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<li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somaliland_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somaliland_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Somaliland Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somaliland_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_&_Italian_East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_&_Italian_East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second Italo-Ethiopian War & Italian East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinto_Cenni_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Quinto_Cenni_3.jpg/275px-Quinto_Cenni_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Quinto_Cenni_3.jpg/413px-Quinto_Cenni_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Quinto_Cenni_3.jpg/550px-Quinto_Cenni_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Italian soldiers in Africa.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">5 April 1908 – 5 May 1936</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Colonial Troops</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland Campaign">Somaliland Campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Italian conquest of British Somaliland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Decorations</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medal of Military Valour">Gold Medal of Military Valour</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Regio corpo truppe coloniali della Somalia italiana</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">colonial body</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, in present-day northeastern, central and southern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> was under the joint control of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Geledi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geledi Sultanate">Geledi Sultanate</a> (which, also holding sway over the <a href="/wiki/Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebelle">Shebelle</a> region in the interior, was at the height of its power), <a href="/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate" title="Hiraab Imamate">Hiraab Imamate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Zanzibar">Sultan of Zanzibar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewisim_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mogadishu was thereafter made the capital of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> colony. </p><p>On 5 April 1908, the Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops was established, after the Italians had captured the southern <a href="/wiki/Benadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadir">Benadir</a> region from the Sultan of Zanzibar.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troops were originally referred to as "Guard Corps of Benadir" (<i>Corpo della Guardia di Benadir</i> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>). However, after the territory was renamed from <i>Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate</i> to <i>Italian Somaliland</i>, the troops officially became known as the <i>Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops</i>. </p><p>In 1908, the Royal Corps assumed the final name ''<i>Regio corpo truppe coloniali della Somalia italiana</i>. This included a command, a department of <a href="/wiki/Zaptie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaptie">Zaptie</a>, 5 local companies, and a company of local cannon-gunners. </p><p>In 1907, the rebels Bimal lost again at Dongab and <a href="/wiki/Danane" title="Danane">Danane</a>, defeated by 500 Somali troops and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Ascari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Ascari">Eritrean Ascari</a> under Captain Vitali. The forces were supported by the Royal ship N "Relay". Between 11 and 12 July 1908, troops led by major <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Di_Giorgio" title="Antonino Di Giorgio">Antonino Di Giorgio</a> conquereded the city of <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a>, after clashing with rebels in Merére and occupying <a href="/wiki/Afgooye" title="Afgooye">Afgooye</a>. Following a series of Italian victories, the Sultan of Geledi and his 5,000 strong army were subdued.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somaliland_Campaign">Somaliland Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Somaliland Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland Campaign">Somaliland Campaign</a></div> <p>The British became convinced of their need of Italian assistance in their campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish State">Dervish</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod#Diiriye_Guure" title="Las Anod"> Diiriye Guure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, memories of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adowa">Battle of Adowa</a> inhibited any Italian fervour for action in the Horn region. In 1903, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Foreign Ministry</a> permitted the British to land forces at <a href="/wiki/Hobyo" title="Hobyo">Hobyo</a> (Obbia). An Italian naval commander off Hobyo feared "that the expedition will end in a fiasco; the Mad Mullah will become a myth for the British, who will never come across him, and a serious worry for ... our sphere of influence."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobyo_Sultanate_Cavalry_And_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hobyo_Sultanate_Cavalry_And_Fort.jpg/300px-Hobyo_Sultanate_Cavalry_And_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hobyo_Sultanate_Cavalry_And_Fort.jpg/450px-Hobyo_Sultanate_Cavalry_And_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Hobyo_Sultanate_Cavalry_And_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The Sultanate of Hobyo's cavalry and fort.</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a> and Italy soured when Sultan <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ali_Kenadid" title="Yusuf Ali Kenadid">Yusuf Ali Kenadid</a> refused the Italians' proposal to allow British troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod#Diiriye_Guure" title="Las Anod"> Diiriye Guure</a>'s Dervish forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Issa-Salwe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Kenadid was exiled first to the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheik-Abdi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheik-Abdi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> realised the error, and had Kenadid's son appointed regent, just in time to forestall an attack in <a href="/wiki/Mudug" title="Mudug">Mudug</a> by the Sultan's army.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess421_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess421-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition ended in failure soon after.