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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Whether criteria exist, or are needed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whether_criteria_exist,_or_are_needed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisms_at_differing_levels_of_biological_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisms_at_differing_levels_of_biological_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisms at differing levels of biological organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisms_at_differing_levels_of_biological_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Boundary cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boundary_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boundary cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boundary_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organism-like_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organism-like_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Organism-like colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organism-like_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Synthetic organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_evolution_of_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_evolution_of_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Early evolution of organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_evolution_of_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Organism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesen" title="Lebewesen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lebewesen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="كائن حي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كائن حي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiin%C8%9B%C3%A2" title="Hiințâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hiințâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1" title="জীৱ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivu" title="Ser vivu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ser vivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqanizm" title="Orqanizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orqanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جانلی‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جانلی‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC" title="জীব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81-th%C3%A9" title="Sèⁿ-miā-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Арганізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арганізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Арганізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арганізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Организъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Организъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesn" title="Lebewesn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lebewesn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam_(biologija)" title="Organizam (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Organizam (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Махабад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Махабад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Organeb byw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="كائن حي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كائن حي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eal%C3%A1n" title="Ealán – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ealán" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesen" title="Lebewesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lebewesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Οργανισμός (βιολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οργανισμός (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivo" title="Ser vivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ser vivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismu" title="Organismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Organismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جاندار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاندار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu" title="Jiu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jiu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_(physiologie)" title="Organisme (physiologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisme (physiologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%C3%A1nach" title="Orgánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Orgánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioag" title="Bioag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bioag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivo" title="Ser vivo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ser vivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9%C5%A9mbe" title="Kĩũmbe – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩũmbe" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Sâng-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="생물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Օրգանիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրգանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="जीव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam_(biologija)" title="Organizam (biologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Organizam (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Makhluk hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makhluk hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-organism" title="I-organism – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-organism" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IziPhili" title="IziPhili – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IziPhili" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfvera" title="Lífvera – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífvera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo_vivente" title="Organismo vivente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organismo vivente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אורגניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורגניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5" title="ಸಾವಯವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾವಯವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ორგანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორგანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ағза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organedh" title="Organedh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Organedh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiumbehai" title="Kiumbehai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiumbehai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ganis" title="Òganis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òganis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism_(fizyoloji)" title="Organism (fizyoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Organism (fizyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%C3%AEzm" title="Organîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Organîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ສິ່ງມີຊີວິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສິ່ງມີຊີວິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms" title="Organisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Organisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liewewiesen" title="Liewewiesen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liewewiesen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizmas" title="Organizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Organizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jmive" title="jmive – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jmive" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C5%91l%C3%A9ny" title="Élőlény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élőlény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Организам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Организам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavamananaina" title="Zavamananaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavamananaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="ജീവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="सजीव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ორგანიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორგანიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%89" title="كائن حى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كائن حى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisma" title="Organisma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Organisma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk" title="Sĕng-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="သက်ရှိရုပ်စု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ရှိရုပ်စု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_vivent" title="Organisme vivent – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Organisme vivent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micirjirtii" title="Micirjirtii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Micirjirtii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="آرگنزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرگنزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ارګانېزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارګانېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaganizim" title="Aaganizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aaganizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="សារពាង្គកាយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សារពាង្គកាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus_(Biologie)" title="Organismus (Biologie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Organismus (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsaq" title="Kawsaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Орґанізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Орґанізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mauzipay" title="mauzipay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mauzipay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizmi" title="Organizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urganismu" title="Urganismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Urganismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ජීවීයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීවීයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ساهوارو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ساهوارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C3%A1_bytos%C5%A5" title="Živá bytosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živá bytosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizem" title="Organizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Organizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئۆرگانیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرگانیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Организам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Организам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Organizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismeu" title="Organismeu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Organismeu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6" title="Eliö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரினம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuddir" title="Amuddir – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amuddir" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="జీవి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="สิ่งมีชีวิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งมีชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Андомгон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андомгон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%97" title="ᎬᏃᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canl%C4%B1" title="Canlı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Canlı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Організм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Організм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نامیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نامیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnghvuz" title="Swnghvuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swnghvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Sinh vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogan" title="Nogan – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nogan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elolin%C3%B5" title="Elolinõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elolinõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ארגאניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארגאניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80m%C3%ADn" title="Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mín – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mín" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gani" title="Gani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorgan%C4%97zmos" title="Uorganėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uorganėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7239#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Individual living life form</div> <p> An <b>organism</b> is defined in a medical dictionary as any <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living</a> thing that functions as an <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosby-2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosby-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a definition raises more problems than it solves, not least because the concept of an individual is also difficult. Many criteria, few of them widely accepted, have been proposed to define what an organism is. Among the most common is that an organism has autonomous <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. This would exclude <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, despite the fact that they <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a> like organisms. Other problematic cases include <a href="/wiki/Colonial_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial organism">colonial organisms</a>; a colony of <a href="/wiki/Eusocial_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial insect">eusocial insects</a> is organised adaptively, and has <a href="/wiki/Germ-Soma_Differentiation" title="Germ-Soma Differentiation">germ-soma specialisation</a>, with some insects reproducing, others not, like cells in an animal's body. The body of a <a href="/wiki/Siphonophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonophore">siphonophore</a>, a jelly-like marine animal, is composed of organism-like <a href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">zooids</a>, but the whole structure looks and functions much like an animal such as a <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, the parts collaborating to provide the functions of the colonial organism. </p><p>The evolutionary biologists <a href="/wiki/David_C._Queller" title="David C. Queller">David Queller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Strassmann" title="Joan E. Strassmann">Joan Strassmann</a> state that "organismality", the qualities or attributes that define an entity as an organism, has evolved socially as groups of simpler units (from cells upwards) came to cooperate without conflicts. They propose that cooperation should be used as the "defining trait" of an organism. This would treat many types of collaboration, including the <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">alga</a> partnership of different species in a <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>, or the permanent sexual partnership of an <a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfish</a>, as an organism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "organism" (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀργανισμός">ὀργανισμός</a></span>, derived from <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>órganon</i></span>, meaning instrument, implement, tool, organ of sense or apprehension)<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Online-Etym-Dict_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online-Etym-Dict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first appeared in the English language in the 1660s with the now-obsolete meaning of an organic structure or organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Online-Etym-Dict_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online-Etym-Dict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is related to the verb "organize".<sup id="cite_ref-Online-Etym-Dict_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online-Etym-Dict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1790 <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgment" title="Critique of Judgment">Critique of Judgment</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> defined an organism as "both an organized and a self-organizing being".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whether_criteria_exist,_or_are_needed"><span id="Whether_criteria_exist.2C_or_are_needed"></span>Whether criteria exist, or are needed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Whether criteria exist, or are needed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilikumwurzling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basilikumwurzling.jpg/170px-Basilikumwurzling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basilikumwurzling.jpg/255px-Basilikumwurzling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basilikumwurzling.jpg/340px-Basilikumwurzling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="3272" /></a><figcaption>One criterion proposes that an organism cannot be divided without losing functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen-1958_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">cutting</a> is however developing new adventitious roots from a small bit of <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>, forming a new plant.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the criteria that have been proposed for being an organism are: </p> <ul><li>autonomous <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moreira-2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira-2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>noncompartmentability – structure cannot be divided without losing functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen-1958_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> stated this as "the quality of being sufficiently heterogeneous in form to be rendered non-functional if cut in half".