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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free-blowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-blowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Free-blowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-blowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mold-blowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mold-blowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Mold-blowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mold-blowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_glassblowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_glassblowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern glassblowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_glassblowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blowpipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blowpipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Blowpipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blowpipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bench" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bench"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Bench</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bench-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Blocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Jacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Patterning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Earliest evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="نفخ الزجاج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفخ الزجاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Шкловыдзіманьне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкловыдзіманьне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidre_bufat" title="Vidre bufat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vidre bufat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaspustning" title="Glaspustning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glaspustning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasblasen" title="Glasblasen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glasblasen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrio_soplado" title="Vidrio soplado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vidrio soplado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitroblovado" title="Vitroblovado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitroblovado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirari_putz_egite" title="Beirari putz egite – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beirari putz egite" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شیشه‌گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیشه‌گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufflage_du_verre" title="Soufflage du verre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soufflage du verre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%AAsblazen" title="Glêsblazen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Glêsblazen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%B5" title="유리 세공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유리 세공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="काच धमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काच धमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_tiup" title="Kaca tiup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaca tiup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soffiatura_del_vetro" title="Soffiatura del vetro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soffiatura del vetro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ניפוח זכוכית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניפוח זכוכית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiklo_p%C5%ABtimas" title="Stiklo pūtimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiklo pūtimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasblazen" title="Glasblazen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glasblazen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B9%E3%81%8D%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="吹きガラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吹きガラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassbl%C3%A5sing" title="Glassblåsing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glassblåsing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro_soprado" title="Vidro soprado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vidro soprado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дување стакла – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дување стакла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasinpuhallus" title="Lasinpuhallus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lasinpuhallus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasbl%C3%A5sning" title="Glasblåsning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glasblåsning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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title="Pontil">Pontil</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique for forming glass</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_bubble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Glass_bubble.jpg/220px-Glass_bubble.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Glass_bubble.jpg/330px-Glass_bubble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Glass_bubble.jpg/440px-Glass_bubble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="4882" /></a><figcaption>A glassworker blows air into the glass, creating a cavity inside</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Glassblowing</b> is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_(tool)" title="Blowpipe (tool)">blowpipe</a> (or blow tube). A person who blows glass is called a <i>glassblower</i>, <i>glassmith</i>, or <i>gaffer</i>. A <i><a href="/wiki/Lampworking" title="Lampworking">lampworker</a></i> (often also called a glassblower or glassworker) manipulates glass with the use of a torch on a smaller scale, such as in producing precision laboratory glassware out of <a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">borosilicate glass</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Glassblowing" title="Special:EditPage/Glassblowing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glassblowing%22">"Glassblowing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glassblowing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glassblowing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glassblowing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glassblowing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glassblowing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles">Principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_blue_glass_manufacture_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bristol_blue_glass_manufacture_arp.jpg/220px-Bristol_blue_glass_manufacture_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bristol_blue_glass_manufacture_arp.jpg/330px-Bristol_blue_glass_manufacture_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bristol_blue_glass_manufacture_arp.jpg/440px-Bristol_blue_glass_manufacture_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>A stage in the manufacture of a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_blue_glass" title="Bristol blue glass">Bristol blue glass</a> ship's <a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">decanter</a>. The blowpipe is being held in the glassblower's left hand. The glass is glowing yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a novel glass forming technique created in the middle of the 1st century BC, glassblowing exploited a working property of glass that was previously unknown to glassworkers; inflation, which is the expansion of a molten blob of glass by introducing a small amount of air into it. That is based on the liquid structure of glass where the atoms are held together by strong chemical bonds in a disordered and random network,<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freestone_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freestone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore molten glass is viscous enough to be blown and gradually hardens as it loses heat.