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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Birch" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birch (disambiguation)">Birch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A birch is a thin-leaved <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Betula (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɛtjʊlə/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornbeams" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornbeams">hornbeams</a>. It is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> family <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a>. The genus Betula contains 30 to 60 <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Betula" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy of Betula">known taxa</a> of which 11 are on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 2011 Red List</a> of Threatened Species. They are typically short-lived <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a> and are widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, particularly in northern areas of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climates" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate climates">temperate climates</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Boreal_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal climate">boreal climates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birch_wood" title="Birch wood">Birch wood</a> is used for a wide range of purposes. <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Birch <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Ypresian–Recent <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Betula_pendula_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/220px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/330px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/440px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="3444"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a> (Silver birch) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Betula" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betuloideae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betuloideae (page does not exist)">Betuloideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betula</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subgenera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Betulenta</li> <li>Betulaster</li> <li>Neurobetula</li> <li>Betula</li> <li>Chamaebetula</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Areal_bereza.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areal_bereza.png/220px-Areal_bereza.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areal_bereza.png/330px-Areal_bereza.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areal_bereza.png/440px-Areal_bereza.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="406"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of Betula </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Betulaster Spach</li> <li>Apterocaryon Opiz</li> <li>Chamaebetula Opiz</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description">1 Description</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Flower_and_fruit">1.1 Flower and fruit</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Taxonomy">2 Taxonomy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Subdivision">2.1 Subdivision</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Etymology">2.2 Etymology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Evolutionary_history">3 Evolutionary history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ecology">4 Ecology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Uses">5 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#As_food">5.1 As food</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cultivation">5.2 Cultivation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Medical">5.3 Medical</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Approved_topical_medicine">5.3.1 Approved topical medicine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Research_and_traditional_medicine">5.3.2 Research and traditional medicine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Paper">5.4 Paper</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Use_in_musical_instruments">5.5 Use in musical instruments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Culture">6 Culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sources">9 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birch" title="Special:EditPage/Birch">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Birch%22">"Birch"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Birch%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Birch%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Birch%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg/170px-Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="312" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="4468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 312px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg/170px-Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="312" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg/255px-Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg/340px-Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The front and rear view of a piece of birch <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a></figcaption></figure> Birch species are generally small to medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, mostly of northern <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and boreal <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The simple <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are alternate, singly or <a href="/wiki/Doubly_serrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly serrate">doubly serrate</a>, feather-veined, petiolate and stipulate. They often appear in pairs, but these pairs are really borne on spur-like, two-leaved, lateral <a href="/wiki/Branchlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchlet">branchlets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keeler-1900-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a small <a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">samara</a>, although the wings may be obscure in some species. They differ from the <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alders</a> (Alnus, another genus in the family) in that the female <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a> are not woody and disintegrate at maturity, falling apart to release the seeds, unlike the woody, cone-like female alder catkins. The <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">bark</a> of all birches is characteristically marked with long, horizontal <a href="/wiki/Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a>, and often separates into thin, papery plates, especially upon the <a href="/wiki/Paper_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper birch">paper birch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Distinctive colors give the common names <a href="/wiki/Gray_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray birch">gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper birch">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_birch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black birch (disambiguation)">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver birch">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow birch">yellow</a> birch to different species.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a>, forming early and full-grown by <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">midsummer</a>, are all lateral, without a terminal bud forming; the branch is prolonged by the upper lateral bud. The wood of all the species is close-grained with a satiny texture and capable of taking a fine polish; its fuel value is fair. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flower_and_fruit">Flower and fruit</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flower and fruit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>, and open with or before the leaves. Once fully grown, these leaves[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] are usually <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3–6 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) long on three-flowered clusters in the axils of the scales of drooping or erect <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a> or aments. Staminate catkins are pendulous, clustered, or solitary in the axils of the last leaves of the branch of the year or near the ends of the short lateral branchlets of the year. They form in early autumn and remain rigid during the winter. The scales of the mature staminate catkins are broadly ovate, rounded, yellow or orange colour below the middle and dark chestnut brown at apex. Each scale bears two bractlets and three sterile flowers, each flower consisting of a sessile, membranous, usually two-lobed, calyx. Each calyx bears four short filaments with one-celled anthers or strictly, two filaments divided into two branches, each bearing a half-anther. Anther cells open longitudinally. The pistillate segments are erect or pendulous, and solitary, terminal on the two-leaved lateral spur-like branchlets of the year. The pistillate scales are oblong-ovate, three-lobed, pale yellow-green often tinged with red, becoming brown at maturity. These scales bear two or three fertile flowers, each flower consisting of a naked ovary. The ovary is compressed, two-celled, and crowned with two slender styles; the ovule is solitary. Each scale bears a single small, winged nut that is oval, with two persistent stigmas at the apex. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birch" title="Special:EditPage/Birch">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Birch%22">"Birch"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Birch%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Birch%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Birch%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subdivision" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Betula_species" title="List of Betula species">List of Betula species</a></div> Betula species are organised into five subgenera. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DosenmoorBirken1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DosenmoorBirken1.jpg/220px-DosenmoorBirken1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DosenmoorBirken1.jpg/220px-DosenmoorBirken1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DosenmoorBirken1.jpg/330px-DosenmoorBirken1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DosenmoorBirken1.jpg/440px-DosenmoorBirken1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birch leaves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_(Betula)_-_Ystad-2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="803"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 93px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A birch-curtain in November in <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stam_van_een_Berk_(Betula)._07-02-2024._(d.j.b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg/220px-Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3359"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg/220px-Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg/330px-Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg/440px-Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lying trunk of a birch (Betula) in total decomposition.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Birches native to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> include</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Betula_albosinensis" title="Betula albosinensis">Betula albosinensis</a> – Chinese red birch (northern + central China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_alnoides" title="Betula alnoides">Betula alnoides</a> – alder-leaf birch (China, Himalayas, northern Indochina)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_ashburneri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula ashburneri (page does not exist)">Betula ashburneri</a> – (Bhutan, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces in China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_baschkirica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula baschkirica (page does not exist)">Betula baschkirica</a> – (eastern European Russia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_bomiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula bomiensis (page does not exist)">Betula bomiensis</a> – (Tibet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_browicziana" class="mw-redirect" title="Betula browicziana">Betula browicziana</a> – (Turkey and Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_buggsii" title="Betula buggsii">Betula buggsii</a> – (China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_calcicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula calcicola (page does not exist)">Betula calcicola</a> – (Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_celtiberica" title="Betula celtiberica">Betula celtiberica</a> – (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_chichibuensis" title="Betula chichibuensis">Betula chichibuensis</a> – (<a href="/wiki/Chichibu,_Saitama" title="Chichibu, Saitama">Chichibu</a> region of Japan)<a href="#cite_note-Kinver-2015-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_chinensis" title="Betula chinensis">Betula chinensis</a> – Chinese dwarf birch (China, Korea)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_coriaceifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula coriaceifolia (page does not exist)">Betula coriaceifolia</a> – (Uzbekistan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_corylifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula corylifolia (page does not exist)">Betula corylifolia</a> – (Honshu Island in Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_costata" title="Betula costata">Betula costata</a> – (northeastern China, Korea, Primorye region of Russia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_cylindrostachya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula cylindrostachya (page does not exist)">Betula cylindrostachya</a> – (Himalayas, southern China, Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_dahurica" title="Betula dahurica">Betula dahurica</a> – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_delavayi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula delavayi (page does not exist)">Betula delavayi</a> – (Tibet, southern China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_ermanii" title="Betula ermanii">Betula ermanii</a> – Erman's birch (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Korea, Japan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_falcata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula falcata (page does not exist)">Betula falcata</a> – (Tajikistan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_fargesii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula fargesii (page does not exist)">Betula fargesii</a> – (Chongqing + Hubei Provinces in China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_fruticosa" title="Betula fruticosa">Betula fruticosa</a> – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_globispica" title="Betula globispica">Betula globispica</a> – (Honshu Island in Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_gmelinii" title="Betula gmelinii">Betula gmelinii</a> – (Siberia, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, Hokkaido Island in Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_grossa" title="Betula grossa">Betula grossa</a> – Japanese cherry birch (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_gynoterminalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula gynoterminalis (page does not exist)">Betula gynoterminalis</a> – (Yunnan Province in China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_honanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula honanensis (page does not exist)">Betula honanensis</a> – (Henan Province in China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_humilis" title="Betula humilis">Betula humilis</a> or Betula kamtschatica – Kamchatka birch platyphylla (northern + central Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Korea)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_insignis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula insignis (page does not exist)">Betula insignis</a> – (southern China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_karagandensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula karagandensis (page does not exist)">Betula karagandensis</a> – (Kazakhstan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_klokovii" title="Betula klokovii">Betula klokovii</a> – (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_kotulae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula kotulae (page does not exist)">Betula kotulae</a> – (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_luminifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula luminifera (page does not exist)">Betula luminifera</a> – (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_maximowicziana" title="Betula maximowicziana">Betula maximowicziana</a> – monarch birch (Japan, Kuril Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_medwediewii" title="Betula medwediewii">Betula medwediewii</a> – Caucasian birch (Turkey, Iran, Caucasus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_megrelica" title="Betula megrelica">Betula megrelica</a> – (Republic of Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_microphylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula microphylla (page does not exist)">Betula microphylla</a> – (Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">Betula nana</a> – dwarf birch (northern + central Europe, Russia, Siberia, Greenland, Northwest Territories of Canada))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a> – silver birch (widespread in Europe and northern Asia; Morocco; naturalized in New Zealand and scattered locations in US + Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_platyphylla" title="Betula platyphylla">Betula platyphylla</a> – (Betula pendula var. platyphylla)—Siberian silver birch (Siberia, Russian Far East, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Alaska, western Canada)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_potamophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula potamophila (page does not exist)">Betula