the free world">leader of the free world</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was a youthful and popular leader who benefited from the rise of television in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> lost popular support due to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s presidency collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, Congress enacted a series of reforms intended to reassert itself.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a>, enacted over Nixon's veto in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974" title="Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974">Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974</a> that sought to strengthen congressional fiscal powers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1976, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> conceded that "the historic pendulum" had swung toward Congress, raising the possibility of a "disruptive" erosion of his ability to govern.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford failed to win election to a full term and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, failed to win re-election. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who had been an actor before beginning his political career, used his talent as a communicator to help reshape the American agenda away from New Deal policies toward more conservative ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Cold War ending and the United States becoming the world's undisputed leading power,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> each served two terms as president. Meanwhile, Congress and the nation gradually became more politically polarized, especially following the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">1994 mid-term elections</a> that saw Republicans control the House for the first time in 40 years, and the rise of routine <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibusters</a> in the Senate in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent presidents have thus increasingly focused on <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a>, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to implement major policies, at the expense of legislation and congressional power.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidential elections in the 21st century have reflected this continuing polarization, with no candidate except Obama in 2008 winning by more than five percent of the popular vote and two, George W. Bush and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, winning in the Electoral College while losing the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics_of_presidency's_evolution"><span id="Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution"></span>Critics of presidency's evolution</h3></div> <p>The nation's <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> expected the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, which was the first branch of government described in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>, to be the dominant branch of government; however, they did not expect a strong executive department.<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov09_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9nov09-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unchecked, unbalanced,<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov07_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9nov07-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "monarchist" in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov08_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9nov08-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 professor <a href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Dana D. Nelson</a> expressed belief that presidents over the previous thirty years worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies".<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She criticized proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive theory</a> for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers—such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements—that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(activist)" title="Bill Wilson (activist)">Bill Wilson</a>, board member of <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Limited_Government" title="Americans for Limited Government">Americans for Limited Government</a>, opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule".<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov06_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov06-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_powers">Legislative powers</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Article I, Section<span class="nowrap"> </span>1</a> of the Constitution vests all <a href="/wiki/Right_of_initiative_(legislative)" title="Right of initiative (legislative)">lawmaking power</a> in Congress's hands, and <a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Article 1, Section 6, Clause<span class="nowrap"> </span>2</a> prevents the president (and all other executive branch officers) from simultaneously being a member of Congress. Nevertheless, the modern presidency exerts significant power over legislation, both due to constitutional provisions and historical developments over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signing_and_vetoing_bills">Signing and vetoing bills</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4687" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964 Civil Rights Act</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on July 2, 1964, as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and others look on.</figcaption></figure> <p>The president's most significant legislative power derives from the <a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a>, which gives the president the power to veto any <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> passed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority#Two-thirds_vote" title="Supermajority">two-thirds vote</a> of both houses, which is usually very difficult to achieve except for widely supported bipartisan legislation. The framers of the Constitution feared that Congress would seek to increase its power and enable a "tyranny of the majority", so giving the indirectly elected president a veto was viewed as an important check on the legislative power. While George Washington believed the veto should only be used in cases where a bill was unconstitutional, it is now routinely used in cases where presidents have policy disagreements with a bill. The veto – or threat of a veto – has thus evolved to make the modern presidency a central part of the American legislative process. </p><p>Specifically, under the Presentment Clause, once a bill has been presented by Congress, the president has three options: </p> <ol><li>Sign the legislation within ten days, excluding Sundays, the bill <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">becomes law</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">Veto</a> the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated, expressing any objections, the bill does not become law, unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority#Two-thirds_vote" title="Supermajority">two-thirds vote</a>.</li> <li>Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe—the bill becomes law, as if the president had signed it, unless Congress is adjourned at the time, in which case it does not become law, which is known as a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>.</li></ol> <p>In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the <a href="/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act_of_1996" title="Line Item Veto Act of 1996">Line Item Veto Act</a>. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Congress could then repass that particular item. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York" title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_524" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524">524</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/417/">417</a> (1998), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting_the_agenda">Setting the agenda</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_State_of_the_Union_2018_(26133528958).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Donald_Trump_State_of_the_Union_2018_%2826133528958%29.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_State_of_the_Union_2018_%2826133528958%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Donald_Trump_State_of_the_Union_2018_%2826133528958%29.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_State_of_the_Union_2018_%2826133528958%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Donald_Trump_State_of_the_Union_2018_%2826133528958%29.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_State_of_the_Union_2018_%2826133528958%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> delivers his <a href="/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2018 State of the Union Address">2018 State of the Union Address</a> before <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of American history, candidates for president have sought election on the basis of a promised legislative agenda. <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_3:_Presidential_responsibilities" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 3, Clause 2</a> requires the president to recommend such measures to Congress which the president deems "necessary and expedient". This is done through the constitutionally-based <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address, which usually outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year, and through other formal and informal communications with Congress. </p><p>The president can be involved in crafting legislation by suggesting, requesting, or even insisting that Congress enact laws that the president believes are needed. Additionally, the president can attempt to shape legislation during the legislative process by exerting influence on individual members of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidents possess this power because the Constitution is silent about who can write legislation, but the power is limited because only members of Congress can introduce legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. Additionally, the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promulgating_regulations">Promulgating regulations</h3></div> <p>Many laws enacted by Congress do not address every possible detail, and either explicitly or implicitly delegate powers of implementation to an appropriate federal agency. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">agencies</a> that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. </p><p>In the 20th century, critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars'—each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House".<sup id="cite_ref-tws28sep08_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws28sep08-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidents have been criticized for making <a href="/wiki/Signing_statement" title="Signing statement">signing statements</a> when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.<sup id="cite_ref-tws04oct08_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws04oct08-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice has been criticized by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11nov301_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11nov301-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-tws28sep_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws28sep-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convening_and_adjourning_Congress">Convening and adjourning Congress</h3></div> <p>To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session, the president is empowered by <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Calling_Congress_into_the_extraordinary_session;_adjourning_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section<span class="nowrap"> </span>3</a> of the Constitution to call a <a href="/wiki/Special_session" title="Special session">special session</a> of one or both houses of Congress. Since <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> first did so in 1797, the president has called the full Congress to convene for a special session on 27 occasions. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> was the most recent to do so in July 1948, known as the <a href="/wiki/Turnip_Day_Session" title="Turnip Day Session">Turnip Day Session</a>. In addition, prior to ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</a> in 1933, which brought forward the date on which Congress convenes from December to January, newly <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">inaugurated</a> presidents would routinely call the Senate to meet to confirm nominations or ratify treaties. In practice, the power has fallen into disuse in the modern era as Congress now formally remains in session year-round, convening pro forma sessions every three days even when ostensibly in recess. Correspondingly, the president is authorized to adjourn Congress if the House and Senate cannot agree on the time of adjournment; no president has ever had to exercise this power.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_powers">Executive powers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">Powers of the president of the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i>, <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_433" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 433">433</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/433/425/">425</a> (1977)</b> (<a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist, J.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting</a>)</cite></p> </div> <p>The president is head of the executive branch of the federal government and is <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">constitutionally obligated</a> to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive branch has over four million employees, including the military.<sup id="cite_ref-obamapresidency_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obamapresidency-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_powers">Administrative powers</h3></div> <p>Presidents make <a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_in_the_United_States" title="Political appointments in the United States">political appointments</a>. An incoming president may make up to 4,000 upon taking office, 1200 of which must be <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">confirmed by the U.S. Senate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassadors</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_United_States" title="Officer of the United States">officers</a>, are among the positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove executive officials at will.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a>. Within the Executive Office, the president's innermost layer of aides, and their assistants, are located in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office" title="White House Office">White House Office</a>. </p><p>The president also possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government by issuing various <a href="/wiki/Presidential_directive" title="Presidential directive">types of directives</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential proclamation (United States)">presidential proclamation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a>. When the president is lawfully exercising one of the constitutionally conferred presidential responsibilities, the scope of this power is broad.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, these directives are subject to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review</a> by U.S. federal courts, which can find them to be unconstitutional. Congress can overturn an executive order through legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_H._W._Bush_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_George_H._W._Bush_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/220px-President_George_H._W._Bush_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_George_H._W._Bush_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/330px-President_George_H._W._Bush_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_George_H._W._Bush_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/440px-President_George_H._W._Bush_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> sign the <a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">1990 Chemical Weapons Accord</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_3:_Presidential_responsibilities" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 3, Clause 4</a> requires the president to "receive Ambassadors." This clause, known as the Reception Clause, has been interpreted to imply that the president possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to provide support for the president's exclusive authority to grant <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognition</a> to a foreign government.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution also empowers the president to appoint United States ambassadors, and to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements between the United States and other countries. Such agreements, upon receiving the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate (by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">two-thirds majority</a> vote), become binding with the force of federal law. </p><p>While foreign affairs has always been a significant element of presidential responsibilities, advances in technology since the Constitution's adoption have increased presidential power. Where formerly ambassadors were vested with significant power to independently negotiate on behalf of the United States, presidents now routinely meet directly with leaders of foreign countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_O-62_by_Gardner,_1862-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lincoln_O-62_by_Gardner%2C_1862-crop.jpg/220px-Lincoln_O-62_by_Gardner%2C_1862-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lincoln_O-62_by_Gardner%2C_1862-crop.jpg/330px-Lincoln_O-62_by_Gardner%2C_1862-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lincoln_O-62_by_Gardner%2C_1862-crop.jpg/440px-Lincoln_O-62_by_Gardner%2C_1862-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the 16th president who successfully preserved the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> general <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> and soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Antietam_National_Battlefield" title="Antietam National Battlefield">Antietam</a> on October 3, 1862</figcaption></figure><p> One of the most important of executive powers is the president's role as <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States#Commander-in-chief" title="Powers of the president of the United States">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military. The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the president as commander-in-chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history, with Congress at various times granting the president wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> explained this in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">Federalist No. 69</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces<span class="nowrap"> </span>... while that [the power] of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Great Britain">British king</a> extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which<span class="nowrap"> </span>... would appertain to the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Emphasis in the original.]