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and roll subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_rock_and_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm_and_blues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm_and_blues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rhythm and blues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm_and_blues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rockabilly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockabilly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rockabilly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockabilly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cover_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cover_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cover versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cover_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Decline and later developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rock_and_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rock_and_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 British rock and roll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rock_and_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teen_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teen_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Teen culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teen_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dance styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rock and roll</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%E2%80%99n%E2%80%99_Roll" title="Rock ’n’ Roll – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rock ’n’ Roll" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="روك أند رول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روك أند رول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok-n-roll" title="Rok-n-roll – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rok-n-roll" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="রক অ্যান্ড রোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক অ্যান্ড রোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4-k%C3%BAn-ga%CC%8Dk" title="Iô-kún-ga̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iô-kún-ga̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-рол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рок-н-рол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-рол – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рок-н-рол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рокендрол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рокендрол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll" title="Rock 'n' Roll – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rock 'n' Roll" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokenrol" title="Rokenrol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rokenrol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll" title="Rock 'n' roll – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rock 'n' roll" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%E2%80%99n%E2%80%99_Roll" title="Rock ’n’ Roll – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rock ’n’ Roll" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27n%27roll" title="Rock'n'roll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rock'n'roll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BA_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB" title="Ροκ εντ ρολ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροκ εντ ρολ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokenrolo" title="Rokenrolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rokenrolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="راک اند رول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راک اند رول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll" title="Rock 'n' roll – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rock 'n' roll" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%ED%81%B0%EB%A1%A4" title="로큰롤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로큰롤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Ռոքնռոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոքնռոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E2%80%8B" title="रॉक ऐन्ड रोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉक ऐन्ड रोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokk_og_r%C3%B3l" title="Rokk og ról – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rokk og ról" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C" title="רוק אנד רול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוק אנד רול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="როკ-ენ-როლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როკ-ენ-როლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-ролл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рок-н-ролл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-ролл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рок-н-ролл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokenrols" title="Rokenrols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rokenrols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27n%27Roll" title="Rock'n'Roll – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rock'n'Roll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokenrolas" title="Rokenrolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rokenrolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-%27n-roll" title="Rock-'n-roll – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rock-'n-roll" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zginroknro" title="zginroknro – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zginroknro" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n_Roll" title="Rock 'n Roll – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rock 'n Roll" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рокенрол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рокенрол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="റോക്ക് ആൻഡ്‌ റോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോക്ക് ആൻഡ്‌ റോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="როკ-ენ-როლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="როკ-ენ-როლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="روك اند رول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روك اند رول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-ролл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рок-н-ролл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatu_kei_iwiliwili" title="Vatu kei iwiliwili – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vatu kei iwiliwili" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-%27n-roll" title="Rock-'n-roll – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rock-'n-roll" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="रक एन्ड रोल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रक एन्ड रोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ロックンロール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロックンロール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27n%27roll" title="Rock'n'roll – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rock'n'roll" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-ролл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рок-н-ролл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok-n-roll" title="Rok-n-roll – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rok-n-roll" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27n%27roll" title="Rock'n'roll – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rock'n'roll" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/rak_in_rul" title="rak in rul – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="rak in rul" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-ролл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рок-н-ролл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokenrolli" title="Rokenrolli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rokenrolli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokenrol" title="Rokenrol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rokenrol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%B5" title="ڕۆک ئێند ڕۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆک ئێند ڕۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рокенрол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рокенрол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27n%27roll" title="Rock'n'roll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rock'n'roll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ராக் அண்டு ரோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராக் அண்டு ரோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5" title="ร็อกแอนด์โรล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ร็อกแอนด์โรล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рок-н-рол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рок-н-рол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A" title="摇滚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摇滚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ראק און ראל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראק און ראל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Rock and roll" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A" title="摇滚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摇滚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of popular music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1950s style of music. For the general rock music genre, see <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rock and roll (disambiguation)">Rock and roll (disambiguation)</a>. "RnR" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/RNR_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="RNR (disambiguation)">RNR (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Rock and roll</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1940s – early 1950s, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_and_roll_artists" title="List of rock and roll artists">list of artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll, rock-n-roll, rock 'n' roll, rock n' roll, Rock n' Roll or proto-rock) is a <a href="/wiki/Genre_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre (music)">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawson_propes-2">[2]</a> It <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">originated</a> from African American music such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie-woogie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> While rock and roll's formative elements can be heard in blues records from the 1920s<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and in country records of the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-6">[6]</a> the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawson_propes-2">[2]</a> According to the journalist <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kot" title="Greg Kot">Greg Kot</a>, "rock and roll" refers to a style of popular music originating in the United States in the 1950s. By the mid-1960s, rock and roll had developed into "the more encompassing international style known as <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, though the latter also continued to be known in many circles as rock and roll."<a href="#cite_note-kot-eb-8">[8]</a> For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition. In the earliest rock and roll styles, either the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a> was typically the lead instrument. These instruments were generally replaced or supplemented by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> in the mid-to-late 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2002-9">[9]</a> The beat is essentially a dance rhythm<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> with an accentuated <a href="/wiki/Backbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat">backbeat</a>, almost always provided by a <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or more <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a> (one <a href="/wiki/Lead_guitar" title="Lead guitar">lead</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> (string bass). After the mid-1950s, electric <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitars</a> ("Fender bass") and <a href="/wiki/Drum_kits" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum kits">drum kits</a> became popular in classic rock.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2002-9">[9]</a> Rock and roll had a profound influence on contemporary American lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language, and is often portrayed in movies, fan magazines, and on television. Some people believe that the music had a positive influence on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, because of its widespread appeal to both <a href="/wiki/Black_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">Black American</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-Altshuler2003p35-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthplace_of_Rock_%27N%27_Roll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Birthplace_of_Rock_%27N%27_Roll.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_Rock_%27N%27_Roll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Birthplace_of_Rock_%27N%27_Roll.jpg/330px-Birthplace_of_Rock_%27N%27_Roll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Birthplace_of_Rock_%27N%27_Roll.jpg/440px-Birthplace_of_Rock_%27N%27_Roll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sign commemorating the role of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, in the origins of rock and roll</figcaption></figure> The term "rock and roll" is defined by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kot" title="Greg Kot">Greg Kot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed "into the more encompassing international style known as <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>".