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many organisms can be cut into pieces which then grow into whole organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a> – the entity has simultaneous holdings of genetic uniqueness, genetic homogeneity and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</a>, separating self from foreign<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"anti-<a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>", the ability to maintain order, a concept first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly-2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in another form, that <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> can be used to identify organisms as capable of self-maintaining their information content<sup id="cite_ref-Piast-2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piast-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other scientists think that the concept of the organism is inadequate in biology;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the concept of individuality is problematic;<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke-2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from a philosophical point of view, question whether such a definition is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Pepper-2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepper-2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problematic cases include <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial organisms</a>: for instance, a colony of <a href="/wiki/Eusocial_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial insects">eusocial insects</a> fulfills criteria such as adaptive organisation and <a href="/wiki/Germ-Soma_Differentiation" title="Germ-Soma Differentiation">germ-soma</a> specialisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Folse-2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folse-2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If so, the same argument, or a criterion of high co-operation and low conflict, would include some <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> (e.g. lichens) and sexual partnerships (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfish</a>) as organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If <a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">group selection</a> occurs, then a group could be viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">superorganism</a>, optimized by group <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another view is that attributes like autonomy, genetic homogeneity and genetic uniqueness should be examined separately rather than demanding that an organism should have all of them; if so, there are multiple dimensions to biological individuality, resulting in several types of organism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisms_at_differing_levels_of_biological_organisation">Organisms at differing levels of biological organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organisms at differing levels of biological organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichen_cross_section_%E2%80%93_heteromeric_thallus_unlabelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lichen_cross_section_%E2%80%93_heteromeric_thallus_unlabelled.svg/180px-Lichen_cross_section_%E2%80%93_heteromeric_thallus_unlabelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lichen_cross_section_%E2%80%93_heteromeric_thallus_unlabelled.svg/270px-Lichen_cross_section_%E2%80%93_heteromeric_thallus_unlabelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lichen_cross_section_%E2%80%93_heteromeric_thallus_unlabelled.svg/360px-Lichen_cross_section_%E2%80%93_heteromeric_thallus_unlabelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> consists of a body formed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, with unicellular <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> (green) interspersed within the structure, and a bacterial <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are mutually interdependent, like cells within a multicellular organism.<sup id="cite_ref-Lücking-2021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lücking-2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganism</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaean</a>, composed of a single <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, which may contain functional structures called <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hine-2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hine-2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organism</a> such as an <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">alga</a> is composed of many cells, often specialised.<sup id="cite_ref-Hine-2008_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hine-2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial organism</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Siphonophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonophore">siphonophore</a> is a being which functions as an individual but is composed of communicating individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">superorganism</a> is a colony, such as of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, consisting of many individuals working together as a single functional or <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly-1994_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folse-2010_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folse-2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a> is a partnership of two or more <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> which each provide some of the needs of the other. A <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, with a bacterial <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a>; together, they are able to flourish as a kind of organism, the components having different functions, in habitats such as dry rocks where neither could grow alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lücking-2021_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lücking-2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolutionary biologists <a href="/wiki/David_C._Queller" title="David C. Queller">David Queller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Strassmann" title="Joan E. Strassmann">Joan Strassmann</a> state that "organismality" has evolved socially, as groups of simpler units (from cells upwards) came to cooperate without conflicts. They propose that cooperation should be used as the "defining trait" of an organism.<sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Queller and Strassmann's view of organisms as cooperating entities at differing levels of biological organisation<sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Level</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Composition</th> <th>Metabolism,<br />growth,<br />reproduction</th> <th>Co-operation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">Tobacco mosaic virus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a></td> <td>No</td> <td>No metabolism, so not living, not an organism, say many biologists;<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira-2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira-2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they evolve, their genes collaborating to manipulate the host<sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Unicellular organism</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a></i></td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilia</a> for specific functions</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Inter-cellular (inter-organismal) <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signalling</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hine-2008_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hine-2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Swarming <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protistan</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dictyostelium" title="Dictyostelium">Dictyostelium</a></i> (cellular slime mould)</td> <td>Unicellular <a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">amoebae</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Free-living unicellular amoebae for most of lifetime; swarm and aggregate to a multicellular slug, cells specialising to form a dead stalk and <a href="/wiki/Sorocarp" title="Sorocarp">a fruiting body</a><sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular organism</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">Mushroom</a>-forming fungus</td> <td>Cells, grouped into organs for specific functions (e.g. reproduction)</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Cell specialisation, communication<sup id="cite_ref-Hine-2008_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hine-2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Permanent sexual partnership</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">Anglerfish</a></td> <td>Male and female permanently fastened together</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Male provides male <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>; female provides all other functions<sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a></td> <td>Organisms of different <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a> provides structure, absorbs water and minerals; <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">alga</a> photosynthesises<sup id="cite_ref-Queller-2009_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queller-2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joined <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colony</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siphonophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonophore">Siphonophore</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">Zooids</a> joined together</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Organism specialisation; inter-organism signalling<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">Superorganism</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">Ant</a> colony</td> <td>Individuals living together</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Organism specialisation (many ants do not reproduce); <a href="/wiki/Chemical_communication_in_insects" title="Chemical communication in insects">inter-organism signalling</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly-1994_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Samuel Díaz‐Muñoz and colleagues (2016) accept Queller and Strassmann's view that organismality can be measured wholly by degrees of cooperation and of conflict. They state that this situates organisms in evolutionary time, so that organismality is context dependent. They suggest that highly integrated life forms, which are not context dependent, may evolve through context-dependent stages towards complete unification.