</p></blockquote> <p>In the modern era, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a>, Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.<sup id="cite_ref-miller-center_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-center-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov102_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov102-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s military move into <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the invasions of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov101_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov101-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov100_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov100-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of military detail handled personally by the president in wartime has varied greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Washington, the first U.S. president, firmly established <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">military subordination under civilian authority</a>. In 1794, Washington used his constitutional powers to assemble 12,000 militia to quell the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>, a conflict in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a> involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay an excise tax on spirits. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph Ellis</a>, this was the "first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field", though <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> briefly took control of artillery units in <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">defense of Washington, D.C.</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was deeply involved in overall strategy and in day-to-day operations during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, 1861–1865; historians have given Lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> and is normally exercised through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">secretary of defense</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Combatant_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Combatant Command">Combatant Commands</a> assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).<sup id="cite_ref-ucp_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucp-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juridical_powers_and_privileges">Juridical powers and privileges</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States">List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: The case <a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States (2024)</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20220408AS-1467_(52067437977).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/P20220408AS-1467_%2852067437977%29.jpg/220px-P20220408AS-1467_%2852067437977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/P20220408AS-1467_%2852067437977%29.jpg/330px-P20220408AS-1467_%2852067437977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/P20220408AS-1467_%2852067437977%29.jpg/440px-P20220408AS-1467_%2852067437977%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> appointee Justice <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> and (in background) Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> following Brown Jackson's 2022 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> confirmation</figcaption></figure> <p>The president has the power to nominate <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal judges</a>, including members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. However, these nominations require <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">Senate confirmation</a> before they may take office. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">U.S. district courts</a>, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">senatorial courtesy</a>. Presidents may also grant <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pardon#Related_concepts" title="Pardon">reprieves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> pardoned <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> a month after taking office. Presidents often grant pardons shortly before leaving office, like when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> pardoned <a href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty Hearst</a> on his last day in office; this is often <a href="/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">controversial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov12_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov12-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov11_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov11-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov10_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov10-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. While not enshrined in the Constitution or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_418" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418">418</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/418/683/">683</a> (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the <a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_520" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 520">520</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/520/681/">681</a> (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">legal precedent</a> that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_secrets_privilege" title="State secrets privilege">state secrets privilege</a> allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discovery</a> in legal proceedings if such release would harm <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> refused to release military documents in the <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> trial of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> and again in <i><a href="/wiki/Totten_v._United_States" title="Totten v. United States">Totten v. United States</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_92" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 92">92</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/105/">105</a> (1876), when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reynolds" title="United States v. Reynolds">United States v. Reynolds</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_345" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 345">345</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/345/1/">1</a> (1953), where it was held to be a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">evidentiary</a> privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a>'s ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_v._Jeppesen_Dataplan,_Inc." title="Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.">Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ACS_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The degree to which the president personally has <a href="/wiki/Absolute_immunity" title="Absolute immunity">absolute immunity</a> from court cases is contested and has been the subject of several Supreme Court decisions. <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982) dismissed a civil lawsuit against by-then former president Richard Nixon based on his official actions. <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i> (1997) decided that a president has no immunity against civil suits for actions taken before becoming president and ruled that a sexual harassment suit could proceed without delay, even against a sitting president. The 2019 <a href="/wiki/Mueller_report" title="Mueller report">Mueller report</a> on Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election detailed evidence of possible <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction of justice</a>, but investigators declined to refer <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> for prosecution based on a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> policy against indicting an incumbent president. The report noted that impeachment by Congress was available as a remedy. As of October 2019, a case was pending in the federal courts regarding access to personal tax returns in a criminal case brought against Donald Trump by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney" title="New York County District Attorney">New York County District Attorney</a> alleging violations of New York state law.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_roles">Leadership roles</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_state">Head of state</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_ruffles_and_flourishes,_hail_to_the_chief_(long_version).ogg" title="File:Four ruffles and flourishes, hail to the chief (long version).ogg">Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Four_ruffles_and_flourishes,_hail_to_the_chief_(long_version).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Four_ruffles_and_flourishes%2C_hail_to_the_chief_%28long_version%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Four_ruffles_and_flourishes%2C_hail_to_the_chief_%28long_version%29.ogg/Four_ruffles_and_flourishes%2C_hail_to_the_chief_%28long_version%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFour_ruffles_and_flourishes%2C_hail_to_the_chief_%28long_version%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, the president represents the United States government to its own people and represents the nation to the rest of the world. For example, during a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a <a href="/wiki/State_visits_to_the_United_States" title="State visits to the United States">State Arrival Ceremony</a> held on the <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn_(White_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lawn (White House)">South Lawn</a>, a custom begun by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed by a <a href="/wiki/State_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="State dinner">state dinner</a> given by the president which is held in the <a href="/wiki/State_Dining_Room_of_the_White_House" title="State Dining Room of the White House">State Dining Room</a> later in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/220px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/330px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/440px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3239" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> throws out the ceremonial first ball on <a href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a> in 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_at_Buckingham_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/President_Bill_Clinton_at_Buckingham_Palace.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_at_Buckingham_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/President_Bill_Clinton_at_Buckingham_Palace.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_at_Buckingham_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/President_Bill_Clinton_at_Buckingham_Palace.jpg/440px-President_Bill_Clinton_at_Buckingham_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5489" data-file-height="3662" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> reviews honor guards at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> during a 1995 state visit to the UK</figcaption></figure> <p>As a national leader, the president also fulfills many less formal ceremonial duties. For example, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> started the tradition of throwing out the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch" title="Ceremonial first pitch">ceremonial first pitch</a> in 1910 at <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Stadium" title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a>, Washington, D.C., on the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins#Washington_Nationals/Senators:_1901–1960" title="Minnesota Twins">Washington Senators's</a> <a href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>. Every president since Taft, except for <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>, usually with much fanfare.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every president since <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> has served as honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> began in 1878 the first White House <a href="/wiki/Egg_rolling" title="Egg rolling">egg rolling</a> for local children.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1947, during the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> administration, every <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual <a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</a> held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesse_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesse-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> traditionally give advice to their successor during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition" title="United States presidential transition">presidential transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> for the incoming president.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office".<sup id="cite_ref-tws11nov304_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11nov304-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted <a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo-ops</a> of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novjopkl-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One critic wrote the image of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109">PT 109</a><sup id="cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novfddxs-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees".<sup id="cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9novrfrff-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_party">Head of party</h3></div> <p>The president is typically considered to be the head of their political party. Since the entire House of Representatives and at least one-third of the Senate is elected simultaneously with the president, candidates from a political party inevitably have their electoral success intertwined with the performance of the party's presidential candidate. The <a href="/wiki/Coattail_effect" title="Coattail effect">coattail effect</a>, or lack thereof, will also often impact a party's candidates at state and local levels of government as well. However, there are often tensions between a president and others in the party, with presidents who lose significant support from their party's caucus in Congress generally viewed to be weaker and less effective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_leader">Global leader</h3></div> <p>With the rise of the United States as a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> in the 20th century, and the United States having the world's largest economy into the 21st century, the president is typically viewed as a global leader, and at times the world's most powerful political figure. The position of the United States as the leading member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the country's strong relationships with other wealthy or democratic nations like those comprising the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, have led to the moniker that the president is the "<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_free_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the free world">leader of the free world</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection_process">Selection process</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 5</a> of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: </p> <ul><li>be a <a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">natural-born citizen of the United States</a>;</li> <li>be at least 35 years old;</li> <li>be a <a href="/wiki/Residency_(domicile)#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Residency (domicile)">resident in the United States</a> for at least 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A person who meets the above qualifications would, however, still be disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions: </p> <ul><li>Under <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment;_Punishment_on_conviction" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 7</a>, having been impeached, convicted and disqualified from holding further public office, although there is some legal debate as to whether the disqualification clause also includes the presidential office: the only previous persons disqualified under this clause were three federal judges.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Under <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, is eligible to hold any office. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is, again, some debate as to whether the clause as written allows disqualification from the presidential position, or whether it would first require litigation outside of Congress, although there is precedent for use of this amendment outside of the original intended purpose of excluding <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederates</a> from public office after the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Under the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_and_nomination">Campaigns and nomination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating convention</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">United States presidential debates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Reagan_Debate_10-28-80.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Carter_Reagan_Debate_10-28-80.png/220px-Carter_Reagan_Debate_10-28-80.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Carter_Reagan_Debate_10-28-80.png/330px-Carter_Reagan_Debate_10-28-80.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Carter_Reagan_Debate_10-28-80.png/440px-Carter_Reagan_Debate_10-28-80.