potamophila</a> – (Tajikistan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_potaninii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula potaninii (page does not exist)">Betula potaninii</a> – (southern China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_psammophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula psammophila (page does not exist)">Betula psammophila</a> – (Kazakhstan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_pubescens" title="Betula pubescens">Betula pubescens</a> – downy birch, also known as white, European white or hairy birch (Europe, Siberia, Greenland, Newfoundland; naturalized in scattered locations in US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_raddeana" title="Betula raddeana">Betula raddeana</a> – (Caucasus)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_saksarensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula saksarensis (page does not exist)">Betula saksarensis</a> – (Khakassiya region of Siberia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_saviczii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula saviczii (page does not exist)">Betula saviczii</a> – (Kazakhstan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_schmidtii" title="Betula schmidtii">Betula schmidtii</a> – (northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Primorye region of Russia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_sunanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula sunanensis (page does not exist)">Betula sunanensis</a> – (Gansu Province of China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_szechuanica" title="Betula szechuanica">Betula szechuanica</a> – (Betula pendula var. szechuanica)—Sichuan birch (Tibet, southern China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_tianshanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula tianshanica (page does not exist)">Betula tianshanica</a> – (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Mongolia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_utilis" title="Betula utilis">Betula utilis</a> – Himalayan birch (Afghanistan, Central Asia, China, China, Tibet, Himalayas)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_wuyiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula wuyiensis (page does not exist)">Betula wuyiensis</a> – (Fujian Province of China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_zinserlingii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula zinserlingii (page does not exist)">Betula zinserlingii</a> – (Kyrgyzstan)</li></ol> Note: many American texts have B. pendula and B. pubescens confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers. <dl><dt>Birches native to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> include</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_Trees,_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg/220px-Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8610" data-file-height="5381"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg/220px-Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg/330px-Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg/440px-Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birch trees in the Ten Mile Estuary State Marine Conservation Area south of Newport, California</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis" title="Betula alleghaniensis">Betula alleghaniensis</a> – yellow birch (B. lutea) (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, upper eastern US, Appalachians)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_caerulea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula caerulea (page does not exist)">Betula caerulea</a> – blue birch (northeast of North America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_cordifolia" title="Betula cordifolia">Betula cordifolia</a> – mountain paper birch (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, New England US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_glandulosa" title="Betula glandulosa">Betula glandulosa</a> – American dwarf birch (Siberia, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, mountains of western US and New England, Adirondacks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_kenaica" title="Betula kenaica">Betula kenaica</a> – Kenai birch ( Alaska, northwestern North America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_lenta" title="Betula lenta">Betula lenta</a> – sweet birch, cherry birch, or black birch (Quebec, Ontario, eastern US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_michauxii" title="Betula michauxii">Betula michauxii</a> – Newfoundland dwarf birch (Newfoundland, Labrador, Quebec, Nova Scotia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_minor" title="Betula minor">Betula minor</a> – dwarf white birch (eastern Canada, mountains of northern New England and Adirondacks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_murrayana" title="Betula murrayana">Betula murrayana</a> – Murray's birch (Great Lakes endemic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">Betula nana</a> – dwarf birch or bog birch (also in northern Europe and Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_neoalaskana" title="Betula neoalaskana">Betula neoalaskana</a> – Alaska paper birch also known as Alaska birch or Resin birch (Alaska and northern Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_nigra" title="Betula nigra">Betula nigra</a> – river birch or black birch (eastern US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_occidentalis" title="Betula occidentalis">Betula occidentalis</a> – water birch or red birch (B. fontinalis) (Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, western Canada, western US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a> – paper birch, canoe birch or American white birch (Alaska, most of Canada, northern US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_populifolia" title="Betula populifolia">Betula populifolia</a> – gray birch (eastern Canada, northeastern US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_pumila" title="Betula pumila">Betula pumila</a> – swamp birch (Alaska, Canada, northern US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betula_uber" title="Betula uber">Betula uber</a> – Virginia round-leaf birch (southwestern Virginia)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birch" title="Special:EditPage/Birch">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The common name birch comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> birce, bierce, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *berk-jōn (cf. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Birke, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> bjirk), an adjectival formation from *berkōn (cf. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> berk, <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> Bark, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> birk, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> bjørk), itself from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *bʰerHǵ- ~ bʰrHǵ-, which also gave <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> béržas, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> Bērzs, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> берёза (berëza), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> береза (beréza), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> bredh 'fir', <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetian</a> bærz(æ), <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> bhurja, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> brzoza, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> fraxinus 'ash (tree)'. This root is presumably derived from *bʰreh₁ǵ- 'to shine, whiten', in reference to the birch's white bark. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune">rune</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">berkanan</a> is named after the birch. The generic name Betula is from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> betua (cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> bethe, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> bedw). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg/220px-Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1747"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg/220px-Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg/330px-Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg/440px-Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fossil leaf of <a href="/wiki/Betula_leopoldae" title="Betula leopoldae">Betula leopoldae</a></figcaption></figure> Within Betulaceae, birches are most closely related to alder. The oldest known birch fossils are those of <a href="/wiki/Betula_leopoldae" title="Betula leopoldae">Betula leopoldae</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Mountain_Formation" title="Klondike Mountain Formation">Klondike Mountain Formation</a> in Washington State, US, which date to the early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a>) around 49 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 257px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg/255px-Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg/340px-Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Frosty birches in <a href="/wiki/Kangasala" title="Kangasala">Kangasala</a>, Finland in February 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hankasalmi_stream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hankasalmi_stream.jpg/220px-Hankasalmi_stream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6142" data-file-height="3882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hankasalmi_stream.jpg/220px-Hankasalmi_stream.