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works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_named_in_honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_named_in_honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Animal named in honor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_named_in_honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="لويجي أمديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويجي أمديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Am%C3%A8d%C3%AA_de_Savou%C3%A8" title="Louis-Amèdê de Savouè – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Louis-Amèdê de Savouè" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Луіджы Амедэа (прынц Савойскі і герцаг Абруццкі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луіджы Амедэа (прынц Савойскі і герцаг Абруццкі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%90%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лудвиг Амадей Савойски-Аоста – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лудвиг Амадей Савойски-Аоста" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Amadeu_de_Savoia-Aosta" title="Lluís Amadeu de Savoia-Aosta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluís Amadeu de Savoia-Aosta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Amadeus_Savojsko-Aostsk%C3%BD" title="Ludvík Amadeus Savojsko-Aostský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík Amadeus Savojsko-Aostský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo_di_Savoia-Aosta" title="Luigi Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luigi Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82,_%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Αμεδαίος Λουδοβίκος, Δούκας των Αβρουζίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμεδαίος Λουδοβίκος, Δούκας των Αβρουζίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Amadeo_de_Saboya" title="Luis Amadeo de Saboya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luis Amadeo de Saboya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo,_Duko_de_Abruzzi" title="Luigi Amedeo, Duko de Abruzzi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luigi Amedeo, Duko de Abruzzi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Amadeo_Savoiakoa" title="Luis Amadeo Savoiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luis Amadeo Savoiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88" title="لوئیجی آمدئو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیجی آمدئو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_de_Savoie" title="Louis-Amédée de Savoie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis-Amédée de Savoie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo_di_Savoia-Aosta" title="Luigi Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoyai_Lajos_Amad%C3%A9_abruzz%C3%B3i_herceg" title="Savoyai Lajos Amadé abruzzói herceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Savoyai Lajos Amadé abruzzói herceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="لويجى امديو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويجى امديو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Amadeus_van_Savoye" title="Lodewijk Amadeus van Savoye – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk Amadeus van Savoye" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF" title="ルイージ・アメデーオ・ディ・サヴォイア＝アオスタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイージ・アメデーオ・ディ・サヴォイア＝アオスタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amadeo,_hertug_av_Abruzzi" title="Luigi Amadeo, hertug av Abruzzi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luigi Amadeo, hertug av Abruzzi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Amadeus_vun_Savoyen" title="Ludwig Amadeus vun Savoyen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ludwig Amadeus vun Savoyen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo_di_Savoia" title="Luigi Amedeo di Savoia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luigi Amedeo di Savoia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Amadeu,_Duque_dos_Abruzos" title="Luís Amadeu, Duque dos Abruzos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luís Amadeu, Duque dos Abruzos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo,_Duce_de_Abruzzi" title="Luigi Amedeo, Duce de Abruzzi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luigi Amedeo, Duce de Abruzzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Луиджи Амедео (принц Савойский и герцог Абруццкий) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луиджи Амедео (принц Савойский и герцог Абруццкий)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amadeo_d%E2%80%99Abruzzi" title="Luigi Amadeo d’Abruzzi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luigi Amadeo d’Abruzzi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo_Savojski" title="Luigi Amedeo Savojski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luigi Amedeo Savojski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo" title="Luigi Amedeo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luigi Amedeo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Amadeus,_hertig_av_Abruzzerna" title="Ludvig Amadeus, hertig av Abruzzerna – Swedish" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Prince Luigi Amedeo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of the Abruzzi">Duke of the Abruzzi</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Luigi_Amedeo%2C_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg/220px-Luigi_Amedeo%2C_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Luigi_Amedeo%2C_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg/330px-Luigi_Amedeo%2C_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Luigi_Amedeo%2C_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg/440px-Luigi_Amedeo%2C_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4836" data-file-height="5980" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1873-01-29</span>)</span>29 January 1873<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 1933<span style="display:none">(1933-03-18)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jowhar" title="Jowhar">Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Shebelle_River" title="Shebelle River">Riverbank of the Shebelle River</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco di Savoia</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_dal_Pozzo" title="Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo">Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20plancheXX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/20plancheXX.jpg/220px-20plancheXX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/20plancheXX.jpg/330px-20plancheXX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/20plancheXX.jpg/440px-20plancheXX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Photo of K2 taken by the Duke</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</b>, (29 January 1873 – 18 March 1933) was an Italian mountaineer and explorer, briefly <a href="/wiki/Infante_of_Spain" title="Infante of Spain">Infante of Spain</a> as son of <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I of Spain</a>, member of the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> and cousin of the Italian King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known for his Arctic explorations and for his mountaineering expeditions, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias" title="Mount Saint Elias">Mount Saint Elias</a> and <a href="/wiki/K2_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="K2 (mountain)">K2</a>. He also served as an Italian admiral during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created <a href="/wiki/Villaggio_Duca_degli_Abruzzi" title="Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi">Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a> during his last years of life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> as the third oldest son of <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta</a> and his first wife Donna <a href="/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_dal_Pozzo" title="Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo">Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna</a>. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy</a>. He was born during his father's brief reign as <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeo of Spain">King Amadeo of Spain</a>. His siblings are <a href="/wiki/Prince_Emanuele_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Aosta_(1869%E2%80%931931)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1869–1931)">Prince Emanuele Filiberto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vittorio_Emanuele,_Count_of_Turin" title="Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin">Prince Vittorio Emanuele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Umberto,_Count_of_Salemi" title="Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi">Prince Umberto</a>. Shortly after his birth, his father, who had reigned in Spain since 1870, abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, well known in Europe since the 12th century. His uncle became <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">King Umberto I of Italy</a> in 1878, and his cousin became <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">King Vittorio Emanuele III</a> in 1900. </p><p>The title <b>Duke of the Abruzzi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i>Duca degli Abruzzi</i>) was created by King Umberto I in 1890 for Luigi Amedeo, who was a son of the abdicating King of Spain Amadeus and initially was given the title of <b>Infante of Spain</b>. His ducal title referred to the central Italian region of <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>. </p><p>From 1893 to 1896, Luigi Amedeo traveled around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, then an Italian possession, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. In September 1893, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> to quell the unrest and stayed for a month to guard the port of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, giving him his first contact with a land to which he would later devote the last years of his life and in which he would choose to die.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had begun to train as a mountaineer in 1892 on <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Alps">Italian Alps</a>): in 1897 he made the first ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias" title="Mount Saint Elias">Mount Saint Elias</a> (Canada/U.S., 5,489 m). There the expedition searched for a mirage, known as the Silent City of Alaska, that natives and prospectors claimed to see over a glacier. C. W. Thornton, a member of the expedition, wrote: "It required no effort of the imagination to liken it to a city, but was so distinct that it required, instead, faith to believe that it was not in reality a city."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arctic_expedition">Arctic expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arctic expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1898, Prince Luigi Amedeo organized an expedition towards the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and consulted the famous polar explorer <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> that had sailed the furthest north with the <a href="/wiki/Colin_Archer" title="Colin Archer">Colin Archer</a>-built polar ship <a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)"><i>Fram</i> (ship)</a> in 1893–1896. In 1899 Amedeo acquired <a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a>, a steam <a href="/wiki/Whaling_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling ship">whaler</a> of 570 tons. He renamed her <i>Stella Polare</i> and took her to Colin Archer's shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Larvik" title="Larvik">Larvik</a>, Norway. The interior was stripped out and beams, diagonals and knees heavily strengthened the ship. </p><p>In the spring of 1899 he arrived in the Norwegian capital <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> with ten companions and <i>Stella Polare</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Pole Star</a>") took the expedition through the frozen sea. On 12 June they headed for <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Archangel</a> (Arkhangelsk). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stella_Polare_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stella_Polare_1899.jpg/220px-Stella_Polare_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stella_Polare_1899.jpg/330px-Stella_Polare_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Stella_Polare_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><i>Stella Polare</i> was trapped and threatened to sink. The crew were obliged to land with the utmost haste and to secure materials for building a dwelling.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 June <i>Stella Polare</i> dropped anchor in the docks of Arkhangelsk and the duke was solemnly received by Governor Engelhardt. The same day, Prince Luigi Amedeo was invited to meet the local authorities and the present foreign diplomats. </p><p>On 7 July, a local newspaper wrote: </p> <dl><dd>The city theatre arranged an extraordinary spectacle in the presence of the Duke of the Abruzzi. The drama <i>The princess of Baghdad</i>, consisting of three acts, was performed. Before the curtain was raised the orchestra had played the Italian royal anthem...</dd></dl> <p>Later the duke himself wrote about his stay in Arkhangelsk: "Our departure was set for July 12. Early in the morning the church was open to us and we, although being Catholic, were allowed to join the mass. In the afternoon all the dogs were brought back on board to their kennels. In the evening the <i>Stella Polare</i> put out and was escorted by two steamers down the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Dvina</a>. I still remained on shore, as well as Doctor Cavalli, in order to spend the evening together with our Italian friends. Next evening we left Arkhangel’sk. During the whole journey we saw flags being hoisted to welcome us..." </p><p>Twenty men took part in the expedition, among them Captain <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Cagni" title="Umberto Cagni">Umberto Cagni</a>, Lieutenant F. Querini and Doctor A. Cavalli Molinelli. They planned to go to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph Land">Franz Joseph Land</a>, in the Arctic wilderness, to establish a camp in which to stay during winter time and, afterwards, to reach the North Pole by dogsled across the frozen sea. </p><p>Prince Luigi Amedeo established the winter camp on <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land#Places_of_significance" title="Franz Josef Land">Rudolf Island</a>. The expedition was to start at the end of the Arctic night. The duke lost two fingers during winter because of the cold, which made it impossible for him to join the trip by sledge. He left the command over the pole expedition to Captain Cagni. On 11 March 1900, Cagni left the camp and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting <a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">a new record</a> by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 kilometres (22 to 25 mi). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp on 23 June. On 16 August <i>Stella Polare</i> left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway. During the expedition, the northern coast of Rudolf Island and two other islands were explored and measured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a>'s last wishes, the Duke led an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwenzori Range">Ruwenzori Range</a> (5,125 m), in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. He scaled sixteen summits in the range, including the six principal peaks. One of them, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Luigi_di_Savoia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Luigi di Savoia (page does not exist)">Mount Luigi di Savoia</a>, bears his name. The highest peak was reached on 18 June 1906. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg/220px-Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg/330px-Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg/440px-Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption>The Duke and his guides climbing an <a href="/wiki/Icefall" title="Icefall">icefall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chogolisa" title="Chogolisa">Chogolisa</a> in 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p>His next great expedition, in 1909, aimed to climb <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>. A team led by Prince Luigi Amedeo reached a height of 6,250 m on the ridge. The standard route up the mountain (formerly known as K2's East Ridge) climbs today on the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzi_Spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzi Spur">Abruzzi Spur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-him_alpine_style_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-him_alpine_style-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-world_mountaineering_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_mountaineering-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt on <a href="/wiki/Chogolisa" title="Chogolisa">Chogolisa</a> he and his companions again failed to reach the summit, but set a <a href="/wiki/World_altitude_record_(mountaineering)" title="World altitude record (mountaineering)">world altitude record</a>, a height of approximately 7,500 m (24,600 ft) before turning around just 150 m below the summit due to bad weather.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Italian_Navy">In the Italian Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the Italian Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">vice-admiral</a> in the Italian Royal Navy (<i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i>), he was Inspector of <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo Craft</a> from 1911 to 1912. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Fleet (1914–1917) based in <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Conte_di_Cavour" title="Italian battleship Conte di Cavour">Italian battleship <i>Conte di Cavour</i></a>. Under the duke, the <i>Regia Marina</i> was responsible for saving the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Magazine,_Milestones_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine,_Milestones-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1917, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel" title="Paolo Thaon di Revel">Paolo Thaon di Revel</a>, under pressure from the British and French allies. In February 1918, he was promoted to admiral, but played no further role of importance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Explorers_Club" title="The Explorers Club">The Explorers Club</a> in New York elected the duke to its highest category of membership — Honorary Member — in 1912.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The duke assisted Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1928" title="Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928">Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928</a>. He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> with gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One gift, a <a href="/wiki/Fiat_3000" title="Fiat 3000">Fiat 3000</a> tank, ended up playing a role in crushing the abortive <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian coup d'état of 1928"><i>coup d'état</i> of 1928</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, the duke was briefly the president of the newly merged <a href="/wiki/Italian_Line" title="Italian Line">Italian Line</a> of steamships.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Magazine,_Milestones_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine,_Milestones-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, combining all of Italy's transatlantic carriers into the Italian Line was one of Mussolini's biggest business deals. However, the duke resigned soon after <a href="/wiki/SS_Rex" title="SS Rex">SS <i>Rex</i></a> broke down at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. According to him, "My reason is that I have been unable to achieve harmony among executives who formerly headed competing lines."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italian Somaliland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918, the Duke returned to <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>. In 1920, he founded the "Village of the Duke of Abruzzi" (<i><a href="/wiki/Villaggio_Duca_degli_Abruzzi" title="Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi">Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi</a></i> or <i>Villabruzzi</i>) some ninety kilometres north of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>. It was an agricultural settlement experimenting with new cultivation techniques. </p><p>By 1926, the colony comprised 16 villages, with 3,000 Somali and 200 Italian (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italian Somalis</a>) inhabitants. Abruzzi raised funds for a number of development projects in the town, including roads, dams, schools, hospitals, a church and a mosque. </p><p>He died in the village on 18 March 1933. </p><p>In the late 1930s, the village area was one of the most socio-economically developed in eastern Africa. The area around the "Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi" was the most agriculturally developed of Somalia before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and had some important food industries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Italian Somaliland was officially dissolved in 1947, the town was later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Jowhar" title="Jowhar">Jowhar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagmff_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagmff-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg/220px-Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg/330px-Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg/440px-Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>Past headlines and a photo from the <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i> of October 18, 1908, concerning