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goals of climate communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_goals_of_climate_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary goals of climate communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_goals_of_climate_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analyzing_and_increasing_public_understanding_and_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analyzing_and_increasing_public_understanding_and_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analyzing and increasing public understanding and perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analyzing_and_increasing_public_understanding_and_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecting_to_values_and_emotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecting_to_values_and_emotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Connecting to values and emotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecting_to_values_and_emotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producing_engagement_and_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producing_engagement_and_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Producing engagement and action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producing_engagement_and_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barriers_to_understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers_to_understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Barriers to understanding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers_to_understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Climate literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Creating change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behaviour_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Behaviour change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience_segmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience_segmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Audience segmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience_segmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Changing rhetoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_global_warming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_global_warming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>History of global warming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_global_warming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocating_change_in_the_way_non-humans_are_referred_to" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocating_change_in_the_way_non-humans_are_referred_to"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Advocating change in the way non-humans are referred to</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocating_change_in_the_way_non-humans_are_referred_to-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_current_conversations_on_rhetorical_changes_in_climate_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_current_conversations_on_rhetorical_changes_in_climate_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Analysis of current conversations on rhetorical changes in climate communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_current_conversations_on_rhetorical_changes_in_climate_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_Storytelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_Storytelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Importance of Storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_Storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effective_climate_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effective_climate_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effective climate communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effective_climate_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effective climate communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effective_climate_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_experts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_experts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>By experts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_experts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Visuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applying_findings_from_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applying_findings_from_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Applying findings from psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applying_findings_from_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sustainable development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3n_sobre_el_cambio_clim%C3%A1tico" title="Comunicación sobre el cambio climático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunicación sobre el cambio climático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ارتباطات اقلیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتباطات اقلیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_sur_le_climat" title="Communication sur le climat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communication sur 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href="/wiki/File:20181204_Warming_stripes_(global,_WMO,_1850-2018)_-_Climate_Lab_Book_(Ed_Hawkins).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/20181204_Warming_stripes_%28global%2C_WMO%2C_1850-2018%29_-_Climate_Lab_Book_%28Ed_Hawkins%29.svg/330px-20181204_Warming_stripes_%28global%2C_WMO%2C_1850-2018%29_-_Climate_Lab_Book_%28Ed_Hawkins%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/20181204_Warming_stripes_%28global%2C_WMO%2C_1850-2018%29_-_Climate_Lab_Book_%28Ed_Hawkins%29.svg/495px-20181204_Warming_stripes_%28global%2C_WMO%2C_1850-2018%29_-_Climate_Lab_Book_%28Ed_Hawkins%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/20181204_Warming_stripes_%28global%2C_WMO%2C_1850-2018%29_-_Climate_Lab_Book_%28Ed_Hawkins%29.svg/660px-20181204_Warming_stripes_%28global%2C_WMO%2C_1850-2018%29_-_Climate_Lab_Book_%28Ed_Hawkins%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>An early (2018) <a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">warming stripes</a> graphic portraying <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> since 1850 as a series of color-coded stripes in which <span style="color:blue">blue</span> (= cool years) progresses over time to <span style="color: red;">red</span> (= warm years). Climatologist <a href="/wiki/Ed_Hawkins_(climatologist)" title="Ed Hawkins (climatologist)">Ed Hawkins</a> designed the graphic purposely devoid of scientific notation to be quickly understandable by non-scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateLabBook_WarmingStripes1850-2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateLabBook_WarmingStripes1850-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Climate communication</b> or <b>climate change communication</b> is a field of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">environmental communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">science communication</a> focused on discussing the causes, nature and effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a>. </p><p>Research in the field emerged in the 1990s and has since grown and diversified to include studies concerning the media, conceptual framing, and public engagement and response. Since the late 2000s, a growing number of studies have been conducted in countries in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> and have been focused on climate communication with marginalized populations. </p><p>Most research focuses on raising public knowledge and awareness, understanding underlying cultural values and emotions, and bringing about public engagement and action. Major issues include familiarity with the audience, barriers to public understanding, creating change, audience segmentation, changing rhetoric, public health, storytelling, <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">media coverage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">popular culture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:19021015_Hint_to_Coal_Consumers_-_Svante_Arrhenius_-_The_Selma_Morning_Times_-_Global_warming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/19021015_Hint_to_Coal_Consumers_-_Svante_Arrhenius_-_The_Selma_Morning_Times_-_Global_warming.jpg/186px-19021015_Hint_to_Coal_Consumers_-_Svante_Arrhenius_-_The_Selma_Morning_Times_-_Global_warming.