<a href="#cite_note-kot-eb-8">[8]</a> The term is sometimes also used as <a href="/wiki/Synonymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonymous">synonymous</a> with "rock music" and is defined as such in some dictionaries.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The phrase "rocking and rolling" originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> but by the early 20th century was used both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals<a href="#cite_note-hoy-17">[17]</a> and as a sexual analogy. A retired <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> seaman named William Fender can be heard singing the phrase "rock and roll" when describing a sexual encounter in his performance of the traditional song "<a href="/wiki/The_Baffled_Knight" title="The Baffled Knight">The Baffled Knight</a>" to the folklorist <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Carpenter" title="James Madison Carpenter">James Madison Carpenter</a> in the early 1930s, which he would have learned at sea in the 1800s; the recording can be heard on the <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Williams_Memorial_Library" title="Vaughan Williams Memorial Library">Vaughan Williams Memorial Library</a> website.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became widely popular. "<a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a>", an African-American <a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">spiritual</a> that was documented no later than 1867 (just after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>), uses the phrase "rock my soul" frequently in a religious sense; this song was later recorded by musicians from various genres, including various gospel musicians and groups (including <a href="/wiki/The_Jordanaires" title="The Jordanaires">The Jordanaires</a>), <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> (jazz/swing), <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan" title="Lonnie Donegan">Lonnie Donegan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">skiffle</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> (rock and roll/pop/country).<a href="#cite_note-AWG_1867-19">[19]</a> Blues singer <a href="/wiki/Trixie_Smith" title="Trixie Smith">Trixie Smith</a> recorded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kunc.org/music/2013-11-09/trixie-smith-helped-give-us-the-term-rock-and-roll">"My [Man] Rocks Me with One Steady Roll"</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> in 1922. It was used in 1940s recordings and reviews of what became known as "<a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>" music aimed at a black audience.<a href="#cite_note-hoy-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Huey_%22Piano%22_Smith" title="Huey "Piano" Smith">Huey "Piano" Smith</a> credits <a href="/wiki/Cha_Cha_Hogan" title="Cha Cha Hogan">Cha Cha Hogan</a>, a jump-blues shouter and comic in New Orleans, with popularizing the term in his 1950 song "My Walking Baby".<a href="#cite_note-Wirt2014-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-JazzArchivist2015-22">[22]</a> In 1934, the song "Rock and Roll" by the <a href="/wiki/Boswell_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Boswell Sisters">Boswell Sisters</a> appeared in the film <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Merry-Go-Round" title="Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round">Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round</a>. In 1942, before the concept of rock and roll had been defined, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> magazine columnist <a href="/wiki/Maurie_Orodenker" title="Maurie Orodenker">Maurie Orodenker</a> started to use the term to describe upbeat recordings such as "Rock Me" by <a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a>; her style on that recording was described as "rock-and-roll spiritual singing".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> By 1943, the "Rock and Roll Inn" in <a href="/wiki/Merchantville,_New_Jersey" title="Merchantville, New Jersey">South Merchantville, New Jersey</a>, was established as a music venue.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, disc jockey <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> began playing this music style, and referring to it as "rock and roll"<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> on his mainstream radio program, which popularized the phrase.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Several sources suggest that Freed found the term, used as a synonym for sexual intercourse, on the record "<a href="/wiki/Sixty_Minute_Man" title="Sixty Minute Man">Sixty Minute Man</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ward_and_his_Dominoes" title="Billy Ward and his Dominoes">Billy Ward and his Dominoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The lyrics include the line, "I rock 'em, roll 'em all night long".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Freed did not acknowledge the suggestion about that source in interviews, and explained the term as follows: "Rock 'n roll is really swing with a modern name. It began on the levees and plantations, took in folk songs, and features blues and rhythm".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In discussing Alan Freed's contribution to the genre, two significant sources emphasized the importance of African-American rhythm and blues. Greg Harris, then the executive director of the Rock n Roll Hall of Fame, offered this comment to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>: "Freed's role in breaking down racial barriers in U.S. pop culture in the 1950s, by leading white and black kids to listen to the same music, put the radio personality 'at the vanguard' and made him 'a really important figure'".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> After Freed was honored with a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>, the organization's Web site offered this comment: "He became internationally known for promoting African-American rhythm and blues music on the radio in the United States and Europe under the name of rock and roll".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Not often acknowledged in the history of rock and roll, <a href="/wiki/Todd_Storz" title="Todd Storz">Todd Storz</a>, the owner of radio station KOWH in <a href="/wiki/Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha">Omaha</a>, Nebraska, was the first to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Top_40" title="Top 40">Top 40</a> format (in 1953), playing only the most popular records in rotation. His station, and the numerous others which adopted the concept, helped to promote the genre: by the mid 50s, the playlist included artists such as "<a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Haley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Domino</a>".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_rock_and_roll">Early rock and roll</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early rock and roll">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg/220px-Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg/330px-Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg/440px-Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> The origins of rock and roll have been fiercely debated by commentators and historians of music.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a> There is general agreement that it arose in the Southern United States – a region that would produce most of the major early rock and roll acts – through the meeting of various influences that embodied a merging of the African musical tradition with European instrumentation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">The migration of many former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> meant that black and white residents were living in close proximity in larger numbers than ever before, and as a result heard each other's music and even began to emulate each other's fashions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to both groups, the development and spread of the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone record</a>, and African-American musical styles such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a> which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of "cultural collision".<a href="#cite_note-Bertrand2000-40">[40]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roll_Em_Pete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of the 7" single for "Roll 'Em Pete"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roll_Em_Pete.jpg/158px-Roll_Em_Pete.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roll_Em_Pete.jpg/238px-Roll_Em_Pete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roll_Em_Pete.jpg/316px-Roll_Em_Pete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Johnson_(musician)" title="Pete Johnson (musician)">Pete Johnson</a>'s record "<a href="/wiki/Roll_%27Em_Pete" title="Roll 'Em Pete">Roll 'Em Pete</a>" is regarded as a precursor to rock and roll.</figcaption></figure> The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, then called "<a href="/wiki/Race_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Race music">race music</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_show_55-41">[41]</a> in combination with either boogie-woogie and shouting gospel<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-42">[42]</a> or with <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, country, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a> Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> for a white market, or a new hybrid of black and white forms.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-KeightleyR&R-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a>, both in urban-based dance bands and blues-influenced country swing (<a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers" title="Jimmie Rodgers">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullican" title="Moon Mullican">Moon Mullican</a> and other similar singers), were among the first music to present African-American sounds for a predominantly white audience.<a href="#cite_note-KeightleyR&R-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> One particularly noteworthy example of a jazz song with recognizably rock and roll elements is <a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a> with pianist <a href="/wiki/Pete_Johnson_(musician)" title="Pete Johnson (musician)">Pete Johnson</a>'s 1938 single "<a href="/wiki/Roll_%27Em_Pete" title="Roll 'Em Pete">Roll 'Em Pete</a>", which is regarded as an important precursor of rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The 1940s saw the increased use of blaring horns (including saxophones), shouted lyrics and boogie-woogie beats in jazz-based music. During and immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with shortages of fuel and limitations on audiences and available personnel, large jazz bands were less economical and tended to be replaced by smaller combos, using guitars, bass and drums.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In the same period, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, the development of <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a>, with its guitar riffs, prominent beats and shouted lyrics, prefigured many later developments.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a> In the documentary film <a href="/wiki/Hail!_Hail!_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" title="Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll">Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a> proposes that <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> developed his brand of rock and roll by transposing the familiar two-note lead line of jump blues piano directly to the electric guitar, creating what is instantly recognizable as rock guitar. This proposal by Richards neglects the black guitarists who did the same thing before Berry, such as <a href="/wiki/Goree_Carter" title="Goree Carter">Goree Carter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_%22Gatemouth%22_Brown" title="Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown">Gatemouth Brown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and the originator of the style, <a href="/wiki/T-Bone_Walker" title="T-Bone Walker">T-Bone Walker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_boogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Country boogie">Country boogie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago electric blues</a> supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a>, Chuck Berry introduced an aggressive guitar sound to rock and roll, and established the electric guitar as its centerpiece,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> adapting his rock band instrumentation from the basic blues band instrumentation of a lead guitar, second chord instrument, bass and drums.<a href="#cite_note-campbell-55">[55]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> declared that "Chuck Berry did in fact invent rock 'n' roll", explaining that this artist "came the closest of any single figure to being the one who put all the essential pieces together".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Rock and roll arrived at a time of considerable technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, <a href="/wiki/45_rpm_record" class="mw-redirect" title="45 rpm record">45 rpm record</a> and modern condenser <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a> There were also changes in the record industry, with the rise of independent labels like <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic records">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Records" title="Sun Records">Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess</a> servicing <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche audiences</a> and a similar rise of radio stations that played their music.