the Amedeo-Elkins romance, with three drawings by journalist <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn">Marguerite Martyn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of the twentieth century, Abruzzi was in a relationship with Katherine Hallie "Kitty" Elkins, daughter of the wealthy American senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Benton_Elkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Benton Elkins">Stephen Benton Elkins</a>, but Abruzzi's cousin King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> of Italy refused to grant him permission to marry a commoner. His brother, <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto,_2nd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto</a>, to whom Luigi was very close, persuaded him to give up the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother later approved of young Antoinette "Amber" Brizzi, the daughter of Quinto Brizzi, one of the largest vineyard owners in Northern Italy. Despite this, Abruzzi was never officially married; however, in the later years of his life, Abruzzi had a relationship and deep romantic partnership with Faduma Ali, a young <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> woman who stayed by his side even while he was on his deathbed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_works">Scientific works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>La Stella Polare nel Mare Artico 1899-1900</i> (1902) <ul><li><i>On the "Pole Star" in the Arctic Sea</i> (1903) by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Le_Queux" title="William Le Queux">William Le Queux</a>, 2 vols.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Osservazioni scientifiche, eseguite durante la spedizione polare di S.A.R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia</i> (1903, with <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Cagni" title="Umberto Cagni">Umberto Cagni</a> and Cavalli-Molinelli)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_named_in_honor">Animal named in honor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Animal named in honor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A species of African lizard, <i><a href="/wiki/Leptosiaphos_aloysiisabaudiae" title="Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae">Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae</a></i>, is named in honor of Prince Luigi Amedeo.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy-Aosta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy-Aosta.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy-Aosta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy-Aosta.svg/90px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy-Aosta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy-Aosta.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy-Aosta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HRH" class="mw-redirect" title="HRH">His Royal Highness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Royal Highness</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>: <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a>, <i>2 May 1893</i><sup id="cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1900-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a>, <i>2 May 1893</i><sup id="cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1900-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a>, <i>2 May 1893</i><sup id="cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1900-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Savoy" title="Military Order of Savoy">Military Order of Savoy</a>, <i>16 March 1913</i>; Grand Officer, <i>29 December 1916</i>; Grand Cross, <i>7 February 1924</i><sup id="cite_ref-quirinale_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quirinale-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Savoy" title="Civil Order of Savoy">Civil Order of Savoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-dell'interno1920_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1920-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>: Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Military Order of Malta</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, <i>19 June 1895</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <ul><li>Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a>, <i>21 November 1899</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Founder's Medal">Founder's Medal</a>, <i>1901</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: Knight of the Royal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a>, <i>11 September 1900</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal" title="Cullum Geographical Medal">Cullum Geographical Medal</a>, <i>1903</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: Knight of the Most Illustrious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, <i>2 January 1904</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="469" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Black Eagle, <i>1914</i></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a></span>: Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, with Collar, <i>1928</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)">Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Archduchess Adelaide of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Savoy" title="Princess Elisabeth of Savoy">Princess Elisabeth of Savoy</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. Giuseppe Alfonso dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Emmanuele_dal_Pozzo,_5th_Prince_of_Cisterna" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Emmanuele dal Pozzo, 5th Prince of Cisterna">Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. Maria Anna Balbo Bertone dei Conti di Sambuy</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_dal_Pozzo" title="Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo">Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo</a>, Princess of Cisterna</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. Count Werner de Mérode-Westerloo</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_M%C3%A9rode" title="Louise de Mérode">Countess Louise de Mérode-Westerloo</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. Countess Victoire van Spangen d'Uyternesse</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picco_Luigi_Amedeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Picco Luigi Amedeo">Picco Luigi Amedeo</a>, a mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif" title="Mont Blanc massif">Mont Blanc massif</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Val d'Aosta">Val d'Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoia_Peak" title="Savoia Peak">Savoia Peak</a>, a peak at the northeast end of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_DuFief" title="Sierra DuFief">Sierra DuFief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Island" title="Luigi Island">Luigi Island</a>, an island in <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph Land">Franz Joseph Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Abraq,_Libya" title="Al Abraq, Libya">Al Abraq, Libya</a>, named <i>Luigi di Savoia</i> during the time <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> was an Italian colony.