<a href="/wiki/Las_Anod#Diiriye_Guure" title="Las Anod">Diiriye Guure</a> forces defeated a British detachment near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gumburru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gumburru (page does not exist)">Gumburru</a> and then another near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Daratoleh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Daratoleh (page does not exist)">Daratoleh</a>. With 1,200–1,500 rifles, 4,000 ponies and some spearmen, he occupied the <a href="/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia" title="Nugal, Somalia">Nugal Valley</a> from Halin in the British protectorate to Ilig (or Illig) on the Italian-held coast. The main British force near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galad_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galad District (page does not exist)">Galad</a> (Galadi) under General <a href="/wiki/William_Manning_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Manning (colonial governor)">William Manning</a> retreated north along the line <a href="/wiki/Bohotleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohotleh">Bohotleh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sheekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheekh">Sheekh</a>. This "old-established line" had already been breached by Guure when he invaded the Nugal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of June, the withdrawal was complete. </p><p>In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Dubats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubats">Dubats</a> were established. These irregular Somali troops initially served under major Camillo Bechis as guerrilla forces of the Royal Corps, sometimes using camels. The troops mainly operated in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_&_Italian_East_Africa"><span id="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_.26_Italian_East_Africa"></span>Second Italo-Ethiopian War & Italian East Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Italo-Ethiopian War & Italian East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg/220px-Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg/330px-Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg/440px-Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Italian artillery operated from Somali "Ascari" troops in 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, the Somali Colonial Troops served alongside soldiers from Italy and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> in a second attempt by Italian troops to defeat the Ethiopian forces. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ogaden" title="Battle of the Ogaden">Battle of the Ogaden</a>, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Frusci" title="Luigi Frusci">Luigi Frusci</a> who was to move forward to the pivotal point of the "Hindenburg Wall" of Ethiopian defenses under <a href="/wiki/Wehib_Pasha" title="Wehib Pasha">Wehib Pasha</a> (a military advisor to the Ethiopian army), the Royal Corps of Somali Colonial troops in April 1936 fought bravely defeating the Ethiopian troops. They received an Italian "Military Gold Medal" award mainly for this victory. </p><p>On 5 May 1936, Italian troops captured <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> after defeating Ethiopia during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> then proclaimed the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, which unified <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> and Italian Somaliland with defeated Ethiopia. Addis Ababa was later made the capital city of Italian East Africa. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg/220px-ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg/330px-ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg/440px-ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Group of Zaptié in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> (1939).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Somali Colonial Troops would then be merged with other <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">Royal troops</a>, creating even the <a href="/wiki/Italian_African_Police" title="Italian African Police">Italian African Police</a> and the Somali "Carabinieri" (<a href="/wiki/Zaptie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaptie">Zaptie</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In 1940, the Somali Colonial Troops were officially added to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somali_Divisions_(101_and_102)" title="Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)">Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a former member of the Zaptìé corps, <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>, became President of Somalia from 1969 to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valor_militare_gold_medal_-_old_style_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Valor_militare_gold_medal_-_old_style_BAR.svg/80px-Valor_militare_gold_medal_-_old_style_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Valor_militare_gold_medal_-_old_style_BAR.svg/120px-Valor_militare_gold_medal_-_old_style_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Valor_militare_gold_medal_-_old_style_BAR.svg/160px-Valor_militare_gold_medal_-_old_style_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Gold Medal of Military Valor">Gold Medal of Military Valor</a> - Awarded for heroism during the Italo-Ethiopian War of October 3, 1935 to May 5, 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian empire">Italian empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Italian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somali_Divisions_(101_and_102)" title="Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)">Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubats">Dubats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaptie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaptie">Zaptie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xoomer.virgilio.it/ramius/Militaria/colonie_italiane-somalia.html">"Le colonie italiane - La Somalia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+colonie+italiane+-+La+Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxoomer.virgilio.it%2Framius%2FMilitaria%2Fcolonie_italiane-somalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewisim-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewisim_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. M. Lewis, <i>A modern history of Somalia: nation and state in the Horn of Africa</i>, (Westview Press: 1988), p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ben-Ghiat,_Ruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Ghiat, Ruth">Ben-Ghiat, Ruth</a>, <i>Italy and its colonies</i>, in <i>A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: continental Europe and Africa</i>, Poddar, Prem, Patke, Rejeev S. and Jensen, Lars eds., Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olsen, James Stuart and Shadle, Robert, eds., <i>Historical dictionary of European imperialism,</i> Westport, Conn.: 1991, Greenwood Press, p. 