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To increase the stiffness of the molten glass, which in turn makes the process of blowing easier, there was a subtle change in the composition of glass. With reference to their studies of the ancient glass assemblages from <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>. postulated that the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>, which acts as <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> in glass, is slightly lower in blown vessels than those manufactured by casting. Lower concentration of natron would have allowed the glass to be stiffer for blowing. </p><p>During blowing, thinner layers of glass cool faster than thicker ones and become more viscous than the thicker layers. That allows production of blown glass with uniform thickness instead of causing blow-through of the thinned layers. </p><p>A full range of glassblowing techniques was developed within decades of its invention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The two major methods of glassblowing are free-blowing and mold-blowing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free-blowing">Free-blowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Free-blowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Glass_(32606)a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glassworking in a hot shop in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brooklyn_Glass_%2832606%29a.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Glass_%2832606%29a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brooklyn_Glass_%2832606%29a.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Glass_%2832606%29a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brooklyn_Glass_%2832606%29a.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Glass_%2832606%29a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3567" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>Glassworking in a hot shop in New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>This method held a pre-eminent position in glassforming ever since its introduction in the middle of the 1st century BC until the late 19th century, and is still widely used as a glassforming technique, especially for artistic purposes. The process of free-blowing involves the blowing of short puffs of air into a molten portion of glass called a "gather" which has been spooled at one end of the blowpipe. This has the effect of forming an elastic skin on the interior of the glass blob that matches the exterior skin caused by the removal of heat from the furnace. The glassworker can then quickly inflate the molten glass to a coherent blob and work it into a desired shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mariacher_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariacher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zerwick_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zerwick-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a> attempted to reconstruct the ancient free-blowing technique by using clay blowpipes. The result proved that short clay blowpipes of about 30–60 cm (12–24 in) facilitate free-blowing because they are simple to handle and to manipulate and can be re-used several times.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skilled workers are capable of shaping almost any vessel forms by rotating the pipe, swinging it and controlling the temperature of the piece while they blow. They can produce a great variety of glass objects, ranging from drinking cups to window glass. </p><p>An outstanding example of the free-blowing technique is the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a>, which is a cameo manufactured during the Roman period. An experiment was carried out by Gudenrath and Whitehouse<sup id="cite_ref-Gudnerath_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gudnerath-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the aim of re-creating the Portland Vase. A full amount of blue glass required for the body of the vase was gathered on the end of the blowpipe and was subsequently dipped into a pot of hot white glass. Inflation occurred when the glassworker blew the molten glass into a sphere which was then stretched or elongated into a vase with a layer of white glass overlying the blue body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mold-blowing">Mold-blowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mold-blowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_Framing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bamboo_Framing.jpg/170px-Bamboo_Framing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bamboo_Framing.jpg/255px-Bamboo_Framing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bamboo_Framing.jpg/340px-Bamboo_Framing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Glassblower <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Canlis" title="Jean-Pierre Canlis">Jean-Pierre Canlis</a> sculpting a section of his piece "Insignificance"</figcaption></figure> <p>Mold-blowing was an alternative glassblowing method that came after the invention of free-blowing, during the first part of the second quarter of the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Lightfoot_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lightfoot-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pricea_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pricea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A glob of molten glass is placed on the end of the blowpipe, and is then inflated into a wooden or metal carved mold. In that way, the shape and the texture of the bubble of glass is determined by the design on the interior of the mold rather than the skill of the glassworker.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two types of mold, namely single-piece molds and multi-piece molds, are frequently used to produce mold-blown vessels. The former allows the finished glass object to be removed in one movement by pulling it upwards from the single-piece mold and is largely employed to produce tableware and utilitarian vessels for storage and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the latter is made in multi-paneled mold segments that join together, thus permitting the development of more sophisticated surface modeling, texture and design. </p><p>The Roman leaf beaker which is now on display in the J. Paul Getty Museum was blown in a three-part mold decorated with the foliage relief frieze of four vertical plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Taylor and Hill<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tried to reproduce mold-blown vessels by using three-part molds made of different materials. The result suggested that metal molds, in particular bronze, are more effective in producing high-relief design on glass than plaster or wooden molds. </p><p>The development of the mold-blowing technique has enabled the speedy production of glass objects in large quantity, thus encouraging the mass production and widespread distribution of glass objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Pricea_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pricea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuneaz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuneaz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_glassblowing">Modern glassblowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern glassblowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Glassblowing" title="Talk:Glassblowing">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glassblowing%22">"Glassblowing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glassblowing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glassblowing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glassblowing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glassblowing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glassblowing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goose_8_bg_112303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Goose_8_bg_112303.jpg/220px-Goose_8_bg_112303.