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Abruzzi%27s_Free-tailed_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Abruzzi's Free-tailed Bat">Duke of Abruzzi's Free-tailed Bat</a>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abruzzi_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abruzzi Secondary School (page does not exist)">Abruzzi Secondary School</a>, Shigar, Gilgit Baltistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Luigi_di_Savoia_Duca_degli_Abruzzi" title="Italian cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi">Italian cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi</a>, an Italian cruiser</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Amedeo-Giuseppe-Maria-Ferdinando-Francesco-duca-dAbruzzi">"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d'Abruzzi | Spanish mountaineer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luigi+Amedeo+Giuseppe+Maria+Ferdinando+Francesco%2C+duke+d%27Abruzzi+%26%23124%3B+Spanish+mountaineer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLuigi-Amedeo-Giuseppe-Maria-Ferdinando-Francesco-duca-dAbruzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Chambers Biographical Dictionary">Chambers Biographical Dictionary</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2">0-550-18022-2</a>, page 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTenderiniShandrick1997">Tenderini & Shandrick (1997</a>:25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-him_alpine_style-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-him_alpine_style_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanshawe,_AndyVenables,_Stephen1995" class="citation book cs1">Fanshawe, Andy; Venables, Stephen (1995). <i>Himalaya Alpine-Style</i>. Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-64931-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-64931-3"><bdi>0-340-64931-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalaya+Alpine-Style&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-340-64931-3&rft.au=Fanshawe%2C+Andy&rft.au=Venables%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world_mountaineering-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-world_mountaineering_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalkeld,_Audrey1998" class="citation book cs1">Salkeld, Audrey, ed. (1998). <i>World Mountaineering</i>. Bulfinch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-2502-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-2502-2"><bdi>0-8212-2502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Mountaineering&rft.pub=Bulfinch+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8212-2502-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_Magazine,_Milestones-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine,_Milestones_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine,_Milestones_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Magazine, <i>Milestones</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a>, <i>Fascist New Year</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Magazine, <i>Smooth Show</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Magazine, <i>Royal Resignation</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-melecaducaabbruzzi.pdf">Villabruzzi (in Italian)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagmff-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagmff_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722150256/http://www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html">"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco"</a>. Ultimate Italy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luigi+Amedeo+Giuseppe+Maria+Ferdinando+Francesco&rft.pub=Ultimate+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimateitaly.com%2Fpeoples%2Fluigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/07/15/101755670.pdf">Aosta very ill</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2000/winter/bridges-prince-climbers/">A Prince of Climbers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA723">"Review of <i>On the "Pole Star" in the Arctic Sea</i> by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queue, 2 vols"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (3945): 723–724. June 6, 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+On+the+%22Pole+Star%22+in+the+Arctic+Sea+by+H.R.H.+Luigi+Amadeo+of+Savoy%2C+%28Duke+of+the+Abruzzi%29%2C+translated+by+William+Le+Queue%2C+2+vols.&rft.issue=3945&rft.pages=723-724&rft.date=1903-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKA5AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). <i>The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5">978-1-4214-0135-5</a>. ("Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi", p. 6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dell'interno1900-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalia_:_Ministero_dell'interno1900" class="citation book cs1">Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PR3"><i>Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia</i></a>. Unione tipografico-editrice. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA53">53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA55">55</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA67">67</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+generale+del+Regno+d%27Italia&rft.pages=53%2C+55%2C+67&rft.pub=Unione+tipografico-editrice&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Italia+%3A+Ministero+dell%27interno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKVreIv7hYkC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quirinale-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quirinale_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=3469">Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dell'interno1920-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dell'interno1920_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItaly._Ministero_dell'interno1920" class="citation book cs1">Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3"><i>Calendario generale del regno d'Italia</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA70">70</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152605/https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+generale+del+regno+d%27Italia&rft.pages=70&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Italy.+Ministero+dell%27interno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKU1TIJPtKx0C%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刑部芳則2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">刑部芳則 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf"><i>明治時代の勲章外交儀礼</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%84%80%E7%A4%BC&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E8%8A%B3%E5%89%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeijiseitoku.org%2Fpdf%2Ff54-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n517/mode/2up">p. 426</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0465.html"><i>Sveriges Statskalender</i></a>. Liberförlag. 1905. p. 441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+Statskalender&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Liberf%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fstatskal%2F1905%2F0465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americangeo.org/honors/medals-and-awards/cullum-geographical-medal/">American Geographical Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Thai_Government_Gazette1904" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Thai Government Gazette">Royal Thai Government Gazette</a> (22 January 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221944/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF">"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C&rft.date=1904-01-22&rft.au=Royal+Thai+Government+Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2447%2F043%2F775.