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id="toc-Selected_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Selected properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mechanical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufacturing processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacturing_processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manufacturing processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Melting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Melting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_filament_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_filament_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Continuous filament process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_filament_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staple_fiber_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staple_fiber_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Staple fiber process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staple_fiber_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass-reinforced_plastic_(fiberglass)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass-reinforced_plastic_(fiberglass)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Glass-reinforced plastic (fiberglass)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass-reinforced_plastic_(fiberglass)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Potential uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_recycling_in_glass_fiber_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_recycling_in_glass_fiber_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Role of recycling in glass fiber manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_recycling_in_glass_fiber_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glass fiber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasvesel" title="Glasvesel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Glasvesel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="ليف زجاجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليف زجاجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="কাচ তন্তু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাচ তন্তু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шкляныя валокны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкляныя валокны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шкляныя валокны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкляныя валокны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Стъклено влакно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стъклено влакно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_de_vidre" title="Fibra de vidre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fibra de vidre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklen%C4%9Bn%C3%A1_textiln%C3%AD_vl%C3%A1kna" title="Skleněná textilní vlákna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skleněná textilní vlákna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfiber" title="Glasfiber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glasfiber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfaser" title="Glasfaser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glasfaser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaaskiud" title="Klaaskiud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaaskiud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_de_vidrio" title="Fibra de vidrio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fibra de vidrio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrofibro" title="Vitrofibro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitrofibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira-zuntz" title="Beira-zuntz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beira-zuntz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="الیاف شیشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیاف شیشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_de_verre" title="Fibre de verre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fibre de verre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_de_vidro" title="Fibra de vidro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fibra de vidro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="유리섬유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유리섬유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="कांच तंतु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांच तंतु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakleno_vlakno" title="Stakleno vlakno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stakleno vlakno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrofibro" title="Vitrofibro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vitrofibro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat_kaca" title="Serat kaca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serat kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_di_vetro" title="Fibra di vetro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fibra di vetro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiklo_pluo%C5%A1tas" title="Stiklo pluoštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiklo pluoštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaasvaezel" title="Glaasvaezel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Glaasvaezel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cvegsz%C3%A1l_(textilipar)" title="Üvegszál (textilipar) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üvegszál (textilipar)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentian_kaca" title="Gentian kaca – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gentian kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasvezel" title="Glasvezel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glasvezel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E7%B9%8A%E7%B6%AD" title="ガラス繊維 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガラス繊維" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassfiber" title="Glassfiber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glassfiber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_de_veire" title="Fibra de veire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fibra de veire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisha_tolalar" title="Shisha tolalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shisha tolalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DA%BC%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="هینداریزه سپڼسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هینداریزه سپڼسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82%C3%B3kno_szklane" title="Włókno szklane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włókno szklane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_de_vidro" title="Fibra de vidro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fibra de vidro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibr%C4%83_de_sticl%C4%83" title="Fibră de sticlă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fibră de sticlă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Стекловолокно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стекловолокно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_(fiber)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass (fiber)">Glass (fiber)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the common composite material reinforced with glass fibers, see <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a>. For the glass fiber used to transmit information, see <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasfaser_Roving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Glasfaser_Roving.jpg/220px-Glasfaser_Roving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Glasfaser_Roving.jpg/330px-Glasfaser_Roving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Glasfaser_Roving.jpg/440px-Glasfaser_Roving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Bundle of glass fibers</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Glass fiber</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">or</a> <b>glass