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xoomer.virgilio.it/ramius/Militaria/colonie_italiane-somalia.html">"Le colonie italiane - La Somalia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+colonie+italiane+-+La+Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxoomer.virgilio.it%2Framius%2FMilitaria%2Fcolonie_italiane-somalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scr_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar2001" class="citation book cs1">Omar, Mohamed (2001). <i>The Scramble in the Horn of Africa</i>. p. 402. <q>This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scramble+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=402&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commander of the torpedo-gunboat <i>Caprera</i> on 14 March, quoted in Hess (1964), 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issa-Salwe-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Issa-Salwe_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssa-Salwe1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdisalam_Issa-Salwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdisalam Issa-Salwe (page does not exist)">Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M.</a> (1996). <i>The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy</i>. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/187420991X" title="Special:BookSources/187420991X"><bdi>187420991X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Somali+State%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Colonial+Legacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Haan+Associates&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=187420991X&rft.aulast=Issa-Salwe&rft.aufirst=Abdisalam+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheik-Abdi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheik-Abdi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheik-ʻAbdi (1993), 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess421-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hess421_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hess (1964), 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunliffe-Owen (1905), 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilander.libero.it/fiammecremisi/eramoderna/apocrifi3.htm">"Gli altri Bersaglieri"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+altri+Bersaglieri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigilander.libero.it%2Ffiammecremisi%2Feramoderna%2Fapocrifi3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muntaz (corporal) <a href="/wiki/Unat%C3%B9_Endisciau" title="Unatù Endisciau">Unatù Endisciau</a> of the LXXII Zaptié (I° Gruppo <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>) Battalion was the only "soldier of colour" to be awarded personally the Italian <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Gold Medal of Military Valor">Gold Medal of Military Valor</a> - (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carabinieri.it/Internet/Editoria/Carabiniere/2004/01-Gennaio/Militaria/">Article of Arnaldo Grilli on the first two years of World War II (in Italian)</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-mohamed-said-barre-1566452.html">"Obituary: Mohamed Said Barre"</a>. 3 January 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary%3A+Mohamed+Said+Barre&rft.date=1995-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-mohamed-said-barre-1566452.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFweb" class="citation web cs1">web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=18410">"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+onorificenze+della+Repubblica+Italiana&rft.aulast=web&rft.aufirst=Segretariato+generale+della+Presidenza+della+Repubblica-Servizio+sistemi+informatici-+reparto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Felementi%2FDettaglioOnorificenze.aspx%3Fdecorato%3D18410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hess, Robert L. (1964). "The ‘Mad Mullah’ and Northern Somalia." <i>The Journal of African History</i> <b>5</b> (3): 415–33.</li> <li>Cunliffe-Owen, Frederick. (1905). "The Somaliland Operations: June, 1903, to May, 1904." <i>Royal United Service Institution Journal</i> <b>49</b> (1): 169–83.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheik-ʻAbdi1993" class="citation book cs1">Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993). <i>Divine Madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856–1920)</i>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0862324440" title="Special:BookSources/0862324440"><bdi>0862324440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Madness%3A+Mo%E1%B8%A5ammed+%CA%BBAbdulle+%E1%B8%A4assan+%281856%E2%80%931920%29&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0862324440&rft.aulast=Sheik-%CA%BBAbdi&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAbdi+%CA%BBAbdulqadir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Corps+of+Somali+Colonial+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Southeastern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco#20th_century" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Islands of the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_the_Pindus" title="Principality of the Pindus">Principality of the Pindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians#World_War_II" title="Corfiot Italians">Ionian Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Italian Province of Lubiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Governorate of Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltre_Giuba" title="Oltre Giuba">Oltre Giuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Governorate" title="Eritrea Governorate">Eritrea Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_Governorate" title="Somalia Governorate">Somalia Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Governorate" title="Amhara Governorate">Amhara Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harar_Governorate" title="Harar Governorate">Harar Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla-Sidamo_Governorate" title="Galla-Sidamo Governorate">Galla-Sidamo Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scioa_Governorate" title="Scioa Governorate">Scioa Governorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian Ethiopia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Province" title="Tripoli Province">Tripoli Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misrata_Governorate" title="Misrata Governorate">Misrata Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi_Province" title="Benghazi Province">Benghazi Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_Province" title="Derna Province">Derna Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_Territory" title="Southern Military Territory">Southern Military Territory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Italian concession of Tianjin">Italian concession of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concessions_of_Italy_in_China" title="Concessions of Italy in China">Concessions & Forts of Italy in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Adalia" title="Italian occupation of Adalia">Adalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Majorca" title="Italian occupation of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_French_Somaliland" class="extiw" title="simple:Italian invasion of French Somaliland">Tentative to occupy French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#British_East_Africa_(Kenya)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Herkules" title="Operation Herkules">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">Ticino, Valais and Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impero_italiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/280px-Impero_italiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/420px-Impero_italiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/560px-Impero_italiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlers and Irredentism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlers and colonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_the_Dodecanese" title="Italian colonists in the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Irredentism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria-Venezia Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians#Corfiot_Italians_and_the_Risorgimento" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_of_Mogadishu" title="Governor's Palace of Mogadishu">Governor's Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mogadishu) </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Tripoli" title="Royal Palace of Tripoli">Governor's Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tripoli) </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace,_Asmara" title="Governor's Palace, Asmara">Governor's Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asmara) </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_President%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmara President's Office">Asmara Presidential Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asmara) </span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral" title="Mogadishu Cathedral">Mogadishu Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi_Cathedral" title="Benghazi Cathedral">Benghazi Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Cathedral" title="Tripoli Cathedral">Tripoli Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch_(Libya)" title="Marble Arch (Libya)">Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_Theatre" title="Asmara Theatre">Asmara Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui#Lighthouse_"Francesco_Crispi"" title="Cape Guardafui">Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urbanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya#Italian_era" title="Tripoli, Libya">Italian Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_under_Italian_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogadishu under Italian rule">Mogadishu under Italian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Benghazi" title="Italian Benghazi">Italian Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara#Italian_Asmera" title="Asmara">Italian Asmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massawa#Italian_rule" title="Massawa">Italian Massaua</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Abeba" class="extiw" title="simple:Addis Abeba">Addis Abeba under Italian rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu%E2%80%93Villabruzzi_Railway" title="Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway">Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Ethio-Djibouti Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara-Massawa_Cableway" title="Asmara-Massawa Cableway">Asmara-Massawa Cableway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Eritrea" title="List of railway stations in Eritrea">Railway stations in Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Somalia" title="Rail transport in Somalia">Rail transport in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Coastal_Highway" title="Libyan Coastal Highway">Via Balbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Vittoria" title="Via della Vittoria">Via della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Line" title="Imperial Line">Linea dell'Impero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya_Railways" title="Italian Libya Railways">Italian Libya Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Libya" title="Railway stations in Libya">Libyan Railway stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonial_railways" title="Italian colonial railways">History of Italian colonial railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Greater Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">New Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Shore" title="Fourth Shore">Fourth Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire#Risorgimento_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police and military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_African_Police" title="Italian African Police">Italian African Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(Italian_Army_irregulars)" title="Bands (Italian Army irregulars)">Bands (Italian Army irregulars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapti%C3%A9" title="Zaptié">Zaptié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubat" title="Dubat">Dubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savari" title="Savari">Savari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Spahis" title="Italian Spahis">Spahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Colonial Troops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Eritrean_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Eritrean Colonial Troops">Eritrean Ascari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somali Ascari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascari_del_Cielo" title="Ascari del Cielo">Ascari del Cielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_1st_Eritrean_Division" title="Italian 1st Eritrean Division">Italian 1st Eritrean Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_2nd_Eritrean_Division" title="Italian 2nd Eritrean Division">Italian 2nd Eritrean Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_Sibille" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Libyan Division Sibille">1st Libyan Division Sibille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_Pescatori" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Libyan Division Pescatori">2nd Libyan Division Pescatori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libyan_Colonial_Division" title="Italian Libyan Colonial Division">Italian Libyan Colonial Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somali_Divisions_(101_and_102)" title="Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)">Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legione_Redenta" title="Legione Redenta">Legione Redenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies and Stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_tallero" title="Eritrean tallero">Eritrean tallero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_African_lira" title="Italian East African lira">Italian East African lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_lira" title="Italian Somaliland lira">Italian Somaliland lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_rupia" title="Italian Somaliland rupia">Italian Somaliland rupia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalo" title="Somalo">Somalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italian_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa">Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Oltre_Giuba" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba">Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Italian_Libya" title="Postage stamps of Italian Libya">Postage stamps of Italian Libya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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