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/19021015_Hint_to_Coal_Consumers_-_Svante_Arrhenius_-_The_Selma_Morning_Times_-_Global_warming.jpg/279px-19021015_Hint_to_Coal_Consumers_-_Svante_Arrhenius_-_The_Selma_Morning_Times_-_Global_warming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/19021015_Hint_to_Coal_Consumers_-_Svante_Arrhenius_-_The_Selma_Morning_Times_-_Global_warming.jpg/372px-19021015_Hint_to_Coal_Consumers_-_Svante_Arrhenius_-_The_Selma_Morning_Times_-_Global_warming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This 1902 article attributes to Swedish Nobel laureate (chemistry) <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> a theory that coal combustion could cause a degree of global warming that could eventually lead to <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">human extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selma_Arrhenius_19021015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selma_Arrhenius_19021015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg/198px-19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg/297px-19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg/396px-19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This 1912 article, from an earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i> article, succinctly describes the greenhouse effect to the public, focusing on how burning coal creates carbon dioxide that causes climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Otamatea_Times_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otamatea_Times-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>scholar Amy E. Chadwick identifies Climate Change Communication as a new field of scholarship that truly emerged in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 80s and early 90s, research in developed countries (e.g. the United States, New Zealand, and Sweden) was largely concerned with studying the <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">public's perception</a> and comprehension of climate change science, models, and risks and guiding further development of communication strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies showed that while the public was aware of and beginning to notice <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">climate change effects</a> (increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns), the public's understanding of climate change was interlinked with <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> and other environmental risks but not human-produced <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This understanding was coupled with varied yet overall increased net concern that continued through the mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In studies from the mid-2000s to the late 2000s, there is evidence of rising <a href="/wiki/Climate_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Skepticism">global skepticism</a> despite growing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">consensus</a> and evidence of increasingly polarized views due to climate change's growing use as a political "<a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">litmus test</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, researcher Susanne C. Moser viewed both the expansion of climate change communication's focus, which began to include subjects such as materialized evidence of climate change effects in addition to science and policy, as well as more prolific conversation/communication from a variety of voices as increasing climate change's relevance to society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys through the mid-2010s showed mixed concern for climate change depending on global region —notably consistent concern in developed <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a> but a trend towards global unconcern in countries such as China, Mexico, and Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Moser noted an increase in the total number of climate communication studies in both Westernized countries and the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> and an increased focus on climate communication with indigenous peoples and other marginalized communities since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, research remained focused on public understanding and had since begun to also analyze the relevance of the <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">media</a>, conceptual framing, public engagement and response, and persuasive strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expansion has legitimated climate change communication as its own academic field and has yielded a group of experts specific to it.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_goals_of_climate_communication">Primary goals of climate communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary goals of climate communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gateway_Belief_Model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gateway_Belief_Model.png/301px-Gateway_Belief_Model.png" decoding="async" width="301" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gateway_Belief_Model.png/452px-Gateway_Belief_Model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gateway_Belief_Model.png/602px-Gateway_Belief_Model.png 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gateway_belief_model" title="Gateway belief model">Gateway Belief Model</a>, which models the thought that communicating scientific consensus will impact belief in climate change and produce support for action</figcaption></figure> <p>Most climate communication and research within the field is concerned with (1) the mechanisms related to the public's understanding/awareness of and perception of climate change which are intertwined with (2) personal cultural values and emotions related to social norms and (3) how these components can influence the engagement and action that may emerge as a response to communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the academic field, there are debates over which is more important: knowledge-based communication or emotion-driven communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though both are inherently linked to action, researchers often view increased understanding as leading to increased action.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 study by Kris De Meyer et al. attempts to push back against that notion and argues that action produces belief.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analyzing_and_increasing_public_understanding_and_perception">Analyzing and increasing public understanding and perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analyzing and increasing public understanding and perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One line of climate communication study is concerned with analyzing public understanding and risk perception.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding public perception of risk and its relevant influences, as well as public knowledge, concern, consensus, and imagery is thought to help policymakers better address the concerns of constituents and inform further climate communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This notion has opened the realm of climate communications to <a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">political communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_psychology" title="Climate psychology">psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Achieving increased public understanding is often associated with communicating levels of scientific consensus and other scientific facts or futures in order to spur action and address the "information-deficit" model but can also be related to connecting with values and emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perception is often related to personal recognition to impacted locations, times (the present vs. the future), weather events, or economics, which has placed emphasis on different methods of <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing</a> (linking concepts) and rhetoric when communicating.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connection of the self with events, such as those mentioned and often times through perceiving problems as local, increases recognition of the larger problem of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods of communication presently include scientific communication, knowledge transfer, social media, news media, and entertainment amongst others, which are also studied individually regarding climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some experts focus on how public perceptions of climate change can be related to public perceptions of smaller parts of the environment. Through teaching about the interconnectedness of humans and nature, some environmental writers believe that a fundamental shift in thinking is possible, and that this in turn would lead to greater desire to preserve the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecting_to_values_and_emotions">Connecting to values and emotions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Connecting to values and emotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to studies regarding knowledge, climate communication researchers inspect existing values and emotions related to climate change and how they are impacted by various communication strategies and can influence the effects of communication modes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding and relating to the audiences' moral, cultural, religious, and political values, identities, and emotions (like fear) are viewed as imperative to appropriate and effective communication because climate change can otherwise seem intangible due to uncertainty and distance (physical, social, temporal).