<sup id="cite_ref-Díaz-Muñoz-2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Díaz-Muñoz-2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundary_cases">Boundary cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boundary cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viruses">Viruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMV_structure_simple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/TMV_structure_simple.png/220px-TMV_structure_simple.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/TMV_structure_simple.png/330px-TMV_structure_simple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/TMV_structure_simple.png/440px-TMV_structure_simple.png 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>A virus such as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a> is not a cell; it contains only its genetic material, and a protein coat.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a> are not typically considered to be organisms, because they are incapable of autonomous <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. Although viruses have a few <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and molecules like those in living organisms, they have no metabolism of their own; they cannot synthesize the organic compounds from which they are formed. In this sense, they are similar to inanimate matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira-2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira-2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viruses have their own <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, and they <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a>. Thus, an argument that viruses should be classed as living organisms is their ability to undergo evolution and replicate through self-assembly. However, some scientists argue that viruses neither evolve nor self-reproduce. Instead, viruses are evolved by their host cells, meaning that there was co-evolution of viruses and host cells. If host cells did not exist, viral evolution would be impossible. As for reproduction, viruses rely on hosts' machinery to replicate. The discovery of viruses with genes coding for energy metabolism and protein synthesis fuelled the debate about whether viruses are living organisms, but the genes have a cellular origin. Most likely, they were acquired through <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a> from viral hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira-2009_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira-2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Comparison of cellular organisms and viruses<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira-2009_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira-2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Capability</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cellular</a> organism</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No, rely entirely on host cell </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">Growth</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No, just <a href="/wiki/Self-assembly" title="Self-assembly">self-assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No, rely entirely on host cell </td></tr> <tr> <td>Store <a href="/wiki/Genetic_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a> about themselves</td> <td><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></td> <td>DNA or <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Able to <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Yes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombination (biology)">recombination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Yes</a>: high mutation rate, natural selection </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is an argument for viewing viruses as cellular organisms. Some researchers perceive viruses not as virions alone, which they believe are just <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> of an organism, but as a virocell - an ontologically mature viral organism that has cellular structure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such virus is a result of infection of a cell and shows all major physiological properties of other organisms: <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, growth, and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, therefore, life in its effective presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Piast-2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piast-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bandea-1983_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandea-1983-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organism-like_colonies">Organism-like colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organism-like colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apolemia_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apolemia_sp.jpg/170px-Apolemia_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apolemia_sp.jpg/255px-Apolemia_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apolemia_sp.jpg/340px-Apolemia_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Apolemia" title="Apolemia">Apolemia</a></i>, a colonial <a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">siphonophore</a> that functions as a single individual</figcaption></figure> <p>The philosopher Jack A. Wilson examines some boundary cases to demonstrate that the concept of organism is not sharply defined.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">siphonophores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">slime moulds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a> colonies such as those of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">naked molerats</a>, all lie in the boundary zone between being definite colonies and definite organisms (or superorganisms).<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Jack A. Wilson's analysis of the similar organism-like nature of siphonophores and jellyfish<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2000_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Function</th> <th>Colonial <a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">siphonophore</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Buoyancy</td> <td>Top of <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colony</a> is gas-filled</td> <td>Jelly </td></tr> <tr> <td>Propulsion</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nectophore" title="Nectophore">Nectophores</a> co-ordinate to pump water</td> <td>Body pulsates to pump water </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feeding</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palpon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palpon">Palpons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrozooid" title="Gastrozooid">gastrozooids</a> ingest prey, feed other zooids</td> <td>Tentacles trap prey, pass it to mouth </td></tr> <tr> <td>Functional structure</td> <td>Single functional individual</td> <td>Single functional individual </td></tr> <tr> <td>Composition</td> <td>Many <a href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">zooids</a>, possibly individuals</td> <td>Many <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_organisms">Synthetic organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synthetic organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_cyborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Insect_cyborg.jpg/220px-Insect_cyborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Insect_cyborg.jpg/330px-Insect_cyborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Insect_cyborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Insect <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborg</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Scientists and bio-engineers are experimenting with different types of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic organism</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)" title="Chimera (genetics)">chimaeras</a> composed of cells from two or more species, <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> limbs, <a href="/wiki/Hybrot" title="Hybrot">hybrots</a> containing both electronic and biological elements, and other combinations of systems that have variously evolved and been designed.<sup id="cite_ref-Clawson-2023_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clawson-2023-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An evolved organism takes its form by the partially understood mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> directs an elaborated series of interactions to produce successively more elaborate structures. The existence of chimaeras and hybrids demonstrates that these mechanisms are "intelligently" robust in the face of radically altered circumstances at all levels from molecular to organismal.