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aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Condenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DC-biased_condenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DC-biased_condenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>DC-biased condenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DC-biased_condenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RF_condenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RF_condenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>RF condenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RF_condenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electret_condenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electret_condenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Electret condenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electret_condenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valve_microphone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve_microphone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Valve microphone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve_microphone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dynamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ribbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ribbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Carbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piezoelectric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piezoelectric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Piezoelectric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piezoelectric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber-optic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber-optic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fiber-optic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber-optic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Laser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Liquid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MEMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MEMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>MEMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MEMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Plasma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speakers_as_microphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speakers_as_microphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Speakers as microphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speakers_as_microphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capsule_design_and_directivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capsule_design_and_directivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Capsule design and directivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capsule_design_and_directivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Polar patterns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polar_patterns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Polar patterns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Polar_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Omnidirectional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omnidirectional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Omnidirectional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omnidirectional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unidirectional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unidirectional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Unidirectional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unidirectional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardioid,_hypercardioid,_supercardioid,_subcardioid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardioid,_hypercardioid,_supercardioid,_subcardioid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid, subcardioid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardioid,_hypercardioid,_supercardioid,_subcardioid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bi-directional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bi-directional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bi-directional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bi-directional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shotgun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shotgun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Shotgun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shotgun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Boundary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application-specific_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application-specific_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Application-specific designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-specific_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereo_microphone_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereo_microphone_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stereo microphone techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo_microphone_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Powering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connectors_and_connectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connectors_and_connectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Connectors and connectivity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connectors_and_connectivity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Connectors and connectivity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Connectors_and_connectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impedance_bridging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impedance_bridging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Impedance bridging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impedance_bridging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_microphone_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_microphone_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Digital microphone interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_microphone_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurements_and_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurements_and_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Measurements and specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurements_and_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_microphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_microphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Measurement microphones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement_microphones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement microphones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement_microphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calibration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calibration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Calibration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calibration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Arrays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windscreens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windscreens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Windscreens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windscreens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Microphone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofoon" title="Mikrofoon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mikrofoon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ميكروفون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميكروفون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%85%D5%BD" title="Բարձրախօս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բարձրախօս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3fonu" title="Micrófonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Micrófonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_arimowakaniok" title="Ka arimowakaniok – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ka arimowakaniok" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbotuichaha" title="Pumbotuichaha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pumbotuichaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="মাইক্রোফোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইক্রোফোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0i-kuh" title="Mài-kuh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mài-kuh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мікрафон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікрафон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мікрафон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікрафон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikropono" title="Mikropono – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mikropono" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B2fon" title="Micròfon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Micròfon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meicroffon" title="Meicroffon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meicroffon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μικρόφωνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μικρόφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3fono" title="Micrófono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Micrófono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofono" title="Mikrofono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikrofono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofono" title="Mikrofono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikrofono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="میکروفون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میکروفون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microphone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micreaf%C3%B3n" title="Micreafón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Micreafón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3fono" title="Micrófono – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Micrófono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E7%AD%92" title="話筒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="話筒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1i-k%C3%BB" title="Mái-kû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mái-kû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%B0" title="마이크로폰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이크로폰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makirifo" title="Makirifo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makirifo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Խոսափող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոսափող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="माइक्रोफोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइक्रोफोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofono" title="Mikrofono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mikrofono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0nemi" title="Hljóðnemi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóðnemi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfono" title="Microfono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microfono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מיקרופון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרופון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೈಕ್ರೊಫೋನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೈಕ್ರೊಫೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიკროფონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიკროფონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinasasauti" title="Kinasasauti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kinasasauti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikwof%C3%B2n" title="Mikwofòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mikwofòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEkrofon" title="Mîkrofon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîkrofon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonum" title="Microphonum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Microphonum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofons" title="Mikrofons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mikrofons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofonas" title="Mikrofonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikrofonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="മൈക്രോഫോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈക്രോഫോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83" title="المايك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المايك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfoon" title="Microfoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microfoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofoon" title="Mikrofoon – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mikrofoon" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="माइक्रोफोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माइक्रोफोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="माइक्रोफोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माइक्रोफोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="マイクロフォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイクロフォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microf%C3%B2n" title="Microfòn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Microfòn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਇਕਰੋਫੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਇਕਰੋਫੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DA%96%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="غږتاندی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غږتاندی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfone" title="Microfone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microfone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfon" title="Microfon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microfon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqyay_musyana" title="Ruqyay musyana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruqyay musyana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Microphone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofoni" title="Mikrofoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mikrofoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Microphone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrof%C3%B3n" title="Mikrofón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikrofón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Микрофон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микрофон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikropon" title="Mikropon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mikropon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofoni" title="Mikrofoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikrofoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikropono" title="Mikropono – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mikropono" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒலிவாங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலிவாங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మైక్రోఫోన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మైక్రోఫోన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99" title="ไมโครโฟน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมโครโฟน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мікрофон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікрофон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="مائیکروفون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مائیکروفون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfono" title="Microfono – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Microfono" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Microphone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A4pek%C3%B5rv" title="Tsäpekõrv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsäpekõrv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikropono" title="Mikropono – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mikropono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E7%AD%92" title="話筒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="話筒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מיקראפאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיקראפאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gboh%C3%B9ngboh%C3%B9n" title="Gbohùngbohùn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gbohùngbohùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%AA%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0" title="咪高峰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="咪高峰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mikrofon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A3%8E" title="麦克风 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麦克风" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that converts sound into an electrical signal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Microphone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Microphone (disambiguation)">Microphone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shure_mikrofon_55S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shure_mikrofon_55S.jpg/170px-Shure_mikrofon_55S.