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hankasalmi_stream.jpg/330px-Hankasalmi_stream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hankasalmi_stream.jpg/440px-Hankasalmi_stream.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birch trees by a river in <a href="/wiki/Hankasalmi" title="Hankasalmi">Hankasalmi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg/220px-Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg/220px-Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg/330px-Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg/440px-Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A stand of birch trees</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A birch tree in autumn</figcaption></figure> Birches often form even-aged stands on light, well-drained, particularly <a href="/wiki/Soil_ph" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil ph">acidic soils</a>. They are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a>, rapidly colonizing open ground especially in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_succession" title="Secondary succession">secondary successional</a> sequences following a disturbance or fire. Birches are early tree species to become established in <a href="/wiki/Primary_succession" title="Primary succession">primary successions</a>, and can become a threat to heathland if the <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a> and saplings are not suppressed by grazing or periodic burning. Birches are generally lowland species, but some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">Betula nana</a>, have a <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> distribution. In the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, there is some difference between the environments of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, and some hybridization, though both are "opportunists in steady-state woodland systems". <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal fungi">Mycorrhizal fungi</a>, including sheathing (ecto)mycorrhizas, are found in some cases to be beneficial to tree growth.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> A large number of lepidopteran insects feed on birch foliage. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birke_Multiplex.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birke_Multiplex.JPG/220px-Birke_Multiplex.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birke_Multiplex.JPG/220px-Birke_Multiplex.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birke_Multiplex.JPG/330px-Birke_Multiplex.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birke_Multiplex.JPG/440px-Birke_Multiplex.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birch plywood</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vihtoja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vihtoja.jpg/220px-Vihtoja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2165" data-file-height="2490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vihtoja.jpg/220px-Vihtoja.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vihtoja.jpg/330px-Vihtoja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vihtoja.jpg/440px-Vihtoja.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Bath_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath broom">bath broom</a> called vihta/vasta, braided from birch twigs</figcaption></figure> Because of the hardness of birch, it is easier to shape it with power tools; it is quite difficult to work it with hand tools.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <ul><li>Birch wood is fine-grained and pale in colour, often with an attractive <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satin</a>-like sheen. Ripple figuring may occur, increasing the value of the timber for <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a> and furniture-making. The highly decorative Masur (or <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a>) birch, from Betula verrucosa var. carelica, has ripple textures combined with attractive dark streaks and lines.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Birch <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> is made from laminations of birch veneer. It is light but strong, and has many other good properties. It is among the strongest and dimensionally most stable plywoods, although it is unsuitable for exterior use. Birch plywood is used to make <a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">longboards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">skateboard</a>), giving it a strong yet flexible ride. It is also used (often in very thin grades with many laminations) for making <a href="/wiki/Model_aircraft" title="Model aircraft">model aircraft</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Extracts of birch are used for <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">leather oil</a>, and in cosmetics such as <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoo</a>. In the past, commercial oil of wintergreen (<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>) was made from the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet birch">sweet birch</a> (Betula lenta).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a> or Russian oil extracted from birch bark is <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> and waterproof; it was used as a <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glue</a> on, for example, <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>, and also for medicinal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Fragrant twigs of wintergreen group birches are used in <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">saunas</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Birch is also associated with the feast of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> in Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia, where its branches are used as decoration for churches and homes on this day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Ground birch bark, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermented</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>, is used for seasoning the woolen, hemp or linen sails and hemp rope of <a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">traditional Norwegian boats</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Birch twigs bound in a bundle, also called birch, were used for <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birching</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Physical_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical punishment">corporal punishment</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> prize the birch for its bark, which because of its light weight, flexibility, and the ease with which it can be stripped from fallen trees, is often used for the construction of strong, waterproof but lightweight <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>, bowls, and <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwams</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Hughes H-4 Hercules</a> was made mostly of birch wood, despite its better-known moniker, "The Spruce Goose".</li> <li>Birch plywood was specified by the BBC as the only wood that can be used in making the cabinets of the long-lived <a href="/wiki/LS3/5A" title="LS3/5A">LS3/5A</a> loudspeaker.<a href="#cite_note-Prakel-1979-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Birch is used as <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> because of its high <a href="/wiki/Calorific_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Calorific value">calorific value</a> per unit weight and unit volume. It burns well, without popping, even when frozen and freshly hewn. The bark will burn very well even when wet because of the oils it contains. With care, it can be split into very thin sheets that will ignite from even the smallest of sparks. Birch wood can be used to smoke foods.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Birch seeds are used as <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> in miniature terrain models.<a href="#cite_note-Joyce2010-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Birch oil is used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Russia_leather" title="Russia leather">Russia leather</a>, a water-resistant leather.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As food" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The inner bark is considered edible as an emergency food, even when raw.<a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12">[12]</a> It can be dried and ground into flour, as was done by Native Americans and early settlers. It can also be cut into strips and cooked like noodles.<a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birch_sap" title="Birch sap">sap</a> can be drunk or used to make <a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">syrup</a><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">birch beer</a>. Tea can be made from the red inner bark of black birches.