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (left) debates Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> on October 28, 1980, during the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 U.S. presidential campaign</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern presidential campaign begins before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">primary elections</a>, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national nominating conventions</a>, where the most successful candidate is made the party's presidential nominee. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber-stamped</a> by the convention. The most common previous profession of presidents is lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nominees participate in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">nationally televised debates</a>, and while the debates are usually restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominees, <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a> candidates may be invited, such as <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> through frequent visits and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> advertising drives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_College_2028.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Electoral_College_2028.svg/293px-Electoral_College_2028.svg.png" decoding="async" width="293" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Electoral_College_2028.svg/440px-Electoral_College_2028.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Electoral_College_2028.svg/586px-Electoral_College_2028.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 census</a> to each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible.</figcaption></figure> <p>The president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four-year terms. As prescribed by Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-third Amendment</a> provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, all states and the District of Columbia select their electors based on a popular election.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS2017THN_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS2017THN-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all but two states, the party whose presidential–vice presidential <a href="/wiki/Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">ticket</a> receives a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of popular votes in the state has its entire <a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">slate</a> of elector nominees chosen as the state's electors.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> deviate from this <span class="nowrap">winner-take-all</span> practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">congressional district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their respective state capitals (and in Washington, D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. They typically vote for the candidates of the <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">party</a> that nominated them. While there is no constitutional mandate or federal law requiring them to do so, the District of Columbia and 32 states have laws requiring that their electors vote for the candidates to whom they are <a href="/wiki/Promise" title="Promise">pledged</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutionality of these laws was upheld in <i><a href="/wiki/Chiafalo_v._Washington" title="Chiafalo v. Washington">Chiafalo v. Washington</a></i> (2020).<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the vote, each state then sends a certified record of their electoral votes to Congress. The votes of the electors are opened and counted during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January. If a candidate has received an <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">absolute majority</a> of electoral votes for president (currently 270 of 538), that person is declared the winner. Otherwise, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> must meet to elect a president using a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> procedure in which representatives, voting by state delegation, with each state casting a single vote, choose between the top <i>three</i> electoral vote-getters for president. To win the presidency, a candidate must receive the votes of an absolute majority of states (currently 26 of 50).<sup id="cite_ref-CRS2017THN_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS2017THN-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been two contingent presidential elections in the nation's history. A 73–73 electoral vote tie between <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and fellow Democratic-Republican <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">election of 1800</a> necessitated the first. Conducted under the original procedure established by <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause<span class="nowrap"> </span>3</a> of the Constitution, which stipulates that if two or three persons received a majority vote and an equal vote, the House of Representatives would choose one of them for president; the <span class="nowrap">runner-up</span> would become vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 17, 1801, Jefferson was elected president on the 36th ballot, and Burr elected vice president. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a> in time to be used in the <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HF-XII_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HF-XII-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A quarter-century later, the choice for president again devolved to the House when no candidate won an absolute majority of electoral votes (131 of 261) in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">election of 1824</a>. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the House was required to choose a president from among the top three electoral vote recipients: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>. Held February 9, 1825, this second and most recent contingent election resulted in John Quincy Adams being elected president on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">United States presidential inauguration</a></div> <p>Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</a>, the four-year term of office for both the president and the vice president begins at noon on January 20, in the year following the preceding presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date, known as <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a>, were the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">second terms</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-HHistory1201937_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHistory1201937-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, the first term (1933–37) of both men had been shortened by 43 days.<sup id="cite_ref-GPOCONAN20171021_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPOCONAN20171021-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recite</a> the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">presidential Oath of Office</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_8:_Oath_or_affirmation" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause<span class="nowrap"> </span>8 of the Constitution</a>. This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I do solemnly swear (or <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_in_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmation in law">affirm</a>) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-VK218_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VK218-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Presidents have traditionally placed one hand upon a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> while taking the oath, and have added "So help me God" to the end of the oath.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">chief justice of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VK218_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VK218-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incumbency">Incumbency</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Term_limit">Term limit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_McKinley_and_Theodore_Roosevelt_(3360755866).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/William_McKinley_and_Theodore_Roosevelt_%283360755866%29.jpg/220px-William_McKinley_and_Theodore_Roosevelt_%283360755866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/William_McKinley_and_Theodore_Roosevelt_%283360755866%29.jpg/330px-William_McKinley_and_Theodore_Roosevelt_%283360755866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/William_McKinley_and_Theodore_Roosevelt_%283360755866%29.jpg/440px-William_McKinley_and_Theodore_Roosevelt_%283360755866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and his vice presidential running mate, New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg/220px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg/330px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg/440px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="3969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won a record four <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a> prior to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22nd amendment</a> in 1951, which instituted a two-term limit.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the first president, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, announced in his <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a> that he was not running for a third term, he established a "two terms then out" precedent. Precedent became tradition after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> publicly embraced the principle a decade later during his second term, as did his two immediate successors, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TermsTenure_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TermsTenure-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the strong two-term tradition, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> sought nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a> for a non-consecutive third term, but was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, after leading the nation through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and focused on supporting U.S. <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied nations</a> at war with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, Franklin Roosevelt was elected to a third term, breaking the long-standing precedent. Four years later, with the U.S. engaged in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he was re-elected again despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-22ndAPPC_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22ndAPPC-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">adopted</a> in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, the president at the time it was submitted to the states by the Congress, was exempted from its limitations. Without the exemption, he would not have been eligible to run for a second full term in 1952 (which he briefly sought), as he had served nearly all of Franklin Roosevelt's unexpired 1945–1949 term and had been elected to a full four-year term beginning in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-22ndAPPC_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22ndAPPC-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacancies_and_succession">Vacancies and succession</h3></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_1:_Presidential_succession" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment</a>, ratified in 1967, the vice president becomes president upon the <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">removal from office</a>, death, or resignation of the president. Deaths have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal from office has never occurred. </p><p>Before the ratification of the Twenty-fifth amendment (which clarified the matter of succession), <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Vacancy_and_disability" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 6</a>, stated only that the vice president assumes the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability.<sup id="cite_ref-FordhamLaw2011_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FordhamLaw2011-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this clause, there was ambiguity about whether the vice president would actually become president in the event of a vacancy, or simply <a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">act</a> as president,<sup id="cite_ref-ArticleIIessays_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArticleIIessays-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> potentially resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Special election">special election</a>. Upon the death of President <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> in 1841, Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> declared that he had succeeded to the office itself, refusing to accept any papers addressed to the "Acting President", and Congress ultimately accepted it. </p><p>In the event of a double vacancy, Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 also authorizes Congress to declare who shall become acting president in the "Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the president and vice president".<sup id="cite_ref-ArticleIIessays_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArticleIIessays-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a> of 1947 (codified as <a href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19">§ 19</a>) provides that if both the president and vice president have left office or are both otherwise unavailable to serve during their terms of office, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential line of succession</a> follows the order of: speaker of the House, then, if necessary, the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then if necessary, the eligible heads of <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">federal executive departments</a> who form the president's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">cabinet</a>. The cabinet currently has 15 members, of which the secretary of state is first in line; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department (or the department of which their department is the successor) was created. Those individuals who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession. No statutory successor has yet been called upon to act as president.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declarations_of_inability">Declarations of inability</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></div> <p>Under the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may temporarily transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes <a href="/wiki/Acting_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting president of the United States">acting president</a>, by transmitting to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate</a> a statement that he is unable to discharge his duties. The president resumes his or her powers upon transmitting a second declaration stating that he is again able. The mechanism has been used by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (once), <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (twice), and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (once), each in anticipation of surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Twenty-fifth Amendment also provides that the vice president, together with a majority of certain members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration, to the speaker of the House and the president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate, to the effect that the president is unable to discharge his or her powers and duties. If the president then declares that no such inability exist, he or she resumes the presidential powers unless the vice president and Cabinet make a second declaration of presidential inability, in which case Congress decides the question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States">List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Federal impeachment in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Federal impeachment trial in the United States</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Impeachment" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 4</a> of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials, including the president, from office for "<a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanors" title="High crimes and misdemeanors">high crimes and misdemeanors</a>". <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Speaker_and_other_officers;_Impeachment" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 2, Clause<span class="nowrap"> </span>5</a> authorizes the House of Representatives to serve as a "<a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>" with the power to impeach said officials by a majority vote.<sup id="cite_ref-A1essaySBP_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1essaySBP-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Trial_of_Impeachments" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause<span class="nowrap"> </span>6</a> authorizes the Senate to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> with the power to remove impeached officials from office, by a two-thirds vote to convict.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives: Andrew Johnson in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">1868</a>, Bill Clinton in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">1998</a>, and Donald Trump in <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">2021</a>; none have been convicted by the Senate. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> conducted an impeachment inquiry against Richard Nixon in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">1973–74</a> and reported three articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives for final action; however, he resigned from office before the House voted on them.<sup id="cite_ref-A1essaySBP_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1essaySBP-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumvention_of_authority">Circumvention of authority</h3></div> <p>Controversial measures have sometimes been taken short of removal to deal with perceived recklessness on the part of the president, or with a long-term disability. In some cases, staff have intentionally failed to deliver messages to or from the president, typically to avoid executing or promoting the president to write certain orders. This has ranged from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s Chief of Staff not transmitting orders to the Cabinet due to the president's heavy drinking, to staff removing memos from <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s desk.