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shure_mikrofon_55S.jpg/255px-Shure_mikrofon_55S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shure_mikrofon_55S.jpg/340px-Shure_mikrofon_55S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shure_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shure Brothers">Shure Brothers</a> microphone, model <a href="/wiki/Shure_55S" class="mw-redirect" title="Shure 55S">55S</a>, multi-impedance "Small Unidyne" dynamic from 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>microphone</b>, colloquially called a <b>mic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>mike</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> that converts <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical signal">electrical signal</a>. Microphones are used in many applications such as <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">public address systems</a> for concert halls and public events, <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a> production, live and recorded <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">audio engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megaphone" title="Megaphone">megaphones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcasting. They are also used in <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and other electronic devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, for recording sounds, <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a>, and other purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_transducer" title="Ultrasonic transducer">ultrasonic sensors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knock_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock sensor">knock sensors</a>. </p><p>Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a <a href="/wiki/Sound_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wave">sound wave</a> to an electrical signal. The most common are the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_microphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic microphone">dynamic microphone</a>, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field; the <a href="/wiki/Condenser_microphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Condenser microphone">condenser microphone</a>, which uses the vibrating <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)" title="Diaphragm (acoustics)">diaphragm</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> plate; and the <a href="/wiki/Contact_microphone" title="Contact microphone">contact microphone</a>, which uses a crystal of <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> material. Microphones typically need to be connected to a <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a> before the signal can be <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recorded or reproduced</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice. The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones. Some of the first examples, from fifth-century-BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voice of actors in <a href="/wiki/Amphitheater" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitheater">amphitheaters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery1959_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery1959-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1665, the English physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> was the first to experiment with a medium other than air with the invention of the "<a href="/wiki/Lovers%27_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovers' telephone">lovers' telephone</a>" made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a> developed a dynamic microphone based on the generation of electric current by moving a coil of wire to various depths in a magnetic field. This method of modulation was also the most enduring method for the technology of the telephone as well. Speaking of his device, Meucci wrote in 1857, "It consists of a vibrating diaphragm and an electrified magnet with a spiral wire that wraps around it. The vibrating diaphragm alters the current of the magnet. These alterations of current, transmitted to the other end of the wire, create analogous vibrations of the receiving diaphragm and reproduce the word."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1861, German inventor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a> built an early sound transmitter (the "<a href="/wiki/Reis_telephone" title="Reis telephone">Reis telephone</a>") that used a metallic strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current. Better results were achieved in 1876 with the "<a href="#Liquid">liquid transmitter</a>" design in early telephones from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a> – the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems, however, gave a very poor sound quality. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Edward_Hughes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/David_Edward_Hughes.jpg/170px-David_Edward_Hughes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/David_Edward_Hughes.jpg/255px-David_Edward_Hughes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/David_Edward_Hughes.jpg/340px-David_Edward_Hughes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">David Edward Hughes</a> invented a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">carbon microphone</a> in the 1870s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact) <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">carbon microphone</a>. This was independently developed by <a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">David Edward Hughes</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877 (after a long legal dispute), Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman_2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berliner microphone found commercial success through the use by Alexander Graham Bell for his telephone and Berliner became employed by Bell.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carbon microphone was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman_2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robjohns_2001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robjohns_2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This microphone was employed at the first radio broadcast ever, a performance at the New York <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_(Lincoln_Center)" title="Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)">Metropolitan Opera House</a> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogart_Bacall_AFRS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bogart_Bacall_AFRS.jpg/220px-Bogart_Bacall_AFRS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bogart_Bacall_AFRS.jpg/330px-Bogart_Bacall_AFRS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bogart_Bacall_AFRS.jpg/440px-Bogart_Bacall_AFRS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a>, Jack Brown, and <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> with RCA Varacoustic MI-6203 ribbon microphones broadcast to troops overseas during World War II.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1916, E.C. Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first <a href="#Condenser_microphone">condenser microphone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, the first practical moving coil microphone was built. The Marconi-Sykes magnetophone, developed by <a href="/wiki/H._J._Round" title="H. J. Round">Captain H. J. Round</a>, became the standard for <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> studios in London.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was improved in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blumlein" title="Alan Blumlein">Alan Blumlein</a> and Herbert Holman who released the HB1A and was the best standard of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Robjohns_2001_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robjohns_2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_microphone" title="Ribbon microphone">ribbon microphone</a> was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Olson" title="Harry F. Olson">Harry F. Olson</a>, who applied the concept used in a <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribbon speaker">ribbon speaker</a> to making a microphone.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years these microphones were developed by several companies, most notably RCA that made large advancements in pattern control, to give the microphone directionality. With television and film technology booming there was a demand for high-fidelity microphones and greater directionality. <a href="/wiki/Electro-Voice" title="Electro-Voice">Electro-Voice</a> responded with their <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_microphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun microphone">shotgun microphone</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the second half of the 20th century, development advanced quickly with the <a href="/wiki/Shure_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shure Brothers">Shure Brothers</a> bringing out the <a href="/wiki/Shure_SM58" title="Shure SM58">SM58</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shure_SM57" title="Shure SM57">SM57</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Microphone" title="Special:EditPage/Microphone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Microphones are categorized by their transducer principle (condenser, dynamic, etc.) and by their directional characteristics (omni, cardioid, etc.). Sometimes other characteristics such as diaphragm size, intended use or orientation of the principal sound input to the principal axis (end- or side-address) of the microphone are used to describe the microphone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condenser">Condenser <span class="anchor" id="Condenser_microphone"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Condenser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktava319-internal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Oktava319-internal.jpg/170px-Oktava319-internal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Oktava319-internal.jpg/255px-Oktava319-internal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Oktava319-internal.jpg/340px-Oktava319-internal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Inside the Oktava 319 condenser microphone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audio-Technica_AT3035_microphone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Audio-Technica_AT3035_microphone.jpg/170px-Audio-Technica_AT3035_microphone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Audio-Technica_AT3035_microphone.jpg/255px-Audio-Technica_AT3035_microphone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Audio-Technica_AT3035_microphone.jpg/340px-Audio-Technica_AT3035_microphone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="5371" /></a><figcaption>Audio-Technica AT3035</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condenser_microphone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Condenser_microphone.svg/220px-Condenser_microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Condenser_microphone.svg/330px-Condenser_microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Condenser_microphone.svg/440px-Condenser_microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Inner workings of the condenser microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>condenser microphone</b>, invented at Western Electric in 1916 by E. C. Wente,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also called a <b>capacitor microphone</b> or <b>electrostatic microphone</b>—capacitors were historically called condensers. The diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and audio vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates. Because the capacitance of the plates is inversely proportional to the distance between them, the vibrations produce changes in capacitance. These changes in capacitance are used to measure the <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembly of fixed and movable plates is called an <i>element</i> or <i>capsule</i>. </p><p>Condenser microphones span the range from telephone mouthpieces through inexpensive karaoke microphones to high-fidelity recording microphones. They generally produce a high-quality audio signal and are now the popular choice in laboratory and <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a> applications. The inherent suitability of this technology is due to the very small mass that must be moved by the incident sound wave compared to other microphone types that require the sound wave to do more work. </p><p>Condenser microphones require a power source, provided either via microphone inputs on equipment as <a href="/wiki/Phantom_power" title="Phantom power">phantom power</a> or from a small battery. Power is necessary for establishing the capacitor plate voltage and is also needed to power the microphone electronics. Condenser microphones are also available with two diaphragms that can be electrically connected to provide a range of <a href="#Microphone_polar_patterns">polar patterns</a>, such as cardioid, omnidirectional, and figure-eight. It is also possible to vary the pattern continuously with some microphones, for example, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8de" class="mw-redirect" title="Røde">Røde</a> NT2000 or CAD M179. </p><p>There are two main categories of condenser microphones, depending on the method of extracting the audio signal from the transducer: DC-biased microphones, and radio frequency (RF) or high frequency (HF) condenser microphones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DC-biased_condenser">DC-biased condenser</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: DC-biased condenser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a <b>DC-biased condenser microphone</b>, the plates are <a href="/wiki/Voltage_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage bias">biased</a> with a fixed charge (<i>Q</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in the air, according to the capacitance equation (C = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">Q</span>⁄<span