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es">"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III"</a>, <i>Guóa Oficial de España</i> (in Spanish), 1930, p. 221, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620102002/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es">archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Real+y+distinguida+orden+de+Carlos+III&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%B3a+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1930&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0001067117%26search%3D%26lang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bridges, Peter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2000/winter/bridges-prince-climbers/">"A Prince of Climbers"</a>, <i>Virginia Quarterly Review</i>, Winter 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenderiniShandrick1997" class="citation book cs1">Tenderini, Mirella; Shandrick, Michael (1997). <i>The Duke of the Abruzzi: An Explorer's Life</i>. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-895-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-895-6"><bdi>978-1-59485-895-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi%3A+An+Explorer%27s+Life&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-59485-895-6&rft.aulast=Tenderini&rft.aufirst=Mirella&rft.au=Shandrick%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>De Filippi, <i>La spedizione di S.A.R. il principe Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi, al Monte Sant’Elia (Alaska) 1897</i> (1900)</li> <li>Louis Amédée de Savoie (Duc des Abruzzes), Expédition de l’Étoile Polaire dans la Mer Arctique 1899–1900, Paris, coll. Polaires, Économica, 2004 (Préface de Giulia Bogliolo Bruna)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121023021/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723532,00.html">"Fascist New Year"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. November 5, 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723532,00.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fascist+New+Year.&rft.date=1928-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C723532%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027071252/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753446,00.html">"Royal Resignation"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. October 24, 1932. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753446,00.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Royal+Resignation.&rft.date=1932-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C753446%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604060020/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745423-2,00.html">"Milestones"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. March 27, 1933. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745423-2,00.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Milestones.&rft.date=1933-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C745423-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104155000/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787952-3,00.html">"Smooth Show"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. January 21, 1935. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787952-3,00.html">the original</a> on November 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Smooth+Show.&rft.date=1935-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C787952-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwenzoriabruzzi.com/the-duke-of-abruzzi">"THE DUKE OF ABRUZZI"</a>. <i>Rwenzori Abruzzi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rwenzori+Abruzzi&rft.atitle=THE+DUKE+OF+ABRUZZI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rwenzoriabruzzi.com%2Fthe-duke-of-abruzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Abruzzi, Duke of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Abruzzi,_Duke_of">"Abruzzi, Duke of" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abruzzi%2C+Duke+of&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abruzzi,_Prince_Luigi_Amadeo_of_Savoy-Aosta,_Duke_of">"Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abruzzi%2C+Prince+Luigi+Amadeo+of+Savoy-Aosta%2C+Duke+of&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Luigi+Amedeo%2C+Duke+of+the+Abruzzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32825">Works by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Amedeo%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Luigi%20Amedeo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Amedeo%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Luigi%20Amedeo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Amedeo%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Luigi%20Amedeo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Amedeo%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Luigi%20Amedeo%22%29%20OR%20%28%221873-1933%22%20AND%20Amedeo%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 29 January 1873</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 18 March 1933</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_nobility" title="Italian nobility">Italian nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Duke of the Abruzzi </b><br /><i>1st creation</i><br />1890 – 1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Never bestowed upon till</div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aimone_di_Savoia_Aosta_(born_1967)%26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born 1967)& (page does not exist)">Prince Amedeo Michele</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Louis, Duke of Savoy">Louis, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Piedmont" title="Philip I of Piedmont">Philip I, Prince of Piedmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_IX,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy">Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Cyprus" title="Louis of Cyprus">Louis, Count of Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Philip II, Duke of Savoy">Philip II, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_of_Savoy,_Count_of_Romont" title="Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont">Jacques, Count of Romont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Philibert I, Duke of Savoy">Philibert I, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles I, Duke of Savoy">Charles I, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_II,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Philibert II, Duke of Savoy">Philibert II, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles III, Duke of Savoy">Charles III, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Philip, Duke of Nemours">Philip, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy">Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Savoie,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Nemours">Jacques, Duke of Nemours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy">Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_de_Savoie,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Charles Emmanuel de Savoie, Duke of Nemours">Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_I,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Henri I, Duke of