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing and understanding these values is key to impacting perception of climate science and mitigative action because values serve as filters through which information is processed.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emotional reactions to climate change and the role emotions can play in decision-making have encouraged researchers to study the emotional side of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appeals to emotions (such as fear and hope) and to values can also be used in communication strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether negative emotions (e.g. concern and fear) or positive emotions (e.g. hope) better promote climate change action.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emotions can also be analyzed by their level of pleasantness and/or to the extent they evoke action, which is often understudied.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producing_engagement_and_action">Producing engagement and action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Producing engagement and action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg/255px-20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg/383px-20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg/510px-20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Presenting data and other facts is less effective in motivating people to act to mitigate climate change, than financial incentives and social pressure involved in showing people climate-related actions of other people.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_20230321_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS_20230321-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg/179px-20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg/269px-20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg/358px-20230612_Predictors_of_changing_opinions_about_global_warming_-_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The strongest factors in self-reported changes in opinion about global warming were Republican party identification, seeing others experience impacts of global warming, and learning more about global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateComms_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateComms_-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Studying climate communications can also be focused on civic engagement and the production of behavior changes for adapting or increasing resiliency to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engagement and action can occur on multiple geographic scales (local, regional, national, or international), and examples include participation in climate justice movements, support for policies or politics, changes to agricultural practices, and addresses to vulnerabilities to extreme weather vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behavioral changes can also address more fundamental norms and values that influence lifestyles, life choices, and society as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engagement can also involve how those who communicate climate change interact with researchers studying the field of communications.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have recognized that increased understanding and perception does not automatically produce action and have argued for increased means of enabling action in communication methods.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research into engagement and action often focuses on the perception and understanding of different demographics and geographic locations.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> with his slogan "terminate pollution", say that <a href="/wiki/Climate_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate activist">activists</a> should generate optimism by focusing on the health co-benefits of climate action.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_issues">Major issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barriers_to_understanding">Barriers to understanding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Barriers to understanding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg/207px-20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg/311px-20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg/414px-20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 2022 study found that the public substantially underestimates the degree of scientific consensus that humans are causing climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-KingsCollegeReport_20220629_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingsCollegeReport_20220629-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies from 2019–2021<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynas_2021_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynas_2021-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found scientific consensus to range from 98.7–100%.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:279px;max-width:279px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg/277px-20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="277" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg/416px-20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg/554px-20220823_Public_underestimation_of_public_support_for_climate_action_-_poll_-_false_social_reality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Research found that 80–90% of Americans underestimate the prevalence of support for major climate change mitigation policies and climate concern. While 66–80% Americans support these policies, Americans estimate the prevalence to be 37–43%. Researchers have called this misperception a <i>false social reality,</i> a form of <a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">pluralistic ignorance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatureComms_20220823_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20220823-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg/280px-20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg/420px-20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg/560px-20220831_Climate_change_is_a_%22major_threat%22_to_my_country_-_Pew_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>National political divides on the seriousness of climate change consistently correlate with political ideology, with right-wing opinion being more negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_20220831_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220831-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Climate communications is heavily focused on methods for inviting larger scale <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">public action to address climate change</a>. To this end, a lot of research focuses on barriers to public understanding and action on climate change. Scholarly evidence shows that the <a href="/wiki/Information_deficit_model" title="Information deficit model">information deficit model</a> of communication—where climate change communicators assume "if the public only knew more about the evidence they would act"—doesn't work. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Argumentation_theory" title="Argumentation theory">argumentation theory</a> indicates that different audiences need different kinds of persuasive argumentation and communication. This is counter to many assumptions made by other fields such as <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">environmental sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">risk communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate denialism</a> by organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Heartland_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heartland Institute">The Heartland Institute</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-clouds_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-clouds-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and individuals introduces <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> into public discourse and understanding. </p><p>There are several models for explaining why the public doesn't act once more informed. One of the theoretical models for this is the 5 Ds model created by <a href="/wiki/Per_Espen_Stoknes" title="Per Espen Stoknes">Per Epsten Stoknes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoknes describes 5 major barriers to creating action from climate communication: </p> <ol><li><b>Distance</b> – many effects and impacts of climate change feel distant from individual lives</li> <li><b>Doom -</b> when framed as a disaster, the message backfires, causing <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><b>Dissonance</b> – a disconnect between the problems (mainly the fossil fuel economy) and the things that people choose in their lives</li> <li><b>Denial</b> -- psychological self defense to avoid becoming overwhelmed by fear or guilt</li> <li><b>iDentity</b> -- disconnects created by social identities, such as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> values, which are threatened by the changes that need to happen because of climate change.