class="den">V</span></span>), where Q = charge in <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a>, C = capacitance in <a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farads</a> and V = potential difference in <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>. A nearly constant charge is maintained on the capacitor. As the capacitance changes, the charge across the capacitor does change very slightly, but at audible frequencies it is sensibly constant. The capacitance of the capsule (around 5 to 100 <a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">pF</a>) and the value of the bias resistor (100 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">MΩ</a> to tens of GΩ) form a filter that is high-pass for the audio signal, and low-pass for the bias voltage. Note that the time constant of an <a href="/wiki/RC_circuit" title="RC circuit">RC circuit</a> equals the product of the resistance and capacitance. </p><p>Within the time frame of the capacitance change (as much as 50 ms at 20 Hz audio signal), the charge is practically constant and the voltage across the capacitor changes instantaneously to reflect the change in capacitance. The voltage across the capacitor varies above and below the bias voltage. The voltage difference between the bias and the capacitor is seen across the series resistor. The voltage across the resistor is amplified for performance or recording. In most cases, the electronics in the microphone itself contribute no voltage gain as the voltage differential is quite significant, up to several volts for high sound levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RF_condenser">RF condenser</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: RF condenser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKG_C451B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AKG_C451B.jpg/220px-AKG_C451B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AKG_C451B.jpg/330px-AKG_C451B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AKG_C451B.jpg/440px-AKG_C451B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AKG_Acoustics" class="mw-redirect" title="AKG Acoustics">AKG</a> C451B small-diaphragm condenser microphone</figcaption></figure> <p><b>RF condenser microphones</b> use a comparatively low RF voltage, generated by a low-noise oscillator. The signal from the oscillator may either be amplitude modulated by the capacitance changes produced by the sound waves moving the capsule diaphragm, or the capsule may be part of a <a href="/wiki/Resonant_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant circuit">resonant circuit</a> that modulates the frequency of the oscillator signal. Demodulation yields a low-noise audio frequency signal with a very low source impedance. The absence of a high bias voltage permits the use of a diaphragm with looser tension, which may be used to achieve wider frequency response due to higher compliance. The RF biasing process results in a lower electrical impedance capsule, a useful by-product of which is that RF condenser microphones can be operated in damp weather conditions that could create problems in DC-biased microphones with contaminated insulating surfaces. The <a href="/wiki/Sennheiser" title="Sennheiser">Sennheiser</a> MKH series of microphones use the RF biasing technique. A covert, remotely energized application of the same physical principle called <a href="/wiki/The_Thing_(listening_device)" title="The Thing (listening device)">the Thing</a> was devised by Soviet Russian inventor <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a> and used to bug the US Ambassador's residence in Moscow between 1945 and 1952. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electret_condenser">Electret condenser</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electret condenser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electret_microphone" title="Electret microphone">Electret microphone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png/220px-US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png/330px-US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png/440px-US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>First patent on foil electret microphone by G. M. Sessler et al. (pages 1 to 3)</figcaption></figure> <p>An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone invented by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Sessler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Sessler">Gerhard Sessler</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Maceo_West" class="mw-redirect" title="James Edward Maceo West">Jim West</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell laboratories">Bell laboratories</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The externally applied charge used for a conventional condenser microphone is replaced by a permanent charge in an electret material. An <a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">electret</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferroelectric">ferroelectric</a> material that has been permanently <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electrically charged</a> or <i>polarized</i>. The name comes from <i>electrostatic</i> and <i>magnet</i>; a static charge is embedded in an electret by the alignment of the static charges in the material, much the way a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent magnet">permanent magnet</a> is made by aligning the magnetic domains in a piece of iron. </p><p>Due to their good performance and ease of manufacture, hence low cost, the vast majority of microphones made today are electret microphones; a semiconductor manufacturer estimates annual production at over one billion units.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used in many applications, from high-quality recording and <a href="/wiki/Lavalier_microphone" title="Lavalier microphone">lavalier</a> (lapel mic) use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones. Prior to the proliferation of MEMS microphones, nearly all cell-phone, computer, PDA and headset microphones were electret types.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike other capacitor microphones, they require no polarizing voltage, but often contain an integrated <a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">preamplifier</a> that does require power. This preamplifier is frequently phantom powered in <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reinforcement">sound reinforcement</a> and studio applications. Monophonic microphones designed for <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> (PCs), sometimes called multimedia microphones, use a 3.5 mm plug as usually used for stereo connections; the ring, instead of carrying the signal for a second channel, carries power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valve_microphone">Valve microphone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Valve microphone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valve_microphone" title="Valve microphone">Valve microphone</a></div> <p>A valve microphone is a condenser microphone that uses a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> (valve) <a href="/wiki/Valve_amplifier" title="Valve amplifier">amplifier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remain popular with enthusiasts of <a href="/wiki/Tube_sound" title="Tube sound">tube sound</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic">Dynamic <span class="anchor" id="Dynamic_microphone"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dynamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patti_Smith_performing_in_Finland,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Patti_Smith_performing_in_Finland%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Patti_Smith_performing_in_Finland%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Patti_Smith_performing_in_Finland%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Patti_Smith_performing_in_Finland%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Patti_Smith_performing_in_Finland%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Patti_Smith_performing_in_Finland%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> singing into a <a href="/wiki/Shure_SM58" title="Shure SM58">Shure SM58</a> (dynamic cardioid type) microphone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tauchspulenmikrofon-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tauchspulenmikrofon-en.svg/220px-Tauchspulenmikrofon-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tauchspulenmikrofon-en.svg/330px-Tauchspulenmikrofon-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tauchspulenmikrofon-en.svg/440px-Tauchspulenmikrofon-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Inner workings of a dynamic microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>dynamic microphone</b> (also known as the <b>moving-coil microphone</b>) works via <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a>. They are robust, relatively inexpensive and resistant to moisture. This, coupled with their potentially high <a href="/wiki/Gain_before_feedback" title="Gain before feedback">gain before feedback</a>, makes them popular for on-stage use. </p><p>Dynamic microphones use the same dynamic principle as in a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>, only reversed. A small movable <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">induction coil</a>, positioned in the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of a permanent magnet, is attached to the diaphragm. When sound enters through the windscreen of the microphone, the sound wave moves the diaphragm which moves the coil in the magnetic field, producing a varying <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> across the coil through electromagnetic induction. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ribbon">Ribbon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ribbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_microphone" title="Ribbon microphone">Ribbon microphone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Lowe_fsa_8b06653.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edmund_Lowe_fsa_8b06653.jpg/170px-Edmund_Lowe_fsa_8b06653.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edmund_Lowe_fsa_8b06653.jpg/255px-Edmund_Lowe_fsa_8b06653.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Edmund_Lowe_fsa_8b06653.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lowe" title="Edmund Lowe">Edmund Lowe</a> using a ribbon microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>Ribbon microphones use a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a magnetic field. The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its vibration within the magnetic field generates the electrical signal. Ribbon microphones are similar to moving coil microphones in the sense that both produce sound by means of magnetic induction. Basic ribbon microphones detect sound in a <a href="#Bi-directional">bi-directional</a> (also called figure-eight, as in the <a href="#Microphone_polar_patterns">diagram</a> below) pattern because the ribbon is open on both sides. Also, because the ribbon has much less mass it responds to the air velocity rather than the <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure</a>. Though the symmetrical front and rear pickup can be a nuisance in normal stereo recording, the high side rejection can be used to advantage by positioning a ribbon microphone horizontally, for example above cymbals, so that the rear lobe picks up sound only from the cymbals. Crossed figure 8, or <a href="/wiki/Blumlein_Pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Blumlein Pair">Blumlein pair</a>, stereo recording is gaining in popularity, and the figure-eight response of a ribbon microphone is ideal for that application. </p><p>Other directional patterns are produced by enclosing one side of the ribbon in an acoustic trap or baffle, allowing sound to reach only one side. The classic <a href="/wiki/RCA_Type_77-DX_microphone" title="RCA Type 77-DX microphone">RCA Type 77-DX microphone</a> has several externally adjustable positions of the internal baffle, allowing the selection of several response patterns ranging from "figure-eight" to "unidirectional". Such older ribbon microphones, some of which still provide high-quality sound reproduction, were once valued for this reason, but a good low-frequency response could be obtained only when the ribbon was suspended very loosely, which made them relatively fragile. Modern ribbon materials, including new <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have now been introduced that eliminate those concerns and even improve the effective dynamic range of ribbon microphones at low frequencies. Protective wind screens can reduce the danger of damaging a vintage ribbon, and also reduce plosive artifacts in the recording. Properly designed wind screens produce negligible treble attenuation. In common with other classes of dynamic microphone, ribbon microphones do not require phantom power; in fact, this voltage can damage some older ribbon microphones. Some new modern ribbon microphone designs incorporate a preamplifier and, therefore, do require phantom power, and circuits of modern passive ribbon microphones (i.e. those without the aforementioned preamplifier) are specifically designed to resist damage to the ribbon and <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> by phantom power. Also there are new ribbon materials available that are immune to wind blasts and phantom power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon">Carbon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Carbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">Carbon microphone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Electric_double_button_carbon_microphone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Western_Electric_double_button_carbon_microphone.jpg/170px-Western_Electric_double_button_carbon_microphone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Western_Electric_double_button_carbon_microphone.jpg/255px-Western_Electric_double_button_carbon_microphone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Western_Electric_double_button_carbon_microphone.jpg/340px-Western_Electric_double_button_carbon_microphone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> double button carbon microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>The carbon microphone was the earliest type of microphone. The carbon button microphone (or sometimes just a button microphone), uses a capsule or button containing carbon granules pressed between two metal plates like the Berliner and Edison microphones. A voltage is applied across the metal plates, causing a small current to flow through the carbon. One of the plates, the diaphragm, vibrates in sympathy with incident sound waves, applying a varying pressure to the carbon. The changing pressure deforms the granules, causing the contact area between each pair of adjacent granules to change, and this causes the electrical resistance of the mass of granules to change. The changes in resistance cause a corresponding change in the current flowing through the microphone, producing the electrical signal. Carbon microphones were once commonly used in telephones; they have extremely low-quality sound reproduction and a very limited frequency response range but are very robust devices. The Boudet microphone, which used relatively large carbon balls, was similar to the granule carbon button microphones.