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Goose_8_bg_112303.jpg/330px-Goose_8_bg_112303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Goose_8_bg_112303.jpg/440px-Goose_8_bg_112303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Use of a glory hole to reheat a piece on the end of a blowpipe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/220px-seek%3D5-Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="219" data-mwtitle="Kosta-Boda_vinglas,_2018.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kosta-Boda_vinglas,_2018.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm/Kosta-Boda_vinglas%2C_2018.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>How a wine glass is made, <a href="/wiki/Kosta_Boda" title="Kosta Boda">Kosta Boda</a>, video</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cane_Foglio_-_David_Patchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cane_Foglio_-_David_Patchen.jpg/220px-Cane_Foglio_-_David_Patchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cane_Foglio_-_David_Patchen.jpg/330px-Cane_Foglio_-_David_Patchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cane_Foglio_-_David_Patchen.jpg/440px-Cane_Foglio_-_David_Patchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Glass can be made with precise striped patterns through a process called <a href="/wiki/Caneworking" title="Caneworking">cane</a> which involves the use of rods of colored glass</figcaption></figure> <p>The transformation of raw materials into glass takes place at around 1,320 °C (2,400 °F);<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the glass emits enough heat to appear almost white hot. The glass is then left to "fine out" (allowing the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid bubble">bubbles</a> to rise out of the mass), and then the working temperature is reduced in the furnace to around 1,090 °C (2,000 °F). At this stage, the glass appears to be a bright orange color. Though most glassblowing is done between 870 and 1,040 °C (1,600 and 1,900 °F), "soda-lime" glass remains somewhat plastic and workable at as low as 730 °C (1,350 °F). Annealing is usually done between 371 and 482 °C (700 and 900 °F). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="glory_hole"></span><span class="anchor" id="lehr"></span><span class="anchor" id="annealer"></span> Glassblowing involves three <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a>. The first, which contains a <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucible</a> of molten glass, is simply referred to as "the furnace". The second is called the "glory hole", and is used to reheat a piece in between steps of working with it. The final furnace is called the "lehr" or "annealer", and is used to slowly cool the glass, over a period of a few hours to a few days, depending on the size of the pieces. This keeps the glass from cracking or shattering due to <a href="/wiki/Thermal_stress" title="Thermal stress">thermal stress</a>. Historically, all three furnaces were contained in one structure, with a set of progressively cooler chambers for each of the three purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="punty"></span><span class="anchor" id="pontil"></span><span class="anchor" id="blowpipe"></span><span class="anchor" id="marver"></span> The major tools used by a glassblower are the <a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_(tool)" title="Blowpipe (tool)">blowpipe</a> (or blow tube), <i>punty</i> (or punty rod, <b>pontil</b>, or mandrel), bench, <a href="/wiki/Marver" title="Marver">marver</a>, blocks, jacks, paddles, tweezers, newspaper pads, and a variety of shears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blowpipe">Blowpipe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blowpipe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tip of the blowpipe is first preheated; then dipped in the molten glass in the furnace. The molten glass is "gathered" onto the end of the blowpipe in much the same way that viscous honey is picked up on a <a href="/wiki/Honey_dipper" title="Honey dipper">honey dipper</a>. This glass is then rolled on the <a href="/wiki/Marver" title="Marver">marver</a>, which was traditionally a flat slab of marble, but today is more commonly a fairly thick flat sheet of steel. This process, called "marvering",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forms a cool skin on the exterior of the molten glass blob, and shapes it. Then air is blown into the pipe, creating a bubble. Next, the glassworker can gather more glass over that bubble to create a larger piece. Once a piece has been blown to its approximate final size, the bottom is finalized. Then, the molten glass is attached to a stainless steel or iron rod called a "punty" for shaping and transferring the hollow piece from the blowpipe to provide an opening and to finalize the top. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bench">Bench</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bench"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>bench</i> is a glassblower's workstation; it includes places for the glassblower to sit, for the handheld tools, and two rails that the pipe or punty rides on while the blower works with the piece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blocks">Blocks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Blocks</i> are ladle-like tools made from water-soaked <a href="/wiki/Fruitwood" title="Fruitwood">fruitwood</a>, and are used similarly to the marver to shape and cool a piece in the early steps of creation. In similar fashion, pads of water-soaked newspaper (roughly 15 cm (6 in) square, 1.3 to 2.5 centimetres (0.5 to 1 in) thick), held in the bare hand, can be used to shape the piece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacks">Jacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Jacks</i> are tools shaped somewhat like large tweezers with two blades, which are used for forming shape later in the creation of a piece. <i>Paddles</i> are flat pieces of wood or <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> used for creating flat spots such as a bottom. Tweezers are used to pick out details or to pull on the glass. There are two important types of shears, straight shears and diamond shears. Straight shears are essentially bulky scissors, used for making linear cuts. Diamond shears have blades that form a diamond shape when partially open. These are used for cutting off masses of glass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patterning">Patterning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patterning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many ways to apply patterns and color to blown glass, including rolling molten glass in powdered color or larger pieces of colored glass called "<a href="/wiki/Frit" title="Frit">frit</a>". Complex patterns with great detail can be created through the use of <a href="/wiki/Caneworking" title="Caneworking">cane</a> (rods of colored glass) and <a href="/wiki/Murrine" title="Murrine">murrine</a> (rods cut in cross-sections to reveal patterns). These pieces of color can be arranged in a pattern on a flat surface, and then "picked up" by rolling a bubble of molten glass over them. One of the most exacting and complicated caneworking techniques is "reticello", which involves creating two bubbles from cane, each twisted in a different direction and then combining them and blowing out the final form. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lampworking" title="Lampworking">Lampworkers</a>, usually but not necessarily work on a much smaller scale, historically using alcohol lamps and breath- or <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>-driven air to create a hot flame at a workbench to manipulate preformed glass rods and tubes. These stock materials took form as <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">laboratory glassware</a>, beads, and durable scientific "specimens"—miniature glass sculpture. The craft, which was raised to an art form in the late 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Godo_Frabel" title="Hans Godo Frabel">Hans Godo Frabel</a> (later followed by lampwork artists such as Milon Townsend and Robert Mickelson), is still practiced today. The modern lampworker uses a flame of oxygen and propane or natural gas. The modern torch permits working both the soft glass from the furnace worker and the <a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">borosilicate glass</a> (low-expansion) of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_glassblowing" title="Scientific glassblowing">scientific glassblower</a>. This latter worker may also have multiple headed torches and special <a href="/wiki/Lathe_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (tool)">lathes</a> to help form the glass or <a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">fused quartz</a> used for special projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Glassblowing" title="Special:EditPage/Glassblowing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glassblowing%22">"Glassblowing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glassblowing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glassblowing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glassblowing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glassblowing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glassblowing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_evidence">Earliest evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Earliest evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen from Hama and Aleppo between 27 BC and 14 AD. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> copied the technique consisting of blowing air into molten glass with a blowpipe making it into a bubble.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hence, tube blowing not only represents the initial attempts of experimentation by glassworkers at blowing glass, it is also a revolutionary step that induced a change in conception and a deep understanding of glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Israeli_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israeli-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such inventions swiftly eclipsed all other traditional methods, such as casting and core-forming, in working glass. </p><p>Evidence of glass blowing comes even earlier from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the form of Indo-Pacific beads which uses glass blowing to make cavity before being subjected to <a href="/wiki/Tube_drawing" title="Tube drawing">tube drawn technique</a> for bead making dated more than 2500 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beads are made by attaching molten glass gather to the end of a blowpipe, a bubble is then blown into the gather.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">Roman glass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_glass_hydria_from_Baelo_Claudia_(M.A.N._1926-15-287)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Roman_glass_hydria_from_Baelo_Claudia_%28M.A.N._1926-15-287%29_01.jpg/170px-Roman_glass_hydria_from_Baelo_Claudia_%28M.A.N._1926-15-287%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Roman_glass_hydria_from_Baelo_Claudia_%28M.A.N._1926-15-287%29_01.jpg/255px-Roman_glass_hydria_from_Baelo_Claudia_%28M.A.N._1926-15-287%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Roman_glass_hydria_from_Baelo_Claudia_%28M.A.N._1926-15-287%29_01.jpg/340px-Roman_glass_hydria_from_Baelo_Claudia_%28M.A.N._1926-15-287%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Roman blown glass <i><a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Baelo_Claudia" title="Baelo Claudia">Baelo Claudia</a> (4th century AD)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glassworking_England_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Glassworking_England_1858.jpg/170px-Glassworking_England_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Glassworking_England_1858.jpg/255px-Glassworking_England_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Glassworking_England_1858.jpg/340px-Glassworking_England_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>A glassworks in England in 1858. During the Industrial Revolution, techniques for mass-produced glassware were improved.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glassworking_and_glassblowing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Glassworking_and_glassblowing.jpg/170px-Glassworking_and_glassblowing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Glassworking_and_glassblowing.jpg/255px-Glassworking_and_glassblowing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Glassworking_and_glassblowing.jpg/340px-Glassworking_and_glassblowing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Glassblowing production methods in England in 1858</figcaption></figure> <p>The invention of glassblowing coincided with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 1st century BC, which enhanced the spread and dominance of this new technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vosea_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vosea-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glassblowing was greatly supported by the Roman government (although Roman citizens could not be "in trade", in particular under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>), and glass was being blown in many areas of the Roman world.