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decades before the Twenty-fifth Amendment, in 1919, President Woodrow Wilson had a <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson#Incapacity,_1919–1921" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">stroke that left him partly incapacitated</a>. First lady <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a> kept this condition a secret from the public for a while, and controversially <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson#Increased_role_after_husband's_stroke" title="Edith Wilson">became the sole gatekeeper</a> for access to the president (aside from his doctor), assisting him with paperwork and deciding which information was "important" enough to share with him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation">Compensation</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Presidential pay history </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year<br />established</th> <th>Salary</th> <th>Salary in<br />2023 USD </th></tr> <tr> <td>1789</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$25,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$639,362 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1873</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$50,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$1,271,667 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$75,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$2,543,333 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$100,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$1,280,559 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$200,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$1,661,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$400,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$688,292 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since 2001, the president's annual salary has been $400,000, along with a $50,000 expense allowance; a $100,000 nontaxable travel account; and a $19,000 entertainment<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> account. The president's salary is set by Congress, and under <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Salary" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause<span class="nowrap"> </span>7</a> of the Constitution, any increase or reduction in presidential salary cannot take effect before the next presidential term of office.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence">Residence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the official residences in which President Washington resided, see <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington#Residences" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington § Residences</a>. For the private residences of the various U.S. presidents, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_residences_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of residences of presidents of the United States">List of residences of presidents of the United States</a>.</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Executive_Residence" title="Executive Residence">Executive Residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> of the president. The site was selected by George Washington, and the cornerstone was laid in 1792. Every president since John Adams (in 1800) has lived there. At various times in U.S. history, it has been known as the "President's Palace", the "President's House", and the "Executive Mansion". Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County, Maryland</a>, is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host foreign dignitaries since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Guest_House" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Guest House">President's Guest House</a>, located next to the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</a> at the White House Complex and <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Park</a>, serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. Four interconnected, 19th-century houses—Blair House, Lee House, and 700 and 704 Jackson Place—with a combined floor space exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m<sup>2</sup>) constitute the property.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Presidential residences</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_lawn_(1).tif" class="mw-file-description" title="White House, the official residence"><img alt="White House, the official residence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-387px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-581px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-774px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, the official residence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp David in Frederick County, Maryland, the official retreat"><img alt="Camp David in Frederick County, Maryland, the official retreat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Camp_David.jpg/333px-Camp_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Camp_David.jpg/500px-Camp_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Camp_David.jpg/666px-Camp_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County, Maryland</a>, the official retreat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President%27s_Guest_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blair House, the official guest house"><img alt="Blair House, the official guest house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President%27s_Guest_House.jpg/339px-President%27s_Guest_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President%27s_Guest_House.jpg/509px-President%27s_Guest_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President%27s_Guest_House.jpg/678px-President%27s_Guest_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a>, the official guest house</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation of the president of the United States">Transportation of the president of the United States</a></div> <p>The primary means of long-distance air travel for the president is one of two identical <a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25" title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</a> aircraft, which are extensively modified <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> airliners and are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></i> while the president is on board (although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-32" title="Boeing C-32">Boeing C-32</a>, which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support a jumbo jet. Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated <a href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</a> for the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-af1_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af1-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For short-distance air travel, the president has access to a fleet of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> helicopters of varying models, designated <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a></i> when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would-be threats. </p><p>For ground travel, the president uses the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)" title="Presidential state car (United States)">presidential state car</a>, which is an armored <a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">limousine</a> designed to look like a <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> sedan, but built on a truck <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USSSPRL_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSSPRL-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN20090106_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN20090106-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines. The president also has access to <a href="/wiki/Ground_Force_One" title="Ground Force One">two armored motorcoaches</a>, which are primarily used for <a href="/wiki/Whistle_stop_train_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistle stop train tour">touring trips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Presidential transportation</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limo_One_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The presidential limousine, dubbed "The Beast""><img alt="The presidential limousine, dubbed "The Beast"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Limo_One_2022.jpg/338px-Limo_One_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Limo_One_2022.jpg/507px-Limo_One_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Limo_One_2022.jpg/675px-Limo_One_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)" title="Presidential state car (United States)">The presidential limousine</a>, dubbed "The Beast"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The presidential plane, called Air Force One when the president is on board"><img alt="The presidential plane, called Air Force One when the president is on board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/280px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/420px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/560px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The presidential plane, called <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> when the president is on board</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_visits_Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center,_Bethesda,_Maryland_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The presidential helicopter, known as Marine One when the president is aboard"><img alt="The presidential helicopter, known as Marine One when the president is aboard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Joe_Biden_visits_Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center%2C_Bethesda%2C_Maryland_01.jpg/338px-Joe_Biden_visits_Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center%2C_Bethesda%2C_Maryland_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Joe_Biden_visits_Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center%2C_Bethesda%2C_Maryland_01.jpg/507px-Joe_Biden_visits_Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center%2C_Bethesda%2C_Maryland_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Joe_Biden_visits_Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center%2C_Bethesda%2C_Maryland_01.jpg/675px-Joe_Biden_visits_Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center%2C_Bethesda%2C_Maryland_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The presidential helicopter, known as <a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a> when the president is aboard</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection">Protection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_Presidential_Limousine_During_The_Inaugural_Parade,_Washington,_DC_-_DPLA_-_a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_Presidential_Limousine_During_The_Inaugural_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_-_DPLA_-_a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_Presidential_Limousine_During_The_Inaugural_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_-_DPLA_-_a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_Presidential_Limousine_During_The_Inaugural_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_-_DPLA_-_a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_Presidential_Limousine_During_The_Inaugural_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_-_DPLA_-_a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_Presidential_Limousine_During_The_Inaugural_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_-_DPLA_-_a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_Presidential_Limousine_During_The_Inaugural_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_-_DPLA_-_a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2661" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> waves following his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">inauguration</a> as the nation's 40th president on January 20, 1981.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> is charged with protecting the president and the <a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">first family</a>. As part of their protection, presidents, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">first ladies</a>, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned <a href="/wiki/Secret_Service_codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Service codename">Secret Service codenames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-junior_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junior-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a>; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs-codenames_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-codenames-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Presidents <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on January 7, 2009; Obama took office thirteen days later.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3></div> <p>Some former presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>'s tenure as <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice of the United States">chief justice of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s work on government reorganization after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, whose bid for reelection failed in <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>, was elected president again four years later in <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, whose bid for reelection failed in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>, was elected president again four years later in <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a>. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for 17 years, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> returned to the Senate in 1875, though he died soon after. Some ex-presidents were very active, especially in international affairs, most notably Theodore Roosevelt;<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbert Hoover;<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Nixon;<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jimmy Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.<sup id="cite_ref-apreaction19810331_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apreaction19810331-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4presidentsphotos-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> has become a global <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ling" title="Laura Ling">Laura Ling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euna_Lee" title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</a>, from <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. During his presidency, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> called on former Presidents <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George H.W. Bush">Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> to assist with humanitarian efforts after the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>. President Obama followed suit by asking Presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> to lead efforts to aid Haiti after an <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">earthquake</a> devastated that country in 2010. </p><p>Clinton has been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary</a> on her <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a> presidential bids and President Obama on his <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 reelection campaign</a>. Obama has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, having worked with his former vice president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on his <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">2020 election campaign</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pension_and_other_benefits">Pension and other benefits</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act" title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</a> (FPA), enacted in 1958, grants lifetime benefits to former presidents and their widows, including a monthly pension, medical care in military facilities, health insurance, and Secret Service protection; also provided is funding for a certain number of staff and for office expenses. The act has been amended several times to provide increases in presidential pensions and in the allowances for office staff. The FPA excludes any president who was removed from office by <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2008 report by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Chief executives leaving office prior to 1958 often entered retirement pursuing various occupations and received no federal assistance. When industrialist Andrew Carnegie announced a plan in 1912 to offer $25,000 annual pensions to former Presidents, many Members of Congress deemed it inappropriate that such a pension would be provided by a private corporation executive. That same year, legislation was first introduced to create presidential pensions, but it was not enacted. In 1955, such legislation was considered by Congress because of former President Harry S. Truman's financial limitations in hiring an office staff</p></blockquote> <p>The pension has increased numerous times with congressional approval. Retired presidents receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which was $199,700 per year in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect <a href="/wiki/Congressional_pension" title="Congressional pension">congressional pensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franking</a> privileges. </p><p>Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting Secret Service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.<sup id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for him, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and all subsequent presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Spouse of the United States">first spouse</a> who remarries is no longer eligible for Secret Service protection.<sup id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_libraries">Presidential libraries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">Presidential library system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_dedication.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_dedication.tif/lossy-page1-220px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_dedication.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_dedication.tif/lossy-page1-330px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_dedication.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_dedication.tif/lossy-page1-440px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_dedication.