Nemours">Henri, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano">Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maurice_of_Savoy" title="Prince Maurice of Savoy">Prince Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert_of_Savoy_(1588%E2%80%931624)" title="Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (1588–1624)">Prince Emmanuel Filibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hyacinth,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy">Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy">Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano">Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Maurice,_Count_of_Soissons" title="Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons">Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Louis I, Duke of Nemours">Louis I, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Amadeus,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours">Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_II,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Henri II, Duke of Nemours">Henri II, Duke of Nemours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_I,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano">Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas,_Count_of_Soissons" title="Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons">Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Prince Eugene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus,_Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont">Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III" title="Charles Emmanuel III">Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Victor,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano">Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio,_Count_of_Villafranca" title="Eugenio, Count of Villafranca">Eugenio, Count of Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Emmanuel,_Prince_of_Savoy-Carignan" title="Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan">Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vittorio_Amedeo_Teodoro,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta">Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III" title="Victor Amadeus III">Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emanuele_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Aosta_(1731%E2%80%931735)" title="Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1731–1735)">Prince Emanuele Filiberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carlo_Francesco,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Carlo Francesco, Duke of Aosta">Carlo Francesco, Duke of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Benedetto,_Duke_of_Chablais" title="Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais">Benedetto, Duke of Chablais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano">Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Jean,_Count_of_Soissons" title="Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons">Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV" title="Charles Emmanuel IV">Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Alexander_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus Alexander of Savoy">Amadeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I" title="Victor Emmanuel I">Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maurizio,_Duke_of_Montferrat" title="Prince Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat">Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Felix_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Felix of Sardinia">Charles Felix I of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Giuseppe,_Count_of_Asti" title="Prince Giuseppe, Count of Asti">Giuseppe, Count of Asti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano">Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert I of Sardinia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinando,_Duke_of_Genoa_(1822%E2%80%931855)" title="Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (1822–1855)">Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oddone,_Duke_of_Montferrat" title="Prince Oddone, Duke of Montferrat">Oddone, Duke of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Tommaso,_Duke_of_Genoa" title="Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa">Tommaso, Duke of Genoa</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emanuele_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vittorio_Emanuele,_Count_of_Turin" title="Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin">Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin</a>***</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Umberto,_Count_of_Salemi" title="Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi">Umberto, Count of Salemi</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinando,_Duke_of_Genoa_(1884%E2%80%931963)" title="Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (1884–1963)">Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Genoa" title="Prince Filiberto, Duke of Genoa">Filiberto, Duke of Genoa</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adalberto,_Duke_of_Bergamo" title="Prince Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo">Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugenio,_Duke_of_Genoa" title="Prince Eugenio, Duke of Genoa">Eugenio, Duke of Genoa</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Amedeo,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta">Amedeo, Duke of Aosta</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Aimone,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta">Aimone, Duke of Aosta</a>***</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele,_Prince_of_Naples" title="Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples">Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Amedeo,_Duke_of_Aosta_(1943%E2%80%932021)" title="Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (1943–2021)">Amedeo, Duke of Aosta</a>***</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto_of_Savoy,_Prince_of_Venice" title="Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice">Prince Emanuele Filiberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimone_di_Savoia_Aosta_(born_1967)" title="Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born 1967)">Prince Aimone</a>***</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>*member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy</i><br />** <i>Prince of Savoy-Genoa</i><br />*** <i>Prince of Savoy-Aosta</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Somaliland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_italiana_(Colonia)" title="Template:Somalia italiana (Colonia)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_italiana_(Colonia)" title="Template talk:Somalia italiana (Colonia)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_italiana_(Colonia)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia italiana (Colonia)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Somaliland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">King & Emperor Vittorio Emanuele III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Prime Minister Benito Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Italian_East_Africa" title="List of governors-general of Italian East Africa">List of governors-general of Italian East Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandeSomaliasettembre1940.