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike other microphone types, the carbon microphone can also be used as a type of amplifier, using a small amount of sound energy to control a larger amount of electrical energy. Carbon microphones found use as early <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">telephone repeaters</a>, making long-distance phone calls possible in the era before vacuum tubes. Called a Brown's relay,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these repeaters worked by mechanically coupling a magnetic telephone receiver to a carbon microphone: the faint signal from the receiver was transferred to the microphone, where it modulated a stronger electric current, producing a stronger electrical signal to send down the line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piezoelectric">Piezoelectric <span class="anchor" id="Piezoelectric_microphone"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Piezoelectric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astatic_crystal_mic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Astatic_crystal_mic.jpg/220px-Astatic_crystal_mic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Astatic_crystal_mic.jpg/330px-Astatic_crystal_mic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Astatic_crystal_mic.jpg/440px-Astatic_crystal_mic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Vintage <a href="/wiki/Astatic_Corporation" title="Astatic Corporation">Astatic</a> crystal microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>crystal microphone</b> or <b>piezo microphone</b><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectricity</a>—the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure—to convert vibrations into an electrical signal. An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Potassium_sodium_tartrate" title="Potassium sodium tartrate">potassium sodium tartrate</a>, which is a piezoelectric crystal that works as a transducer, both as a microphone and as a slimline loudspeaker component. Crystal microphones were once commonly supplied with vacuum tube (valve) equipment, such as domestic tape recorders. Their high output impedance matched the high input impedance (typically about 10 MΩ) of the vacuum tube input stage well. They were difficult to match to early <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> equipment and were quickly supplanted by dynamic microphones for a time, and later small electret condenser devices. The high impedance of the crystal microphone made it very susceptible to handling noise, both from the microphone itself and from the connecting cable. </p><p>Piezoelectric transducers are often used as <a href="/wiki/Contact_microphone" title="Contact microphone">contact microphones</a> to amplify sound from acoustic musical instruments, to sense drum hits, for triggering electronic samples, and to record sound in challenging environments, such as underwater under high pressure. <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)#Piezoelectric_pickups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">Saddle-mounted pickups</a> on <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitars</a> are generally piezoelectric devices that contact the strings passing over the saddle. This type of microphone is different from <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)#Magnetic_pickups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">magnetic coil pickups</a> commonly visible on typical <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>, which use magnetic induction, rather than mechanical coupling, to pick up vibration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber-optic">Fiber-optic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fiber-optic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optimic1140_fiber_optical_microphone_for_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Optimic1140_fiber_optical_microphone_for_wiki.jpg/170px-Optimic1140_fiber_optical_microphone_for_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Optimic1140_fiber_optical_microphone_for_wiki.jpg/255px-Optimic1140_fiber_optical_microphone_for_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Optimic1140_fiber_optical_microphone_for_wiki.jpg/340px-Optimic1140_fiber_optical_microphone_for_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Optoacoustics_Ltd" title="Optoacoustics Ltd">Optoacoustics</a> 1140 fiber-optic microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber-optic</a> microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing changes in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields as with conventional microphones.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During operation, light from a laser source travels through an optical fiber to illuminate the surface of a reflective diaphragm. Sound vibrations of the diaphragm modulate the intensity of light reflecting off the diaphragm in a specific direction. The modulated light is then transmitted over a second optical fiber to a photodetector, which transforms the intensity-modulated light into analog or digital audio for transmission or recording. Fiber-optic microphones possess high dynamic and frequency range, similar to the best high fidelity conventional microphones. </p><p>Fiber-optic microphones do not react to or influence any electrical, magnetic, electrostatic or radioactive fields (this is called <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">EMI/RFI</a> immunity). The fiber-optic microphone design is therefore ideal for use in areas where conventional microphones are ineffective or dangerous, such as inside <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine#Industrial_gas_turbines_for_power_generation" title="Gas turbine">industrial turbines</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) equipment environments. </p><p>Fiber-optic microphones are robust, resistant to environmental changes in heat and moisture, and can be produced for any directionality or <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a>. The distance between the microphone's light source and its photodetector may be up to several kilometers without need for any preamplifier or another electrical device, making fiber-optic microphones suitable for industrial and surveillance acoustic monitoring. </p><p>Fiber-optic microphones are used in very specific application areas such as for <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> monitoring and <a href="/wiki/Noise-canceling_microphone" title="Noise-canceling microphone">noise cancellation</a>. They have proven especially useful in medical applications, such as allowing radiologists, staff and patients within the powerful and noisy magnetic field to converse normally, inside the MRI suites as well as in remote control rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other uses include industrial equipment monitoring and audio calibration and measurement, high-fidelity recording and law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser">Laser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Laser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laser_microphone" title="Laser microphone">Laser microphone</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laser_microphone" title="Laser microphone">Laser microphones</a> are often portrayed in movies as spy gadgets because they can be used to pick up sound at a distance from the microphone equipment. A laser beam is aimed at the surface of a window or other plane surface that is affected by sound. The vibrations of this surface change the angle at which the beam is reflected, and the motion of the laser spot from the returning beam is detected and converted to an audio signal. </p><p>In a more robust and expensive implementation, the returned light is split and fed to an <a href="/wiki/Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">interferometer</a>, which detects movement of the surface by changes in the <a href="/wiki/Optical_path_length" title="Optical path length">optical path length</a> of the reflected beam. The former implementation is a tabletop experiment; the latter requires an extremely stable laser and precise optics. </p><p>A new type of laser microphone is a device that uses a laser beam and smoke or vapor to detect sound <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> in free air. On August 25, 2009, U.S. patent 7,580,533 issued for a Particulate Flow Detection Microphone based on a laser-photocell pair with a moving stream of smoke or vapor in the laser beam's path. Sound pressure waves cause disturbances in the smoke that in turn cause variations in the amount of laser light reaching the photodetector. A prototype of the device was demonstrated at the 127th Audio Engineering Society convention in New York City from 9 through October 12, 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid">Liquid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liquid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_microphone" title="Water microphone">Water microphone</a></div> <p>Early microphones did not produce intelligible speech, until Alexander Graham Bell made improvements including a variable-resistance microphone/transmitter. Bell's liquid transmitter consisted of a metal cup filled with water with a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> added. A sound wave caused the diaphragm to move, forcing a needle to move up and down in the water. The electrical resistance between the wire and the cup was then inversely proportional to the size of the water meniscus around the submerged needle. Elisha Gray filed a <a href="/wiki/Patent_caveat" title="Patent caveat">caveat</a> for a version using a brass rod instead of the needle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Other minor variations and improvements were made to the liquid microphone by Majoranna, Chambers, Vanni, Sykes, and Elisha Gray, and one version was patented by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> in 1903. These were the first working microphones, but they were not practical for commercial application. The famous first phone conversation between Bell and Watson took place using a liquid microphone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MEMS">MEMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: MEMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">Microelectromechanical systems</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asus_Zenbook_UX32V_-_webcam_module_-_AK230_0539L_4911C-0108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Asus_Zenbook_UX32V_-_webcam_module_-_AK230_0539L_4911C-0108.jpg/220px-Asus_Zenbook_UX32V_-_webcam_module_-_AK230_0539L_4911C-0108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Asus_Zenbook_UX32V_-_webcam_module_-_AK230_0539L_4911C-0108.jpg/330px-Asus_Zenbook_UX32V_-_webcam_module_-_AK230_0539L_4911C-0108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Asus_Zenbook_UX32V_-_webcam_module_-_AK230_0539L_4911C-0108.jpg/440px-Asus_Zenbook_UX32V_-_webcam_module_-_AK230_0539L_4911C-0108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>MEMS microphone Akustica AKU230</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> (microelectromechanical systems) microphone is also called a microphone chip or silicon microphone. A pressure-sensitive diaphragm is etched directly into a silicon wafer by MEMS processing techniques and is usually accompanied with an integrated preamplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most MEMS microphones are variants of the condenser microphone design. Digital MEMS microphones have built-in <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> (ADC) circuits on the same CMOS chip making the chip a digital microphone and so more readily integrated with modern digital products. Major manufacturers producing MEMS silicon microphones are Wolfson Microelectronics (WM7xxx) now Cirrus Logic,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> InvenSense (product line sold by Analog Devices<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Akustica (AKU200x), Infineon (SMM310 product), Knowles Electronics, Memstech (MSMx), NXP Semiconductors (division bought by Knowles<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Sonion MEMS, Vesper, AAC Acoustic Technologies,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Omron.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, since the 2010s, there has been increased interest and research into making piezoelectric MEMS microphones which are a significant architectural and material change from existing condenser style MEMS designs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plasma">Plasma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plasma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a plasma microphone, a plasma arc of ionized gas is used. The sound waves cause variations in the pressure around the plasma in turn causing variations in temperature which alter the conductance of the plasma. These variations in conductance can be picked up as variations superimposed on the electrical supply to the plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an experimental form of microphone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speakers_as_microphones">Speakers as microphones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Speakers as microphones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A loudspeaker, a transducer that turns an electrical signal into sound waves, is the functional opposite of a microphone. Since a conventional speaker is similar in construction to a dynamic microphone (with a diaphragm, coil and magnet), speakers can actually work "in reverse" as microphones. <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(engineering)" title="Reciprocity (engineering)">Reciprocity</a> applies, so the resulting microphone has the same impairments as a single-driver loudspeaker: limited low- and high-end frequency response, poorly controlled <a href="/wiki/Directivity" title="Directivity">directivity</a>, and low <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)" title="Sensitivity (electronics)">sensitivity</a>. In practical use, speakers are sometimes used as microphones in applications where high bandwidth and sensitivity are not needed such as <a href="/wiki/Intercom" title="Intercom">intercoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voice_chat#Voice_chat_in_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice chat">video game voice chat</a> peripherals, or when conventional microphones are in short supply. </p><p>However, there is at least one practical application that exploits those weaknesses: the use of a medium-size <a href="/wiki/Woofer" title="Woofer">woofer</a> placed closely in front of a "kick drum" (<a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>) in a <a href="/wiki/Drum_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum set">drum set</a> to act as a microphone. A commercial product example is the Yamaha Subkick, a 6.5-inch (170 mm) woofer shock-mounted into a 10" drum shell used in front of kick drums. Since a relatively massive membrane is unable to transduce high frequencies while being capable of tolerating strong low-frequency transients, the speaker is often ideal for picking up the kick drum while reducing bleed from the nearby cymbals and snare drums.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capsule_design_and_directivity">Capsule design and directivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Capsule design and directivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inner elements of a microphone are the primary source of differences in directivity. A pressure microphone uses a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(mechanical_device)" title="Diaphragm (mechanical device)">diaphragm</a> between a fixed internal volume of air and the environment and responds uniformly to pressure from all directions, so it is said to be omnidirectional. A pressure-gradient microphone uses a diaphragm that is at least partially open on both sides. The pressure difference between the two sides produces its directional characteristics. Other elements such as the external shape of the microphone and external devices such as interference tubes can also alter a microphone's directional response. A pure pressure-gradient microphone is equally sensitive to sounds arriving from front or back but insensitive to sounds arriving from the side because sound arriving at the front and back at the same time creates no gradient between the two. The characteristic directional pattern of a pure pressure-gradient microphone is like a figure-8. Other polar patterns are derived by creating a capsule that combines these two effects in different ways. The cardioid, for instance, features a partially closed backside, so its response is a combination of pressure and pressure-gradient characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polar_patterns">Polar patterns <span class="anchor" id="Microphone_polar_patterns"></span><span class="anchor" id="patterns"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Polar patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Microphone polar sensitivity. Microphone is parallel to the page facing upwards in each diagram.