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Presidents <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Every president since <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> has created a <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">repository</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">presidential library</a> for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, including: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by the State of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>; and</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>.</li></ul> <p>Several former presidents have overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries. Some even made arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Presidential_Library,_Museum_and_Boyhood_Home" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home">Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene, Kansas</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a>; and</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California" title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley, California</a>.</li></ul> <p>These gravesites are open to the general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_affiliation">Political affiliation</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a> have dominated <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American politics</a> for most of the nation's history. Though the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> generally spurned political parties as divisive and disruptive, and their rise had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid-1790s nonetheless. They evolved from <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">political factions</a>, which began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Washington administration</a> were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, while those in opposition largely joined the emerging <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">unaffiliated</a> with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-GWpps_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWpps-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Washington, every U.S. president has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of presidents per political party by their affiliation at the time they were first sworn into office (alphabetical, by last name) are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th><abbr title="Number of presidents">#</abbr> </th> <th>Name(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">15 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (incumbent)</b>, <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#008000"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#EA9978"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#B22222"> </td> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f5f5f5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician"><i>No party</i></a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_presidents">Timeline of presidents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">timeline</a> depicts the progression of the presidents and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office. </p> <div class="center"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_kyogk9mwnvg3f451g008x8ioqaxk2vr"></map><img usemap="#timeline_kyogk9mwnvg3f451g008x8ioqaxk2vr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/kyogk9mwnvg3f451g008x8ioqaxk2vr.png" /></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_American_politics" title="Outline of American politics">Outline of American politics</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to $100,000 in travel reimbursement, $18,000 for entertainment and $50,000 for additional expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The informal term POTUS originated in the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Code" title="Phillips Code">Phillips Code</a>, a shorthand method created in 1879 by <a href="/wiki/Walter_P._Phillips" title="Walter P. Phillips">Walter P. Phillips</a> for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and served for the remainder of his term are: <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841); <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1850); <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865); <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881); <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901); <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1923); <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945); <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963); and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice, as both the 22nd and 24th president.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nearly all scholars rank Lincoln among the nation's top three presidents, with many placing him first. See <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a> for a collection of survey results.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected for a second term as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a> ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson in 1864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Former Democrat John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Democrat Andrew Johnson was elected vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1891/08/02/archives/how-to-address-the-president-he-is-not-your-excellency-or-your.html">"How to Address the President; He Is Not Your Excellency or Your Honor, But Mr. President"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. The Washington Star. August 2, 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+Address+the+President%3B+He+Is+Not+Your+Excellency+or+Your+Honor%2C+But+Mr.+President&rft.date=1891-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1891%2F08%2F02%2Farchives%2Fhow-to-address-the-president-he-is-not-your-excellency-or-your.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html">"USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4"</a>. United States Geological Survey. July 18, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html">the original</a> on September 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Correspondence+Handbook%E2%80%94Chapter+4&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fusgs-manual%2Fhandbook%2Fhb%2F431-2-h%2Fchap4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073107/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm">"Models of Address and Salutation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Models+of+Address+and+Salutation&rft.pub=International+Trade+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ita.doc.gov%2Fita_sec%2FAddress%2520and%2520Salutation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf">"Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs"</a>, Protocol and Liaison Service, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_White_House_Office_of_the_Press_Secretary2010" class="citation web cs1">The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim">"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner"</a>. The White House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2011</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama%2C+President+Mubarak%2C+His+Majesty+King+Abdullah%2C+Prime+Minister+Netanyahu+and+President+Abbas+Before+Working+Dinner&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.au=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2010%2F09%2F01%2Fremarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formation_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formation_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' <p>"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme.justia.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme.justia.com (page does not exist)">Owings v. Speed</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_18" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 18">18</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> (5 <a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Wheat</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/18/420/#422">420, 422</a> (1820)</p></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (2010). <i>Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788</i>. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86854-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86854-7"><bdi>978-0-684-86854-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratification%3A+The+People+Debate+the+Constitution%2C+1787%E2%80%931788&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86854-7&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics">"March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history"</a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a>. March 4, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/">the original</a> on February 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+4%3A+A+forgotten+huge+day+in+American+history&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=National+Constitution+Center&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2Fmarch-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/">"Presidential Election of 1789"</a>. <i>Digital Encyclopedia</i>. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Presidential+Election+of+1789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fpresidential-election-of-1789%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2018" class="citation web cs1">Elkins, Kathleen (February 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/how-much-the-president-on-the-united-states-gets-paid.html">"Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Here%27s+the+last+time+the+president+of+the+United+States+got+a+raise&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F02%2F16%2Fhow-much-the-president-on-the-united-states-gets-paid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire2008" class="citation book cs1">Safire, William (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6ARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA564"><i>Safire's Political Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534061-7"><bdi>978-0-19-534061-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safire%27s+Political+Dictionary&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534061-7&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6ARDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1908" class="citation journal cs1">Ford, Henry Jones (1908). 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Legal experts discuss the implications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President%27s+Use+of+%27Signing+Statements%27+Raises+Constitutional+Concerns&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fwhite_house%2Fjuly-dec06%2Fsigning_07-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws28sep-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws28sep_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2008" class="citation news cs1">Will, George F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Making+Congress+Moot&rft.date=2008-12-21&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2FAR2008121902929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte" class="citation web cs1">Forte, David F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/96/convening-of-congress">"Essays on Article II: Convening of Congress"</a>. <i>The Heritage Guide to the Constitution</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Congressional+Special+Sessions&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2009480%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3">"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"</a>. Legal Information Institute. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+II%2C+Section+3%2C+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pub=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticleii%23section3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obamapresidency-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obamapresidency_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch">"Executive Branch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Executive+Branch&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fexecutive-branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidentialtransition.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/Presidentially-Appointed-Positions.pdf">"Presidentially Appointed Positions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Public_Service" title="Partnership for Public Service">Partnership for Public Service</a>. April 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidentially+Appointed+Positions&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Partnership+for+Public+Service&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresidentialtransition.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F6%2F2020%2F12%2FPresidentially-Appointed-Positions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2020/biden-appointee-tracker/">"Biden Political Appointee Tracker"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Biden+Political+Appointee+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Finteractive%2F2020%2Fbiden-appointee-tracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Shurtleff v. United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_189" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 189">189</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/189/311/">311</a> (1903); <i><a href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_272" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 272">272</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/272/52/">52</a> (1926).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_295" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 295">295</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/295/602/">602</a> (1935) and <i><a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson" title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">487</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/654/">654</a> (1988), respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaziano2001" class="citation web cs1">Gaziano, Todd (February 21, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential">"Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives"</a>. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Summary%3A+The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Executive+Orders+and+Other+Presidential+Directives&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2001-02-21&rft.aulast=Gaziano&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fthe-constitution%2Freport%2Fexecutive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Curtiss-Wright_Export_Corp." title="United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.">United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_299" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 299">299</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/299/304/">304</a> (1936), characterized the President as the "sole organ of the nation in its external relations," an interpretation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/eprint/fisher.pdf">criticized</a> by Louis Fisher of the Library of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zivotofsky_v._Kerry" title="Zivotofsky v. Kerry">Zivotofsky v. Kerry</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_576" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 576">576</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamseyVladeck" class="citation web cs1">Ramsey, Michael; Vladeck, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/commander-in-chief-clause-ramsey-and-vladeck/clause/25">"Common Interpretation: Commander in Chief Clause"</a>. <i>National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required)</i>. National Constitution Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center+Educational+Resources+%28some+internal+navigation+required%29&rft.atitle=Common+Interpretation%3A+Commander+in+Chief+Clause&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Vladeck%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Finteractive-constitution%2Farticles%2Farticle-ii%2Fcommander-in-chief-clause-ramsey-and-vladeck%2Fclause%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm"><i>The Federalist</i> #69</a> (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-center-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miller-center_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopherBaker,_III2008" class="citation web cs1">Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126165009/http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report">"The National War Powers Commission Report"</a>. The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2010</span>. <q>No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. 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It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.date=1999-05-02&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws8nov101-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov101_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1999" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Alison (May 2, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html">"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.date=1999-05-02&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws8nov100-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov100_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1990" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Michael R. (December 20, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article">"U.S. troops move in Panama in effort to seize Noriega; gunfire is heard in capital"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+troops+move+in+Panama+in+effort+to+seize+Noriega%3B+gunfire+is+heard+in+capital&rft.date=1990-12-20&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1220.html%23article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew J. Polsky, <i>Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War</i> (Oxford University Press, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37003">online review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/summer12/george.cfm">"George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief"</a>. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+Evolution+of+the+American+Commander+in+Chief&rft.pub=The+Colonial+Williamsburg+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org%2Ffoundation%2Fjournal%2Fsummer12%2Fgeorge.