fibre</b>) is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>. </p><p>Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling. In 1893, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drummond_Libbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Drummond Libbey">Edward Drummond Libbey</a> exhibited a <a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">dress</a> at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> incorporating glass fibers with the <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> and texture of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> fibers. Glass fibers can also occur naturally, as <a href="/wiki/Pele%27s_hair" title="Pele's hair">Pele's hair</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a>, which is one product called "fiberglass" today, was invented some time between 1932 and 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Games_Slayter" title="Games Slayter">Games Slayter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois">Owens-Illinois</a>, as a material to be used as thermal <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">building insulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is marketed under the trade name Fiberglas, which has become a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a>. Glass fiber, when used as a thermal insulating material, is specially manufactured with a bonding agent to trap many small air cells, resulting in the characteristically air-filled low-density "glass wool" family of products. </p><p>Glass fiber has roughly comparable mechanical properties to other fibers such as polymers and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">carbon fiber</a>. Although not as rigid as carbon fiber, it is much cheaper and significantly less brittle when used in composites. Glass fiber reinforced composites are used in marine industry and piping industries because of good environmental resistance, better damage tolerance for impact loading, high specific strength and stiffness.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber_formation">Fiber formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fiber formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass fiber is formed when thin strands of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>-based or other formulation glass are <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extruded</a> into many fibers with small diameters suitable for <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> processing. The technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been known for millennia, and was practiced in Egypt and Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the recent use of these fibers for textile applications, all glass fiber had been manufactured as <a href="/wiki/Staple_(textiles)" title="Staple (textiles)">staple</a> (that is, clusters of short lengths of fiber). </p><p>The modern method for producing glass wool is the invention of <a href="/wiki/Games_Slayter" title="Games Slayter">Games Slayter</a> working at the <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois_Glass_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois Glass Company">Owens-Illinois Glass Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>). He first applied for a patent for a new process to make <a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">glass wool</a> in 1933. The first commercial production of glass fiber was in 1936. In 1938 <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois_Glass_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois Glass Company">Owens-Illinois Glass Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corning_Glass_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Glass Works">Corning Glass Works</a> joined to form the <a href="/wiki/Owens-Corning_Fiberglas_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation">Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation</a>. When the two companies joined to produce and promote glass fiber, they introduced continuous <a href="/wiki/Filament_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Filament fiber">filament</a> glass fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowenstein_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowenstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owens-Corning is still the major glass-fiber producer in the market today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common type of glass fiber used in fiberglass is <i>E-glass</i>, which is <a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">alumino-borosilicate glass</a> with less than 1% <a href="/wiki/W/w" class="mw-redirect" title="W/w">w/w</a> alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-glass (page does not exist)">A-glass</a></i> (Alkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-CR-glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-CR-glass (page does not exist)">E-CR-glass</a></i> (Electrical/Chemical Resistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), <i><a href="/wiki/C-glass" class="mw-redirect" title="C-glass">C-glass</a></i> (alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-glass (page does not exist)">D-glass</a></i> (borosilicate glass, named for its low dielectric constant), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-glass (page does not exist)">R-glass</a></i> (alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as <i>r</i>einforcement), and <i><a href="/wiki/S-glass" class="mw-redirect" title="S-glass">S-glass</a></i> (alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength).<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (silicon dioxide), when cooled as <a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">fused quartz</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass, but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the melting point). Ordinary A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called <a href="/wiki/Cullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullet">cullet</a> glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass. E-glass ("E" because of initial electrical application), is alkali free, and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the single largest consumer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> minerals globally. It is susceptible to chloride ion attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. S-glass ("S" for "Strength") is used when high tensile strength (modulus) is important, and is thus important in composites for building and aircraft construction. The same substance is known as R-glass ("R" for "reinforcement") in Europe. C-glass ("C" for "chemical resistance") and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-glass (page does not exist)">T-glass</a></i> ("T" is for "thermal insulator" – a North American variant of C-glass) are resistant to chemical attack; both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass.<sup id="cite_ref-redorbit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redorbit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common Fiber Categories and Associated Characteristic<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Category </th> <th>Characteristic </th></tr> <tr> <td>A, alkali </td> <td>Soda lime glass/ high alkali </td></tr> <tr> <td>C, chemical </td> <td>High chemical resistance </td></tr> <tr> <td>D, dielectric </td> <td>Low dielectric constant </td></tr> <tr> <td>E, electrical </td> <td>Low electrical conductivity </td></tr> <tr> <td>M, modulus </td> <td>High tensile modulus </td></tr> <tr> <td>S, strength </td> <td>High tensile strength </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i>Special Purpose</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ECR </td> <td>Long term acid resistance and short term alkali resistance </td></tr> <tr> <td>R and Te </td> <td>High tensile strength and properties at high temperatures </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basis of <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>-grade glass fibers is <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, SiO<sub>2</sub>. In its pure form it exists as a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>, (SiO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>. It has no true <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> but softens up to 1200 °C, where it starts to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_decomposition" title="Chemical decomposition">degrade</a>. At 1713 °C, most of the <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> can move about freely. If the glass is extruded and cooled quickly at this temperature, it will be unable to form an ordered structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the polymer it forms SiO<sub>4</sub> groups which are configured as a tetrahedron with the <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> atom at the center, and four oxygen atoms at the corners. These atoms then form a network bonded at the corners by sharing the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atoms. </p><p>The vitreous and <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> states of silica (glass and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>) have similar energy levels on a molecular basis, also implying that the glassy form is extremely stable. In order to induce <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a>, it must be heated to temperatures above 1200 °C for long periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowenstein_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowenstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although pure silica is a perfectly viable glass and glass fiber, it must be worked with at very high temperatures, which is a drawback unless its specific chemical properties are needed. It is usual to introduce impurities into the glass in the form of other materials to lower its working temperature. These materials also impart various other properties to the glass that may be beneficial in different applications. The first type of glass used for fiber was <a href="/wiki/Soda_lime" title="Soda lime">soda lime</a> glass or A-glass ("A" for the alkali it contains). It is not very resistant to alkali. A newer, <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>-free (<2%) type, E-glass, is an alumino-borosilicate glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Volf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C-glass was developed to resist attack from chemicals, mostly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> that destroy E-glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Volf_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T-glass is a North American variant of C-glass. AR-glass is alkali-resistant glass. Most glass fibers have limited <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> in water but are very dependent on <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a> ions will also attack and dissolve E-glass surfaces. </p><p>E-glass does not actually melt, but softens instead, the softening point being "the temperature at which a 0.55–0.77 mm diameter fiber 235 mm long, elongates under its own weight at 1 mm/min when suspended vertically and heated at the rate of 5 °C per minute".<sup id="cite_ref-Lubin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strain point is reached when the glass has a <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of 10<sup>14.5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">annealing</a> point, which is the temperature where the internal stresses are reduced to an acceptable commercial limit in 15 minutes, is marked by a viscosity of 10<sup>13</sup> poise.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal">Thermal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thermal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fabrics of woven glass fibers are useful thermal insulators because of their high ratio of surface area to weight. However, the increased surface area makes them much more susceptible to chemical attack. By trapping air within them, blocks of glass fiber make good <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of the order of 0.05 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/(m·<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_properties">Selected properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fiber type</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">Tensile strength</a> <br />(MPa)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">Compressive strength</a> <br />(MPa) </th> <th>Young's Modulus, E <p>(GPa)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Density <br />(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)</th> <th>Thermal expansion<br />(μm/m·°C)</th> <th>Softening T<br />(°C)</th> <th>Price<br />($/kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td>E-glass</td> <td>3445</td> <td>1080 </td> <td>76.0</td> <td>2.58</td> <td>5</td> <td>846</td> <td>~2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C-glass<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3300 </td> <td>-- </td> <td>69.0 </td> <td>2.49 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>-- </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td>S-2 glass</td> <td>4890</td> <td>1600 </td> <td>85.5</td> <td>2.46</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>1056</td> <td>~20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_properties">Mechanical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The strength of glass is usually tested and reported for "virgin" or pristine fibers—those that have just been manufactured. The freshest, thinnest fibers are the strongest because the thinner fibers are more ductile. The more the surface is scratched, the less the resulting <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenacity" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tenacity">tenacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Volf_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because glass has an <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> structure, its properties are the same along the fiber and across the fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a> is an important factor in the tensile strength. Moisture is easily <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> and can worsen microscopic cracks and surface defects, and lessen tenacity. </p><p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, glass can undergo more elongation before it breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thinner filaments can bend further before they break.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viscosity of the molten glass is very important for manufacturing success. During drawing, the process where the hot glass is pulled to reduce the diameter of the fiber, the viscosity must be relatively low. If it is too high, the fiber will break during drawing. However, if it is too low, the glass will form droplets instead of being drawn out into a fiber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_processes">Manufacturing processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manufacturing processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melting">Melting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Melting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main types of glass fiber manufacture and two main types of glass fiber product. First, fiber is made either from a direct melt process or a <a href="/wiki/Marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbles">marble</a> remelt process. Both start with the raw materials in solid form. The materials are mixed together and melted in a <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnace</a>. Then, for the marble process, the molten material is <a href="/wiki/Shear_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear (fluid)">sheared</a> and rolled into marbles which are cooled and packaged. The marbles are taken to the fiber manufacturing facility where they are inserted into a can and remelted. The molten glass is extruded to the <a href="/wiki/Threaded_bushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Threaded bushing">bushing</a> to be formed into fiber. In the direct melt process, the molten