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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Climate</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Climate" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Climate" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Climate is the long-term <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20050201-2">[2]</a> More rigorously, it is the mean and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_dispersion" title="Statistical dispersion">variability</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> variables that are commonly measured are <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and the interactions between them.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2021-1">[1]</a> The climate of a location is affected by its <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">water bodies</a> and their currents.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Climates can be <a href="/wiki/Climate_classification" title="Climate classification">classified</a> according to the average and typical variables, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. The most widely used classification scheme is the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thornthwaite_climate_classification" title="Thornthwaite climate classification">Thornthwaite system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in use since 1948, incorporates <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> along with temperature and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> information and is used in studying <a href="/wiki/Biological_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological diversity">biological diversity</a> and how <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> affects it. The major classifications in Thornthwaite's climate classification are microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Finally, the Bergeron and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_Synoptic_Classification_system" title="Spatial Synoptic Classification system">Spatial Synoptic Classification systems</a> focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region. <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> is the study of ancient climates. <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimatologists">Paleoclimatologists</a> seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologic</a> period, beginning with the time of the Earth's formation.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Since very few direct observations of climate were available before the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimate">paleoclimates</a> are inferred from <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy variables</a>. They include non-biotic evidence—such as <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Lake_beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake beds">lake beds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice cores</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> evidence—such as <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">tree rings</a> and coral. <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate models</a> are mathematical models of past, present, and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales due to various factors. Recent warming is discussed in terms of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, which results in redistributions of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">biota</a>. For example, as climate scientist <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Ann_Hughes" title="Lesley Ann Hughes">Lesley Ann Hughes</a> has written: "a 3 °C [5 °F] change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km [190–250 mi] in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m [1,600 ft] in elevation. Therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> in response to shifting climate zones."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-TIEE-20000201-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition">1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Climate_classification">2 Climate classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Record">3 Record</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Paleoclimatology">3.1 Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern">3.2 Modern</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate_variability">4 Climate variability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Climate_change">5 Climate change</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Climate_models">6 Climate models</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References">8 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sources">8.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Climate (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> κλίμα 'inclination') is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The standard averaging period is 30 years,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">2001</a> glossary definition is as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather", or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) describes "<a href="/wiki/Climate_normal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate normal">climate normals</a>" as "reference points used by <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatologists</a> to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered typical. A climate normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period. A 30-year period is used as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies such as <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a>, but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends."<a href="#cite_note-WMO_data-12">[12]</a> The WMO originated from the <a href="/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization" title="International Meteorological Organization">International Meteorological Organization</a> which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934 <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> meeting, the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982, the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.<a href="#cite_note-WMO_history-13">[13]</a> The 1961–1990 climate normals serve as the baseline reference period. The next set of climate normals to be published by WMO is from 1991 to 2010.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Aside from collecting from the most common atmospheric variables (air temperature, pressure, precipitation and wind), other variables such as humidity, visibility, cloud amount, solar radiation, soil temperature, pan evaporation rate, days with thunder and days with hail are also collected to measure change in climate conditions.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Over <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> time spans, there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. All of these variables change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>) determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Global_cooling" title="Global cooling">global cooling</a>. The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ledley1999-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Climate_classification">Climate classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_classification" title="Climate classification">Climate classification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_(1980-2016).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of world dividing climate zones, largely influenced by latitude. The zones, going from the equator upward (and downward) are Tropical, Dry, Moderate, Continental and Polar. There are subzones within these zones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png/220px-K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16486" data-file-height="10000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png/220px-K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png" data-alt="Map of world dividing climate zones, largely influenced by latitude. The zones, going from the equator upward (and downward) are Tropical, Dry, Moderate, Continental and Polar. There are subzones within these zones." data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png/330px-K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png/440px-K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_%281980-2016%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Worldwide <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classifications</a></figcaption></figure> Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. One of the most used is the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> scheme first developed in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally, <a href="/wiki/Clime" title="Clime">climes</a> were defined in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into genetic methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and empiric methods, which focus on the effects of climate. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the <a href="/wiki/Relative_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative frequency">relative frequency</a> of different <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air mass</a> types or locations within <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">synoptic</a> weather disturbances. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empiric</a> classifications include <a href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">climate zones</a> defined by <a href="/wiki/Plant_hardiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant hardiness">plant hardiness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> evapotranspiration,<a href="#cite_note-thorn-23">[23]</a> or more generally the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> which was originally designed to identify the climates associated with certain <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>. A common shortcoming of these <a href="/wiki/Classification_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification scheme">classification schemes</a> is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Record">Record</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Record" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleoclimatology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></div> Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s history. It uses evidence with different time scales (from decades to millennia) from ice sheets, tree rings, sediments, pollen, coral, and rocks to determine the past state of the climate. It demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite temperature measurements">Satellite temperature measurements</a></div> Details of the modern climate record are known through the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometers</a> during the past few centuries. The instruments used to study weather over the modern time scale, their observation frequency, their known error, their immediate environment, and their exposure have changed over the years, which must be considered when studying the climate of centuries past.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Long-term modern climate records skew towards population centres and affluent countries.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Since the 1960s, the launch of satellites allow records to be gathered on a global scale, including areas with little to no human presence, such as the Arctic region and oceans. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Climate_variability">Climate variability</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate variability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></div> Climate variability is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a>, etc.) "on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIPCC_AR5_WG1_Glossary20131451-27">[27]</a> Some of the variability does not appear to be caused systematically and occurs at random times. Such variability is called random variability or <a href="/wiki/Noise_(signal_processing)" title="Noise (signal processing)">noise</a>. On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohliVega2018274-28">[28]</a> There are close correlations between Earth's climate oscillations and astronomical factors (<a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a> changes, <a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">solar variation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> flux, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_albedo" title="Cloud albedo">cloud albedo</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">feedback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milankovic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Milankovic cycle">Milankovic cycles</a>), and modes of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">heat distribution</a> between the ocean-atmosphere climate system. In some cases, current, historical and <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimate">paleoclimatological</a> natural oscillations may be masked by significant <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a>, irregularities in <a href="/wiki/Climate_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate proxy">climate proxy</a> data, <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> processes or <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_human_activities" title="Greenhouse gas">emissions</a> of substances such as <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scafetta-29">[29]</a> Over the years, the definitions of climate variability and the related term <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> have shifted. While the term climate change now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohliVega2018274-28">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/300px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 270px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/300px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/450px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/600px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/300px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/300px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/450px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/600px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Observed temperature from NASA<a href="#cite_note-nasa_temperatures-31">[31]</a> vs the 1850–1900 average used by the IPCC as a pre-industrial baseline.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc_pre_industrial_baseline-32">[32]</a> The primary driver for increased global temperatures in the industrial era is human activity, with natural forces adding variability.<a href="#cite_note-USGCRP_Chapter_3_Figure_3-1_panel_2-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Global temperature record">Global temperature record</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">List of weather records</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></div> Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It reflects changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, external forces (e.g. variations in sunlight intensity) or human activities, as found recently.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151128-jg-36">[36]</a> Scientists have identified <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Energy_Imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's Energy Imbalance">Earth's Energy Imbalance</a> (EEI) to be a fundamental metric of the status of global change.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In recent usage, especially in the context of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a>, the term "climate change" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. In some cases, the term is also used with a presumption of human causation, as in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/UNFCCC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFCCC">Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC uses "climate variability" for non-human caused variations.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>. These consist of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal, separated by <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods. The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, reflecting more of the Sun's energy into space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature. Increases in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, such as by <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_impacts_on_the_oceans" title="Volcanic impacts on the oceans">volcanic activity</a>, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> However, these naturally caused changes in climate occur on a much slower time scale than the present rate of change which is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases by human activities.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to the EU's Copernicus Climate Change Service, average global air temperature has passed 1.5C of warming the period from February 2023 to January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Climate_models">Climate models</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate models" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate models</a> use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions and transfer of radiative energy between the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, land surface and ice through a series of physics equations. They are used for a variety of purposes, from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the Earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the Earth. Climate models are available on different resolutions ranging from >100 km to 1 km. High resolutions in <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model">global climate models</a> require significant computational resources, and so only a few global datasets exist. Global climate models can be dynamically or statistically downscaled to regional climate models to analyze impacts of climate change on a local scale. Examples are ICON<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> or mechanistically downscaled data such as CHELSA (Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>). These models predict an upward trend in the <a href="/wiki/Surface_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface temperature record">global mean surface temperature</a>, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex. Simple radiant heat transfer models treat the Earth as a single point and average outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (as in radiative-convective models), or horizontally. Finally, more complex (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–<a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model">global climate models</a> discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_inertia" title="Climate inertia">Climate inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Prediction_Center" title="Climate Prediction Center">Climate Prediction Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatic_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatic map">Climatic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climograph" title="Climograph">Climograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Sun_angle_on_climate" title="Effect of Sun angle on climate">Effect of Sun angle on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_scientists" title="List of climate scientists">List of climate scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">List of weather records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_meteorology" title="Outline of meteorology">Outline of meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic%E2%80%93climatic_interaction" title="Tectonic–climatic