<a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultivation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> White-barked birches in particular are cultivated as ornamental trees, largely for their appearance in winter. The Himalayan birch, <a href="/wiki/Betula_utilis" title="Betula utilis">Betula utilis</a>, especially the variety or subspecies jacquemontii, is among the most widely planted for this purpose. It has been cultivated since the 1870s, and many <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are available, including 'Doorenbos', 'Grayswood Ghost' and 'Silver Shadow'; 'Knightshayes' has a slightly weeping habit. Other species with ornamental white bark include <a href="/wiki/Betula_ermanii" title="Betula ermanii">Betula ermanii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betula_raddeana" title="Betula raddeana">Betula raddeana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2015-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approved_topical_medicine">Approved topical medicine</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Approved topical medicine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the European Union, a <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription</a> <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> containing birch bark extract (commercial name Episalvan, betulae cortex dry extract (5–10 : 1); extraction solvent: <a href="/wiki/N-heptane" class="mw-redirect" title="N-heptane">n-heptane</a> 95% (w/w)) was approved in 2016 for the <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical treatment</a> of minor skin wounds in adults.<a href="#cite_note-EuropeanMedicinesAgency-2016-17">[17]</a> Although its <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> in helping to heal injured skin is not fully understood, birch bark extract appears to stimulate the growth of <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> which then fill the wound.<a href="#cite_note-EuropeanMedicinesAgency-2016-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ebeling-2014-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_and_traditional_medicine">Research and traditional medicine</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research and traditional medicine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Preliminary research indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betulin" title="Betulin">betulin</a> and possibly other <a href="/wiki/Triterpene" title="Triterpene">triterpenes</a>, are active in Episalvan gel and wound healing properties of birch bark.<a href="#cite_note-Ebeling-2014-18">[18]</a> Over centuries, birch bark was used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> practices by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American indigenous people</a> for treating superficial wounds by applying bark directly to the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Ebeling-2014-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Splint_(medicine)" title="Splint (medicine)">Splints</a> made with birch bark were used as <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_cast" title="Orthopedic cast">casts for broken limbs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper">Paper</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paper" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch bark document">Birch bark document</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_bark_document_210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birch_bark_document_210.jpg/220px-Birch_bark_document_210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5883" data-file-height="3592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birch_bark_document_210.jpg/220px-Birch_bark_document_210.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birch_bark_document_210.jpg/330px-Birch_bark_document_210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birch_bark_document_210.jpg/440px-Birch_bark_document_210.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A birch bark inscription excavated from <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, circa 1240–1260</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">Wood pulp</a> made from birch gives relatively long and slender fibres for a <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>. The thin walls cause the fibre to collapse upon drying, giving a <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> with low bulk and low opacity. The birch fibres are, however, easily fibrillated and give about 75% of the tensile strength of softwood.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The low opacity makes it suitable for making <a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">glassine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the birch (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: भुर्ज, bhurja) holds great historical significance in the culture of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, where the thin bark coming off in winter was extensively used as writing paper. Birch paper (Sanskrit: भुर्ज पत्र, bhurja patra) is exceptionally durable and was the material used for many ancient Indian texts.<a href="#cite_note-Sanjukta_Gupta-1972-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-1990-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda tablets</a> also use birch as a material on which to write and birch bark was used widely in ancient <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as notepaper (beresta) and for decorative purposes and even making <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a> (lapti) and baskets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_musical_instruments">Use in musical instruments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use in musical instruments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Birch wood is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Tonewood" title="Tonewood">tonewood</a> for semiacoustic and <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a> bodies, and occasionally for solid-body guitar bodies. It is also a common material used in <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">mallets</a> for <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">keyboard percussion</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Drum manufacturers, such as <a href="/wiki/Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>, have been known to use birch wood in the construction of drum shells, owing to its strength and colour which takes stain in an appealing way, and which can also amber over very well, while also giving the drums an appealing tone which changes depending on the type of birch used.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg/220px-Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2647" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg/220px-Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg/330px-Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg/440px-Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birch trees in spring in a park in Warsaw, Poland (1939)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg/220px-Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg/220px-Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg/330px-Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg/440px-Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birch tree forest at Ishkoman, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Birches have spiritual importance in several religions, both modern and historical. In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic</a> cultures, the birch symbolises growth, renewal, stability, initiation, and adaptability because it is highly adaptive and able to sustain harsh conditions with casual indifference. Proof of this adaptability is seen in its easy and eager ability to repopulate areas damaged by forest fires or clearings. Birches are also associated with <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g" title="Tír na nÓg">Tír na nÓg</a>, the land of the dead and the <a href="/wiki/Sidhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidhe">Sidhe</a>, in Gaelic folklore, and as such frequently appear in Scottish, Irish, and English folksongs and ballads in association with death, or fairies, or returning from the grave. The leaves of the silver birch tree are used in the festival of St George, held in <a href="/wiki/Novosej" title="Novosej">Novosej</a> and other villages in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg/150px-Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 168px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg/150px-Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg.png" data-width="150" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg/225px-Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg/300px-Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birch leaves in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Karjalohja" title="Karjalohja">Karjalohja</a></figcaption></figure> The birch is <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>'s state tree and the national tree of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis" title="Betula alleghaniensis">yellow birch</a> is the official tree of the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (Canada). The birch is a very important element in Russian culture and represents the grace, strength, tenderness and natural beauty of Russian women as well as the closeness to nature of the Russians.