</li></ol> <p>In her book <i>Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kari_Norgaard" title="Kari Norgaard">Kari Norgaard</a>'s study of Bygdaby—a fictional name used for a real city in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>—found that non-response was much more complex than just a lack of information. In fact, too much information can do the exact opposite because people tend to neglect <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> once they realize there is no easy solution. When people understand the complexity of the issue, they can feel overwhelmed and helpless which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS Climate</a></i> studied defensive and secure forms of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>—respectively called "national narcissism"<sup id="cite_ref-NationalNarcissism_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalNarcissism-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "secure national identification"<sup id="cite_ref-SecureNationalIdentification_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecureNationalIdentification-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—for their correlation to support for policies to mitigate climate change and to transition to renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOSClimate_20230608_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers concluded that secure national identification tends to support policies promoting renewable energy; however, national narcissism was found to be inversely correlated with support for such policies—except to the extent that such policies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>, enhance the national <i>image</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOSClimate_20230608_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right-wing political orientation, which may indicate susceptibility to climate conspiracy beliefs, was also concluded to be negatively correlated with support for genuine climate mitigation policies.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOSClimate_20230608_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS"><i>PLOS One</i></a> in 2024 found that even a single repetition of a claim was sufficient to increase the <i>perceived</i> truth of both climate science-aligned claims and climate change skeptic/denial claims—"highlighting the insidious effect of repetition".<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang_PLOSONE_20240807_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang_PLOSONE_20240807-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect was found even among climate science endorsers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang_PLOSONE_20240807_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang_PLOSONE_20240807-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_literacy">Climate literacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-_%22Climate_change%22_as_a_search_term_-_Google_trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2004-_%22Climate_change%22_as_a_search_term_-_Google_trends.svg/220px-2004-_%22Climate_change%22_as_a_search_term_-_Google_trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2004-_%22Climate_change%22_as_a_search_term_-_Google_trends.svg/330px-2004-_%22Climate_change%22_as_a_search_term_-_Google_trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2004-_%22Climate_change%22_as_a_search_term_-_Google_trends.svg/440px-2004-_%22Climate_change%22_as_a_search_term_-_Google_trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Changes in interest in climate change, as measured by use of "climate change" as a <a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google search term</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though communicating the science about climate change under the premises of an <a href="/wiki/Information_deficit_model" title="Information deficit model">Information deficit model</a> of communication is not very effective in creating change, comfort with and literacy in the main issues and topics of climate change is important for changing public opinion and action.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several agencies and educational organizations have developed frameworks and tools for developing climate literacy, including the Climate Literacy Lab at Georgia State university,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such resources in English have been collected by the Climate Literacy and Awareness Network.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_change">Creating change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creating change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2008, most of the environmental communications evidence for effecting individual or social change were focused on behavior changes around: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">household energy consumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> behaviours, changing transportation behavior and buying green products.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, there were few examples of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-level_communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-level communications (page does not exist)">multi-level communications</a> strategies for effecting change.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Behaviour_change">Behaviour change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Behaviour change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_and_behavior_change_communication" title="Social and behavior change communication">Social and behavior change communication</a></div> <p>Since much of Climate communication is focused on engaging broad public action, much of the studies are focused on effecting behavior change. Typically, effective climate communication has three parts: cognitive, affective and place based <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical appeals">appeals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audience_segmentation">Audience segmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Audience segmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg/228px-2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg/342px-2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg/456px-2021_Survey_on_existence_of_global_warming_and_responsibility_for_climate_change_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The sharp divide over the existence of and responsibility for global warming and climate change falls largely along political lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_20211026_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20211026-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, 60% of Americans surveyed said oil and gas companies were "completely or mostly responsible" for climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_20211026_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20211026-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/206px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/309px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/412px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_20220301_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220301-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_20220301_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220301-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg/237px-202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg/356px-202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg/474px-202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Perceptions differ along political lines, on whether climate change was a "major factor" contributing to various extreme weather events experienced by respondents.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20230823_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20230823-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg/197px-202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg/296px-202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg/394px-202303_Global_warming_caused_by_human_activities_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> have long differed in views of the importance of addressing climate change, with the gap widening in the 2010s<sup id="cite_ref-PewSurvey_2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewSurvey_2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Democrats three times as likely to view global warming as human-caused.