<sup id="cite_ref-Pricea_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pricea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isings_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isings-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eastern borders of the Empire, the first large glass workshops were set up by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> in the birthplace of glassblowing in contemporary Lebanon and Israel as well as in the neighbouring province of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ennion" title="Ennion">Ennion</a> for example, was among the most prominent glassworkers from Lebanon of the time. He was renowned for producing the multi-paneled mold-blown glass vessels that were complex in their shapes, arrangement and decorative motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pricea_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pricea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complexity of designs of these mold-blown glass vessels illustrated the sophistication of the glassworkers in the eastern regions of the Roman Empire. Mold-blown glass vessels manufactured by the workshops of Ennion and other contemporary glassworkers such as Jason, Nikon, Aristeas, and Meges, constitutes some of the earliest evidence of glassblowing found in the eastern territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horicht_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horicht-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the glassblowing technique reached Egypt and was described in a fragmentary poem printed on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> which was dated to the 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coles_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coles-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean areas resulted in the substitution of glassblowing for earlier Hellenistic casting, core-forming and mosaic fusion techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of blowing in Hellenistic work consists of small blown bottles for perfume and oil retrieved from the glass workshops on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> in mainland Greece which were dated to the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the Phoenician glassworkers exploited their glassblowing techniques and set up their workshops in the western territories of the Roman Empire, first in Italy by the middle of the 1st century AD. Rome, the heartland of the empire, soon became a major glassblowing center, and more glassblowing workshops were subsequently established in other provinces of Italy, for example <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgantina" title="Morgantina">Morgantina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grose_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great variety of blown glass objects, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Unguentaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Unguentaria">unguentaria</a> (toiletry containers for perfume) to <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a>, from tableware to window glass, were produced. </p><p>From there, escaping craftsmen (who had been forbidden to travel) otherwise advanced to the rest of Europe by building their glassblowing workshops in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> (which is now Switzerland), and then at sites in northern Europe in present-day France and Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-Vosea_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vosea-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Priceb_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priceb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most prolific glassblowing centers of the Roman period was established in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> on the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in Germany by the late 1st century BC. Stone base molds and <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> base molds were discovered from these Rhineland workshops, suggesting the adoption and the application of mold-blowing technique by the glassworkers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, blown <a href="/wiki/Flagon" title="Flagon">flagons</a> and blown jars decorated with ribbing, as well as blown perfume bottles with letters CCAA or CCA which stand for Colonia Claudia Agrippiniensis, were produced from the Rhineland workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vosea_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vosea-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains of blown blue-green glass vessels, for example bottles with handles, collared bowls and indented beakers, were found in abundance from the local glass workshops at <a href="/wiki/Poetovio" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetovio">Poetovio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Celeia">Celeia</a> in Slovenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazar_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surviving physical evidence, such as blowpipes and molds which are indicative of the presence of blowing, is fragmentary and limited. Pieces of clay blowpipes were retrieved from the late 1st century AD glass workshop at <a href="/wiki/Avenches" title="Avenches">Avenches</a> in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay blowpipes, also known as mouthblowers, were made by the ancient glassworkers due to the accessibility and availability of the resources before the introduction of the metal blowpipes. Hollow iron rods, together with blown vessel fragments and glass waste dating to approximately 4th century AD, were recovered from the glass workshop in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> of Spain, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> in Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-Tattona_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The glass blowing tradition was carried on in Europe from the medieval period through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in the demise of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. During the early medieval period, the Franks manipulated the technique of glassblowing by creating the simple corrugated molds and developing the claws decoration techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Tattonb_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattonb-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voseb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voseb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blown glass objects, such as the drinking vessels that imitated the shape of the animal horn were produced in the Rhine and Meuse valleys, as well as in Belgium. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> glassworkers made mold-blown glass decorated with Christian and Jewish symbols in Jerusalem between the late 6th century and the middle of the 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Voseb_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voseb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tait_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tait-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mold-blown vessels with facets, relief and linear-cut decoration were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> in the Islamic lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Voseb_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voseb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renaissance Europe witnessed the revitalization of glass industry in Italy. Glassblowing, in particular the mold-blowing technique, was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> glassworkers from <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a> to produce the fine glassware which is also known as "<a href="/wiki/Cristallo" title="Cristallo">cristallo</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Tait_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tait-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique of glassblowing, coupled with the cylinder and crown methods, was used to manufacture sheet or flat glass for window panes in the late 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The applicability of glassblowing was so widespread that glass was being blown in many parts of the world, for example, in China, Japan and the Islamic Lands. </p><p>The Nøstetangen Museum at <a href="/wiki/Hokksund" title="Hokksund">Hokksund</a>, Norway, shows how glass was made according to ancient tradition. The Nøstetangen glassworks had operated there from 1741 to 1777, producing table-glass and chandeliers in the German and English styles.