glass in the furnace goes directly to the bushing for formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubin_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bushing plate is the most important part of the machinery for making the fiber. This is a small metal furnace containing <a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzles</a> for the fiber to be formed through. It is almost always made of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> alloyed with <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> for durability. Platinum is used because the glass melt has a natural affinity for <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wetting</a> it. When bushings were first used they were pure platinum, and the glass wetted the bushing so easily that it ran under the plate after exiting the nozzle and accumulated on the underside. Also, due to its cost and the tendency to wear, the platinum was alloyed with rhodium. In the direct melt process, the bushing serves as a collector for the molten glass. It is heated slightly to keep the glass at the correct temperature for fiber formation. In the marble melt process, the bushing acts more like a furnace as it melts more of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bushings are the major expense in fiber glass production. The nozzle design is also critical. The number of nozzles ranges from 200 to 4000 in multiples of 200. The important part of the nozzle in continuous filament manufacture is the thickness of its walls in the exit region. It was found that inserting a <a href="/wiki/Counterbore" title="Counterbore">counterbore</a> here reduced wetting. Today, the nozzles are designed to have a minimum thickness at the exit. As glass flows through the nozzle, it forms a drop which is suspended from the end. As it falls, it leaves a thread attached by the <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniscus (optics)">meniscus</a> to the nozzle as long as the viscosity is in the correct range for fiber formation. The smaller the annular ring of the nozzle and the thinner the wall at exit, the faster the drop will form and fall away, and the lower its tendency to wet the vertical part of the nozzle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface tension of the glass is what influences the formation of the meniscus. For E-glass it should be around 400 mN/m.<sup id="cite_ref-Volf_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attenuation (drawing) speed is important in the nozzle design. Although slowing this speed down can make coarser fiber, it is uneconomic to run at speeds for which the nozzles were not designed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowenstein_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowenstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_filament_process">Continuous filament process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continuous filament process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the continuous filament process, after the fiber is drawn, a <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">size</a> is applied. This size helps protect the fiber as it is wound onto a bobbin. The particular size applied relates to end-use. While some sizes are processing aids, others make the fiber have an affinity for a certain resin, if the fiber is to be used in a composite.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubin_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Size is usually added at 0.5–2.0% by weight. Winding then takes place at around 1 km/min.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staple_fiber_process">Staple fiber process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Staple fiber process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For staple fiber production, there are a number of ways to manufacture the fiber. The glass can be blown or blasted with heat or steam after exiting the formation machine. Usually these fibers are made into some sort of mat. The most common process used is the rotary process. Here, the glass enters a rotating spinner, and due to <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> is thrown out horizontally. The air jets push it down vertically, and binder is applied. Then the mat is vacuumed to a screen and the binder is cured in the oven.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr_13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr_13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass fiber has increased in popularity since the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> causes cancer and its subsequent removal from most products. Following this increase in popularity, the safety of glass fiber has also been called into question. Research shows that the composition of glass fiber can cause similar toxicity as asbestos since both are silicate fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-rachel-everywhere_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rachel-everywhere-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies on rats conducted during the 1970s found that fibrous glass of less than 3 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> in diameter and greater than 20 μm in length is a "potent carcinogen".<sup id="cite_ref-rachel-everywhere_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rachel-everywhere-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> found it "may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen" in 1990. The <a href="/wiki/American_Conference_of_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists" title="American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists">American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists</a>, on the other hand, says that there is insufficient evidence, and that glass fiber is in <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen#American_Conference_of_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists" title="Carcinogen">group A4: "Not classifiable as a human carcinogen"</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Insulation_Manufacturers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (page does not exist)">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association</a> (NAIMA) claims that glass fiber is fundamentally different from asbestos, since it is man-made instead of naturally occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claim that glass fiber "dissolves in the lungs", while asbestos remains in the body for life. Although both glass fiber and asbestos are made from silica filaments, NAIMA claims that asbestos is more dangerous because of its crystalline structure, which causes it to <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">cleave</a> into smaller, more dangerous pieces, citing the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Synthetic vitreous fibers [fiber glass] differ from asbestos in two ways that may provide at least partial explanations for their lower toxicity. Because most synthetic vitreous fibers are not crystalline like asbestos, they do not split longitudinally to form thinner fibers. They also generally have markedly less <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopersistence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biopersistence (page does not exist)">biopersistence</a> in biological tissues than asbestos fibers because they can undergo dissolution and transverse breakage.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 1998 study using rats found that the biopersistence of synthetic fibers after one year was 0.04–13%, but 27% for <a href="/wiki/Amosite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amosite">amosite</a> asbestos. Fibers that persisted longer were found to be more carcinogenic.