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallup_20230420_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup_20230420-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Different parts of different populations respond differently to climate change communication. Academic research since 2013 has seen an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Audience_segmentation" title="Audience segmentation">audience segmentation</a> studies, to understand different tactics for reaching different parts of populations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major segmentation studies include: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> Segmentation of the American audiences into 6 groups:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alarmed, Concerned, Cautious, Disengaged, Doubtful and Dismissive.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">AUS</a> Segmentation of Australians into 4 segments in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 6 segments analogous to the Six America's model.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a> Segmentation of German populations into 5 segments<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> Segmentation of Indian populations into the 6 segments<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> Segmentation of Singapore audiences into 3 segments<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> Segmentation of France audiences intro 6 segments mixing climate attidues and values.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_rhetoric">Changing rhetoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Changing rhetoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20200112_%22Climate_crisis%22_vs_%22Climate_emergency%22_-_Google_search_term_usage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/20200112_%22Climate_crisis%22_vs_%22Climate_emergency%22_-_Google_search_term_usage.png/196px-20200112_%22Climate_crisis%22_vs_%22Climate_emergency%22_-_Google_search_term_usage.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/20200112_%22Climate_crisis%22_vs_%22Climate_emergency%22_-_Google_search_term_usage.png/294px-20200112_%22Climate_crisis%22_vs_%22Climate_emergency%22_-_Google_search_term_usage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/20200112_%22Climate_crisis%22_vs_%22Climate_emergency%22_-_Google_search_term_usage.png/392px-20200112_%22Climate_crisis%22_vs_%22Climate_emergency%22_-_Google_search_term_usage.png 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="1585" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a> data shows a growth in searches for the terms <i>climate emergency</i> (shown in <span style="color: red;">red</span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a></i> (shown in <span style="color:blue">blue</span>).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-_Number_of_academic_papers_including_the_term,_climate_emergency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2008-_Number_of_academic_papers_including_the_term%2C_climate_emergency.svg/238px-2008-_Number_of_academic_papers_including_the_term%2C_climate_emergency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2008-_Number_of_academic_papers_including_the_term%2C_climate_emergency.svg/357px-2008-_Number_of_academic_papers_including_the_term%2C_climate_emergency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2008-_Number_of_academic_papers_including_the_term%2C_climate_emergency.svg/476px-2008-_Number_of_academic_papers_including_the_term%2C_climate_emergency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Terms like "climate emergency" and climate crisis" have often been used by activists, and are increasingly found in academic papers.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20231030_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20231030-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A significant part of the research and public advocacy conversations about climate change have focused on the effectiveness of different terms used to describe "global warming". More recently, the focus has shifted to rhetoric describing all aspects and effects of climate change, including human-non-human relationships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_global_warming">History of global warming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History of global warming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Terminology" title="Climate change">Climate change § Terminology</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Before the 1980s it was unclear whether the warming effect of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">increased greenhouse gases</a> was stronger than the <a href="/wiki/Particulates#Climate_effects" title="Particulates">cooling effect of airborne particulates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>. Scientists used the term <i>inadvertent climate modification</i> to refer to human impacts on the climate at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_Conway_2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_Conway_2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the terms <i>global warming</i> and <i>climate change</i> became more common, often being used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientifically, <i>global warming</i> refers only to increased surface warming, while <i>climate change</i> describes both global warming and its effects on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>, such as precipitation changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_Conway_2008_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_Conway_2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <i>Climate change</i> can also be used more broadly to include <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">changes to the climate</a> that have happened throughout Earth's history.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Global warming</i>—used as early as 1975<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_Science_Broecker_19750808_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_Science_Broecker_19750808-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—became the more popular term after <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> climate scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a> used it in his 1988 testimony in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_history.aip.org2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_history.aip.org2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2000s, <i>climate change</i> has increased usage.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various scientists, politicians and media may use the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">climate emergency</a></i> to talk about climate change, and may use the term <i>global heating</i> instead of <i>global warming</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advocating_change_in_the_way_non-humans_are_referred_to">Advocating change in the way non-humans are referred to</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Advocating change in the way non-humans are referred to"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her book <i>Braiding Sweetgrass</i>, author and botanist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wall_Kimmerer" title="Robin Wall Kimmerer">Robin Wall Kimmerer</a> has suggested that the way in which animals and plants are referred to in language, specifically the English language, impact how they are perceived and therefore treated by persons who speak that language.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her ideas have gained attention and inspired other considerations of how language involving non-human species/groups affects views of and actions taken that involve them.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ways animals, plants, rivers, mountains, etc. are expressed in legislation can, in the view of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> Professor, Jennifer Clary-Lemon, be damaging to perceptions as they seem to carry a persuasive tone, in favor of seeing these pieces of nature as less than; not recognizing their importance.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analysis_of_current_conversations_on_rhetorical_changes_in_climate_communication">Analysis of current conversations on rhetorical changes in climate communication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Analysis of current conversations on rhetorical changes in climate communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is not enough contribution to the field of climate change rhetoric to adequately implement rhetorical changes, despite the presumed effectiveness. Professor of Writing and Rhetoric, Eileen E. Schell of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> has described a lack of attention to conversations concerning changing rhetoric used to discuss climate change and other environmental problems. Experts believe research needs to be done in this area and then it could be applied to climate communication and could be effective in creating better messaging that spurs greater engagement and action.