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a> It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to this music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock and roll as a distinct genre.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">[36]</a> Because the development of rock and roll was an evolutionary process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously "the first" rock and roll record.<a href="#cite_note-dawson_propes-2">[2]</a> Contenders for the title of "<a href="/wiki/First_rock_and_roll_record" class="mw-redirect" title="First rock and roll record">first rock and roll record</a>" include <a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Strange_Things_Happening_Every_Day" title="Strange Things Happening Every Day">Strange Things Happening Every Day</a>" (1944),<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> "<a href="/wiki/That%27s_All_Right" title="That's All Right">That's All Right</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Crudup" title="Arthur Crudup">Arthur Crudup</a> (1946), "<a href="/wiki/Move_It_On_Over_(song)" title="Move It On Over (song)">Move It On Over</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a> (1947),<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Man_(song)" title="The Fat Man (song)">The Fat Man</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a> (1949),<a href="#cite_note-dawson_propes-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goree_Carter" title="Goree Carter">Goree Carter</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Awhile" title="Rock Awhile">Rock Awhile</a>" (1949),<a href="#cite_note-palmer1992p19-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Preston" title="Jimmy Preston">Jimmy Preston</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rock_the_Joint" title="Rock the Joint">Rock the Joint</a>" (1949) (later <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">covered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Bill Haley & His Comets</a> in 1952),<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Rocket_88" title="Rocket 88">Rocket 88</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Brenston" title="Jackie Brenston">Jackie Brenston</a> and his Delta Cats (<a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a> and his band <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rhythm" title="Kings of Rhythm">The Kings of Rhythm</a> and sung by Brenston), was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> in March 1951. This is often cited as the first rock n' roll record.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian_com-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2008pp157-8-62">[62]</a> In an interview however, Ike Turner offered this comment: "I don't think that 'Rocket 88' is rock 'n' roll. I think that 'Rocket 88' is R&B, but I think 'Rocket 88' is the cause of rock and roll existing".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BillHaley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BillHaley.JPG/230px-BillHaley.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BillHaley.JPG/345px-BillHaley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BillHaley.JPG/460px-BillHaley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Bill Haley</a> and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm</figcaption></figure> In terms of its wide cultural impact across society in the US and elsewhere, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Haley (musician)">Bill Haley</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock" title="Rock Around the Clock">Rock Around the Clock</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_5,_show_55-65">[65]</a> recorded in April 1954 but not a commercial success until the following year, is generally recognized as an important milestone, but it was preceded by many recordings from earlier decades in which elements of rock and roll can be clearly discerned.<a href="#cite_note-dawson_propes-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-palmer1980pp3-14-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-unterberger_birth-67">[67]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Petridis" title="Alexis Petridis">Alexis Petridis</a> argued that neither Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" nor Presley's version of "That's Alright Mama" heralded a new genre: "They were simply the first white artists' interpretations of a sound already well-established by black musicians almost a decade before. It was a raucous, driving, unnamed variant of rhythm and blues that came complete with lyrics that talked about rocking".<a href="#cite_note-theguardian_com-61">[61]</a> Other artists with early rock and roll hits included <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Vincent" title="Gene Vincent">Gene Vincent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2008pp157-8-62">[62]</a> Chuck Berry's 1955 classic "<a href="/wiki/Maybellene" title="Maybellene">Maybellene</a>" in particular features a <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distorted</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> solo with warm <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> created by his small <a href="/wiki/Valve_amplifier" title="Valve amplifier">valve amplifier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> However, the use of distortion was predated by electric blues guitarists such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_Louis" title="Joe Hill Louis">Joe Hill Louis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_Slim" title="Guitar Slim">Guitar Slim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Aswell2010-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Willie_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Willie Johnson (guitarist)">Willie Johnson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>'s band,<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hare" title="Pat Hare">Pat Hare</a>; the latter two also made use of distorted <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a> in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-palmer1992p24-27-72">[72]</a> Also in 1955, Bo Diddley introduced the "<a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley_beat" title="Bo Diddley beat">Bo Diddley beat</a>" and a unique electric guitar style,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban music">Afro-Cuban music</a> and in turn influencing many later artists.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent_bo-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm_and_blues">Rhythm and blues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rhythm and blues">edit</a>]</div> Rock and roll was strongly influenced by R&B, according to many sources, including an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> in 1985, titled, "Rock! It's Still Rhythm and Blues". In fact, the author stated that the "two terms were used interchangeably", until about 1957. The other sources quoted in the article said that rock and roll combined R&B with pop and country music.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a> was one of the biggest stars of rock and roll in the early 1950s and he was not convinced that this was a new genre. In 1957, he said: "What they call rock 'n' roll now is rhythm and blues. I've been playing it for 15 years in New Orleans".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stone (magazine)">Rolling Stone</a>, "this is a valid statement ... all Fifties rockers, black and white, country born and city-bred, were fundamentally influenced by R&B, the black popular music of the late Forties and early Fifties".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Further, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> built his ground-breaking sound of the same era with an uptempo blend of boogie-woogie, New Orleans rhythm and blues, and the soul and fervor of gospel music vocalization.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-42">[42]</a> Less frequently cited as an influencer, <a href="/wiki/LaVern_Baker" title="LaVern Baker">LaVern Baker</a> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. The Hall remarked that her "fiery fusion of blues, jazz and R&B showcased her alluring vocals and set the stage for the rock and roll surge of the Fifties".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rockabilly">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of Elvis Presley standing between two sets of bars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg/210px-Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg/315px-Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg/420px-Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in a promotion shot for <a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(film)" title="Jailhouse Rock (film)">Jailhouse Rock</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> "Rockabilly" usually (but not exclusively) refers to the type of rock and roll music which was played and recorded in the mid-1950s primarily by white singers such as <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, who drew mainly on the country roots of the music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_7–8-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRbilly-82">[82]</a> Presley was greatly influenced by and incorporated his style of music with that of some of the greatest Black musicians like BB King, Arthur Crudup and Fats Domino. His style of music combined with black influences created controversy during a turbulent time in history.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRbilly-82">[82]</a> Many other popular rock and roll singers of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6-83">[83]</a> came out of the black <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> tradition, making the music attractive to white audiences, and are not usually classed as "rockabilly". Presley popularized rock and roll on a wider scale than any other single performer and by 1956, he had emerged as the singing sensation of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Flagg" title="Bill Flagg">Bill Flagg</a> who is a Connecticut resident, began referring to his mix of hillbilly and rock 'n' roll music as rockabilly around 1953.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In July 1954, Presley recorded the regional hit "<a href="/wiki/That%27s_All_Right" title="That's All Right">That's All Right</a>" at Sam Phillips' <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio" title="Sun Studio">Sun Studio</a> in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicElvis-86">[86]</a> Three months earlier, on April 12, 1954, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Bill Haley & His Comets</a> recorded "Rock Around the Clock". Although only a minor hit when first released, when used in the opening sequence of the movie <a href="/wiki/Blackboard_Jungle" title="Blackboard Jungle">Blackboard Jungle</a> a year later, it set the rock and roll boom in motion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_5,_show_55-65">[65]</a> The song became one of the biggest hits in history, and frenzied teens flocked to see Haley and the Comets perform it, causing riots in some cities. "Rock Around the Clock" was a breakthrough success for the group; traditionally, the song has been seen as the major breakthrough for the rock and roll genre, as its immense popularity introduced the music to a global audience.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHaley-87">[87]</a> In 1956, the arrival of rockabilly was underlined by the success of songs like "<a href="/wiki/Folsom_Prison_Blues" title="Folsom Prison Blues">Folsom Prison Blues</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes" title="Blue Suede Shoes">Blue Suede Shoes</a>" by Perkins, and the No. 1 hit "<a href="/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel" title="Heartbreak Hotel">Heartbreak Hotel</a>" by Presley.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRbilly-82">[82]</a> For a few years it became the most commercially successful form of rock and roll. Later rockabilly acts, particularly performing songwriters like <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>, would be a major influence on <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> acts and particularly on the song writing of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> and through them on the nature of later rock music.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cover_versions">Cover versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cover versions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover version</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_1957_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Little_Richard_1957_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Little_Richard_1957_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Little_Richard_1957_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Little_Richard_1957_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Little_Richard_1957_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Little_Richard_1957_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> Many of the earliest white rock and roll hits were <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">covers</a> or partial re-writes of earlier black rhythm and blues or blues songs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_4,_track_5-89">[89]</a> Through the late 1940s and early 1950s, <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a> music had been gaining a stronger beat and a wilder style, with artists such as Fats Domino and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Otis" title="Johnny Otis">Johnny Otis</a> speeding up the <a href="/wiki/Tempos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempos">tempos</a> and increasing the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">backbeat</a> to great popularity on the <a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">juke joint</a> circuit.