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> It's associated with marriage and love.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> There are numerous folkloric Russian songs in which the birch tree occurs. The <a href="/wiki/Orn%C3%A4s_birch" title="Ornäs birch">Ornäs birch</a> is the national tree of Sweden. The <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> word for the month of March, Březen, is derived from the Czech word bříza meaning birch, as birch trees flower in March under local conditions. The silver birch tree is of special importance to the Swedish city of <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>. In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_city_fire" title="Umeå city fire">Umeå city fire</a> spread all over the city and nearly burnt it down to the ground, but some birches, supposedly, halted the spread of the fire. To protect the city against future fires, wide avenues were created, and these were lined with silver birch trees all over the city. Umeå later adopted the unofficial name of "City of the Birches (Björkarnas stad)". Also, the ice hockey team of Umeå is called <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkl%C3%B6ven" class="mw-redirect" title="Björklöven">Björklöven</a>, translated to English "The Birch Leaves".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] "Swinging" birch trees was a common game for American children in the nineteenth century. American poet <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Larcom" title="Lucy Larcom">Lucy Larcom</a>'s "Swinging on a Birch Tree" celebrates the game.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The poem inspired <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, who pays homage to the act of climbing birch trees in his more famous poem, "Birches".<a href="#cite_note-Fagan-2007-28">[28]</a> Frost once told "it was almost sacrilegious climbing a birch tree till it bent, till it gave and swooped to the ground, but that's what boys did in those days".<a href="#cite_note-Parini-1999-29">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript" title="Birch bark manuscript">Birch bark manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Betula" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy of Betula">Taxonomy of Betula</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episalvan&rft.pub=European+Medicines+Agency&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2FEPAR%2Fepisalvan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebeling-2014-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebeling-2014_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebeling-2014_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebeling-2014_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbelingNaumannPollokWardecki2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ebeling, Sandra; Naumann, Katrin; Pollok, Simone; Wardecki, Tina; Vidal-y-Sy, Sabine; Nascimento, Juliana M.; Boerries, Melanie; Schmidt, Gudula; Brandner, Johanna M.; Merfort, Irmgard (2014-01-22). Simon, Michel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899119">"From a traditional medicinal plant to a rational drug: Understanding the clinically proven wound healing efficacy of birch bark extract"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e86147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...986147E">2014PLoSO...986147E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0086147">10.1371/journal.pone.0086147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899119">3899119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24465925">24465925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=From+a+traditional+medicinal+plant+to+a+rational+drug%3A+Understanding+the+clinically+proven+wound+healing+efficacy+of+birch+bark+extract&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e86147&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3899119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...986147E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24465925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0086147&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Ebeling&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Naumann%2C+Katrin&rft.au=Pollok%2C+Simone&rft.au=Wardecki%2C+Tina&rft.au=Vidal-y-Sy%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Nascimento%2C+Juliana+M.&rft.au=Boerries%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Gudula&rft.au=Brandner%2C+Johanna+M.&rft.au=Merfort%2C+Irmgard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3899119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Arthur_Clark1937" class="citation journal cs1">William Arthur Clark (January 1, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015503/http://jbjs.org/article.aspx?articleid=8666">"History of fracture treatment up to the sixteenth century"</a>. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 19 (1): 61–62. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbjs.org/article.aspx?articleid=8666">the original</a> on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013. <q>Another method cited was that of splints made of birch bark soaked in water until quite soft. They were then carefully fitted to the limb and tied with bark thongs. On drying, they became stiff and firm. There is no record of the use of extension, but, nevertheless, very few crippled and deformed Indians were to be seen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery&rft.atitle=History+of+fracture+treatment+up+to+the+sixteenth+century&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1937-01-01&rft.au=William+Arthur+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbjs.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D8666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNankoButton,_AlanHillman,_Dave2005" class="citation book cs1">Nanko, Hiroki; Button, Alan; Hillman, Dave (2005). The World of Market Pulp. US: WOMP, LLC. pp. 192–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-13013-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-615-13013-5"><bdi>0-615-13013-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Market+Pulp&rft.place=US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=WOMP%2C+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-615-13013-5&rft.aulast=Nanko&rft.aufirst=Hiroki&rft.au=Button%2C+Alan&rft.au=Hillman%2C+Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjukta_Gupta-1972-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanjukta_Gupta-1972_21-0">^</a> Sanjukta Gupta, "Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text", Brill Archive, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03419-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03419-6">90-04-03419-6</a>. Snippet:... the text recommends that the bark of the Himalayan birch tree (bhurja-patra) should be used for scribbling mantras ... </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-1990-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh-1990_22-0">^</a> Amalananda Ghosh, "An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology", BRILL, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09264-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09264-1">90-04-09264-1</a>. Snippet:... Bhurja-patra, the inner bark on the birch tree grown in the Himalayan region, was a very common writing material ... </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerra2022" class="citation web cs1">Cerra, Steve La (2022-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.yamaha.com/drums/stage/a-brief-guide-to-drum-tonewoods/">"A Brief Guide to Drum Tonewoods"</a>. Yamaha Music – Blog. Retrieved 2024-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yamaha+Music+%E2%80%93+Blog&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Drum+Tonewoods&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft.aulast=Cerra&rft.aufirst=Steve+La&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.yamaha.com%2Fdrums%2Fstage%2Fa-brief-guide-to-drum-tonewoods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052232/http://www.rasp.org.al/oldevents.html">"Traditional celebrations in Novosej"</a>. RASP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rasp.org.al/oldevents.