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_pattern_omnidirectional.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Omnidirectional"><img alt="Omnidirectional" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Polar_pattern_omnidirectional.svg/225px-Polar_pattern_omnidirectional.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Polar_pattern_omnidirectional.svg/338px-Polar_pattern_omnidirectional.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Polar_pattern_omnidirectional.svg/450px-Polar_pattern_omnidirectional.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Omnidirectional</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_pattern_subcardioid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subcardioid"><img alt="Subcardioid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Polar_pattern_subcardioid.svg/225px-Polar_pattern_subcardioid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Polar_pattern_subcardioid.svg/338px-Polar_pattern_subcardioid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Polar_pattern_subcardioid.svg/450px-Polar_pattern_subcardioid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subcardioid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_pattern_cardioid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardioid"><img alt="Cardioid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Polar_pattern_cardioid.svg/225px-Polar_pattern_cardioid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Polar_pattern_cardioid.svg/338px-Polar_pattern_cardioid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Polar_pattern_cardioid.svg/450px-Polar_pattern_cardioid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cardioid" title="Cardioid">Cardioid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_pattern_supercardioid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supercardioid"><img alt="Supercardioid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Polar_pattern_supercardioid.svg/225px-Polar_pattern_supercardioid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Polar_pattern_supercardioid.svg/338px-Polar_pattern_supercardioid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Polar_pattern_supercardioid.svg/450px-Polar_pattern_supercardioid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supercardioid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_pattern_hypercardioid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypercardioid"><img alt="Hypercardioid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Polar_pattern_hypercardioid.svg/225px-Polar_pattern_hypercardioid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Polar_pattern_hypercardioid.svg/338px-Polar_pattern_hypercardioid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Polar_pattern_hypercardioid.svg/450px-Polar_pattern_hypercardioid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hypercardioid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_pattern_figure_eight.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bi-directional or Figure-8"><img alt="Bi-directional or Figure-8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polar_pattern_figure_eight.svg/225px-Polar_pattern_figure_eight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polar_pattern_figure_eight.svg/338px-Polar_pattern_figure_eight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polar_pattern_figure_eight.svg/450px-Polar_pattern_figure_eight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bi-directional or Figure-8</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_pattern_directional.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobar"><img alt="Lobar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Polar_pattern_directional.svg/225px-Polar_pattern_directional.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Polar_pattern_directional.svg/338px-Polar_pattern_directional.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Polar_pattern_directional.svg/450px-Polar_pattern_directional.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lobar</div> </li> </ul> <p>A microphone's directionality or polar pattern indicates how sensitive it is to sounds arriving at different angles about its central axis. The polar patterns illustrated above represent the <a href="/wiki/Locus_(mathematics)" title="Locus (mathematics)">locus</a> of points in <a href="/wiki/Polar_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar coordinates">polar coordinates</a> that produce the same signal level output in the microphone if a given <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound pressure level">sound pressure level</a> (SPL) is generated from that point. How the physical body of the microphone is oriented relative to the diagrams depends on the microphone design. For large-membrane microphones such as in the Oktava (pictured above), the upward direction in the polar diagram is usually <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the microphone body, commonly known as "side fire" or "side address". For small diaphragm microphones such as the Shure (also pictured above), it usually extends from the axis of the microphone commonly known as "end fire" or "top/end address". </p><p>Some microphone designs combine several principles in creating the desired polar pattern. This ranges from shielding (meaning diffraction/dissipation/absorption) by the housing itself to electronically combining dual membranes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omnidirectional">Omnidirectional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Omnidirectional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>omnidirectional</b> (or nondirectional) microphone's response is generally considered to be a perfect sphere in three dimensions. In the real world, this is not the case. As with directional microphones, the polar pattern for an "omnidirectional" microphone is a function of frequency. The body of the microphone is not infinitely small and, as a consequence, it tends to get in its own way with respect to sounds arriving from the rear, causing a slight flattening of the polar response. This flattening increases as the diameter of the microphone (assuming it's cylindrical) reaches the wavelength of the frequency in question. Therefore, the smallest diameter microphone gives the best omnidirectional characteristics at high frequencies. </p><p>The wavelength of sound at 10 kHz is 1.4" (3.5 cm). The smallest measuring microphones are often 1/4" (6 mm) in diameter, which practically eliminates directionality even up to the highest frequencies. Omnidirectional microphones, unlike cardioids, do not employ resonant cavities as delays, and so can be considered the "purest" microphones in terms of low coloration; they add very little to the original sound. Being pressure-sensitive they can also have a very flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz or below. Pressure-sensitive microphones also respond much less to wind noise and plosives than directional (velocity sensitive) microphones. </p><p>Areas of application: studios, old churches, theaters, on-site TV interviews, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a nondirectional microphone is the round black <i>eight ball</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unidirectional">Unidirectional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Unidirectional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A unidirectional microphone is primarily sensitive to sounds from only one direction. <a href="#Polar_patterns">The diagram above</a> (lobar) illustrates a number of these patterns. The microphone faces upwards in each diagram. The sound intensity for a particular frequency is plotted for angles radially from 0 to 360°. (Professional diagrams show these scales and include multiple plots at different frequencies. The diagrams given here provide only an overview of typical pattern shapes, and their names.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardioid,_hypercardioid,_supercardioid,_subcardioid"><span id="Cardioid.2C_hypercardioid.2C_supercardioid.2C_subcardioid"></span>Cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid, subcardioid <span class="anchor" id="Cardioid"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid, subcardioid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Us664a_microphone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Us664a_microphone.jpg/220px-Us664a_microphone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Us664a_microphone.jpg/330px-Us664a_microphone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Us664a_microphone.jpg/440px-Us664a_microphone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>University Sound US664A dynamic supercardioid microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common unidirectional microphone is a <b>cardioid</b> microphone, so named because the sensitivity pattern is "heart-shaped" (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Cardioid" title="Cardioid">cardioid</a>). The cardioid family of microphones are commonly used as vocal or speech microphones since they are good at rejecting sounds from other directions. In three dimensions, the cardioid is shaped like an apple centered around the microphone, which is the "stem" of the apple. The cardioid response reduces pickup from the side and rear, helping to avoid feedback from the <a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">monitors</a>. Since these directional transducer microphones achieve their patterns by sensing pressure gradient, putting them very close to the sound source (at distances of a few centimeters) results in a bass boost due to the increased gradient. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_effect_(audio)" title="Proximity effect (audio)">proximity effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SM58 has been the most commonly used microphone for live vocals for more than 50 years<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrating the importance and popularity of cardioid mics. </p><p>The cardioid is effectively a superposition of an omnidirectional (pressure) and a figure-8 (pressure gradient) microphone;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for sound waves coming from the back, the negative signal from the figure-8 cancels the positive signal from the omnidirectional element, whereas, for sound waves coming from the front, the two add to each other. However, in low frequencies a cardioid microphone behaves as an omnidirectional microphone. </p><p>By combining the two components in different ratios, any pattern between omni and figure-8 can be achieved, which comprise the first-order cardioid family. Common shapes include: </p> <ul><li>A <b>hyper-cardioid</b> microphone is similar to cardioid, but with a slightly larger figure-8 contribution, leading to a tighter area of front sensitivity and a smaller lobe of rear sensitivity. It is produced by combining the two components in a 3:1 ratio, producing nulls at 109.5°. This ratio maximizes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Directivity_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directivity factor (page does not exist)">directivity factor</a> (or directivity index).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>super-cardioid</b> microphone is similar to a hyper-cardioid, except there is more front pickup and less rear pickup. It is produced with about a 5:3 ratio, with nulls at 126.9°. This ratio maximizes the <i>front-back ratio</i>; the energy ratio between front and rear radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>sub-cardioid</b> microphone has no null points. It is produced with about 7:3 ratio with 3–10 dB level between the front and back pickup.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Three such cardioid microphones/hydrophones could be orthogonally oriented as a collocated triad to improve the gain and also create a steerable beam pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-WongKT0218_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WongKT0218-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bi-directional">Bi-directional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bi-directional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Figure-8" or bi-directional microphones receive sound equally from both the front and back of the element. Most ribbon microphones are of this pattern. In principle they do not respond to sound pressure at all, only to the <i>change</i> in pressure between front and back; since sound arriving from the side reaches front and back equally there is no difference in pressure and therefore no sensitivity to sound from that direction. In more mathematical terms, while omnidirectional microphones are <a href="/wiki/Scalar_(physics)" title="Scalar (physics)">scalar</a> transducers responding to pressure from any direction, bi-directional microphones are <a href="/wiki/Gradient_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradient vector">vector</a> transducers responding to the gradient along an axis normal to the plane of the diaphragm. This also has the effect of inverting the output polarity for sounds arriving from the back side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shotgun">Shotgun <span class="anchor" id="Shotgun_and_parabolic_microphones"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Shotgun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Microphone" title="Special:EditPage/Microphone">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Microphone" title="Talk:Microphone">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style 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non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shotgun_microphone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shotgun_microphone.jpg/220px-Shotgun_microphone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shotgun_microphone.jpg/330px-Shotgun_microphone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shotgun_microphone.jpg/440px-Shotgun_microphone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>An Audio-Technica shotgun microphone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interference_Tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Interference_Tube.jpg/220px-Interference_Tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Interference_Tube.jpg/330px-Interference_Tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Interference_Tube.jpg/440px-Interference_Tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The interference tube of a shotgun microphone. The capsule is at the base of the tube.