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Studio_glass_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio glass movement">studio glass movement</a>" began in 1962 when <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Littleton" title="Harvey Littleton">Harvey Littleton</a>, a ceramics professor, and <a href="/wiki/Dominick_Labino" title="Dominick Labino">Dominick Labino</a>, a chemist and engineer, held two workshops at the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a>, during which they started experimenting with melting glass in a small furnace and creating blown glass art. Littleton promoted the use of small furnaces in individual artists' studios.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach to glassblowing blossomed into a worldwide movement, producing such flamboyant and prolific artists as <a href="/wiki/Dale_Chihuly" title="Dale Chihuly">Dale Chihuly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Marioni" title="Dante Marioni">Dante Marioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Dreisbach" title="Fritz Dreisbach">Fritz Driesbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Lipofsky" title="Marvin Lipofsky">Marvin Lipofsky</a> as well as scores of other modern glass artists. Today there are many different institutions around the world that offer glassmaking resources for training and sharing equipment. </p><p>Working with large or complex pieces requires a team of several glassworkers, in a complex <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreography</a> of precisely timed movements. This practical requirement has encouraged collaboration among glass artists, in both semi-permanent and temporary working groups. </p><p>In addition, recent developments in technology allow for the use of glass components in high-tech applications. Using machininery to shape and form glass enables to manufacture glass products of the highest quality and accuracy. As a result, glass is often used in semiconductor, analytical, life science, industrial, and medical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The writer <a href="/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a> was descended from a family of glass-blowers in 18th century France, and she wrote about her forebears in the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> <i>The Glass-Blowers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subject of mystery novelist <a href="/wiki/Donna_Leon" title="Donna Leon">Donna Leon</a>'s <i>Through a Glass, Darkly</i> is the investigation of a crime in a Venetian glassworks on the island of <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_gilding" title="Angel gilding">Angel gilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass (window)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat glass">Flat glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">Glass beadmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass sculpture">Glass sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass tiles">Glass tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused glass">Glassfusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glass_artists" title="List of glass artists">List of glass artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperweight" title="Paperweight">Paperweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_Away_(TV_series)" title="Blown Away (TV series)">Blown Away (TV series)</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Frank-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank, S 1982. Glass and Archaeology. Academic Press: London. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-265620-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-265620-2">0-12-265620-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freestone-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freestone_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freestone, I. (1991). "Looking into Glass". In S. Bowman (ed.) <i>Science and the Past</i>. pp.37–56. University of Toronto Press: Toronto & Buffalo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2071-5">0-7141-2071-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard, A.M. and C. Heron 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CT_FWEfanCIC">Archaeological Chemistry</a>. The Royal Society of Chemistry <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-262-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-262-8">0-85404-262-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cummings, K. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nm387Ui_DEAC">A History of Glassforming</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812236475" title="Special:BookSources/0812236475">0812236475</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mariacher-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mariacher_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariacher1970" class="citation book cs1">Mariacher, G (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothicilluminate00coen"><i>Glass: from Antiquity to the Renaissance</i></a></span>. Middlesex: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600012506" title="Special:BookSources/0600012506"><bdi>0600012506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glass%3A+from+Antiquity+to+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Middlesex&rft.pub=The+Hamlyn+Publishing+Group+Limited&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0600012506&rft.aulast=Mariacher&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothicilluminate00coen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlassblowing" class="Z3988"></span> (apparently out of print)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zerwick-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zerwick_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChloe_ZerwickCorning_Museum_of_Glass1990" class="citation book cs1">Chloe Zerwick; Corning Museum of Glass (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1ZQAAAAMAAJ"><i>A short history of glass</i></a>. H.N. Abrams in association with the Corning Museum of Glass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810938014" title="Special:BookSources/9780810938014"><bdi>9780810938014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+glass&rft.pub=H.N.+Abrams+in+association+with+the+Corning+Museum+of+Glass&rft.date=1990-05&rft.isbn=9780810938014&rft.au=Chloe+Zerwick&rft.au=Corning+Museum+of+Glass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1ZQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlassblowing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgit_Schlick-NolteE._Marianne1994" class="citation book cs1">Birgit Schlick-Nolte; E. Marianne (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJUsAQAAIAAJ&q=clay+blowpipe"><i>Early glass of the ancient world: 1600 B.C.-A.D. 50 : Ernesto Wolf collection</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Hatje" title="Gerd Hatje">Verlag Gerd Hatje</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-0502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-0502-8"><bdi>978-3-7757-0502-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+glass+of+the+ancient+world%3A+1600+B.C.-A.D.