interaction">Tectonic–climatic interaction</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IPCC-2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC-2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC-2021_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved 2022-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2013%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+%26+New+York&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Fifth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05799-9&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatechange2013.org%2Fimages%2Freport%2FWG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate" class="Z3988">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/">AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – IPCC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202202632/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/">Archived</a> 2017-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Glossary2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf">"Annex III: Glossary"</a> (PDF). <a href="#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013">IPCC AR5 WG1 2013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190313232733/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-13. Retrieved 2022-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annex+III%3A+Glossary&rft.btitle=IPCC+AR5+WG1+2013&rft.date=2013&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F02%2FWG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_SYR2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC AR5 SYR</a> (2014). The Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R. K.; Meyer, L. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/">Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report</a>. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109221744/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2022-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2014%3A+Synthesis+Report&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Groups+I%2C+II+and+III+to+the+Fifth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=IPCC&rft.date=2014&rft.au=IPCC+AR5+SYR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far5%2Fsyr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_SYR_Glossary2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_Annexes.pdf">"Annex II: Glossary"</a> (PDF). <a href="#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_SYR2014">IPCC AR5 SYR 2014</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718055704/https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_Annexes.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-18. Retrieved 2022-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annex+II%3A+Glossary&rft.btitle=IPCC+AR5+SYR+2014&rft.date=2014&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fassessment-report%2Far5%2Fsyr%2FAR5_SYR_FINAL_Annexes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_32017" class="citation book cs1">Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov/downloads/CSSR_Ch3_Detection_and_Attribution.pdf">Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7930%2FJ01834ND">10.7930/J01834ND</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163347/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/downloads/CSSR_Ch3_Detection_and_Attribution.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch.+3%3A+Detection+and+Attribution+of+Climate+Change&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7930%2FJ01834ND&rft.aulast=Knutson&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Kossin%2C+J.P.&rft.au=Mears%2C+C.&rft.au=Perlwitz%2C+J.&rft.au=Wehner%2C+M.F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience2017.globalchange.gov%2Fdownloads%2FCSSR_Ch3_Detection_and_Attribution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohliVega2018" class="citation book cs1">Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). Climatology (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1284126563" title="Special:BookSources/978-1284126563"><bdi>978-1284126563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1284126563&rft.aulast=Rohli&rft.aufirst=Robert.+V.&rft.au=Vega%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Buchan_(meteorologist)" title="Alexander Buchan (meteorologist)">Buchan, Alexander</a> (1878). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Climate">"Climate" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. VI (9th ed.). pp. 1–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Climate&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/gto/gto_0048-PDF/gto_0048_69887.pdf">Reumert, Johannes: "Vahls climatic divisions. An explanation"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_Journal_of_Geography" title="Danish Journal of Geography">Geografisk Tidsskrift</a>, Band 48; 1946)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2012/4/the-study-of-climate-on-alien-worlds">The Study of Climate on Alien Worlds; Characterizing atmospheres beyond our Solar System is now within our reach</a> Kevin Heng July–August 2012 <a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" 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title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/20px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/20px-Climate_change_icon.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="20" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/31px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/40px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/42px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate&oldid=1264890690">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate&oldid=1264890690</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Climate&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 December 2024, at 02:08 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaat" title="Klimaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klimaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medumweder" title="Medumweder – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Medumweder" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="مناخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clim%C3%A2" title="Climâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Climâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="জলবায়ু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জলবায়ু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararova" title="Ararova – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ararova" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qlim" title="İqlim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqlim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایقلیم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایقلیم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="জলবায়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলবায়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AC-h%C4%81u" title="Khì-hāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khì-hāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Клімат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клімат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Клімат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клімат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="जलवायु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जलवायु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="གནམ་གཤིས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གནམ་གཤིས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hin" title="Hin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podneb%C3%AD" title="Podnebí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podnebí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinsawdd" title="Hinsawdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hinsawdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliima" title="Kliima – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kliima" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κλίμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Венельксчачо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Венельксчачо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimato" title="Klimato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klimato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climi" title="Climi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Climi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اقلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaapaani" title="Hawaapaani – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hawaapaani" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat" title="Climat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaat" title="Klimaat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klimaat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer%C3%A1id" title="Aeráid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aeráid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%A0th-sh%C3%ACde" title="Gnàth-shìde – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gnàth-shìde" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мехкал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мехкал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84" title="기후 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기후" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate" title="Climate – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Climate" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Կլիմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլիմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="जलवायु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलवायु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimato" title="Klimato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klimato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhu_igwe" title="Lhu igwe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Lhu