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James M. McPherson, <i>Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucp-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucp_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070316/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">"DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></i>. April 8, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">the original</a> on May 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=DOD+Releases+Unified+Command+Plan+2011&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Freleases%2Frelease.aspx%3Freleaseid%3D14398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/164">§ 164</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022040/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2">About the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws8nov12-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov12_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1992" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the president was trying to shield officials for political purposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+Six+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.date=1992-12-24&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws8nov11-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov11_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1992" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction'.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+Six+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.date=1992-12-24&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws8nov10-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov10_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisler2008" class="citation news cs1">Eisler, Peter (March 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm">"Clinton-papers release blocked"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Clinton-papers+release+blocked&rft.date=2008-03-07&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillhiser,_Ian2010" class="citation web cs1">Millhiser, Ian (June 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609224239/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html">"Executive Privilege 101"</a>. Center for American Progress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html">the original</a> on June 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Privilege+101&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.au=Millhiser%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2F2010%2F06%2Fexecutive_privilege.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_v._Jeppesen_Dataplan2024" class="citation book cs1">"Part III". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html"><i>Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan</i></a> (Court case)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2010</span> – via FindLaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+III&rft.btitle=Mohamed+v.+Jeppesen+Dataplan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fus-9th-circuit%2F1537579.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrostFlorence2009" class="citation web cs1">Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acslaw.org/issue_brief/briefs-2007-2011/reforming-the-state-secrets-privilege/">"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reforming+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.pub=American+Constitution+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Florence%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acslaw.org%2Fissue_brief%2Fbriefs-2007-2011%2Freforming-the-state-secrets-privilege%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaverPallitto2005" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i>. <b>120</b> (1): 85–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x">10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x</a>. <q>Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=State+Secrets+and+Executive+Power&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-112&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft.au=Pallitto%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2010" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Charlie (September 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html">"Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Dismisses+a+Case+Asserting+Torture+by+C.I.A.&rft.date=2010-09-08&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2F09secrets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2010" class="citation news cs1">Finn, Peter (September 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html">"Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Suit+dismissed+against+firm+in+CIA+rendition+case&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F09%2F08%2FAR2010090807334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Greenwald2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a> (February 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama">"The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+180-degree+reversal+of+Obama%27s+State+Secrets+position&rft.date=2009-02-10&rft.au=Glenn+Greenwald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fglenn_greenwald%2F2009%2F02%2F10%2Fobama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege">"Background on the State Secrets Privilege"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. January 31, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+on+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fnational-security%2Fbackground-state-secrets-privilege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Tanya Ballard (October 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767830713/federal-judge-rules-trump-must-hand-over-8-years-of-tax-returns">"President Trump Doesn't Need To Release His Tax Returns — For Now"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Presidents+Pass+The+Torch&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1858896%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorning2009" class="citation news cs1">Dorning, Mike (January 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228085232/http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml&coll=2">"A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+note+from+Bush+starts+morning+in+the+Oval+Office&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Dorning&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Fplaindealer%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml%26coll%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11nov304-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11nov304_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDykoski2008" class="citation news cs1">Dykoski, Rachel (November 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all">"Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Twin Cities Daily Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twin+Cities+Daily+Planet&rft.atitle=Book+note%3A+Presidential+idolatry+is+%22Bad+for+Democracy%22&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.aulast=Dykoski&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdailyplanet.net%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Fbook-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html%3Fmini%3Deventcalendar%2F2009%2F02%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11novjopkl-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeffinger2007" class="citation news cs1">Neffinger, John (April 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html">"Democrats vs. <i>Science</i>: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>back in the 1980s, Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly<span class="nowrap"> </span>... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully - [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Deaver thanked<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Stahl<span class="nowrap"> </span>... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Democrats+vs.+Science%3A+Why+We%27re+So+Damn+Good+at+Losing+Elections&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft.aulast=Neffinger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-neffinger%2Fdemocrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11novfddxs-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Nelson, Dana D.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&q=kennedy&pg=PA57">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-5677-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dana+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26q%3Dkennedy%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Dana D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&q=kennedy">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-5677-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of the image<span class="nowrap"> </span>... (p.54)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dana+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26q%3Dkennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws9novrfrff-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLexington2009" class="citation news cs1">Lexington (July 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm">"The Cult of the Presidency"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything<span class="nowrap"> </span>... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+the+Presidency&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.au=Lexington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Flexington%2F2009%2F07%2Fthe_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19">"Article II. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidents+USA&rft.atitle=Political+Parties+of+the+Presidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidentsusa.net%2Fpartyofpresidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Edwards, George C. and Thomas G. Howell (eds.). 2009. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernellJacobson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kernell, Samuel; Jacobson, Gary C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.ucsd.edu/~skernell/resources/congresspresasnews.pdf">"Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Politics</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 1016–1035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2130782">10.2307/2130782</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2130782">2130782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154834781">154834781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Congress+and+the+Presidency+as+News+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1016-1035&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154834781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2130782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2130782&rft.aulast=Kernell&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Gary+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.ucsd.edu%2F~skernell%2Fresources%2Fcongresspresasnews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Howell, William G. 2023. <i>The American Presidency: An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigelmanBullock1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sigelman, Lee; Bullock, David (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.cornell.edu/bigreddc/files/2013/09/SchoolsAmerican-Politics-Research-1991-Sigelman-5-32.pdf">"Candidates, issues, horse races, and hoopla: Presidential campaign coverage, 1888–1988"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Politics Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 5–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673x9101900101">10.1177/1532673x9101900101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154283367">154283367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Politics+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Candidates%2C+issues%2C+horse+races%2C+and+hoopla%3A+Presidential+campaign+coverage%2C+1888%E2%80%931988&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-32&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1532673x9101900101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154283367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sigelman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Bullock%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cornell.edu%2Fbigreddc%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F09%2FSchoolsAmerican-Politics-Research-1991-Sigelman-5-32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Tebbel" title="John William Tebbel">Tebbel, John William</a>, and Sarah Miles Watts. <i>The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan</i> (Oxford University Press, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131296">online review</a></li> <li>Waterman, Richard W., and Robert Wright. <i>The Image-Is-Everything Presidency: Dilemmas in American Leadership</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Studies_Quarterly" title="Presidential Studies Quarterly">Presidential Studies Quarterly</a></i>, published by Wiley, is an academic journal on the presidency.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_US_presidents_and_vice_presidents" title="Template:Lists of US presidents and vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_US_presidents_and_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:Lists of US presidents and vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_US_presidents_and_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of US presidents and vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List of vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">Approval rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">Assassination attempts and plots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Control of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oval_Office_desks" title="List of Oval Office desks">Desks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Doctrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_executive_orders" title="List of United States federal executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by presidents of the United States">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments" title="List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service" title="List of presidents of the United States by military service">Military service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_rank" title="List of presidents of the United States by military rank">rank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_vehicles_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of official vehicles of the president of the United States">Official vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_ran_for_office" title="List of former presidents of the United States who ran for office">Post-presidency campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">Previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_background_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Ancestral background of presidents of the United States">Ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bibliographies_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of bibliographies of presidents of the United States">Bibliographies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autobiographies_by_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of autobiographies by presidents of the United States">autobiographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death" title="List of presidents of the United States by date of death">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States who died in office">in office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair" title="List of presidents of the United States with facial hair">Facial hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">first ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of presidents of the United States">children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_firsts" title="List of United States presidential firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_left-handed_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of left-handed presidents of the United States">Left-handed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of multilingual presidents of the United States">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_net_worth" title="List of presidents of the United States by net worth">Net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of nicknames of presidents of the United States">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_pets" title="United States presidential pets">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_residences_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of residences of presidents of the United States">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_involved_in_Scouting" title="List of presidents of the United States involved in Scouting">Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_vacations" title="United States presidential vacations">Vacations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions<br />and honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_who_have_played_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of actors who have played the president of the United States">Actor portrayals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of fictional presidents of the United States">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States">Educational institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system#List_of_presidential_libraries" title="Presidential library system">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">Memorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_monuments_honoring_presidents_of_the_United_States_in_other_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of buildings and monuments honoring presidents of the United States in other countries">in other countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vessels_named_after_presidents" title="List of U.S. military vessels named after presidents">Military vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Portraits of presidents of the United States">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of sculptures of presidents of the United States">Sculptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of U.S. counties named after presidents of the United States">U.S. counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Vice_presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of vice presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li> <li>Families <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States" title="Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States">spouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of vice presidents of the United States">children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of efforts to impeach vice presidents of the United States">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_ran_for_president" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who ran for president">Ran for president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of vice presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">U.S. Senate bust collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">Acting presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">Designated survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration#List_of_inauguration_ceremonies" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition#List_of_presidential_transitions" title="United States presidential