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and health">Climate change and health</a></div><p>Climate change exacerbates a number of existing public health issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">mosquito-borne disease</a>, and introduces new public health concerns related to changing climate, such as increase in health concerns after natural disasters or increases in <a href="/wiki/Heat_illness" title="Heat illness">heat illnesses</a>. Thus the field of <a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">health communication</a> has long acknowledged the importance of treating climate change as a public health issue, requiring broad population behavior changes that allow societal <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A December 2008 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Preventive_Medicine" title="American Journal of Preventive Medicine">American Journal of Preventive Medicine</a></i> recommended using two broad sets of tools to effect this change: communication and <a href="/wiki/Social_marketing" title="Social marketing">social marketing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 study, found that even with moderates and conservatives who were skeptical of the importance of climate change, exposure to information about the <a href="/wiki/Health_impacts_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Health impacts of climate change">health impacts of climate change</a> creates greater concern about the issues.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is also expected to impact mental health significantly. With the increase in emotional responses to climate change, there is a growing need for greater resilience and tolerance to emotional experiences. Research has indicated that these emotional experiences can be adaptive when they are supported and processed appropriately. This support requires the facilitation of emotional processing and reflective functioning. When this occurs, individuals increase in tolerance to emotion and resilience, and are then able to support others through crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_Storytelling">Importance of Storytelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Importance of Storytelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Framing climate change information as a story has been shown to be an effective form of communication. In a 2019 study, climate change narratives structured as stories were better at inspiring pro-environmental behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers propose that these climate stories spark action by allowing each experimental subject to process the information experientially, increasing their affective engagement and leading to emotional arousal. Stories with negative endings, for example, influenced cardiac activity, increasing inter-beat (RR) intervals. The story signalled the brain to be alert and take action against the threat of climate change. </p><p>A similar study has shown that sharing personal stories about experiences with climate change can convince <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_deniers" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change deniers">climate change deniers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing about how climate change has influenced someone's life elicits emotions like worry and compassion, which can shift beliefs about climate change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Media coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage of climate change</a></div> <p>The effect of mass media and journalism on the public's attitudes towards climate change has been a significant part of communications studies. In particular, scholars have looked at how the media's tendency to cover climate change in different cultural contexts, with different audiences or political positions (for example <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>'s dismissive coverage of climate change news), and the tendency of newsrooms to cover climate change as an issue of uncertainty or debate, in order to give a sense of balance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming in popular culture">Global warming in popular culture</a></div> <p>Further research has explored how popular media, like the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow" title="The Day After Tomorrow">The Day After Tomorrow</a>,</i> popular documentary <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">climate fiction</a> change public perceptions of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effective_climate_communication">Effective climate communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Effective climate communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effective climate communications require audience and contextual awareness. Different organizations have published guides and frameworks based on experience in climate communications. This section documents those various guidelines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_guidance">General guidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2009 handbook developed by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Research_on_Environmental_Decisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Research on Environmental Decisions">Center for Research on Environmental Decisions</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Earth_Institute" title="The Earth Institute">Earth Institute</a> at Columbia University describes eight main principles for communications based on the psychological research about Environmental decisions:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Know your audience</li> <li>Get the Audience's Attention</li> <li>Translate Scientific Data into Concrete Experiences</li> <li>Beware the Overuse of Emotional Appeals</li> <li>Address Scientific and Climate Uncertainties</li> <li>Tap into Social Identities and Affiliates</li> <li>Encourage Group Participation</li> <li>Make Behavior Change Easier</li></ol> <p>A strategy playbook, developed based on lessons learned from the COVID pandemic communication, was released On Road Media in the UK in 2020. The framework is focused on developing positive messages that help people feel optimistic about learning more to address climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This framework included six recommendations: </p> <ol><li>Make it do-able and show change is possible</li> <li>Focus on the big things and how we can change them</li> <li>Normalize action and change, not inaction</li> <li>Connect the planet's health with our own health</li> <li>Emphasis our shared responsibility for future generations</li> <li>Keep it down to earth</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_experts">By experts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: By experts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a> published a handbook of guidance for IPCC authors about effective climate communication. It is based on extensive social studies research exploring the impact of different tactics for climate communication.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidelines focus on six main principles: </p> <ol><li>Be a confident communicator</li> <li>Talk about the real world, not abstract ideas</li> <li>Connect with what matters to your audience</li> <li>Tell a human story</li> <li>Lead with what you know</li> <li>Use the most effective visual communication</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visuals">Visuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Visuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2018 study concluded that graphical illustrations such as charts and graphs more effectively overcome misperceptions than the same information presented in text.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20180618_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20180618-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separately, Climate Visuals a nonprofit, published in 2020 a set of guidelines based on evidence for climate communications.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They recommend that visual communications include: </p> <ol><li>Show real people</li> <li>Tell new stories</li> <li>Show climate change causes at scale</li> <li>Show emotionally powerful impacts</li> <li>Understand your audience</li> <li>Show local (serious) impacts</li> <li>Be careful with protest imagery.