igwe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iklim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate" title="Climate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Climate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4" title="Бæстыхъæд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæстыхъæд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftslag" title="Loftslag – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loftslag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אקלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iklim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A3" title="ವಾಯುಗುಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಯುಗುಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კლიმატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლიმატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayredh" title="Ayredh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ayredh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabianchi" title="Tabianchi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tabianchi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avhewa" title="Avhewa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Avhewa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ສະພາບອາກາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະພາບອາກາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimats" title="Klimats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klimats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatas" title="Klimatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klimatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaat" title="Klimaat – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klimaat" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekigeranyabudde" title="Ekigeranyabudde – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekigeranyabudde" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ghajlat" title="Éghajlat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Éghajlat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Клима – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клима" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toetany" title="Toetany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toetany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്തരീക്ഷസ്ഥിതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തരീക്ഷസ്ഥിതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="हवामान सरासरी स्थिती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हवामान सरासरी स्थिती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კლიმატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლიმატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="مناخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مناخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iklim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Климатсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Климатсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Уур амьсгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уур амьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A5%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="ရာသီဥတု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရာသီဥတု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaat" title="Klimaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klimaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaot" title="Klimaot – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Klimaot" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="हावापानी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हावापानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="लःफय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लःफय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99" title="気候 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気候" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliima" title="Kliima – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kliima" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81" title="ଜଳବାୟୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଳବାୟୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqlim" title="Iqlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iqlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੌਣਪਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کلائیمیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلائیمیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_(%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7)" title="اقلیم (هوا) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اقلیم (هوا)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaimit" title="Klaimit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Klaimit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat" title="Klimat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klimat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat" title="Klimat – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Klimat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clim%C4%83" title="Climă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Climă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Клімат – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Клімат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate" title="Climate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Climate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepo_Loapi" title="Tepo Loapi – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Tepo Loapi" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="දේශගුණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශගුණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate" title="Climate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Climate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="آبھوا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبھوا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podnebie_(kl%C3%ADma)" title="Podnebie (klíma) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podnebie (klíma)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podnebje" title="Podnebje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podnebje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimilo" title="Cimilo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cimilo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ئاووھەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاووھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Клима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Iklim" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmasto" title="Ilmasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat" title="Klimat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klimat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima" title="Klima – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Klima" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="தட்பவெப்பநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தட்பவெப்பநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anezwu" title="Anezwu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anezwu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Климат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayal" title="Kayal – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Kayal" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="ภูมิอากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิอากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%9B%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Иқлим – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иқлим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0klim" title="İklim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İklim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C9%9B_tenten_mu_wien_b%C9%94ber%C9%9B" title="Berɛ tenten mu wien bɔberɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Berɛ tenten mu wien bɔberɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Клімат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клімат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8_%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7" title="آب و ہوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آب و ہوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiqhaeuh" title="Heiqhaeuh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Heiqhaeuh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat" title="Klimat – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Klimat" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%ADu" title="Khí hậu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí hậu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat" title="Klimat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Klimat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliima" title="Kliima – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kliima" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klema" title="Klema – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Klema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njuux_li" title="Njuux li – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Njuux li" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氣候" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinguva" title="Tinguva – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tinguva" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98" title="קלימאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קלימאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氣候" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kl%C4%B1m" title="İklım – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İklım" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimats" title="Klimats – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Klimats" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氣候" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 December 2024, at 02:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a 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