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Before the efforts of Freed and others, black music was taboo on many white-owned radio outlets, but artists and producers quickly recognized the potential of rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Some of Presley's early recordings were covers of black rhythm and blues or blues songs, such as "<a href="/wiki/That%27s_All_Right" title="That's All Right">That's All Right</a>" (a countrified arrangement of a blues number), "<a href="/wiki/Baby_Let%27s_Play_House" title="Baby Let's Play House">Baby Let's Play House</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Lawdy_Miss_Clawdy" title="Lawdy Miss Clawdy">Lawdy Miss Clawdy</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)" title="Hound Dog (song)">Hound Dog</a>".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The racial lines, however, are rather more clouded by the fact that some of these R&B songs originally recorded by black artists had been written by white songwriters, such as the team of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Leiber_and_Mike_Stoller" title="Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller">Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller</a>. Songwriting credits were often unreliable; many publishers, record executives, and even managers (both white and black) would insert their name as a composer in order to collect royalty checks. Covers were customary in the music industry at the time; it was made particularly easy by the <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory license</a> provision of <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a> (still in effect).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> One of the first relevant successful covers was <a href="/wiki/Wynonie_Harris" title="Wynonie Harris">Wynonie Harris</a>'s transformation of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Brown_(blues_musician)" title="Roy Brown (blues musician)">Roy Brown</a>'s 1947 original jump blues hit "<a href="/wiki/Good_Rocking_Tonight" title="Good Rocking Tonight">Good Rocking Tonight</a>" into a more showy rocker<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and the Louis Prima rocker "Oh Babe" in 1950, as well as <a href="/wiki/Amos_Milburn" title="Amos Milburn">Amos Milburn</a>'s cover of what may have been the first white rock and roll record, <a href="/wiki/Hardrock_Gunter" title="Hardrock Gunter">Hardrock Gunter</a>'s "Birmingham Bounce" in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The most notable trend, however, was white pop covers of black R&B numbers. The more familiar sound of these covers may have been more palatable to white audiences, there may have been an element of prejudice, but labels aimed at the white market also had much better distribution networks and were generally much more profitable.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Famously, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a> recorded sanitized versions of songs recorded by the likes of Fats Domino, Little Richard, the Flamingos and Ivory Joe Hunter. Later, as those songs became popular, the original artists' recordings received radio play as well.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The cover versions were not necessarily straightforward imitations. For example, Bill Haley's incompletely <a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">bowdlerized</a> cover of "<a href="/wiki/Shake,_Rattle_and_Roll" title="Shake, Rattle and Roll">Shake, Rattle and Roll</a>" transformed Big Joe Turner's humorous and racy tale of adult love into an energetic teen dance number,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_4,_track_5-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> while Georgia Gibbs replaced <a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a>' tough, sarcastic vocal in "Roll With Me, Henry" (covered as "Dance With Me, Henry") with a perkier vocal more appropriate for an audience unfamiliar with the song to which James's song was an <a href="/wiki/Answer_song" title="Answer song">answer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Ballard" title="Hank Ballard">Hank Ballard</a>'s "Work With Me, Annie".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Presley's rock and roll version of "Hound Dog", taken mainly from a version recorded by the pop band <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Bell_and_the_Bellboys" title="Freddie Bell and the Bellboys">Freddie Bell and the Bellboys</a>, was very different from the blues shouter that <a href="/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton">Big Mama Thornton</a> had recorded four years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_7,_track_4-101">[101]</a> Other white artists who recorded cover versions of rhythm and blues songs included Gale Storm (Smiley Lewis' "I Hear You Knockin'"), the Diamonds (The Gladiolas' "Little Darlin'" and Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers' "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"), the Crew Cuts (the Chords' "Sh-Boom" and Nappy Brown's "Don't Be Angry"), the Fountain Sisters (The Jewels' "Hearts of Stone") and the Maguire Sisters (The Moonglows' "Sincerely"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_later_developments">Decline and later developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline and later developments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddy_Holly_%26_The_Crickets_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Buddy_Holly_%26_The_Crickets_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg/170px-Buddy_Holly_%26_The_Crickets_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Buddy_Holly_%26_The_Crickets_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg/255px-Buddy_Holly_%26_The_Crickets_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Buddy_Holly_%26_The_Crickets_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg/340px-Buddy_Holly_%26_The_Crickets_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a> and his band, <a href="/wiki/The_Crickets" title="The Crickets">the Crickets</a></figcaption></figure> Some commentators have suggested a decline of rock and roll starting in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The retirement of <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> to become a preacher (October 1957), the departure of Presley for service in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (March 1958), the scandal surrounding <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>' marriage to his <a href="/wiki/Myra_Gale_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Myra Gale Brown">thirteen-year-old cousin</a> (May 1958), riots caused by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Bill Haley</a>'s ill-fated tour of Europe (October 1958), the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bopper" title="The Big Bopper">The Big Bopper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Music_Died" title="The Day the Music Died">a plane crash</a> (February 1959), the breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a> scandal implicating major figures, including <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a>, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs (November 1959), the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> (December 1959), and the death of <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cochran" title="Eddie Cochran">Eddie Cochran</a> in a car crash (April 1960) gave a sense that the initial phase of rock and roll had come to an end.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2008-104">[104]</a> During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the rawer sounds of Presley, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Vincent" title="Gene Vincent">Gene Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a> were commercially superseded by a more polished, commercial style of rock and roll influenced pop music. Marketing frequently emphasized the physical looks of the artist rather than the music, contributing to the successful careers of <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Sands_(American_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Sands (American singer)">Tommy Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Vee" title="Bobby Vee">Bobby Vee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Clanton" title="Jimmy Clanton">Jimmy Clanton</a>, and the Philadelphia trio of <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rydell" title="Bobby Rydell">Bobby Rydell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Avalon" title="Frankie Avalon">Frankie Avalon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Forte" title="Fabian Forte">Fabian</a>, who all became "teen idols".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Some music historians have also pointed to important and innovative developments that built on rock and roll in this period, including <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a>, the electronic treatment of sound by such innovators as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Meek" title="Joe Meek">Joe Meek</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a>" productions of <a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_21-106">[106]</a> continued desegregation of the charts, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twist_(dance)" title="Twist (dance)">Twist</a> dance craze.<a href="#cite_note-KeightleyR&R-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf rock</a> in particular, noted for the use of reverb-drenched guitars, became one of the most popular forms of American rock of the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> While the sounds of the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> would become the superseding forms of rock music during the mid-1960s, a few American artists were nonetheless able to achieve chart successes with rock and roll recordings during this time. The most notable of these was <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rivers" title="Johnny Rivers">Johnny Rivers</a>, who with hits such as <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee_(song)#Other_popular_versions" title="Memphis, Tennessee (song)">"Memphis"</a> (1964), popularized a "<a href="/wiki/Go-go_dancing" title="Go-go dancing">Go-go</a>" style of club-oriented, danceable rock and roll that enjoyed significant success in spite of the ongoing British Invasion.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Another example was <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fuller" title="Bobby Fuller">Bobby Fuller</a> and his group <a href="/wiki/The_Bobby_Fuller_Four" title="The Bobby Fuller Four">The Bobby Fuller Four</a>, who were especially inspired by Buddy Holly and stuck with a rock and roll style, scoring their most notable hit with <a href="/wiki/I_Fought_the_Law#Bobby_Fuller_Four_version" title="I Fought the Law">"I Fought the Law"</a> (1965).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_rock_and_roll">British rock and roll</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British rock and roll">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tommy_Steele_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tommy_Steele_1957.jpg/220px-Tommy_Steele_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tommy_Steele_1957.jpg/330px-Tommy_Steele_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tommy_Steele_1957.jpg/440px-Tommy_Steele_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Steele" title="Tommy Steele">Tommy Steele</a>, one of the first British rock and rollers, performing in Stockholm in 1957</figcaption></figure> In the 1950s, Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-113">[113]</a> It shared <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">a common language</a>, had been exposed to American culture through the stationing of troops in the country, and shared many social developments, including the emergence of distinct youth sub-cultures, which in Britain included the <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Boy">Teddy Boys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">rockers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-D._O'Sullivan,_1974_pp._38–9-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Trad jazz</a> became popular in the UK, and many of its musicians were influenced by related American styles, including <a href="/wiki/Boogie_woogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie woogie">boogie woogie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">skiffle</a> craze, led by <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan" title="Lonnie Donegan">Lonnie Donegan</a>, used amateurish versions of American folk songs and encouraged many of the subsequent generation of rock and roll, folk, R&B and beat musicians to start performing.<a href="#cite_note-Broken2003-116">[116]</a> At the same time British audiences were beginning to encounter American rock and roll, initially through films including <a href="/wiki/Blackboard_Jungle" title="Blackboard Jungle">Blackboard Jungle</a> (1955) and <a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock_(film)" title="Rock Around the Clock (film)">Rock Around the Clock</a> (1956).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Both movies featured the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Bill Haley & His Comets</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock" title="Rock Around the Clock">Rock Around the Clock</a>", which first entered the British charts in early 1955 – four months before it reached the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">US pop charts</a> – topped the British charts later that year and again in 1956 and helped identify rock and roll with teenage delinquency.