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shotgun microphones</b> are the most highly directional of simple first-order unidirectional types. At low frequencies, they have the classic polar response of a hypercardioid, while at medium and higher frequencies an interference tube gives them an increased forward response. This is achieved by a process of cancellation of off-axis waves entering the longitudinal array of slots. A consequence of this technique is the presence of some rear lobes that vary in level and angle with frequency and can cause some coloration effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary">Boundary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Boundary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boundary_microphone" title="Boundary microphone">Boundary microphone</a></div> <p>Several approaches have been developed for effectively using a microphone in less-than-ideal acoustic spaces, which often suffer from excessive reflections from one or more of the surfaces (boundaries) that make up the space. If the microphone is placed in, or very close to, one of these boundaries, the reflections from that surface have the same timing as the direct sound, thus giving the microphone a hemispherical polar pattern and improved intelligibility. Initially, this was done by placing an ordinary microphone adjacent to the surface, sometimes in a block of acoustically transparent foam. Sound engineers Ed Long and Ron Wickersham developed the concept of placing the diaphragm parallel to and facing the boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the patent has expired, <i>Pressure Zone Microphone</i> and <i>PZM</i> are still active trademarks of <a href="/wiki/Crown_International" title="Crown International">Crown International</a>. </p><p>While a boundary microphone was initially implemented using an omnidirectional element, it is also possible to mount a directional microphone close enough to the surface to gain some of the benefits of this technique while retaining the directional properties of the element. Crown's trademark on this approach is <i>Phase Coherent Cardioid</i> or <i>PCC</i>, but there are other makers who employ this technique as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application-specific_designs">Application-specific designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Application-specific designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Lavalier_microphone" title="Lavalier microphone">lavalier microphone</a> is made for hands-free operation. These small microphones are worn on the body. Originally, they were held in place with a lanyard worn around the neck, but more often they are fastened to clothing with a clip, pin, tape or magnet. The lavalier cord may be hidden by clothes and either run to an RF transmitter in a pocket or clipped to a belt (for mobile use), or run directly to the mixer (for stationary applications). </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wireless_microphone" title="Wireless microphone">wireless microphone</a> transmits the audio as a radio or optical signal rather than via a cable. It usually sends its signal using a small <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmitter">radio transmitter</a> to a nearby receiver connected to the sound system, but it can also use infrared waves if the transmitter and receiver are within sight of each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A contact microphone picks up vibrations directly from a solid surface or object, as opposed to sound vibrations carried through air. One use for this is to detect sounds of a very low level, such as those from small objects or <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>. The microphone commonly consists of a magnetic (moving coil) transducer, contact plate and contact pin. The contact plate is placed directly on the vibrating part of a musical instrument or other surface, and the contact pin transfers vibrations to the coil. Contact microphones have been used to pick up the sound of a snail's heartbeat and the footsteps of ants. A portable version of this microphone has recently been developed. A <a href="/wiki/Throat_microphone" title="Throat microphone">throat microphone</a> is a variant of the contact microphone that picks up speech directly from a person's throat, which it is strapped to. This lets the device be used in areas with ambient sounds that would otherwise make the speaker inaudible. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_parabolic_reflector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sony_parabolic_reflector.jpg/170px-Sony_parabolic_reflector.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sony_parabolic_reflector.jpg/255px-Sony_parabolic_reflector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sony_parabolic_reflector.jpg/340px-Sony_parabolic_reflector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A Sony parabolic reflector, without a microphone. The microphone would face the reflector surface and sound captured by the reflector would bounce towards the microphone.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_microphone" title="Parabolic microphone">parabolic microphone</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic reflector</a> to collect and focus sound waves onto a microphone receiver, in much the same way that a <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic antenna</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a>) does with radio waves. Typical uses of this microphone, which has unusually focused front sensitivity and can pick up sounds from many meters away, include nature recording, outdoor sporting events, <a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdropping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">law enforcement</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>. Parabolic microphones are not typically used for standard recording applications, because they tend to have a poor low-frequency response as a side effect of their design. </p><p>A stereo microphone integrates two microphones in one unit to produce a stereophonic signal. A stereo microphone is often used for <a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a> applications or <a href="/wiki/Field_recording" title="Field recording">field recording</a> where it would be impractical to configure two separate condenser microphones in a classic X-Y configuration (see <a href="/wiki/Microphone_practice" title="Microphone practice">microphone practice</a>) for stereophonic recording. Some such microphones have an adjustable angle of coverage between the two channels. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Noise-canceling_microphone" title="Noise-canceling microphone">noise-canceling microphone</a> is a highly directional design intended for noisy environments. One such use is in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> cockpits where they are normally installed as boom microphones on headsets. Another use is in <a href="/wiki/Live_event_support" title="Live event support">live event support</a> on loud concert stages for vocalists involved with <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live performances</a>. Many noise-canceling microphones combine signals received from two diaphragms that are in opposite <a href="/wiki/Electrical_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical polarity">electrical polarity</a> or are processed electronically. In dual diaphragm designs, the main diaphragm is mounted closest to the intended source and the second is positioned farther away from the source so that it can pick up environmental sounds to be subtracted from the main diaphragm's signal. After the two signals have been combined, sounds other than the intended source are greatly reduced, substantially increasing intelligibility. Other noise-canceling designs use one diaphragm that is affected by ports open to the sides and rear of the microphone, with the sum being a 16 dB rejection of sounds that are farther away. One noise-canceling headset design by <a href="/wiki/Crown_International" title="Crown International">Crown</a> using a single diaphragm has been used prominently by vocal artists such as <a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few noise-canceling microphones are throat microphones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereo_microphone_techniques">Stereo microphone techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stereo microphone techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microphone_practice" title="Microphone practice">Microphone practice</a></div> <p>Various standard techniques are used with microphones used in sound reinforcement at live performances, or for recording in a studio or on a motion picture set. By suitable arrangement of one or more microphones, desirable features of the sound to be collected can be kept, while rejecting unwanted sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powering">Powering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Powering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microphones containing active circuitry, such as most condenser microphones, require power to operate the active components. The first of these used vacuum-tube circuits with a separate power supply unit, using a multi-pin cable and connector. With the advent of solid-state amplification, the power requirements were greatly reduced and it became practical to use the same cable conductors and connector for audio and power. During the 1960s several powering methods were developed, mainly in Europe. The two dominant methods were initially defined in German DIN 45595 as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonaderspeisung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonaderspeisung (page does not exist)">Tonaderspeisung</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonaderspeisung" class="extiw" title="de:Tonaderspeisung">de</a>]</sup> or T-power and DIN 45596 for phantom power. Since the 1980s, phantom power has become much more common, because the same input may be used for both powered and unpowered microphones. In consumer electronics such as DSLRs and camcorders, "plug-in power" is more common, for microphones using a 3.5 mm phone plug connector. Phantom, T-power and plug-in power are described in international standard IEC 61938.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connectors_and_connectivity">Connectors and connectivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Connectors and connectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samson_Go_Mic_Clip-On_USB_Mikrofon_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Samson_Go_Mic_Clip-On_USB_Mikrofon_09.jpg/170px-Samson_Go_Mic_Clip-On_USB_Mikrofon_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Samson_Go_Mic_Clip-On_USB_Mikrofon_09.jpg/255px-Samson_Go_Mic_Clip-On_USB_Mikrofon_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Samson_Go_Mic_Clip-On_USB_Mikrofon_09.jpg/340px-Samson_Go_Mic_Clip-On_USB_Mikrofon_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Samson microphone with a USB connector</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IEEE_MIC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IEEE_MIC.svg/110px-IEEE_MIC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IEEE_MIC.svg/165px-IEEE_MIC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IEEE_MIC.svg/220px-IEEE_MIC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="17" /></a><figcaption>Electronic symbol for a microphone</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common connectors used by microphones are: </p> <ul><li>Male <a href="/wiki/XLR_connector" title="XLR connector">XLR connector</a> on professional microphones</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch (sometimes referred to as 6.35 mm) <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">phone connector</a> on less expensive musician's microphones, using an unbalanced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (6.35 mm) TS (tip and sleeve) phone connector. Harmonica microphones commonly use a high impedance <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch TS connection to be run through guitar amplifiers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)#Miniature_size" title="Phone connector (audio)">3.5 mm</a> (sometimes referred to as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch mini) TRS (tip, ring and sleeve) stereo (also available as TS mono) mini phone plug on prosumer camera, recorder and computer microphones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> allows direct connection to PCs. Electronics in these microphones powered over the USB connection performs preamplification and ADC before the digital audio data is transferred via the USB interface.</li></ul> <p>Some microphones use other connectors, such as a 5-pin XLR, or mini XLR for connection to portable equipment. Some lavalier (or "lapel", from the days of attaching the microphone to the news reporter's suit lapel) microphones use a proprietary connector for connection to a wireless transmitter, such as a <a href="/wiki/Radio_pack" title="Radio pack">radio pack</a>. Since 2005, professional-quality microphones with USB connections have begun to appear, designed for direct recording into computer-based software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impedance_bridging">Impedance bridging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Impedance bridging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impedance_bridging" title="Impedance bridging">Impedance bridging</a></div> <p>When choosing a pre-amplifier for a certain microphone, the microphone's <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> must be known. Impedance is a frequency-dependent electrical characteristic, measured in ohms (Ω), that relates voltage to current. When not concerned with <a href="/wiki/Maximum_power_transfer_theorem" title="Maximum power transfer theorem">power transfer</a>, signals are generally transferred as varying voltages and this is also the case for microphones. To obtain the highest signal amplitude one uses a method called <a href="/wiki/Impedance_bridging" title="Impedance bridging">impedance bridging</a>. In this configuration the output impedance of the microphone should be negligible in comparison with the input impedance of the pre-amplifier (in practice a pre-amp impedance at least 10 times greater than the microphone impedance is recommended). By doing so, the signal is attenuated minimally and almost no power is used in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-shure-service_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shure-service-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main alternative to impedance bridging is impedance matching which maximizes power transfer for a given source impedance. However, this has not been relevant since the early 20th century when amplifiers were very expensive and produced a lot of heat. To reduce the number of amplifiers in telephone lines, power loss needed to be minimal so source and load impedances were matched. A downside to impedance matching is the 6 dB loss in signal that occurs as only half the voltage level appears at the pre-amplifier's input.<sup id="cite_ref-shure-service_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shure-service-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain ribbon and dynamic microphones however are exceptions, due to the designers' assumption of a certain load impedance being part of the internal electro-acoustical damping circuit of the microphone.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2010)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Microphone#Dubious" title="Talk:Microphone">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Different microphones can have vastly different impedances and this depends on the design. In passive microphones, this value relates closely to the impedance of the coil (or similar mechanism). In active microphones, this value describes the output impedance of its internal amplifier circuitry. </p><p>Low impedance is considered under 600 Ω. Medium impedance is considered between 600 Ω and 10 kΩ. High impedance is above 10 kΩ. Owing to their built-in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic amplifier">amplifier</a>, condenser microphones typically have an output impedance between 50 and 200 Ω.