transition">Transitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">Winner lost popular vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political affiliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic-Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Democratic-Republican Party presidential tickets">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Federalist_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Federalist Party presidential tickets">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Green_Party_of_the_United_States_presidential_tickets" title="List of Green Party of the United States presidential tickets">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">National Republican / Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_third-party_and_independent_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major third-party and independent presidential tickets">Third party / independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heights_of_presidents_and_presidential_candidates_of_the_United_States" title="Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major-party_United_States_presidential_candidates_who_lost_their_home_state" title="List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their home state">Lost their home state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">Number of votes received</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_primary_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received">in primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">Received at least one electoral vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party vice presidential candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_executives_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Chief_Executives" title="Template:US Chief Executives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Chief_Executives" title="Template talk:US Chief Executives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Chief_Executives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Chief Executives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_executives_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chief executives of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">list</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">State governors</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alabama" title="List of governors of Alabama">Alabama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alaska" title="List of governors of Alaska">Alaska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Arizona</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">California</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado" title="Governor of Colorado">Colorado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of governors of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware" title="List of governors of Delaware">Delaware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Florida</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Georgia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Hawaii" title="List of governors of Hawaii">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Idaho" title="List of governors of Idaho">Idaho</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Illinois" title="List of governors of Illinois">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Indiana</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Iowa" title="List of governors of Iowa">Iowa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Kansas" title="List of governors of Kansas">Kansas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Governor of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Kentucky" title="List of governors of Kentucky">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of governors of Louisiana">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Maine</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maine" title="List of governors of Maine">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Maryland</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of governors of Maryland">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Michigan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Michigan" title="List of governors of Michigan">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Minnesota" title="List of governors of Minnesota">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Governor of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of governors of Mississippi">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Missouri" title="List of governors of Missouri">Missouri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Montana" title="List of governors of Montana">Montana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Nebraska" title="List of governors of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Nevada" title="List of governors of Nevada">Nevada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire" title="Governor of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of governors of New Hampshire">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of governors of New Jersey">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_Mexico" title="List of governors of New Mexico">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">New York</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina" title="Governor of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_North_Carolina" title="List of governors of North Carolina">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_North_Dakota" title="List of governors of North Dakota">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Ohio" title="List of governors of Ohio">Ohio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma" title="Governor of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Oklahoma" title="List of governors of Oklahoma">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon" title="Governor of Oregon">Oregon</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Oregon" title="List of governors of Oregon">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island" title="Governor of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of governors of Rhode Island">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of governors of South Carolina">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota" title="Governor of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Dakota" title="List of governors of South Dakota">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Texas</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Utah" title="List of governors of Utah">Utah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Vermont</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Vermont" title="List of governors of Vermont">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Virginia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Washington" title="List of governors of Washington">Washington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Virginia" title="List of governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin" title="Governor of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Wisconsin" title="List of governors of Wisconsin">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Wyoming" title="List of governors of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_governors_of_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States">Territorial</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#Territory_governors" title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_American_Samoa" title="List of governors of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C." title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Guam" title="List of governors of Guam">Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="List of governors of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of governors of Puerto Rico">list</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of governors of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Dakota_Territory" title="List of governors of Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="List of governors of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a> (until 1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines" title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> (until 1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Foreign_governors_and_military_commanders_since_1903" title="List of presidents of the Dominican Republic">Santo Domingo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_elections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Polling for United States presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam" title="United States presidential straw polls in Guam">Guam straw poll</a></li> <li>Vice presidential confirmations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Memorials_to,_and_namesakes_of,_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidential_memorials" title="Template:US presidential memorials"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidential_memorials" title="Template talk:US presidential memorials"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidential_memorials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidential memorials"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Memorials_to,_and_namesakes_of,_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">Memorials to</a>, and namesakes of, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By president</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">Washington</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">2 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Adams" title="List of memorials to John Adams">J. Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">4 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Madison</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">5 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Monroe" title="List of memorials to James Monroe">Monroe</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">6 <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Legacy" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">7 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of memorials to Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">8 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Martin_Van_Buren" title="List of memorials to Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">9 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_William_Henry_Harrison" title="List of memorials to William Henry Harrison">W. H. Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">10 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Tyler" title="List of memorials to John Tyler">Tyler</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">11 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_K._Polk" title="List of memorials to James K. Polk">Polk</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">12 <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Historical_reputation_and_memorials" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">13 <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore#Legacy_and_historical_view" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">14 <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce#Sites,_memorials,_and_honors" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">15 <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan#Legacy" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">16 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">18 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="List of memorials to Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">19 <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes#Legacy_and_honors" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">20 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_A._Garfield" title="List of memorials to James A. Garfield">Garfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">21 <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur#Legacy" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">22 and 24 <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland#Honors_and_memorials" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">23 <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison#Historical_reputation_and_memorials" title="Benjamin Harrison">B. Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">25 <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley#Funeral,_memorials,_and_legacy" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">26 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of memorials to Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">28 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of memorials to Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">29 <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Warren_G._Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">30 <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Radio,_film,_and_commemorations" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">31 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Heritage_and_memorials" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">32 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">33 <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Sites_and_honors" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">34 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of memorials to Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">35 <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">36 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">37 <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Richard_Nixon#Namesakes" title="List of awards and honors received by Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">38 <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford#Honors" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">39 <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter#Namesakes" title="List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">40 <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of things named after Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">41 <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">42 <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Bill_Clinton" title="List of things named after Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">43 <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_W._Bush" title="List of things named after George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">44 <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">45 <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Donald_Trump" title="List of things named after Donald Trump">Trump</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">46 <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Joe_Biden" title="List of things named after Joe Biden">Biden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of U.S. counties named after presidents of the United States">Counties</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_named_after_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States">Educational institutions</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vessels_named_after_presidents" title="List of U.S. military vessels named after presidents">Military vessels</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_presidents_of_the_United_States_in_other_countries" title="List of monuments and memorials to presidents of the United States in other countries">Outside the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Postage stamps</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">Presidential library system</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_residences_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of residences of presidents of the United States">Residences</a></span></li> <li><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of sculptures of presidents of the United States">Sculptures</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>A = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></dd> <dd>MC = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></dd> <dd>N = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></dd> <dd>AF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></dd> <dd>SF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></dd> <dd>CG = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security">Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Committees on Armed Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_three-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States three-star officers">Active duty three-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_seniority" title="United States military seniority">United States military seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_components_of_the_U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="List of components of the U.S. Department of Defense">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service branches and heads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Chief of Space Operations">Chief of Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant of the Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reserves: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Civilian auxiliaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Cyber_Auxiliary" title="Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary">Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command" title="United States Indo-Pacific Command">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command" title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a></li> <li>Units: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:Units and formations of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Mass media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Armed_Forces_unit_mottoes" title="List of United States Armed Forces unit mottoes">Unit mottoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations<br />and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ancestry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhists_in_the_United_States_military" title="Buddhists in the United States military">Buddhist Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_United_States_military" title="Muslims in the United States military">Muslim Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">Sikh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Hispanic Americans">Hispanic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hispanics in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Hispanics in the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy" title="Hispanics in the United States Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Naval_Academy" title="Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy">Academy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">Marine Corps History Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_official_war_artists" title="American official war artists">War artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">Army Art Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program" title="United States Air Force Art Program">Air Force Art Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">Service academies</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">A</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">MC/N</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">AF/SF</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Officer candidate/training school: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officer</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School" title="Warrant Officer Candidate School">A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command" title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery" title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School" title="The Basic School">The Basic School</a> (MC)</li> <li>Enlisted recruit training: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May" title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces">Uniforms</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces">Awards & decorations</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices" title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States" title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Identification badges of the uniformed services of the United States">Identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Badges of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Officer: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</a></li> <li>Enlisted: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_ranks" title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted ranks">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oath: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment" title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office" title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Officer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Creeds & Codes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force" title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed" title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman" title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)" title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)" title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)" title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code" title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_pay" title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">Tricare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military)" title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States" title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="List of equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of equipment of the United States Army">A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_Nomenclature_System" title="Army Nomenclature System">Designations</a>)</li> <li>MC: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="List of equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles" title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft" title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li> <li>Ships: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy#Future_ships" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters" title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships" title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weapons: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_undesignated_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of undesignated military aircraft of the United States">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_future_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of future military aircraft of the United States">future</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army_during_World_War_II" title="List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II">WWII equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">Nuclear football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System" title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Flag of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidon_(United_States)" title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics" title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Navboxes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Space_Force" title="Template:United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox" title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_House" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_House" title="Template:White House"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_House" title="Template talk:White House"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_House" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White House"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_House" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Official residence of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a> (1800–1814; 1817–1948; 1952–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> (1938–present)<br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood_House" title="Samuel Osgood House">Samuel Osgood House</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_House" title="Alexander Macomb House">Alexander Macomb House</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a> (1790–1800)<br /><a href="/wiki/Germantown_White_House" title="Germantown White House">Germantown White House</a> (1793–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings</a> (1815–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a> (1948–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Residence" title="Executive Residence">Executive<br />Residence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_basement" title="White House basement">Basement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_Floral_Designer" title="White House Chief Floral Designer">Chief Floral Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground floor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Room" title="China Room">China Room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_china" title="White House china">collection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Curator" title="White House Office of the Curator">Office of the Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Reception_Room" title="Diplomatic Reception Room">Diplomatic Reception Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Library" title="White House Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_Room_(White_House)" title="Map Room (White House)">Map Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermeil_Room" title="Vermeil Room">Vermeil Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State floor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Room_(White_House)" title="Blue Room (White House)">Blue Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Hall" title="Cross Hall">Cross Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_Hall" title="Entrance Hall">Entrance Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Dining_Room" title="Family Dining Room">Family Dining Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Staircase_(White_House)" title="Grand Staircase (White House)">Grand Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)" title="Green Room (White House)">Green Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Room_(White_House)" title="Red Room (White House)">Red Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Dining_Room_of_the_White_House" title="State Dining Room of the White House">State Dining Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_Usher" title="White House Chief Usher">Chief Usher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second floor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Floor_Center_Hall" title="Second Floor Center Hall">Center Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sitting_Hall" title="East Sitting Hall">East Sitting Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom" title="Lincoln Bedroom">Lincoln Bedroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sitting_Room" title="Lincoln Sitting Room">Lincoln Sitting Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Bedroom" title="President's Bedroom">President's Bedroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Dining_Room" title="President's Dining Room">President's Dining Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens%27_Bedroom" title="Queens' Bedroom">Queens' Bedroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens%27_Sitting_Room" title="Queens' Sitting Room">Queens' Sitting Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Room" title="Treaty Room">Treaty Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Balcony" title="Truman Balcony">Truman Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sitting_Hall" title="West Sitting Hall">West Sitting Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Oval_Room" title="Yellow Oval Room">Yellow Oval Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roof</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_at_the_White_House" title="Flags at the White House">Flagpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_at_the_White_House" title="Solar power at the White House">Solar panels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteHouseSouthFacadeHDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WhiteHouseSouthFacadeHDR.jpg/80px-WhiteHouseSouthFacadeHDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WhiteHouseSouthFacadeHDR.jpg/120px-WhiteHouseSouthFacadeHDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WhiteHouseSouthFacadeHDR.jpg/160px-WhiteHouseSouthFacadeHDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="2173" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/WJCovaloffice.jpg/80px-WJCovaloffice.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/WJCovaloffice.jpg/120px-WJCovaloffice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/WJCovaloffice.jpg/160px-WJCovaloffice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="640" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exec_bldg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Exec_bldg.JPG/80px-Exec_bldg.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Exec_bldg.JPG/120px-Exec_bldg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Exec_bldg.JPG/160px-Exec_bldg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/White_House_Rose_Garden.jpg/80px-White_House_Rose_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/White_House_Rose_Garden.jpg/120px-White_House_Rose_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/White_House_Rose_Garden.jpg/160px-White_House_Rose_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="397" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing" title="West Wing">West Wing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Room_(White_House)" title="Cabinet Room (White House)">Cabinet Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oval_Office_desks" title="List of Oval Office desks">desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_call_button" title="Presidential call button">call button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office_grandfather_clock" title="Oval Office grandfather clock">clock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office_Study" title="Oval Office Study">Oval Office Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Brady_Press_Briefing_Room" title="James S. Brady Press Briefing Room">Press Briefing Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">Roosevelt Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Wing" title="East Wing">East Wing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the First Lady of the United States">Office of the First Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_and_Calligraphy_Office" title="Graphics and Calligraphy Office">Graphics and Calligraphy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Emergency_Operations_Center" title="Presidential Emergency Operations Center">Presidential Emergency Operations Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Family_Theater" title="White House Family Theater">White House Family Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Social_Secretary" title="White House Social Secretary">Social Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Visitors_Office" title="White House Visitors Office">Visitors Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Military_Office" title="White House Military Office">White House Military Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House#Grounds" title="White House">Grounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Garden" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Garden">Jacqueline Kennedy Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Andrew Jackson</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Statue of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben"><i>Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Statue of the Comte de Rochambeau"><i>Comte de Rochambeau</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Tadeusz Kościuszko</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Marquis de Lafayette</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Yard_Urns" title="Navy Yard Urns">Navy Yard Urns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lawn" title="North Lawn">North Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden" title="White House Rose Garden">Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lawn" title="South Lawn">South Lawn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">Horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_putting_green" title="White House putting green">Putting green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_swimming_pool" title="White House swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_tennis_court" title="White House tennis court">Tennis and basketball court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_to_Treasury_Building_tunnel" title="White House to Treasury Building tunnel">White House to Treasury Building tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_vegetable_garden" title="White House vegetable garden">White House vegetable garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Annex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Executive_Office_Building" title="New Executive Office Building">New Executive Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_Center" title="White House Conference Center">White House Conference Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Parker_House" title="Peter Parker House">Peter Parker House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trowbridge_House" title="Trowbridge House">Trowbridge House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby<br />streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Executive_Avenue" title="East Executive Avenue">East Executive Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="H Street (Washington, D.C.)">H Street NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Place" title="Jackson Place">Jackson Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Place" title="Madison Place">Madison Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Executive_Avenue" title="West Executive Avenue">West Executive Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_White_House" title="Art in the White House">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Christmas_tree" title="White House Christmas tree">Christmas Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Reconstruction" title="White House Reconstruction">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_White_House" title="Replicas of the White House">Replicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_White_House_security_breaches" title="List of White House security breaches">Security breaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_at_the_White_House" title="Solar power at the White House">Solar power at the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association" title="White House Historical Association">White House Historical Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decatur_House" title="Decatur House">Decatur House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Ninth_Street)" title="President's House (Ninth Street)">President's House, Ninth Street, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House_(New_York_City)" title="Government House (New York City)">New York City Government House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Dominica" title="List of presidents of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belize" title="List of prime ministers of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Grenada" title="List of heads of government of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Lucia" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11696#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121061812">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129529146">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="États-Unis President"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123879793">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/539999/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2033432-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. President"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80001199">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Presidents--United States"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106465">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Etats-Unis. President"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863688j">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Présidents -- États-Unis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120466967">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Etats-Unis. President"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863688j">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Présidents -- États-Unis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120466967">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35571004">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spojené státy americké. Prezident"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590176405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02782438?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/999786">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026377519">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642006">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/series/bbc82820-c93b-4df5-9316-4a24beb88ca6">MusicBrainz series</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6934ph5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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