+50+%3A+Ernesto+Wolf+collection&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Verlag+Gerd+Hatje&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-7757-0502-8&rft.au=Birgit+Schlick-Nolte&rft.au=E.+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJUsAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dclay%2Bblowpipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlassblowing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gudnerath-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gudnerath_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudenrathWhitehouse1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gudenrath, W.; Whitehouse, D. (1990). "The Manufacture of the Vase of its Ancient Repair". <i>Journal of Glass Studies</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24188035">24188035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Glass+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Manufacture+of+the+Vase+of+its+Ancient+Repair&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24188035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gudenrath&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlassblowing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lightfoot-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lightfoot_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot,_C.S.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lightfoot, C.S. (1987). "A Group of early Roman Mould-Blown Flasks from the West". <i>Journal of Glass Studies</i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Glass+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Group+of+early+Roman+Mould-Blown+Flasks+from+the+West&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+C.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlassblowing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pricea-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pricea_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pricea_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pricea_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pricea_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, J. (1991). "Decorated Mould-Blown Glass Tablewares in the First century AD". In M. Newby & K. Painter (eds.) <i>Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention</i>. pp. 56–75. The Society of Antiquaries of London: London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85431-255-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85431-255-2">0-85431-255-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tattona-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattona_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatton-Brown, V. (1991). "The Roman Empire". 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(Publishers) Ltd.: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85613-516-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85613-516-X">0-85613-516-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tait-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tait_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tait_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tait, H. (1994). "Europe from the Middle Ages to Industrial Revolution". In H. Tait (ed.) <i>Five Thousand Years of Glass</i>. pp. 145–187. British Museum Press: London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1888-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1888-4">0-8122-1888-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, P. (1989). "The Tradition from Medieval to Renaissance". In D. Klein & W. Lloyd (eds.) <i>The History of Glass</i>. pp. 67–92. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85613-516-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85613-516-X">0-85613-516-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nostetangenmuseum.no/"><i>Nøstetangen Glassworks</i> (Nøstetangen)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192407/http://nostetangenmuseum.no/">Archived</a> 2012-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. nostetangenmuseum.no</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nostetangenmuseum.no/?page_id=14"><i>Gamle Sorenskrivergaarden</i> (Nøstetangen)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192422/http://nostetangenmuseum.no/?page_id=14">Archived</a> 2012-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. nostetangenmuseum.no</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.handblownglass.com/Modern-Hand-Blown-Glass">[1]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louwershanique.com/services/thermal-processing"><i>Thermal Processing of Precision Glass</i> (LouwersHanique)</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/382723.The_Glass_Blowers">"The Glass-Blowers"</a>. <i>www.goodreads.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goodreads.com&rft.atitle=The+Glass-Blowers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F382723.The_Glass_Blowers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlassblowing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/donna-leon/through-a-glass-darkly/">"Through a glass darkly by Donna Leon – Kirkus Reviews"</a> – via www.kirkusreviews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Through+a+glass+darkly+by+Donna+Leon+%E2%80%93+Kirkus+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fdonna-leon%2Fthrough-a-glass-darkly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlassblowing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glassblowing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Glassblowing">Glassblowing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <pre>contains additional glassblowing informational links </pre> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecu.edu/glassblowing/gb.htm">Scientific Glassblowing Basics</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406122606/http://www.ecu.edu/glassblowing/gb.htm">Archived</a> 2011-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> a tutorial</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73841">Experimental glass blowing for boys</a></i> (1920), by Carleton John Lynde (1872-1971), published by the A. C. Gilbert Company at New Haven</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glass_production_techniques" title="Template:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glass_production_techniques" title="Template talk:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glass_production_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glass_production_techniques148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial<br />techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritted_glass" title="Fritted glass">Fritted glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production#Forming_process" title="Glass production">Blowing and pressing (containers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_(fiber)#Fiber_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass (fiber)">Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber#Manufacturing" title="Optical fiber">Drawing (optical fibers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_glass_moulding" title="Precision glass moulding">Precision glass moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_downdraw_method" title="Overflow downdraw method">Overflow downdraw method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_glass" title="Pressed glass">Pressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_casting" title="Glass casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_polishing" title="Flame polishing">Flame polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">Chemical polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_turning" title="Diamond turning">Diamond turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolled_plate_glass" title="Rolled plate glass">Rolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artistic and<br />historic techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_glass" title="Art glass">Art glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">Beadmaking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_plate_glass" title="Blown plate glass">Blown plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_sheet_glass" title="Broad sheet glass">Broad sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caneworking" title="Caneworking">Caneworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cased_glass" title="Cased glass">Cased glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_glass" title="Cut glass">Cut glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_blown_sheet_glass" title="Cylinder blown sheet glass">Cylinder blown sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_glass" title="Engraved glass">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashed_glass" title="Flashed glass">Flashed glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">Forest glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourcault_process" title="Fourcault process">Fourcault process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fusing" title="Glass fusing">Fusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampworking" title="Lampworking">Lampworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_drawn_cylinder_sheet_glass" title="Machine drawn cylinder sheet glass">Machine drawn cylinder sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">Millefiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polished_plate_glass" title="Polished plate glass">Polished plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rippled_glass" title="Rippled glass">Rippled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Kiriko_cut_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma Kiriko cut glass">Satsuma Kiriko cut glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumping" title="Slumping">Slumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_glass" title="Studio glass">Studio glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Glass_in_nature" title="Category:Glass in nature">Natural processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_with_embedded_metal_and_sulfides" title="Glass with embedded metal and sulfides">Radiative processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_glass" title="Sea glass">Sea glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_metamorphism" title="Shock metamorphism">Shock metamorphic glass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Impactite" title="Impactite">Impactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_sand" title="Vitrified sand">Vitrified sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">Volcanic glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_glass_art_terms" title="Glossary of glass art terms">Glossary of glass art terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_decorative_arts" title="History of decorative arts">History</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banner-making" title="Banner-making">Banner-making</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crocheting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cross-stitch" title="Cross-stitch">Cross-stitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friendship_bracelet" title="Friendship bracelet">Friendship bracelet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace-making</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucet" title="Lucet">Lucet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macrame</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Millinery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Needlepoint" title="Needlepoint">Needlepoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Ribbon embroidery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpet</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rug_hooking" title="Rug hooking">Rug hooking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardmaking" title="Cardmaking">Cardmaking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cast_paper" title="Cast paper">Cast paper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decoupage" title="Decoupage">Decoupage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9" title="Papier collé">Papier collé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">Decal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iris_folding" title="Iris folding">Iris folding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kamikiri_(papercutting)" title="Kamikiri (papercutting)">Kamikiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirigami" title="Kirigami">Kirigami</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moneygami" title="Moneygami">Moneygami</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Papercraft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">Papercutting</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_paper_cutting" title="Jewish paper cutting">Jewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vytynanky_(Wycinanki)" title="Vytynanky (Wycinanki)">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-up book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbooking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Stamping</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">Bentwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Wood burning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">Bone china</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">Cameo glass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chip_work" title="Chip work">Chip work</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Glass etching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">Andiron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_in_bronze_and_brass" title="Art in bronze and brass">Bronze and brass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balloon_modelling" title="Balloon modelling">Balloon modelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bone_carving" title="Bone carving">Bone carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll making</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lath_art" title="Lath art">Lath art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leatherworking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Miniatures</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oshibana" title="Oshibana">Oshibana, pressed flower craft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Straw_marquetry" title="Straw marquetry">Straw marquetry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wall_decal" title="Wall decal">Wall decal</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Regional_or_Historical22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional or Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decorative_painting_in_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorative painting in Hälsingland">Painting in Hälsingland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125595&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531223205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&oldid=1270412940">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glassblowing&oldid=1270412940</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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