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glass-reinforced_plastic_(fiberglass)"><span id="Glass-reinforced_plastic_.28fiberglass.29"></span>Glass-reinforced plastic (fiberglass)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Glass-reinforced plastic (fiberglass)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a></div> <p>Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) is a <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-reinforced plastic">fiber-reinforced plastic</a> made of a <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> reinforced by fine glass fibers. The glass can be in the form of a chopped strand mat (CSM) or a woven fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ullmann2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with many other composite materials (such as <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>), the two materials act together, each overcoming the deficits of the other. Whereas the plastic resins are strong in <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compressive</a> loading and relatively weak in <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>, the glass fibers are very strong in tension but tend not to resist compression. By combining the two materials, GRP becomes a material that resists both compressive and tensile forces well.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunter_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two materials may be used uniformly or the glass may be specifically placed in those portions of the structure that will experience tensile loads.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ullmann2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uses for regular glass fiber include mats and fabrics for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulator (electrical)">electrical insulation</a>, sound insulation, high-strength fabrics or heat- and corrosion-resistant fabrics. It is also used to reinforce various materials, such as tent poles, <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a> poles, <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a>, translucent roofing panels, <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> bodies, <a href="/wiki/Hockey_stick" title="Hockey stick">hockey sticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfboard" title="Surfboard">surfboards</a>, boat <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paper_honeycomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper honeycomb">paper honeycomb</a>. It has been used for medical purposes in casts. Glass fiber is extensively used for making <a href="/wiki/FRP_tanks_and_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="FRP tanks and vessels">FRP tanks and vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ullmann2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open-weave glass fiber grids are used to reinforce asphalt pavement.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-woven glass fiber/polymer blend mats are used saturated with asphalt emulsion and overlaid with asphalt, producing a waterproof, crack-resistant membrane. Use of glass-fiber reinforced polymer <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a> instead of steel rebar shows promise in areas where avoidance of steel corrosion is desired.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_uses">Potential uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Potential uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass fiber has recently seen use in biomedical applications in the assistance of joint replacement<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the electric field orientation of short phosphate glass fibers can improve osteogenic qualities through the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Osteoblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoblasts">osteoblasts</a> and with improved <a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">surface chemistry</a>. Another potential use is within electronic applications<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as sodium based glass fibers assist or replace lithium in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a> due to its improved electronic properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_recycling_in_glass_fiber_manufacturing">Role of recycling in glass fiber manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role of recycling in glass fiber manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacturers of glass-fiber insulation can use <a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">recycled glass</a>. Recycled glass fiber contains up to 40% recycled glass.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(fiber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon (fiber)">Carbon fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS4994" class="mw-redirect" title="BS4994">BS4994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite materials">Composite materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_tape" title="Filament tape">Filament tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelcoat" title="Gelcoat">Gelcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cloth" title="Glass cloth">Glass cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete" title="Glass fiber reinforced concrete">Glass fiber reinforced concrete</a> (GFRC or GRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_microsphere" title="Glass microsphere">Glass microsphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_Poling" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass Poling">Glass Poling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele%27s_hair" title="Pele's hair">Pele's hair</a>, naturally occurring glass fibre.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_fiber" title="Quartz fiber">Quartz fiber</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2133235?oq=%22G.+Slayter%22">Slayter patent for glass wool</a>. Application 1933, granted 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSathishkumarSatheeshkumarNaveen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sathishkumar, TP; Satheeshkumar, S; Naveen, J (July 2014). "Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites – a review". <i>Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites</i>. <b>33</b> (13): 1258–1275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0731684414530790">10.1177/0731684414530790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:136242178">136242178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Reinforced+Plastics+and+Composites&rft.atitle=Glass+fiber-reinforced+polymer+composites+%E2%80%93+a+review&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1258-1275&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0731684414530790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A136242178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sathishkumar&rft.aufirst=TP&rft.au=Satheeshkumar%2C+S&rft.au=Naveen%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+fiber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Inorganic and Composite Fibers</i>. Elsevier. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2016-0-04634-X">10.1016/C2016-0-04634-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102228-3"><bdi>978-0-08-102228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+and+Composite+Fibers&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2016-0-04634-X&rft.isbn=978-0-08-102228-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+fiber" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowenstein-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowenstein_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowenstein_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowenstein_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenstein1973" class="citation book cs1">Loewenstein, K.L. (1973). <i>The Manufacturing Technology of Continuous Glass Fibers</i>. New York: Elsevier Scientific. pp. 2–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-41109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-41109-9"><bdi>978-0-444-41109-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manufacturing+Technology+of+Continuous+Glass+Fibers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2-94&rft.pub=Elsevier+Scientific&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-444-41109-9&rft.aulast=Loewenstein&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+fiber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815131929/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/592029">"A Market Assessment and Impact Analysis of the Owens Corning Acquisition of Saint-Gobain's Reinforcement and Composites Business"</a>. August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/592029">the original</a> on 2009-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Market+Assessment+and+Impact+Analysis+of+the+Owens+Corning+Acquisition+of+Saint-Gobain%27s+Reinforcement+and+Composites+Business&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchandmarkets.com%2Freports%2F592029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlass+fiber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmann1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Fitzer2000" class="citation book cs1">E. Fitzer; et al. (2000). "Fibers, 5. Synthetic Inorganic". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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Trans. Martin Thompson. Munich: Hanser Publishers, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226052435/http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/programs/td/publications/documents/ctip-news-2010.pdf">"Reflective Cracking Treated with GlasGrid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CTIP News</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/programs/td/publications/documents/ctip-news-2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansascity.com/637/story/1509423.html">New recycling effort aims to push KC to go green with its glass</a>, Kansas City Star, October 14, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311165338/http://www.naima.org/pages/resources/faq/faq_fiber.html">FAQs About Fiber Glass Insulation</a>. North American Insulation Manufacturers Association</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fiber&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glass_science_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glass_science" title="Template:Glass science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glass_science" title="Template talk:Glass science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glass_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glass science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glass_science_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> science topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">Glass transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AgInSbTe" title="AgInSbTe">AgInSbTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioglass">Bioglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borophosphosilicate_glass" title="Borophosphosilicate glass">Borophosphosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Borosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">Ceramic glaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide_glass" title="Chalcogenide glass">Chalcogenide glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_glass" title="Cobalt glass">Cobalt glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Cranberry glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(optics)" title="Crown glass (optics)">Crown glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_glass" title="Flint glass">Flint glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosilicate_glass" title="Fluorosilicate glass">Fluorosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeSbTe" title="GeSbTe">GeSbTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Gold ruby glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">Lead glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_glass" title="Milk glass">Milk glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphosilicate_glass" title="Phosphosilicate glass">Phosphosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass#Silicate_glass" title="Glass">Silicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda–lime glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexametaphosphate" title="Sodium hexametaphosphate">Sodium hexametaphosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">Soluble glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurite_glass" title="Tellurite glass">Tellurite glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoriated_glass" title="Thoriated glass">Thoriated glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_expansion_glass" title="Ultra low expansion glass">Ultra low expansion glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">Uranium glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Vitreous enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBLAN" title="ZBLAN">ZBLAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">Glass-ceramics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioactive_glass" title="Bioactive glass">Bioactive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorningWare" title="CorningWare">CorningWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic-to-metal_seals" title="Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals">Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macor" title="Macor">Macor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">Annealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_batch_calculation" title="Glass batch calculation">Glass batch calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production#Hot_end" title="Glass production">Glass melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_of_glass_properties" title="Calculation of glass properties">Glass modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_implantation" title="Ion implantation">Ion implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">Liquidus temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscosity#Viscosity_of_amorphous_materials" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">Achromat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient-index_optics" title="Gradient-index optics">Gradient-index optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_lens_design" title="Optical lens design">Optical lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_glass" title="Photosensitive glass">Photosensitive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Transparent materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface<br />modification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_strengthened_glass" title="Chemically strengthened glass">Chemically strengthened glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Corrosion_of_glasses" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealkalization" title="Dealkalization">Dealkalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">Insulated glazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">Self-cleaning glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diverse<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Conservation and restoration of glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-coated_wire" title="Glass-coated wire">Glass-coated wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_databases" title="Glass databases">Glass databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_electrode" title="Glass electrode">Glass electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete" title="Glass fiber reinforced concrete">Glass fiber reinforced concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ionomer_cement" title="Glass ionomer cement">Glass ionomer cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_microsphere" title="Glass microsphere">Glass microspheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Glass-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cloth" title="Glass cloth">Glass cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-to-metal_seal" title="Glass-to-metal seal">Glass-to-metal seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-preg" title="Pre-preg">Pre-preg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert%27s_drop" title="Prince Rupert's drop">Prince Rupert's drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste#Vitrification" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste vitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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