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applying_findings_from_psychology">Applying findings from psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Applying findings from psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychologists have increasingly been assisting the worldwide community in facing the difficult challenge of organizing effective <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> efforts. Much work has been done on how to best communicate climate related information so that it has positive psychological impact, leading to people engaging in the problem, rather than evoking psychological defenses like denial, distance or a numbing sense of doom. </p><p>As well as advising on the method of communication, psychologists have investigated the difference it make when the right sort of person is doing the communication – for example, when addressing American conservatives, climate related messages have been shown to be received more positively if delivered by former military officers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various people who are not primarily psychologists have also been advising on psychological matters related to climate change. For example, <a href="/wiki/Christiana_Figueres" title="Christiana Figueres">Christiana Figueres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rivett-Carnac" title="Tom Rivett-Carnac">Tom Rivett-Carnac</a>, who led the efforts to organize the unprecedentedly successful 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, have since campaigned to spread the view that a "stubborn optimism" mindset should ideally be part of an individual's psychological response to the climate change challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clayton2020_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton2020-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceInfo2016_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceInfo2016-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study from 2020 found that persuasive messaging that explains the mechanisms behind climate change, rather than the risks or consequences of climate change, was more effective in changing beliefs, especially among conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noting multiple studies showing that people often prefer receiving numerical details over purely verbal communication, a study by science communicators <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Peters_(professor)" title="Ellen Peters (professor)">Ellen Peters</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_M._Markowitz" title="David M. Markowitz">David M. Markowitz</a> reported that participants responded more favorably to messages with precise numeric information on climate change consequences, trusting the messages more, and thinking the message sender was more likely an expert.<sup id="cite_ref-SciAm_20241016_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm_20241016-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the researchers stated that people's math anxiety and level of mathematical ability suggested limiting the quantity of numerical information that should be presented.<sup id="cite_ref-SciAm_20241016_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm_20241016-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_development">Sustainable development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sustainable development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impacts of climate change are exacerbated in low- and middle income countries; higher levels of poverty, less access to technologies, and less education, means that this audience needs different information. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> both acknowledge the importance of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> in addressing these differences. In 2019 the nonprofit, <a href="/wiki/Climate_and_Development_Knowledge_Network" title="Climate and Development Knowledge Network">Climate and Development Knowledge Network</a> published a set of <a href="/wiki/Lessons_learned" title="Lessons learned">lessons learned</a> and guidelines based on their experience communicating climate change in Latin America, Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research centers in climate communication include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Program_on_Climate_Change_Communication" title="Yale Program on Climate Change Communication">Yale Program on Climate Change Communication</a></li> <li>Center for Climate Change Communication at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li>Climate Outreach (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Commission" title="Climate Commission">Climate Commission</a> (Australia)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other bodies that research climate communication</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>International Organizations <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/UN_Climate_Change_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Climate Change Secretariat">UN Climate Change Secretariat</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>NGOs</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_and_Development_Knowledge_Network" title="Climate and Development Knowledge Network">Climate and Development Knowledge Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Council" title="Climate Council">Climate Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zero_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Zero World (page does not exist)">New Zero World</a></li> <li>Re.Climate (Canada)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parlons Climat (France)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Act Climate Labs (USA)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NationalNarcissism-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalNarcissism_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cislak <i>et al.</i> define National Narcissism as "a belief that one's national group is exceptional and deserves external recognition underlain by unsatisfied psychological needs".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SecureNationalIdentification-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SecureNationalIdentification_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cislak <i>et al.</i> define Secure National Identification as "reflect(ing) feelings of strong bonds and solidarity with one's ingroup members, and sense of satisfaction in group membership".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ClimateLabBook_WarmingStripes1850-2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClimateLabBook_WarmingStripes1850-2018_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Hawkins_(climatologist)" title="Ed Hawkins (climatologist)">Hawkins, Ed</a> (4 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2018/2018-visualisation-update/">"2018 visualisation update / Warming stripes for 1850–2018 using the WMO annual global temperature dataset"</a>. <i>Climate Lab Book</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417024828/http://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2018/2018-visualisation-update/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Lab+Book&rft.atitle=2018+visualisation+update+%2F+Warming+stripes+for+1850%E2%80%932018+using+the+WMO+annual+global+temperature+dataset.&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate-lab-book.ac.uk%2F2018%2F2018-visualisation-update%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403013148/http://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/files/2018/12/wmo_stripes.png">Direct link to image</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selma_Arrhenius_19021015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selma_Arrhenius_19021015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-selma-times-1902-global-warming-pred/132568760/">"Hint to Coal Consumers"</a>. <i>The Selma Morning Times</i>. Selma, Alabama, US. October 15, 1902. p. 4 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Selma+Morning+Times&rft.atitle=Hint+to+Coal+Consumers&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1902-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-selma-times-1902-global-warming-pred%2F132568760%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otamatea_Times-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otamatea_Times_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ROTWKG19120814.2.56.5">"Coal Consumption Affecting Climate"</a>. <i>Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette</i>. Warkworth, New Zealand. 14 August 1912. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rodney+and+Otamatea+Times%2C+Waitemata+and+Kaipara+Gazette&rft.atitle=Coal+Consumption+Affecting+Climate&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1912-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FROTWKG19120814.2.56.