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+celebrations+in+Novosej&rft.pub=RASP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rasp.org.al%2Foldevents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurochkaclothing.com/news/birch-tree/">"The Birch: Russia's Tree | News & Info"</a>. kurochkaclothing.com. Retrieved 2018-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kurochkaclothing.com&rft.atitle=The+Birch%3A+Russia%27s+Tree+%7C+News+%26+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurochkaclothing.com%2Fnews%2Fbirch-tree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissKandinsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Peg; Kandinsky, Wassily (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kandinskyoldruss0000weis/page/36">Kandinsky and Old Russia : the artist as ethnographer and shaman</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kandinskyoldruss0000weis/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300056478" title="Special:BookSources/0300056478"><bdi>0300056478</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30701876">30701876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kandinsky+and+Old+Russia+%3A+the+artist+as+ethnographer+and+shaman&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30701876&rft.isbn=0300056478&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Peg&rft.au=Kandinsky%2C+Wassily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkandinskyoldruss0000weis%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfileger" class="citation web cs1">Pfileger, Pat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merrycoz.org/folks/BIRCH.xhtml">"Our Young Folks: Swinging on a Birch-Tree, by Lucy Larcom & Winslow Homer (1867)"</a>. Merry Coz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merry+Coz&rft.atitle=Our+Young+Folks%3A+Swinging+on+a+Birch-Tree%2C+by+Lucy+Larcom+%26+Winslow+Homer+%281867%29&rft.aulast=Pfileger&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merrycoz.org%2Ffolks%2FBIRCH.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan-2007-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Fagan-2007_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2007" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Deirdre J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iA70iL5LnEIC&q=birches+frost&pg=PA42">Critical Companion to Robert Frost: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0854-4"><bdi>978-1-4381-0854-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Companion+to+Robert+Frost%3A+A+Literary+Reference+to+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0854-4&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiA70iL5LnEIC%26q%3Dbirches%2Bfrost%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parini-1999-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Parini-1999_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParini1999" class="citation book cs1">Parini, Jay (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertfrostlife00pari">Robert Frost: A Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Halt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertfrostlife00pari/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-3181-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-3181-2"><bdi>0-8050-3181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Frost%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Halt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8050-3181-2&rft.aulast=Parini&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertfrostlife00pari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlow1997" class="citation cs1">Furlow, John J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103887">"Betula"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1">Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</a>. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EBetula%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Furlow&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D103887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiSkvortsov" class="citation cs1">Li, Pei-chun; Skvortsov, Alexei K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=103887">"Betula"</a>. Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EBetula%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+China&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Pei-chun&rft.au=Skvortsov%2C+Alexei+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D103887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimshaw2009" class="citation book cs1">Grimshaw, John (2009). New Trees, Recent introductions to cultivation. <a href="/wiki/Kew_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kew Publishing">Kew Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens,_Kew" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew">RBG Kew</a>. pp. 163–174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Trees%2C+Recent+introductions+to+cultivation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=Kew+Publishing%2C+RBG+Kew&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Grimshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Birch">"Birch" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birch&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirrusimage.com/trees_Betulaceae.htm">Tree Family Betulaceae</a> Diagnostic photos of many species, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Arboretum" title="Morton Arboretum">Morton Arboretum</a> specimens</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichhorn2010" class="citation web cs1">Eichhorn, Markus (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_birch.htm">"The Birch Tree"</a>. Test Tube. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Test+Tube&rft.atitle=The+Birch+Tree&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.test-tube.org.uk%2Ftrees%2Fvideo_birch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Birch at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Betula" class="extiw" title="c:Betula">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Betula" class="extiw" title="species:Betula">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25243" class="extiw" title="d:Q25243">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birch&oldid=1273985669">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birch&oldid=1273985669</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 February 2025, at 22:46 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk" title="Berk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Berk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birke" title="Birke – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Birke" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%85_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%AD" title="የፈረንጅ ልምጭ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የፈረንጅ ልምጭ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A1hi" title="Suáhi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Suáhi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="قضبان (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قضبان (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мах – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мах" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toza%C4%9Fac%C4%B1" title="Tozağacı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tozağacı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ҡайын – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡайын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бяроза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бяроза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Бяроза (дрэва) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бяроза (дрэва)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бреза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤིང་སྟག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤིང་སྟག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza" title="Breza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Breza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezv" title="Bezv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bezv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуһан модон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хуһан модон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoll" title="Bedoll – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bedoll" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Хурăн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хурăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99%C3%ADza" title="Bříza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bříza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedwen" title="Bedwen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bedwen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birk" title="Birk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Birk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soagit" title="Soagit – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Soagit" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baerickebaam" title="Baerickebaam – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Baerickebaam" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birken" title="Birken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Birken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BCishch%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC" title="Kʼishchííʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kʼishchííʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kask" title="Kask – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kask" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Σημύδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημύδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Килей – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Килей" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulo" title="Betulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urki" title="Urki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA)" title="توس (درخت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توس (درخت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouleau" title="Bouleau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouleau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjirken_(skaai)" title="Bjirken (skaai) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bjirken (skaai)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith" title="Beith – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beith" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beih" title="Beih – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Beih" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith" title="Beith – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beith" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidueiro" title="Bidueiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bidueiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9E%91%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="자작나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자작나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Կեչի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեչի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="भूर्ज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूर्ज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%9Bza" title="Brěza – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brěza" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza" title="Breza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Breza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birko" title="Birko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Birko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burja" title="Burja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B7" title="Бæрз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæрз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birki" title="Birki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Birki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%A8_(%D7%A2%D7%A5)" title="שדר (עץ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שדר (עץ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="არყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%A3" title="Қайың – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қайың" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Кыдз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кыдз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darberk" title="Darberk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Darberk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кайыңдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кайыңдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Куги – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Куги" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoi" title="Bedoi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bedoi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="КӀялагьи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="КӀялагьи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rzi" title="Bērzi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērzi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C5%BEas" title="Beržas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beržas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birk" title="Birk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Birk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%ADr_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Nyír (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyír (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бреза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="ബർച്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബർച്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قضبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قضبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Келу – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Келу" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81" title="Хус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk" title="Berk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birk" title="Birk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Birk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0" title="सउर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सउर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%82%AD%E5%B1%9E" title="カバノキ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カバノキ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkebuumer" title="Birkebuumer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Birkebuumer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rkeslekten" title="Bjørkeslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bjørkeslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rkeslekta" title="Bjørkeslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bjørkeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%A7" title="Beç – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beç" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Куэ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Куэ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qayin" title="Qayin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qayin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%86" title="برچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Кыдз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кыдз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulh%C3%A9" title="Boulhé – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Boulhé" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzoza" title="Brzoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brzoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tula" title="Bétula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bétula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesteac%C4%83n" title="Mesteacăn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mesteacăn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awidul" title="Awidul – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awidul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Берёза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берёза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%A5" title="Хатыҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хатыҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulla" title="Betulla – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Betulla" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch" title="Birch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza_(rod)" title="Breza (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Breza (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza" title="Breza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Breza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%B0" title="Брѣꙁа – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Брѣꙁа" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бреза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza_(biljka)" title="Breza (biljka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Breza (biljka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koivut" title="Koivut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koivut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkar" title="Björkar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Björkar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Каен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A" title="เบิร์ช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบิร์ช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%AF%D1%81_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82)" title="Тӯс (дарахт) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тӯс (дарахт)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C5%9F" title="Huş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Huş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3" title="Хадың – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хадың" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Кызьпу – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кызьпу" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Береза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Береза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiv" title="Koiv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Koiv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_C%C3%A1ng_l%C3%B2" title="Chi Cáng lò – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Cáng lò" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey%C3%B4le" title="Beyôle – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Beyôle" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berke" title="Berke – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Berke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%A6%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%9E" title="桦木属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="桦木属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%BA%E6%A8%B9" title="樺樹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="樺樹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C5%BEos" title="Beržos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Beržos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%A6%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%9E" title="桦木属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="桦木属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 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