<sup id="cite_ref-shure-service_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shure-service-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eargle2002_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eargle2002-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_microphone_interface">Digital microphone interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Digital microphone interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neumann_D-01_IBC_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Neumann_D-01_IBC_2008.jpg/170px-Neumann_D-01_IBC_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Neumann_D-01_IBC_2008.jpg/255px-Neumann_D-01_IBC_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Neumann_D-01_IBC_2008.jpg/340px-Neumann_D-01_IBC_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>Neumann D-01 digital microphone and Neumann DMI-8 8-channel USB Digital Microphone Interface</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=AES42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AES42 (page does not exist)">AES42</a> standard, published by the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a>, defines a digital interface for microphones. Microphones conforming to this standard directly output a digital audio stream through an XLR or <a href="/wiki/XLR_connector#XLD_keyed_variant" title="XLR connector">XLD</a> male connector, rather than producing an analog output. Digital microphones may be used either with new equipment with appropriate input connections that conform to the AES42 standard, or else via a suitable interface box. Studio-quality microphones that operate in accordance with the AES42 standard are now available from a number of microphone manufacturers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements_and_specifications">Measurements and specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Measurements and specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktava319vsshuresm58-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oktava319vsshuresm58-en.svg/220px-Oktava319vsshuresm58-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oktava319vsshuresm58-en.svg/330px-Oktava319vsshuresm58-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oktava319vsshuresm58-en.svg/440px-Oktava319vsshuresm58-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of the far field on-axis frequency response of the Oktava 319 and the Shure SM58</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of differences in their construction, microphones have their own characteristic responses to sound. This difference in response produces non-uniform <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> responses. Additionally, microphones are not uniformly sensitive to sound pressure and can accept differing levels without distorting. Although for scientific applications microphones with a more uniform response are desirable, this is often not the case for music recording, as the non-uniform response of a microphone can produce a desirable coloration of the sound. There is an international standard for microphone specifications,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but few manufacturers adhere to it. As a result, comparison of published data from different manufacturers is difficult because different measurement techniques are used. Caution should be used in drawing any solid conclusions from this or any other published data, however, unless it is known that the manufacturer has supplied specifications in accordance with IEC 60268-4. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a> diagram plots the microphone sensitivity in <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> over a range of frequencies (typically 20 Hz to 20 kHz), generally for perfectly on-axis sound (sound arriving at 0° to the capsule). Frequency response may be less informatively stated textually like so: "30 Hz–16 kHz ±3 dB". This is interpreted as meaning a nearly flat, linear, plot between the stated frequencies, with variations in amplitude of no more than plus or minus 3 dB. However, one cannot determine from this information how <i>smooth</i> the variations are, nor in what parts of the spectrum they occur. Note that commonly made statements such as "20 Hz–20 kHz" are meaningless without a decibel measure of tolerance. Directional microphones' frequency response varies greatly with distance from the sound source, and with the geometry of the sound source. IEC 60268-4 specifies that frequency response should be measured in <i>plane progressive wave</i> conditions (very far away from the source) but this is seldom practical. <i>Close talking</i> microphones may be measured with different sound sources and distances, but there is no standard and therefore no way to compare data from different models unless the measurement technique is described. </p><p>The self-noise or <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_input" title="Equivalent input">equivalent input</a> noise level is the sound level that creates the same output voltage as the microphone does in the absence of sound. This represents the lowest point of the microphone's dynamic range, and is particularly important should you wish to record sounds that are quiet. The measure is often stated in <a href="/wiki/DB(A)" class="mw-redirect" title="DB(A)">dB(A)</a>, which is the equivalent loudness of the noise on a decibel scale frequency-weighted for how the ear hears, for example: "15 dBA SPL" (SPL means sound pressure level relative to 20 <a href="/wiki/Micropascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropascal">micropascals</a>). The lower the number the better. Some microphone manufacturers state the noise level using <a href="/wiki/ITU-R_468_noise_weighting" title="ITU-R 468 noise weighting">ITU-R 468 noise weighting</a>, which more accurately represents the way we hear noise, but gives a figure some 11–14 dB higher. A quiet microphone typically measures 20 dBA SPL or 32 dB SPL 468-weighted. Very quiet microphones have existed for years for special applications, such the Brüel & Kjaer 4179, with a noise level around 0 dB SPL. Recently some microphones with low noise specifications have been introduced in the studio/entertainment market, such as models from <a href="/wiki/Georg_Neumann_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Neumann GmbH">Neumann</a> and Røde that advertise noise levels between 5–7 dBA. Typically this is achieved by altering the frequency response of the capsule and electronics to result in lower noise within the <a href="/wiki/A-weighting" title="A-weighting">A-weighting</a> curve while broadband noise may be increased.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The clipping level is an important indicator of maximum usable level, as the 1% <a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">total harmonic distortion</a> (THD) figure usually quoted under max SPL is really a very mild level of distortion, quite inaudible especially on brief high peaks. Clipping is much more audible. For some microphones, the clipping level may be much higher than the max SPL.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The dynamic range of a microphone is the difference in SPL between the noise floor and the maximum SPL. If stated on its own, for example, "120 dB", it conveys significantly less information than having the self-noise and maximum SPL figures individually. </p><p>Sensitivity indicates how well the microphone converts acoustic pressure to an output voltage. A high sensitivity microphone creates more voltage and so needs less amplification at the mixer or recording device. This is a practical concern but is not directly an indication of the microphone's quality, and in fact the term sensitivity is something of a misnomer, "transduction gain" being perhaps more meaningful, (or just "output level") because true sensitivity is generally set by the <a href="/wiki/Noise_floor" title="Noise floor">noise floor</a>, and too much "sensitivity" in terms of output level compromises the clipping level. There are two common measures. The (preferred) international standard is made in millivolts per pascal at 1 kHz. A higher value indicates greater sensitivity. The older American method is referred to a 1 V/Pa standard and measured in plain decibels, resulting in a negative value. Again, a higher value indicates greater sensitivity, so −60  dB is more sensitive than −70 dB.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_microphones">Measurement microphones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Measurement microphones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKG_C214_condenser_microphone_with_H85_shock_mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/AKG_C214_condenser_microphone_with_H85_shock_mount.jpg/170px-AKG_C214_condenser_microphone_with_H85_shock_mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/AKG_C214_condenser_microphone_with_H85_shock_mount.jpg/255px-AKG_C214_condenser_microphone_with_H85_shock_mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/AKG_C214_condenser_microphone_with_H85_shock_mount.jpg/340px-AKG_C214_condenser_microphone_with_H85_shock_mount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>An AKG C214 condenser microphone with <a href="/wiki/Shock_mount" title="Shock mount">shock mount</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some microphones are intended for testing speakers, measuring noise levels and otherwise quantifying an acoustic experience. These are calibrated transducers and are usually supplied with a calibration certificate that states absolute sensitivity against frequency. The quality of measurement microphones is often referred to using the designations "Class 1," "Type 2," etc., which are references not to microphone specifications but to <a href="/wiki/Sound_level_meter" title="Sound level meter">sound level meters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more comprehensive standard<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the description of measurement microphone performance was recently adopted. </p><p>Measurement microphones are generally scalar sensors of <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>; they exhibit an omnidirectional response, limited only by the scattering profile of their physical dimensions. <a href="/wiki/Sound_intensity" title="Sound intensity">Sound intensity</a> or sound power measurements require pressure-gradient measurements, which are typically made using arrays of at least two microphones, or with <a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_anemometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-wire anemometry">hot-wire anemometers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calibration">Calibration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Calibration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Measurement_microphone_calibration" title="Measurement microphone calibration">Measurement microphone calibration</a></div> <p>To take a scientific measurement with a microphone, its precise sensitivity must be known (in volts per <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>). Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibrate</a> measurement microphones. This service is offered by some microphone manufacturers and by independent certified testing labs. All <a href="/wiki/Measurement_microphone_calibration" title="Measurement microphone calibration">microphone calibration</a> is ultimately traceable to <a href="/wiki/Primary_standard" title="Primary standard">primary standards</a> at a national measurement institute such as <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">NPL</a> in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">PTB</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> in the United States, which most commonly calibrate using the reciprocity primary standard. Measurement microphones calibrated using this method can then be used to calibrate other microphones using comparison calibration techniques. </p><p>Depending on the application, measurement microphones must be tested periodically (every year or several months, typically) and after any potentially damaging event, such as being dropped (most such microphones come in foam-padded cases to reduce this risk) or exposed to sounds beyond the acceptable level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrays">Arrays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Arrays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microphone_array" title="Microphone array">Microphone array</a></div> <p>A microphone array is any number of microphones operating in <a href="/wiki/Tandem" title="Tandem">tandem</a>. There are many applications: </p> <ul><li>Systems for extracting voice input from <a href="/wiki/Ambient_noise_level" title="Ambient noise level">ambient noise</a> (notably telephones, speech recognition systems, hearing aids)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a> and related technologies</li> <li>Locating objects by sound: <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_source_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic source localization">acoustic source localization</a> (e.g. military use to locate the source(s) of artillery fire). Aircraft location and tracking.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a> original recordings</li> <li>3D spatial <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamforming</a> for localized acoustic detection of <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous</a> sounds</li></ul> <p>Typically, an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones distributed about the <a href="/wiki/Perimeter" title="Perimeter">perimeter</a> of a space, linked to a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> that records and interprets the results into a coherent form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Windscreens">Windscreens <span class="anchor" id="Microphone_windscreens"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Windscreens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pop_filter" title="Pop filter">Pop filter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microphone_and_cover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Microphone_and_cover.JPG/220px-Microphone_and_cover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Microphone_and_cover.JPG/330px-Microphone_and_cover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Microphone_and_cover.JPG/440px-Microphone_and_cover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Microphone with its windscreen removed</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Windscreens</b> (or <b>windshields</b> – the terms are interchangeable) provide a method of reducing the effect of wind on microphones. While pop-screens give protection from unidirectional blasts, foam "hats" shield wind into the grille from all directions, and <i>blimps</i>, <i>zeppelins</i>, and <i>baskets</i> entirely enclose the microphone and protect its body as well. The latter is important because, given the extreme low-frequency content of wind noise, vibration induced in the housing of the microphone can contribute substantially to the noise output. </p><p>The shielding material used – wire gauze, fabric or foam – is designed to have a significant acoustic impedance. The relatively low particle-velocity air pressure changes that constitute sound waves can pass through with minimal attenuation, but higher particle-velocity wind is impeded to a far greater extent. Increasing the thickness of the material improves wind attenuation but also begins to compromise high-frequency audio content. This limits the practical size of simple foam screens. While foams and wire meshes can be partly or wholly self-supporting, soft fabrics and gauzes require stretching on frames or laminating with coarser structural elements. </p><p>Since all wind noise is generated at the first surface the air hits, the greater the spacing between the shield periphery and microphone capsule, the greater the noise attenuation. For an approximately spherical shield, attenuation increases by (approximately) the cube of that distance. With full basket windshields there is an additional pressure chamber effect, first explained by Joerg Wuttke,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, for two-port (pressure gradient) microphones, allows the shield and microphone combination to act as a high-pass acoustic filter. </p><p>Since turbulence at a surface is the source of wind noise, reducing gross turbulence can add to noise reduction. Both aerodynamically smooth surfaces, and ones that prevent powerful vortices being generated, have been used successfully. Historically, artificial fur has proved very useful for this purpose since the fibers produce micro-turbulence and absorb energy silently. If not matted by wind and rain, the fur fibers are very transparent acoustically, but the woven or knitted backing can give significant attenuation. As a material, it suffers from being difficult to manufacture with consistency and is hard to keep in pristine condition on location. Thus there is an interest in moving away from its use.