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span> Text was earlier <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg">published</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>, March 1912, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chadwick, Amy E. (2017-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-22">"Climate Change Communication"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.22">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022861-3"><bdi>978-0-19-022861-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bishop, Brian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2050">"Imagining climate change: The role of implicit associations and affective psychological distancing in climate change responses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Social_Psychology" title="European Journal of Social Psychology">European Journal of Social Psychology</a></i>. <b>44</b> (5): 441–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.2050">10.1002/ejsp.2050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0992">1099-0992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Imagining+climate+change%3A+The+role+of+implicit+associations+and+affective+psychological+distancing+in+climate+change+responses&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=441-454&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.2050&rft.issn=1099-0992&rft.aulast=Leviston&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft.au=Price%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS_20230321-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS_20230321_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergquistThielGoldbergvan_der_Linden2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bergquist, Magnus; 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(27 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/experience-with-global-warming-is-changing-peoples-minds-about-it/">"Experience with global warming is changing people's minds about it"</a>. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531182758/https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/experience-with-global-warming-is-changing-peoples-minds-about-it/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experience+with+global+warming+is+changing+people%27s+minds+about+it&rft.pub=Yale+Program+on+Climate+Change+Communication&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft.aulast=Ballew&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Marlon%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Maibach%2C+Edward&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Seth&rft.au=Aiken%2C+Emily&rft.au=Leiserowitz%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecommunication.yale.edu%2Fpublications%2Fexperience-with-global-warming-is-changing-peoples-minds-about-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span> ● Full technical article (pay wall): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllewMarlonGoldbergMaibach2022" class="citation journal cs1">Allew, Matthew; Marlon, Jennifer; Goldberg, Matthew; Maibach, Edward; et al. 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Note: ±4% margin of error.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+60%25+of+Americans+say+oil+firms+are+to+blame+for+the+climate+crisis&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Foct%2F26%2Fclimate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_20220301-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_20220301_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_20220301_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTysonFunkKennedy2022" class="citation web cs1">Tyson, Alec; Funk, Cary; Kennedy, Brian (1 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/">"Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables)"</a>. <i>Pew Research</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418220503/https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/03/01/carbon-neutral-2050-appendix/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=Americans+Largely+Favor+U.S.+Taking+Steps+To+Become+Carbon+Neutral+by+2050+%2F+Appendix+%28Detailed+charts+and+tables%29&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft.au=Funk%2C+Cary&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fscience%2F2022%2F03%2F01%2Fcarbon-neutral-2050-appendix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashPost_20230823-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashPost_20230823_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjasaClementGuskin2023" class="citation news cs1">Ajasa, Amudalat; Clement, Scott; Guskin, Emily (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/08/23/extreme-weather-climate-change-poll/">"Partisans remain split on climate change contributing to more disasters, and on their weather becoming more extreme"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230823125945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/08/23/extreme-weather-climate-change-poll/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Partisans+remain+split+on+climate+change+contributing+to+more+disasters%2C+and+on+their+weather+becoming+more+extreme&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.aulast=Ajasa&rft.aufirst=Amudalat&rft.au=Clement%2C+Scott&rft.au=Guskin%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fclimate-environment%2F2023%2F08%2F23%2Fextreme-weather-climate-change-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewSurvey_2020-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PewSurvey_2020_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/02/13/as-economic-concerns-recede-environmental-protection-rises-on-the-publics-policy-agenda/">"As Economic Concerns Recede, Environmental Protection Rises on the Public's Policy Agenda / Partisan gap on dealing with climate change gets even wider"</a>. <i>PewResearch.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACT+Climate+Labs&rft.atitle=ACT+Climate+Labs&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actclimatelabs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press,_22_September2015" class="citation web cs1">Colford, Paul (22 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apstylebook.com/blog_posts/4">"An addition to AP Stylebook entry on global warming"</a>. <i>AP Style Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+Style+Blog&rft.atitle=An+addition+to+AP+Stylebook+entry+on+global+warming&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft.aulast=Colford&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apstylebook.com%2Fblog_posts%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA,_7_July2020" class="citation web cs1">Shaftel, Holly; Jackson, Randal; Callery, Susan; Bailey, Daniel, eds. (7 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change">"Overview: Weather, Global Warming and Climate Change"</a>. <i>Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Public+and+Climate+Change%3A+The+Summer+of+1988&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Global+Warming&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Weart&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fclimate%2Fpublic2.htm%23S1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Guardian,_17_May2019" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (17 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/17/why-the-guardian-is-changing-the-language-it-uses-about-the-environment">"Why the Guardian is changing the language it uses about the environment"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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HRG. ;100-461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+Effect+and+Global+Climate+Change%3A+hearing+before+the+Committee+on+Energy+and+Natural+Resources%2C+part+2&rft.series=S.+HRG.+%3B100-461&rft.date=1988-06-23&rft.au=U.S.+Senate%2C+Committee+on+Energy+and+Natural+Resources%2C+100th+Cong.+1st+sess.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b5127807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_communication&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kleemann, Katrin, and Jeroen Oomen, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2019/4/communicating-climate-knowing-change-changing-knowledge">"Communicating the Climate: From Knowing Change to Changing Knowledge,"</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives">RCC Perspectives: Transformations in Environment and Society</a></i> 2019, no. 4. doi.org/10.5282/rcc/8822.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communication_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communication_studies" title="Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communication_studies" title="Template talk:Communication studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communication_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communication_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Biocommunication (science)">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. 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