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/GrandeSomaliasettembre1940.gif" decoding="async" width="416" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland">Italian Governors of Somalia</a></li> <li>Main Colonial governors: <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Filonardi" title="Vincenzo Filonardi">Vincenzo Filonardi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_De_Martino_(governor)" title="Giacomo De Martino (governor)">Giacomo De Martino</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Maria_De_Vecchi" title="Cesare Maria De Vecchi">Cesare Maria De Vecchi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Rava" title="Maurizio Rava">Maurizio Rava</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carlo_De_Simone" title="Carlo De Simone">Carlo De Simone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltre_Giuba" title="Oltre Giuba">Oltre Giuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_Governorate" title="Somalia Governorate">Somalia Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_French_Somaliland" class="extiw" title="simple:Italian invasion of French Somaliland">Italian tentative to occupy French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in A.O.I. (1941–1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Italy–Somalia relations">Italy–Somalia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu%E2%80%93Villabruzzi_Railway" title="Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway">Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Italian_Somaliland" title="Railway stations in Italian Somaliland">Railway stations in Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Line" title="Imperial Line">Linea dell'Impero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrella_Airport" title="Petrella Airport">Petrella Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_of_Mogadishu" title="Governor's Palace of Mogadishu">Governor's Palace of Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mogadishu" title="Port of Mogadishu">Porto di Mogadiscio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Somalia" title="National Museum of Somalia">Museo della Garesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_Stadium" title="Banadir Stadium">Stadio Coni Mogadiscio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafun_Salt_Factory" title="Hafun Salt Factory">Saline Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lido_Beach,_Mogadishu" title="Lido Beach, Mogadishu">Lido Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italian Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Mogadiscio" class="extiw" title="simple:Italian Mogadiscio">Mogadishu under Italian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villaggio_Duca_degli_Abruzzi" title="Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi">Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genale" title="Genale">Genale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_di_Africa" title="Vittorio di Africa">Vittorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Merca" title="Port of Merca">Port of Merca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganale_Doria" title="Ganale Doria">Dam of Genale Doria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadiscio_circuit" title="Mogadiscio circuit">Mogadiscio circuit</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Mogadiscio" class="extiw" title="simple:AC Mogadiscio">Associazione Calcio Mogadiscio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Faro Guardafui/F. Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_fascism" title="Italian imperialism under fascism">Imperial Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_African_lira" title="Italian East African lira">Italian East African lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_lira" title="Italian Somaliland lira">Italian Somaliland lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_rupia" title="Italian Somaliland rupia">Italian Somaliland rupia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalo" title="Somalo">Somalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_per_l%27Africa_Orientale" title="Banca per l'Africa Orientale">Banca per l'Africa Orientale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Somalia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia">Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Eritrea" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea">Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Oltre_Giuba" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba">Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somalia" title="Catholic Church in Somalia">Catholic Church in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mogadishu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadishu">Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral" title="Mogadishu Cathedral">Mogadishu Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia#Italian" title="Languages of Somalia">Italian language in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinels_of_Bronze" title="Sentinels of Bronze">Sentinels of Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Banana_Monopoly" title="Royal Banana Monopoly">Royal Banana Monopoly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Colonial Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somali_Divisions_(101_and_102)" title="Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)">Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubat" title="Dubat">Dubats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_African_Police" title="Italian African Police">Italian African Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(Italian_Army_irregulars)" title="Bands (Italian Army irregulars)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapti%C3%A9" title="Zaptié">Zaptié</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320618#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119035901">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92038955">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122889585">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122889585">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Savoia, Luigi Amedeo : di <duca degli Abruzzi>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV223930">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1434050">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/140213">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p09111327X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98044099">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000336201&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lpsg1s0k1jxs4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535371505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/26439">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/165581">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284139805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14471950">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/65606">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="SAVOIA AOSTA, Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco di, duca degli Abruzzi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/savoia-aosta-luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco-di-duca-degli-abruzzi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119035901.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031727697">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/40201253">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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