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pop_filter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pop_filter.jpg/220px-Pop_filter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pop_filter.jpg/330px-Pop_filter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pop_filter.jpg/440px-Pop_filter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Singer and disc <a href="/wiki/Pop_filter" title="Pop filter">pop filter</a> in front of a large-diaphragm condenser mic</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 772px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schulze_Brakel_windshields_1_IBC_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various microphone covers"><img alt="Various microphone covers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schulze_Brakel_windshields_1_IBC_2008.jpg/72px-Schulze_Brakel_windshields_1_IBC_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schulze_Brakel_windshields_1_IBC_2008.jpg/108px-Schulze_Brakel_windshields_1_IBC_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schulze_Brakel_windshields_1_IBC_2008.jpg/144px-Schulze_Brakel_windshields_1_IBC_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various microphone covers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoacoustics_recording_in_Rural_Illinois,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two recordings being made—a blimp is being used on the left. An open-cell foam windscreen is being used on the right."><img alt="Two recordings being made—a blimp is being used on the left. An open-cell foam windscreen is being used on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ecoacoustics_recording_in_Rural_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg/150px-Ecoacoustics_recording_in_Rural_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ecoacoustics_recording_in_Rural_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg/225px-Ecoacoustics_recording_in_Rural_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ecoacoustics_recording_in_Rural_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg/300px-Ecoacoustics_recording_in_Rural_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two recordings being made—a <i>blimp</i> is being used on the left. An open-cell foam windscreen is being used on the right.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_cat_Dead_Kitten.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Dead cat" and a "dead kitten" windscreens. The dead kitten covers a stereo microphone for a DSLR camera. The difference in name is due to the size of the enclosure."><img alt=""Dead cat" and a "dead kitten" windscreens. The dead kitten covers a stereo microphone for a DSLR camera. The difference in name is due to the size of the enclosure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dead_cat_Dead_Kitten.JPG/89px-Dead_cat_Dead_Kitten.JPG" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dead_cat_Dead_Kitten.JPG/134px-Dead_cat_Dead_Kitten.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dead_cat_Dead_Kitten.JPG/179px-Dead_cat_Dead_Kitten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Dead cat" and a "dead kitten" windscreens. The dead kitten covers a stereo microphone for a DSLR camera. The difference in name is due to the size of the enclosure.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophone" title="Geophone">Geophone</a> – transducer for sound within the earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">Hydrophone</a> – transducer for sound in water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionophone">Ionophone</a> – plasma-based microphone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_blocker" title="Microphone blocker">Microphone blocker</a> – computer accessory for disabling internal microphone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_connector" title="Microphone connector">Microphone connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_impedance" title="Nominal impedance">Nominal impedance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The long-standard spelling <i>mike</i>, dating to the 1920s, for the abbreviated casual name—following the same orthographic principle as <i>bike</i> for <i>bicycle</i>—is now often supplanted by the newer <i>mic</i>, which came into use among sound engineers in the 1960s. In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>'s style guide altered its standard spelling for the term from <i>mike</i> to <i>mic</i>, while retaining <i>miked</i> in spelling the past participle of the verb <i>to mic/mike</i> (rather than the ungainly <i>miced</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2010" class="citation news cs1">Zimmer, Ben (July 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/magazine/01-onlanguage-t.html?_r=1">"How Should 'Microphone' be Abbreviated?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Should+%27Microphone%27+be+Abbreviated%3F&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F01%2Fmagazine%2F01-onlanguage-t.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2015" class="citation web cs1">Okrent, Arika (July 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/66196/microphone-mic-or-mike">"Is a Microphone a 'Mic' or a 'Mike'?"</a>. <i>Mental Floss</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=Is+a+Microphone+a+%27Mic%27+or+a+%27Mike%27%3F&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Arika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F66196%2Fmicrophone-mic-or-mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbadi2017" class="citation web cs1">Abadi, Mark (November 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-mike-mic-microphone-spelling-2017-11?op=1">"Everyone Is Blasting Trump for Writing 'Mike' Instead of 'Mic' — but Here's Why Trump Is Right"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Everyone+Is+Blasting+Trump+for+Writing+%27Mike%27+Instead+of+%27Mic%27+%E2%80%94+but+Here%27s+Why+Trump+Is+Right&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Abadi&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fdonald-trump-mike-mic-microphone-spelling-2017-11%3Fop%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery1959-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery1959_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1959" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery, Henry C. (1959). "Amplification and High Fidelity in the Greek Theater". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>54</b> (6): 242–245. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3294133">3294133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Amplification+and+High+Fidelity+in+the+Greek+Theater&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=242-245&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3294133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeigh2000" class="citation web cs1">McVeigh, Daniel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030903082530/http://www.oceanofk.org/telephone/html/part1.html">"An Early History of the Telephone: 1664–1866: Robert Hooke's Acoustic Experiments and Acoustic Inventions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanofk.org/telephone/html/part1.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Early+History+of+the+Telephone%3A+1664%E2%80%931866%3A+Robert+Hooke%27s+Acoustic+Experiments+and+Acoustic+Inventions&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanofk.org%2Ftelephone%2Fhtml%2Fpart1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/who-invented-the-telephone/">"Who Invented the Telephone?"</a>. <i>Inventors Digest</i>. July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inventors+Digest&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+the+Telephone%3F&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inventorsdigest.com%2Farticles%2Fwho-invented-the-telephone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod1999" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Elizabeth (1999). <i>Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life</i>. 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JHU Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801869099" title="Special:BookSources/9780801869099"><bdi>9780801869099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside%3A+The+Life%2C+Work%2C+and+Times+of+an+Electrical+Genius+of+the+Victorian+Age&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780801869099&rft.aulast=Nahin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9wEntQmA0IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstreich" class="citation web cs1">Estreich, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101192223/http://telephonecollecting.org/DavidHughes.html">"David Edward Hughes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F274915%2FDavid-Hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wile, Frederic Willam 1926 Emile Berliner: Maker of the Microphone, The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, Indianapolis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000041/http://www.angloconcertina.org/files/HughesforWebsite.pdf">"David Edward Hughes: Concertinist and Inventor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Cardioid+microphones%2Fhydrophones+in+a+collocated+and+orthogonal+triad%E2%80%94A+steerable+beamformer+with+no+beam-pointing+error&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=575-588&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.5087697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73422758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30710946&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ASAJ..145..575N&rft.aulast=Nnonyelu&rft.aufirst=Chibuzo&rft.au=Wong%2C+Kainam&rft.au=Wu%2C+Yue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasa.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1121%2F1.5087697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFLongWickersham1982"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4361736">US 4361736</a>, Long, Edward M. & Wickersham, Ronald J., "Pressure recording process and device", published 1982-11-30</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4361736&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Pressure+recording+process+and+device&rft.inventor=Long&rft.pubdate=1982-11-30"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510070314/http://www.crownaudio.com/pdf/mics/136368.pdf">"The Crown Differoid Microphone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Crown Audio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crownaudio.com/pdf/mics/136368.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crown+Differoid+Microphone&rft.pub=Crown+Audio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crownaudio.com%2Fpdf%2Fmics%2F136368.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6142"><i>Multimedia Systems – Guide to the Recommended Characteristics of Analogue Interfaces to Achieve Interoperability</i></a> (Technical report). 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Shure. May 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shure+Service+%26+Repair&rft.atitle=Should+I+Match+Impedances+of+My+Microphone+to+My+Mixer%3F&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fservice.shure.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2Fshould-i-match-impedances-of-my-microphone-to-my-mixer%3Flanguage%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, A. E.: "Microphones" Illiffe Press for BBC, 1951–1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eargle2002-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eargle2002_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEargleForeman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Eargle" title="John M. Eargle">Eargle, John</a>; Foreman, Chris (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWzZe6z4xdAC"><i>Audio Engineering for Sound Reinforcement</i></a>. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-04355-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-634-04355-0"><bdi>978-0-634-04355-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+Engineering+for+Sound+Reinforcement&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-634-04355-0&rft.aulast=Eargle&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Foreman%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWzZe6z4xdAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/32039"><i>Sound System Equipment – Part 4: Microphones</i></a> (Technical report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rycote.com&rft.atitle=Rycote+Cyclone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frycote.com%2Fmicrophone-windshield-shock-mount%2Fcyclone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Corbett, Ian. <i>Mic It!: Microphones, Microphone Techniques, and Their Impact on the Final Mix</i>. CRC Press, 2014.</li> <li>Eargle, John. <i>The Microphone Book</i>. Taylor & Francis, 2004.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ">The Invention of the Microphone</a>", historical perspective, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, July 13, 1878, p. 16</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphone&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microphones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Microphones">Microphones</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coutant.org/contents.html">Info, Pictures and Soundbytes from vintage microphones</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-transferfactor.htm">Microphone sensitivity conversion—dB re 1 V/Pa and transfer factor mV/Pa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recordinghacks.com/microphones">Searchable database of specs and component info from 1000+ microphones</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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(mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4139330-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Microphone"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85084882">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567400">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mikrofony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph926569&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mikrofoni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000180310&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531456205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647444">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microphone&oldid=1259145289">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microphone&oldid=1259145289</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microphones" title="Category:Microphones">Microphones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_inventions" title="Category:19th-century inventions">19th-century inventions</a></li><li><a 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