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The initial response of the British music industry was to attempt to produce copies of American records, recorded with session musicians and often fronted by teen idols. More grass roots British rock and rollers soon began to appear, including <a href="/wiki/Wee_Willie_Harris" title="Wee Willie Harris">Wee Willie Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Steele" title="Tommy Steele">Tommy Steele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-113">[113]</a> During this period American Rock and Roll remained dominant but in 1958 Britain produced its first "authentic" rock and roll song and star, when <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a> reached number 2 in the charts with "<a href="/wiki/Move_It" title="Move It">Move It</a>".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> At the same time, TV shows such as <a href="/wiki/Six-Five_Special" title="Six-Five Special">Six-Five Special</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oh_Boy!_(TV_series)" title="Oh Boy! (TV series)">Oh Boy!</a> promoted the careers of British rock and rollers like <a href="/wiki/Marty_Wilde" title="Marty Wilde">Marty Wilde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Faith" title="Adam Faith">Adam Faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-113">[113]</a> Cliff Richard and his backing band, <a href="/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">the Shadows</a>, were the most successful home grown rock and roll based acts of the era.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Other leading acts included <a href="/wiki/Billy_Fury" title="Billy Fury">Billy Fury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Brown_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Brown (singer)">Joe Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kidd_%26_the_Pirates" title="Johnny Kidd & the Pirates">Johnny Kidd & the Pirates</a>, whose 1960 hit song "<a href="/wiki/Shakin%27_All_Over" title="Shakin' All Over">Shakin' All Over</a>" became a rock and roll standard.<a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-113">[113]</a> As interest in rock and roll was beginning to subside in America in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it was taken up by groups in British cities like <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harry-121">[121]</a> About the same time, a <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> scene developed, initially led by purist blues followers such as <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Korner" title="Alexis Korner">Alexis Korner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Davies" title="Cyril Davies">Cyril Davies</a> who were inspired by American musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allmusic700-122">[122]</a> Many groups moved towards the <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat music</a> of rock and roll and rhythm and blues from skiffle, like the <a href="/wiki/Quarrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrymen">Quarrymen</a> who became <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, producing a form of rock and roll revivalism that carried them and many other groups to national success from about 1963 and to international success from 1964, known in America as the British Invasion.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicBI-123">[123]</a> Groups that followed the Beatles included the beat-influenced <a href="/wiki/Freddie_and_the_Dreamers" title="Freddie and the Dreamers">Freddie and the Dreamers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Fontana" title="Wayne Fontana">Wayne Fontana</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mindbenders" title="The Mindbenders">the Mindbenders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dave_Clark_Five" title="The Dave Clark Five">the Dave Clark Five</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-124">[124]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/British_rhythm_and_blues" title="British rhythm and blues">British rhythm and blues</a> groups with more blues influences include <a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">the Animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">the Yardbirds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects of rock music</a></div> Rock and roll influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and European-American teens enjoyed the music.<a href="#cite_note-Altshuler2003p35-12">[12]</a> Many early rock and roll songs dealt with issues of cars, school, dating, and clothing. The lyrics of rock and roll songs described events and conflicts to which most listeners could relate through personal experience. Topics such as sex that had generally been considered taboo began to appear in rock and roll lyrics. This new music tried to break boundaries and express emotions that people were actually feeling but had not discussed openly. An awakening began to take place in American youth culture.<a href="#cite_note-Schafer,_William_J_1972-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Race">edit</a>]</div> In the crossover of African-American "race music" to a growing white youth audience, the popularization of rock and roll involved both black performers reaching a white audience and white musicians performing African-American music.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Rock and roll appeared at a time when racial tensions in the United States were entering a new phase, with the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> movement for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">desegregation</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruling that abolished the policy of "<a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>" in 1954, but leaving a policy which would be extremely difficult to enforce in parts of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The coming together of white youth audiences and <a href="/wiki/African_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African American music">black music</a> in rock and roll inevitably provoked strong white racist reactions within the US, with many whites condemning its breaking down of barriers based on color.<a href="#cite_note-Altshuler2003p35-12">[12]</a> Many observers saw rock and roll as heralding the way for desegregation, in creating a new form of music that encouraged racial cooperation and shared experience.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Many authors have argued that early rock and roll was instrumental in the way both white and black teenagers identified themselves.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teen_culture">Teen culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Teen culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:True_Life_Romance_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/True_Life_Romance_3.jpg/170px-True_Life_Romance_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/True_Life_Romance_3.jpg/255px-True_Life_Romance_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/True_Life_Romance_3.jpg/340px-True_Life_Romance_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>"There's No Romance in Rock and Roll" made the cover of True Life Romance in 1956.</figcaption></figure> Several rock historians have claimed that rock and roll was one of the first music genres to define an <a href="/wiki/Age_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Age group">age group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-padel-132">[132]</a> It gave teenagers a sense of belonging, even when they were alone.<a href="#cite_note-padel-132">[132]</a> Rock and roll is often identified with the emergence of teen culture among the first <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby boomer">baby boomer</a> generation, who had greater relative affluence and leisure time and adopted rock and roll as part of a distinct subculture.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman2007-133">[133]</a> This involved not just music, absorbed via radio, record buying, jukeboxes and TV programs like <a href="/wiki/American_Bandstand" title="American Bandstand">American Bandstand</a>, but also extended to film, clothes, hair, cars and motorcycles, and distinctive language. The youth culture exemplified by rock and roll was a recurring source of concern for older generations, who worried about juvenile delinquency and social rebellion, particularly because, to a large extent, rock and roll culture was shared by different racial and social groups.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman2007-133">[133]</a> In America, that concern was conveyed even in youth cultural artifacts such as <a href="/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a>. In "There's No Romance in Rock and Roll" from True Life Romance (1956), a defiant teen dates a rock and roll-loving boy but drops him for one who likes traditional adult music—to her parents' relief.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In Britain, where postwar prosperity was more limited, rock and roll culture became attached to the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Boy">Teddy Boy</a> movement, largely working class in origin, and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">rockers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-D._O'Sullivan,_1974_pp._38–9-114">[114]</a> "On the white side of the deeply segregated music market", rock and roll became marketed for teenagers, as in <a href="/wiki/Dion_and_the_Belmonts" title="Dion and the Belmonts">Dion and the Belmonts</a>' "<a href="/wiki/A_Teenager_in_Love" title="A Teenager in Love">A Teenager in Love</a>" (1959).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_styles">Dance styles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dance styles">edit</a>]</div> From its early 1950s beginnings through the early 1960s, rock and roll spawned new <a href="/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty and fad dances">dance crazes</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Twist_(dance)" title="Twist (dance)">twist</a>. Teenagers found the syncopated <a href="/wiki/Backbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat">backbeat</a> rhythm especially suited to reviving Big Band-era <a href="/wiki/Jitterbug" title="Jitterbug">jitterbug</a> dancing. <a href="/wiki/Sock_hop" title="Sock hop">Sock hops</a>, school and church gym dances, and home basement dance parties became the rage, and American teens watched <a href="/wiki/Dick_Clark" title="Dick Clark">Dick Clark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Bandstand" title="American Bandstand">American Bandstand</a> to keep up on the latest dance and fashion styles.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> From the mid-1960s on, as "rock and roll" was rebranded as "rock", later dance genres followed, leading to <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_John2004" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Farley" title="Christopher John Farley">Christopher John, Farley</a> (July 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817051714/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,661084,00.html">"Elvis Rocks. 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Retrieved September 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=How+Rock+and+Roll+Killed+Jim+Crow&rft.date=2014-10-26&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F10%2F26%2Fhow-rock-and-roll-killed-jim-crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524012056/http://www.bartleby.com/61/92/R0279250.html">"Rock music"</a>. The American Heritage Dictionary. Bartleby.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/92/R0279250.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Rock+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F92%2FR0279250.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rock%20and%20roll">"Rock and roll"</a>. Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427022831/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rock%20and%20roll">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Rock+and+roll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frock%2520and%2520roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_UbAQAAIAAJ&q=rocking+and+rolling">"The United Service Magazine"</a>. October 22, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310165614/https://books.google.com/books?id=U_UbAQAAIAAJ&q=rocking+and+rolling">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Service+Magazine&rft.date=2017-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_UbAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Drocking%2Band%2Brolling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoy-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoy_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoy_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624013348/http://hoyhoy.com/dawn_of_rock.htm">"Morgan Wright's HoyHoy.com: The Dawn of Rock 'n Roll"</a>. Hoyhoy.com. May 2, 1954. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoyhoy.com/dawn_of_rock.htm">the original</a> on June 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morgan+Wright%27s+HoyHoy.com%3A+The+Dawn+of+Rock+%27n+Roll&rft.pub=Hoyhoy.com&rft.date=1954-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoyhoy.com%2Fdawn_of_rock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN17648">"Baffled Knight, The (VWML Song Index SN17648)"</a>. The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310165729/https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN17648">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vaughan+Williams+Memorial+Library&rft.atitle=Baffled+Knight%2C+The+%28VWML+Song+Index+SN17648%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vwml.org%2Frecord%2FVWMLSongIndex%2FSN17648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWG_1867-19"><a href="#cite_ref-AWG_1867_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenWareGarrison1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Allen" title="William Francis Allen">Allen, William Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pickard_Ware" title="Charles Pickard Ware">Ware, Charles Pickard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lucy_McKim_Garrison" title="Lucy McKim Garrison">Garrison, Lucy McKim</a>, eds. (1867). "#94: Rock O' My Soul". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHktAAAAMAAJ&q=bosom+of+abraham">Slave Songs of the United States</a>. A. Simpson & Co. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%2394%3A+Rock+O%27+My+Soul&rft.btitle=Slave+Songs+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=A.+Simpson+%26+Co&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHktAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbosom%2Bof%2Babraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kunc.org/music/2013-11-09/trixie-smith-helped-give-us-the-term-rock-and-roll">"Trixie Smith Helped Give Us The Term Rock And Roll"</a>. KUNC. November 9, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KUNC&rft.atitle=Trixie+Smith+Helped+Give+Us+The+Term+Rock+And+Roll&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunc.org%2Fmusic%2F2013-11-09%2Ftrixie-smith-helped-give-us-the-term-rock-and-roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wirt2014-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Wirt2014_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirt2014" class="citation book cs1">Wirt, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61i2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75">Huey "Piano" Smith and the Rocking Pneumonia Blues</a>. LSU Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5297-3"><bdi>978-0-8071-5297-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Huey+%22Piano%22+Smith+and+the+Rocking+Pneumonia+Blues&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5297-3&rft.aulast=Wirt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61i2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JazzArchivist2015-22"><a href="#cite_ref-JazzArchivist2015_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brock, Jerry (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A122157/datastream/PDF/view">"Baby Doll Addendum and Mardi Gras '49"</a>. The Jazz Archivist: A Newsletter of the William Ransom Hogan Jazz Archive. 28. Tulane University Libraries. Retrieved June 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jazz+Archivist%3A+A+Newsletter+of+the+William+Ransom+Hogan+Jazz+Archive&rft.atitle=Baby+Doll+Addendum+and+Mardi+Gras+%2749&rft.volume=28&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.tulane.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Ftulane%253A122157%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MAwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Rosetta+tharpe&pg=PT101">"Record Reviews"</a>. Billboard. May 30, 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601044236/https://books.google.com/books?id=MAwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Rosetta+tharpe&pg=PT101">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Record+Reviews&rft.date=1942-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMAwEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DRosetta%2Btharpe%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MAwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Rosetta+tharpe&pg=PT101">Billboard, May 30, 1942</a>, page 25. Other examples are in describing <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Monroe" title="Vaughn Monroe">Vaughn Monroe</a>'s "Coming Out Party" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22rock-and-roll%22+1942&pg=PT54">the issue of June 27, 1942, page 76</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430074303/https://books.google.com/books?id=HwwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT54&lpg=PT54&dq=%22rock-and-roll%22+1942&source=bl&ots=dUpRjyrLKr&sig=OdCAOgvBtvWpSfBdJnBOWbBGKxw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=faeHUIHMDYTLhAehhoCYCA&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBjge">Archived</a> April 30, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>'s "It's Sand, Man", in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22rock-and-roll%22+1942&pg=PT62">the issue of October 3, 1942, page 63</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610145424/https://books.google.com/books?id=OAwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT62&lpg=PT62&dq=%22rock-and-roll%22+1942&source=bl&ots=8z5-VZ_8v2&sig=TZ7kcER2pGmGsux86CtvH3AJGHY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tKaHUODHNMKFhQejg4H4Dg&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBjgU">Archived</a> June 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deryck_Sampson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deryck Sampson (page does not exist)">Deryck Sampson</a>'s "Kansas City Boogie-Woogie" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwwEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22rock-and-roll%22&pg=PT66">the issue of October 9, 1943, page 67</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629113948/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT66&lpg=PT66&dq=%22rock-and-roll%22+1943&source=bl&ots=XzXvW_I2Fc&sig=fGbWvxH_OcqGdA5kNAnhL8Tk9Hg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kKmHUMq8Es2FhQeXgoHoCw&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22rock-and-roll%22&f=false">Archived</a> June 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22rock-and-roll%22+1943&pg=PT18">Billboard, June 12, 1943</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511231357/https://books.google.com/books?id=YwwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=%22rock-and-roll%22+1943&source=bl&ots=BmH_2BRc1J&sig=sbUT1QVjJNMo1pmBcIHMMwrM8Hc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GKiHUL6UBsqYhQfCzID4CA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ">Archived</a> May 11, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Freed">"Alan Freed"</a>. Britannica. March 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205212852/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Freed">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021. <q>Alan Freed did not coin the phrase he popularized it and redefined it. Once slang for sex, it came to mean a new form of music. This music had been around for several years, but ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alan+Freed&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlan-Freed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordowitz2004" class="citation book cs1">Bordowitz, Hank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpointsinr0000bord">Turning Points in Rock and Roll</a>. New York: Citadel Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpointsinr0000bord/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2631-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2631-7"><bdi>978-0-8065-2631-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+in+Rock+and+Roll&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2631-7&rft.aulast=Bordowitz&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturningpointsinr0000bord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history-of-rock.com/freed.htm">"Alan Freed"</a>. History of Rock. January 4, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108124841/https://www.history-of-rock.com/freed.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Rock&rft.atitle=Alan+Freed&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-of-rock.com%2Ffreed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganrockandrolllegends.com/index.php/blog/395-ch-3-rockin-around-the-clock">"Ch. 3 "Rockin' Around The Clock'"</a>. Michigan Rock and Roll Legends. June 22, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125070350/https://michiganrockandrolllegends.com/index.php/blog/395-ch-3-rockin-around-the-clock">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021. <q>By the middle of the 20th century, the phrase 'rocking and rolling' was slang for sex in the black community but Freed liked the sound of it and felt the words could be used differently.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Rock+and+Roll+Legends&rft.atitle=Ch.+3+%22Rockin%27+Around+The+Clock%27&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichiganrockandrolllegends.com%2Findex.php%2Fblog%2F395-ch-3-rockin-around-the-clock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnis2012" class="citation book cs1">Ennis, Philip (May 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwJ4pa36cYkC&q=alan+freed+rock+n+roll+60+minute+man+dominoes+%22I+rock+%27em%2C+roll+%27em+all+night+long%22.&pg=PA18">The History of American Pop</a>. Greenhaven. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1420506723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1420506723"><bdi>978-1420506723</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310165612/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwJ4pa36cYkC&q=alan+freed+rock+n+roll+60+minute+man+dominoes+%22I+rock+%27em%2C+roll+%27em+all+night+long%22.&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+American+Pop&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenhaven&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft.isbn=978-1420506723&rft.aulast=Ennis&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwJ4pa36cYkC%26q%3Dalan%2Bfreed%2Brock%2Bn%2Broll%2B60%2Bminute%2Bman%2Bdominoes%2B%2522I%2Brock%2B%2527em%252C%2Broll%2B%2527em%2Ball%2Bnight%2Blong%2522.%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultimateclassicrock.com/alan-freed-dies">"55 Years Ago: Rock 'n' Roll Fireball Alan Freed Dies"</a>. Ultimate Classic Rock. January 20, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201141742/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/alan-freed-dies">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ultimate+Classic+Rock&rft.atitle=55+Years+Ago%3A+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Fireball+Alan+Freed+Dies&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultimateclassicrock.com%2Falan-freed-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2014/08/03/showbiz/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-alan-freed/index.html">"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ousts DJ Alan Freed's ashes, adds Beyonce's leotards"</a>. CNN. August 4, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201091038/https://www.cnn.com/2014/08/03/showbiz/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-alan-freed/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame+ousts+DJ+Alan+Freed%27s+ashes%2C+adds+Beyonce%27s+leotards&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F08%2F03%2Fshowbiz%2Frock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-alan-freed%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChad1991" class="citation news cs1">Chad (May 27, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkoffame.com/alan-freed/">"Alan Freed"</a>. Walk of Fame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202011533/https://walkoffame.com/alan-freed/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walk+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Alan+Freed&rft.date=1991-05-27&rft.au=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkoffame.com%2Falan-freed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1992/06/28/from-hit-parade-to-top-40/4550deaf-6e31-4e99-bcbe-0c7378bf1cd3/">"From Hit Parade to Top 40"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. June 28, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601044234/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1992/06/28/from-hit-parade-to-top-40/4550deaf-6e31-4e99-bcbe-0c7378bf1cd3/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021. <q>in the mid- to late '50s with upstarts named Presley, Lewis, Haley, Berry and Domino</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=From+Hit+Parade+to+Top+40&rft.date=1992-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2F1992%2F06%2F28%2Ffrom-hit-parade-to-top-40%2F4550deaf-6e31-4e99-bcbe-0c7378bf1cd3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2014" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Michael K (May 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWeLAwAAQBAJ&q=Rock%27n%27Roll++evolved+1940s+and+50s">The Emergence of Rock and Roll: Music and the Rise of American Youth Culture, Timeline</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415833134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415833134"><bdi>978-0415833134</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601044214/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWeLAwAAQBAJ&q=Rock%27n%27Roll++evolved+1940s+and+50s">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Rock+and+Roll%3A+Music+and+the+Rise+of+American+Youth+Culture%2C+Timeline&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0415833134&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Michael+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWeLAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRock%2527n%2527Roll%2B%2Bevolved%2B1940s%2Band%2B50s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllmusicR&R-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicR&R_36-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002</a>, p. 1303 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> M. T. Bertrand, Race, Rock, and Elvis: Music in American Life (University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> R. Aquila, That old-time rock & roll: a chronicle of an era, 1954–1963 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp. 