<sup id="cite_ref-Clawson-2023_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clawson-2023-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synthetic organisms already take diverse forms, and their diversity will increase. What they all have in common is a <a href="/wiki/Teleonomy" title="Teleonomy">teleonomic</a> or goal-seeking behaviour that enables them to correct errors of many kinds so as to achieve whatever result they are designed for. Such behaviour is reminiscent of intelligent action by organisms; intelligence is seen as an embodied form of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clawson-2023_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clawson-2023-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_evolution_of_organisms">Early evolution of organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early evolution of organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All organisms that exist today possess a self-replicating informational molecule (genome), and such an informational molecule is likely intrinsic to life. Thus, the earliest organisms also presumably possessed a self-replicating informational molecule (<a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>), perhaps RNA<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an informational molecule more primitive than RNA. The specific <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> sequences in all currently extant organisms contain information that functions to promote survival, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, and the ability to acquire resources necessary for reproduction, and sequences with such functions probably emerged early in the evolution of life. It is also likely that survival sequences present early in the evolution of organisms included sequences that facilitate the avoidance of damage to the self-replicating molecule and promote the capability to <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair such damages</a> that do occur. Repair of some of the genome damages in these early organisms may have involved the capacity to use undamaged information from another similar genome by a process of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination</a> (a primitive form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual interaction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mosby-2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mosby-2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions</i> (10th ed.). 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</ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html">"The Tree of Life"</a>. <i>Tree of Life Web Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+of+Life+Web+Project&rft.atitle=The+Tree+of+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2Ftree%2Fphylogeny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.species2000.org/">"Indexing the world's known species"</a>. <i>Species 2000</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Species+2000&rft.atitle=Indexing+the+world%27s+known+species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.species2000.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganism" class="Z3988"></span> aims to enumerate all known species.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere <span style="font-size:85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hierarchy_of_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biological_organisation" title="Template:Biological organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biological_organisation" title="Template talk:Biological organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biological_organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biological organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hierarchy_of_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Biocoenosis</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Macromolecular_assembly" title="Macromolecular assembly">Biomolecular complex</a> > <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">Macromolecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Self-replicating_organic_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self-replicating_organic_structures" title="Template:Self-replicating organic structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self-replicating_organic_structures" title="Template talk:Self-replicating organic structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self-replicating_organic_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self-replicating organic structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Self-replicating_organic_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replicating</a> organic structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Cellular life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_dark_matter" title="Biological dark matter">Biological dark matter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_I:_dsDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">dsDNA virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_virus" title="Giant virus">Giant virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_II:_ssDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">ssDNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_RNA_viruses" title="Double-stranded RNA viruses">dsRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV—positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(+)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V—negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(−)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">ssRNA-RT virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DsDNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA-RT virus">dsDNA-RT virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Subviral_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Subviral agents">Subviral<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Helper_virus" title="Helper virus">Helper-virus<br />dependent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ssRNA satellite virus</li> <li>dsDNA satellite virus (<a href="/wiki/Virophage" title="Virophage">Virophage</a>)</li> <li>ssDNA satellite virus</li> <li>ssDNA satellite</li> <li>dsRNA satellite</li> <li>ssRNA satellite (<a href="/wiki/Virusoid" title="Virusoid">Virusoid</a>)</li> <li>Satellite-like nucleic acids <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a> <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Mammalian prion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a><br />self-replication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements">Mobile genetic<br />elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobilome" title="Mobilome">Mobilome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_island" title="Genomic island">Genomic island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">Class I or retrotransposon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_transposon" title="DNA transposon">Class II or DNA transposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility factor (bacteria)">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-factor" class="mw-redirect" title="R-factor">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colicin" title="Colicin">Col</a></li> <li>Degradative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ti_plasmid" title="Ti plasmid">Ti</a></li> <li>Cryptic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_I_catalytic_intron" title="Group I catalytic intron">Group I intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">Group II intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrozyme" title="Retrozyme">Retrozyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA replication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_chromosome" title="Linear chromosome">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_chromosome" title="Circular chromosome">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA" title="Extrachromosomal DNA">Extrachromosomal DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_chromosome" title="Secondary chromosome">Secondary chromosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">Gene duplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">Non-coding DNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_replication" title="Origin of replication">Origin of replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Replicon_(genetics)" title="Replicon (genetics)">Replicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">Provirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">Prophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">Endogenous retrovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)" title="Repeated sequence (DNA)">Repeated sequences in DNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspersed_repeat" title="Interspersed repeat">Interspersed repeat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">Endosymbiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">Mitosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucoplast" title="Leucoplast">Leucoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_organism" title="Kappa organism">Kappa organism</a></li> <li>Organs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriome" title="Bacteriome">Bacteriome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophosome" title="Trophosome">Trophosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroplast" title="Nitroplast">Nitroplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coacervate" title="Coacervate">Coacervate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphobes" title="Sulphobes">Sulphobe</a></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_lipid_bilayer" title="Model lipid bilayer">Model lipid bilayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">Cell division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cell" title="Artificial cell">Artificial cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_virology" title="Synthetic virology">Synthetic virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">Viral vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus" title="Helper dependent virus">Helper dependent virus</a></li></ul></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virome" title="Virome">Virome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003007697">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570259">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="živé organismy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128048&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561539605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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