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> J. M. Salem, The late, great Johnny Ace and the transition from R & B to rock 'n' roll Music in American life (University of Illinois Press, 2001), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertrand2000-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand2000_40-0">^</a> M. T. Bertrand, Race, rock, and Elvis Music in American life (University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_show_55-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_show_55_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 3, show 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters.com-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrott2020" class="citation news cs1">Trott, Bill (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-little-richard-idUSKBN22L0MO">"Rock 'n' roll pioneer Little Richard dies at age 87"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080346/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-little-richard-idUSKBN22L0MO">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rock+%27n%27+roll+pioneer+Little+Richard+dies+at+age+87&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Trott&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-people-little-richard-idUSKBN22L0MO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> A. Bennett, Rock and Popular Music: Politics, Policies, Institutions (Routledge, 1993), pp. 236–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-KeightleyR&R-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KeightleyR&R_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeightleyR&R_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeightleyR&R_44-2">c</a> K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock", in S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> N. Kelley, R&B, Rhythm and Business: The Political Economy of Black Music (Akashic Books, 2005), p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> E. Wald, How the Beatles Destroyed Rock N Roll: An Alternative History of American Popular Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 111–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Tosches" title="Nick Tosches">Nick Tosches</a>, Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll, Secker & Warburg, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-53203-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-53203-4">0-436-53203-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Peter J. Silvester, A Left Hand Like God: a history of boogie-woogie piano (1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80359-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80359-3">0-306-80359-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> M. Campbell, ed., Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes on (Cengage Learning, 3rd edn, 2008), p. 99. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-50530-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-50530-7">0-495-50530-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> P. D. Lopes, The rise of a jazz art world (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Robert Palmer, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, Present Tense, Duke University Press, 1992, p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Encyclopedia of Louisiana Musicians: Jazz, Blues, Cajun, Creole, Zydeco, Swamp Pop, and Gospel. 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Denton: Texas State Historical Association. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Michael Campbell & James Brody, Rock and Roll: An Introduction, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA110">pp. 110–111</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819210151/https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA110">Archived</a> August 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-55"><a href="#cite_ref-campbell_55-0">^</a> Michael Campbell & James Brody, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA80">Rock and Roll: An Introduction</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311041516/https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA80">Archived</a> March 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine-feature/7735698/chuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor#:~:text=But%20now%20that%20the%20man,ever%20heard%20of%20Chuck%20Berry.">"Yes, Chuck Berry Invented Rock 'n' Roll – and Singer-Songwriters. Oh, Teenagers Too"</a>. Foodservice and Hospitality. March 22, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211939/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine-feature/7735698/chuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2020 – via Billboard. <q>Of course similar musics would have sprung up without him. Elvis was Elvis before he'd ever heard of Chuck Berry. Charles' proto-soul vocals and Brown's everything-is-a-drum were innovations as profound as Berry's. Bo Diddley was a more accomplished guitarist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foodservice+and+Hospitality&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Chuck+Berry+Invented+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+%E2%80%93+and+Singer-Songwriters.+Oh%2C+Teenagers+Too&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-feature%2F7735698%2Fchuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBut%2520now%2520that%2520the%2520man%2Cever%2520heard%2520of%2520Chuck%2520Berry.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation news cs1">Williams, R. (March 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/18/sister-rosetta-tharpe-gospel-singer-100th-birthday-tribute">"Sister Rosetta Tharpe: the godmother of rock 'n' roll"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708190516/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/18/sister-rosetta-tharpe-gospel-singer-100th-birthday-tribute">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sister+Rosetta+Tharpe%3A+the+godmother+of+rock+%27n%27+roll&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fmar%2F18%2Fsister-rosetta-tharpe-gospel-singer-100th-birthday-tribute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaty2018" class="citation web cs1">Beaty, James (December 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcalesternews.com/opinion/ramblin-round-hank-williams-kicking-open-that-rock-n-roll-door/article_7825618e-fff1-11e8-bbc9-7320754e5d75.html">"Ramblin' Round: Hank Williams: Kicking open that rock 'n' roll door"</a>. McAlester News-Capital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310170142/https://www.mcalesternews.com/opinion/ramblin-round-hank-williams-kicking-open-that-rock-n-roll-door/article_7825618e-fff1-11e8-bbc9-7320754e5d75.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McAlester+News-Capital&rft.atitle=Ramblin%27+Round%3A+Hank+Williams%3A+Kicking+open+that+rock+%27n%27+roll+door&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft.aulast=Beaty&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcalesternews.com%2Fopinion%2Framblin-round-hank-williams-kicking-open-that-rock-n-roll-door%2Farticle_7825618e-fff1-11e8-bbc9-7320754e5d75.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer1992p19-59"><a href="#cite_ref-palmer1992p19_59-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, Present Tense, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p115739">Jimmy Preston</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian_com-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_com_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_com_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/apr/16/popandrock">"Will the creator of modern music please stand up?"</a>. 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Campbell, ed., Popular Music in America: and the Beat Goes on (Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, 3rd ed., 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-50530-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-50530-7">0-495-50530-7</a>, pp. 157–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-first-ever-rock-and-roll-song/">"Listen to the first rock and roll song ever recorded"</a>. Faroutmagazine.com. November 13, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faroutmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Listen+to+the+first+rock+and+roll+song+ever+recorded&rft.date=2021-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaroutmagazine.co.uk%2Fthe-first-ever-rock-and-roll-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,661084,00.html">"Elvis Rocks but He's Not the First"</a>. Time. June 30, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Elvis+Rocks+but+He%27s+Not+the+First&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Farts%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C661084%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_5,_show_55-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_5,_show_55_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_5,_show_55_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 5, show 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer1980pp3-14-66"><a href="#cite_ref-palmer1980pp3-14_66-0">^</a> Robert Palmer, "Rock Begins", in <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> Illustrated History of Rock and Roll, 1976/1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-26568-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-26568-7">0-330-26568-7</a> (UK edition), pp. 3–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-unterberger_birth-67"><a href="#cite_ref-unterberger_birth_67-0">^</a> Unterberger, Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/t523">Birth of Rock & Roll</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a>. Retrieved March 24, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis2002" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ">Chuck Berry: The Biography</a>. Aurum. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854108739" title="Special:BookSources/9781854108739"><bdi>9781854108739</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526212743/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+The+Biography&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Aurum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781854108739&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AgUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCurtis1992" class="citation book cs1">DeCurtis, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsT3RQ9e58kC">Present Tense: Rock & Roll and Culture</a> (4th print ed.). Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822312654" title="Special:BookSources/0822312654"><bdi>0822312654</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617115231/https://books.google.com/books?id=bsT3RQ9e58kC">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015. <q>His first venture, the Phillips label, issued only one known release, and it was one of the loudest, most overdriven, and distorted guitar stomps ever recorded, "Boogie in the Park" by Memphis one-man-band Joe Hill Louis, who cranked his guitar while sitting and banging at a rudimentary drum kit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present+Tense%3A+Rock+%26+Roll+and+Culture&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th+print&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0822312654&rft.aulast=DeCurtis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsT3RQ9e58kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aswell2010-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Aswell2010_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAswell2010" class="citation book cs1">Aswell, Tom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSHTGsnI8skC&pg=PA61">Louisiana Rocks! The True Genesis of Rock & Roll</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gretna,_Louisiana" title="Gretna, Louisiana">Gretna, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company" title="Pelican Publishing Company">Pelican Publishing Company</a>. pp. 61–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589806771" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589806771"><bdi>978-1589806771</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122212503/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSHTGsnI8skC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana+Rocks%21+The+True+Genesis+of+Rock+%26+Roll&rft.place=Gretna%2C+Louisiana&rft.pages=61-5&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1589806771&rft.aulast=Aswell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSHTGsnI8skC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave2007" class="citation book cs1">Dave, Rubin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0amzAiwBmOcC">Inside the Blues, 1942 to 1982</a>. Hal Leonard. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423416661" title="Special:BookSources/9781423416661"><bdi>9781423416661</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424073808/https://books.google.com/books?id=0amzAiwBmOcC">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Blues%2C+1942+to+1982&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781423416661&rft.aulast=Dave&rft.aufirst=Rubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0amzAiwBmOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer1992p24-27-72"><a href="#cite_ref-palmer1992p24-27_72-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, Present Tense, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, pp. 24–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> P. Buckley, The rough guide to rock (Rough Guides, 3rd ed., 2003), p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/bo-diddley">"Bo Diddley"</a>. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212064701/http://rockhall.com/inductees/bo-diddley/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bo+Diddley&rft.pub=The+Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockhall.com%2Finductees%2Fbo-diddley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/bo-diddley/biography">"Bo Diddley"</a>. Rolling Stone. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822091715/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/bo-diddley/biography">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2012. 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The Black Perspective in Music. 13 (1): 31–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1214792">10.2307/1214792</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-7790">0090-7790</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214792">1214792</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525225022/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214792">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2019. 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Rolling Stone.l. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125142548/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/paul-mccartney-remembers-truly-magnificent-fats-domino-128449/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone.l&rft.atitle=Paul+McCartney+Remembers+%27Truly+Magnificent%27+Fats+Domino&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.aulast=Leight&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fpaul-mccartney-remembers-truly-magnificent-fats-domino-128449%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Palmer, Robert (April 19, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/the-50s-a-decade-of-music-that-changed-the-world-229924/">"The 50s: A Decade of Music That Changed the World"</a>. 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Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221235217/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80244/British-Invasion">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Invasion+%28music%29&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=1964-02-07&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Ira+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F80244%2FBritish-Invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterberger1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Unterberger" title="Richie Unterberger">Unterberger, Richie</a> (1996). "Blues rock". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Erlewine" title="Michael Erlewine">Erlewine, Michael</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle/page/378">All music guide to the blues : The experts' guide to the best blues recordings</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_the_Blues:_The_Definitive_Guide_to_the_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues">All Music Guide to the Blues</a>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle/page/378">378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3"><bdi>0-87930-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+music+guide+to+the+blues+%3A+The+experts%27+guide+to+the+best+blues+recordings&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+the+Blues&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87930-424-3&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallmusicguidetob00erle%2Fpage%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> G. C. Altschuler, All shook up: how rock 'n' roll changed America (Oxford: Oxford University Press US, 2003), p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schafer,_William_J_1972-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Schafer,_William_J_1972_127-0">^</a> Schafer, William J. Rock Music: Where It's Been, What It Means, Where It's Going. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> M. Fisher, Something in the air: radio, rock, and the revolution that shaped a generation (Marc Fisher, 2007), p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> H. Zinn, A people's history of the United States: 1492–present (Pearson Education, 3rd edn., 2003), p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> M. T. Bertrand, Race, rock, and Elvis (University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp. 95–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2004" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Mina (2004). Girls Rock!: Fifty Years of Women Making Music. Lexington. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+Rock%21%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Women+Making+Music&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-padel-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padel_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-padel_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadel2000" class="citation book cs1">Padel, Ruth (2000). I'm a Man: Sex, Gods, and Rock 'n' Roll. Faber and Faber. pp. 46–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%27m+a+Man%3A+Sex%2C+Gods%2C+and+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Padel&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman2007-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman2007_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman2007_133-1">b</a> M. Coleman, L. H. Ganong, K. Warzinik, Family Life in Twentieth-Century America (Greenwood, 2007), pp. 216–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2008" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Michelle (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndJ7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">Love on the Racks</a>. McFarland. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476604909" title="Special:BookSources/9781476604909"><bdi>9781476604909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+on+the+Racks&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781476604909&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndJ7BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreichHessJacobs1992" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara; Hess, Elizabeth; Jacobs, Gloria (1992). "Beatlemania: Girls just want to have fun". In Lewis, Lisa A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10GznmSA3w4C&q=teenager+in+love">The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media</a>. Routledge. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415078214" title="Special:BookSources/9780415078214"><bdi>9780415078214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beatlemania%3A+Girls+just+want+to+have+fun&rft.btitle=The+Adoring+Audience%3A+Fan+Culture+and+Popular+Media&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780415078214&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Hess%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10GznmSA3w4C%26q%3Dteenager%2Bin%2Blove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtiescity.com/Culture/dance.shtm">sixtiescity.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324225234/http://www.sixtiescity.com/Culture/dance.shtm">Archived</a> March 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sixties Dance and Dance Crazes </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> R. Aquila, That old-time rock & roll: a chronicle of an era, 1954–1963 (University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBrody1999" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael; Brody, James (1999). Rock and Roll: An Introduction. New York, NY: Schirmer Books. pp. 354–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+and+Roll%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=354-55&rft.pub=Schirmer+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brody%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanov, V.; Woodstra, C.; Erlewine, S. T., eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X"><bdi>0-87930-653-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Rock%3A+the+Definitive+Guide+to+Rock%2C+Pop%2C+and+Soul&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+WI&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87930-653-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rock and Roll: A Social History, by Paul Friedlander (1996), Westview Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-2725-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-2725-3">0-8133-2725-3</a>)</li> <li>"The Rock Window: A Way of Understanding Rock Music" by Paul Friedlander, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/TRA/Tracking.shtml">Tracking: Popular Music Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923173908/http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/TRA/Tracking.shtml">Archived</a> September 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume I, number 1, Spring, 1988</li> <li>The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll by Holly George-Warren, Patricia Romanowski, Jon Pareles (2001), Fireside Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0120-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0120-5">0-7432-0120-5</a>)</li> <li>The Sound of the City: the Rise of Rock and Roll, by Charlie Gillett (1970), E.P. Dutton</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=4">"Hail, Hail, Rock 'n' Roll: The rock revolution gets underway"</a> (audio). <a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Hail%2C+Hail%2C+Rock+%27n%27+Roll%3A+The+rock+revolution+gets+underway&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+and+roll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifties_(book)" title="The Fifties (book)">The Fifties</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> (1996), Random House (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-15607-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-15607-5">0-517-15607-5</a>)</li> <li>The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music by editors James Henke, Holly George-Warren, Anthony Decurtis, Jim Miller (1992), Random House (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73728-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-73728-6">0-679-73728-6</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_roll&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rock and roll at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rock_and_roll" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rock and roll">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Rock_music" class="extiw" title="c:category:Rock music">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" class="extiw" title="q:Rock and roll">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7749" class="extiw" title="d:Q7749">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philxmilstein.com/probe/tracks/MaleQuartette-TheCampMeetingJubilee.mp3">The Camp Meeting Jubilee</a> 1910 recording</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/electricguitar/index.htm">The Smithsonian's history of the electric guitar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-of-rock.com/">History of Rock</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngtownmuseum.com/">Youngtown Rock and Roll Museum</a> – Omemee, Ontario</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOCPOYAEK-CCZELd2U8IVTQ">Rock'n'Roll (1959) - The only feature film of a live Rock'n'Roll concert ever made</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by decade of origin (sub-subgenres not included)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Country_music_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Country_music" title="Template:Country music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Country_music" title="Template talk:Country music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Country_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Country music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Country_music_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_genres" title="List of country genres">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bluegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive bluegrass">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bluegrass" title="Traditional bluegrass">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music#Latin_America" title="Country music">Country en Español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_and_Irish" title="Country and Irish">Country and Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">Country pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_pop" title="Cowboy pop">Cowboy pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honky-tonk music">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotraditional_country" title="Neotraditional country">Neotraditional country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_country" title="Progressive country">Progressive country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertanejo_music" title="Sertanejo music">Sertanejo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_blues" title="Talking blues">Talking blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Traditional country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-driving_country" title="Truck-driving country">Truck-driving country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_music" title="Red dirt music">Red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Atlanta" title="Country music in Atlanta">Atlantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_band" title="Bush band">Bush band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_country_music" title="Canadian country music">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_fiddle" title="Canadian fiddle">Canadian fiddle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_fiddle" title="Quebec fiddle">Quebec fiddle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland & Labrador</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas#Music" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Nigeria" title="Country music in Nigeria">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_country_music" class="mw-redirect" title="British country music">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrumpy_and_Western" title="Scrumpy and Western">West Country / Scrumpy and Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_country" title="Classic country">Classic country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_radio" title="Country radio">Country radio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock and roll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template talk:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early 20th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940s <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1950s <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1960s <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1970s <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1980s <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1990s <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2000s <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2010s <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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