CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rock music - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d754ddcb-5628-49f9-ace0-4dc0b5c2f0e4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rock_music","wgTitle":"Rock music","wgCurRevisionId":1259536135,"wgRevisionId":1259536135,"wgArticleId":25423,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Score extension","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Use dmy dates from June 2024","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","Rock music","Rock music genres","20th-century music genres","21st-century music genres","Culture of the United States","American styles of music","African-American culture","African-American music","Culture of the United Kingdom","British styles of music","1950s fads and trends","Popular music","Music industry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rock_music","wgRelevantArticleId":25423,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11399","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.score.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.score.popup","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.score.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rock music - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rock_music rootpage-Rock_music skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rock+music" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rock+music" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rock+music" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rock+music" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s–1950s:_Birth_of_rock_and_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1950s:_Birth_of_rock_and_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 1940s–1950s: Birth of rock and roll </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1940s–1950s:_Birth_of_rock_and_roll-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1940s–1950s: Birth of rock and roll subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1940s–1950s:_Birth_of_rock_and_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rock_and_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_and_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Rock and roll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_and_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Global spread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_British_invasion_and_broadening_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_British_invasion_and_broadening_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1960s: British invasion and broadening sound </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1960s:_British_invasion_and_broadening_sound-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1960s: British invasion and broadening sound subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1960s:_British_invasion_and_broadening_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instrumental_rock_and_surf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental_rock_and_surf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Instrumental rock and surf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_rock_and_surf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 British Invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garage_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garage_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Garage rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garage_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blues_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blues_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Blues rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blues_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Folk rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychedelic_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelic_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Psychedelic rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelic_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Progressive rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Jazz rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s–1980s:_Commercialisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–1980s:_Commercialisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1970s–1980s: Commercialisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1970s–1980s:_Commercialisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1970s–1980s: Commercialisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1970s–1980s:_Commercialisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roots_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Roots rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glam_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glam_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Glam rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glam_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicano_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicano_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Chicano rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_rock,_hard_rock,_and_early_heavy_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_rock,_hard_rock,_and_early_heavy_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Soft rock, hard rock, and early heavy metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_rock,_hard_rock,_and_early_heavy_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Christian rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heartland_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heartland_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Heartland rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heartland_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punk_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Punk rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 New wave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Post-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_alternative_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_alternative_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Emergence of alternative rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_alternative_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–2000s:_Rise_of_alternative_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–2000s:_Rise_of_alternative_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1990s–2000s: Rise of alternative culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1990s–2000s:_Rise_of_alternative_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1990s–2000s: Rise of alternative culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1990s–2000s:_Rise_of_alternative_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grunge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grunge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Grunge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grunge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britpop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britpop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Britpop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britpop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-grunge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-grunge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Post-grunge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-grunge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pop-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indie_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indie_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Indie rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indie_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_metal,_rap_rock_and_nu_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_metal,_rap_rock_and_nu_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Alternative metal, rap rock and nu metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_metal,_rap_rock_and_nu_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Britpop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Britpop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Post-Britpop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Britpop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-hardcore_and_emo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-hardcore_and_emo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Post-hardcore and emo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-hardcore_and_emo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garage_rock_and_post-punk_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garage_rock_and_post-punk_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Garage rock and post-punk revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garage_rock_and_post-punk_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_electronic_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_electronic_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Digital electronic rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_electronic_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s–present:_Commercial_stagnation_and_revival_scenes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s–present:_Commercial_stagnation_and_revival_scenes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2010s–present: Commercial stagnation and revival scenes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2010s–present:_Commercial_stagnation_and_revival_scenes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2010s–present: Commercial stagnation and revival scenes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2010s–present:_Commercial_stagnation_and_revival_scenes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychedelic_and_progressive_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelic_and_progressive_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Psychedelic and progressive revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelic_and_progressive_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop-punk_and_post-punk_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop-punk_and_post-punk_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pop-punk and post-punk revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop-punk_and_post-punk_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_rock_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_rock_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Classic rock revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_rock_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Social impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Role of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_and_listening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_and_listening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading and listening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_and_listening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rock music</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" > 129 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusiek" title="Rockmusiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rockmusiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusik" title="Rockmusik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rockmusik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccdr%C4%93am" title="Roccdrēam – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Roccdrēam" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="موسيقى الروك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى الروك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_rock" title="Musica rock – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Musica rock" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музика – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рок-музика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok-musiqi" title="Rok-musiqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rok-musiqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="راک موسیقی‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راک موسیقی‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="রক সঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক সঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Рок – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рок" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рок-музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рок-музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рок музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusi" title="Rockmusi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rockmusi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok-muzika" title="Rok-muzika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rok-muzika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonerezh_rock" title="Sonerezh rock – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sonerezh rock" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_rock" title="Música rock – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música rock" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Рок мусăкĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рок мусăкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_roc" title="Cerddoriaeth roc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth roc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusik" title="Rockmusik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rockmusik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokkmuusika" title="Rokkmuusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rokkmuusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BA_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ροκ μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροκ μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok-muziko" title="Rok-muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rok-muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="موسیقی راک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی راک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rock music" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmuzyk" title="Rockmuzyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rockmuzyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rac-cheol" title="Rac-cheol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rac-cheol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc" title="Roc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Roc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_rock" title="Música rock – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música rock" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE%E6%A8%82" title="搖滾樂 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="搖滾樂" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9D_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="록 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="록 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Ռոք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_rok" title="Musik rok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik rok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokk" title="Rokk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rokk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="מוזיקת רוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת רוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%94k%C9%A9" title="Rɔkɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rɔkɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigtigang_rock" title="Tigtigang rock – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tigtigang rock" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="როკ-მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როკ-მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музыка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рок-музыка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki_wa_rock" title="Muziki wa rock – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muziki wa rock" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C3%AEka_rock" title="Muzîka rock – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muzîka rock" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музыка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рок-музыка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_rock" title="Musica rock – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica rock" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokm%C5%ABzika" title="Rokmūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rokmūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusek" title="Rockmusek – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rockmusek" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokas" title="Rokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc" title="Roc – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рок-музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="റോക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="रॉक संगीत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉक संगीत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="როკ-მუსიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="როკ-მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="مزيكا الروك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزيكا الروك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_rock" title="Muzik rock – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik rock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рок хөгжим – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рок хөгжим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ရော့ခ်ဂီတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရော့ခ်ဂီတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="रक सङ्गीत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रक सङ्गीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="रक संगीत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रक संगीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="ロック (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロック (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_Rock" title="Musica Rock – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Musica Rock" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok-musiqa" title="Rok-musiqa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rok-musiqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰੌਕ ਸੰਗੀਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਕ ਸੰਗੀਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="روک موسیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روک موسیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_myuuzik" title="Rak myuuzik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rak myuuzik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(Musik)" title="Rock (Musik) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rock (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusik" title="Rockmusik – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Rockmusik" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_rock" title="Muzică rock – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică rock" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рок-музика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рок-музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок музыка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рок музыка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_muisic" title="Rock muisic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rock muisic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusik" title="Rockmusik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rockmusik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica_rock" title="Mùsica rock – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mùsica rock" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="රොක් සංගීතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රොක් සංගීතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rock music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok_(muzyka)" title="Rok (muzyka) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rok (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9" title="مۆسیقای ڕۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای ڕۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рок музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_muzika" title="Rock muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rock muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockmusik" title="Rockmusik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rockmusik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikang_rock" title="Musikang rock – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Musikang rock" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="ராக் இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராக் இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музыка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рок-музыка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ร็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ร็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_m%C3%BCzik" title="Rock müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rock müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рок-музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рок-музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="راک موسیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راک موسیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokkmuusiga" title="Rokkmuusiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rokkmuusiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock" title="Rock – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rock" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A%E4%B9%90" title="摇滚乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摇滚乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ראק מוזיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראק מוזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE%E6%A8%82" title="搖滾樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="搖滾樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoks" title="Ruoks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruoks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A%E4%B9%90" title="摇滚乐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摇滚乐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rock_music" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rock_music" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rock_music" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&oldid=1259536135" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rock_music&id=1259536135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRock_music">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRock_music">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rock_music&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rock_music" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rock_music" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11399" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broad genre of popular music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the original 1950s style of rock music, see <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rock music (disambiguation)">Rock music (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Rock</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1940s–1950s, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Guitar</li><li>bass</li><li>drums</li><li>keyboards</li><li>piano</li><li>vocals</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">post-progressive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_pop" title="Progressive pop">progressive pop</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rock" title="Acid rock">Acid rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rock">death rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal subgenres">subgenres</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">power pop</a><a href="#cite_note-masterclass-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres" title="Punk rock subgenres">subgenres</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">complete list</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance rock">dance rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz rock">jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_rock" title="Reggae rock">reggae rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">sufi rock</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aussie_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Aussie rock">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian rock">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian rock">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian rock">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian rock">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish rock">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian rock">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish rock">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="French rock">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="German rock">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_rock" title="Guatemalan rock">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian rock">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic rock">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish rock">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian rock">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian rock">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian rock">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican rock">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali rock">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwi rock">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian rock">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish rock">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese rock">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican rock">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian rock">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian rock">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharan rock">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian rock">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian rock">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish rock">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka#Rock_and_heavy_metal_music" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_en_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Rock en español">Spanish-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish rock">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss rock">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar rock">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish rock">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian rock">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="British rock">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular music in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zam-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Zam-rock">Zambia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington_(state)#Grunge" title="Music of Washington (state)">Seattle grunge</a><a href="#cite_note-azerrad1992-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_sound" title="San Francisco sound">San Francisco sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8nder_rock" title="Trønder rock">Trøndelag</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro_fusion" title="Afro fusion">Afro fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backbeat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop (music)">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">relationship with electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock band">Rock band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_and_popular_musical_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of jazz and popular musical terms">rock music terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockism">rockism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_rock_and_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Social impact of rock and roll">social impact</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: solid 1px #aaa; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/31px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/47px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/62px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /> <a href="/wiki/2024_in_rock_music" title="2024 in rock music">2024 in rock music</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Rock is a broad <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> that originated as "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>" in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing into a range of different styles from the mid-1960s, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. It has its roots in rock and roll, a style that drew directly from the genres of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>. Rock also drew strongly from genres such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, and incorporated influences from <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and other musical styles. For instrumentation, rock is centered on the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>, usually as part of a rock group with <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass guitar">electric bass guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a>, and one or more singers. Usually, rock is song-based music with a <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">4 4 time signature</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form" title="Verse–chorus form">verse–chorus form</a>, but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political. Rock was the most popular genre of music in the U.S. and much of the Western world from the 1950s to the 2010s. Rock musicians in the mid-1960s began to advance the album ahead of the single as the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption, with <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> at the forefront of this development. Their contributions lent the genre a cultural legitimacy in the mainstream and initiated a rock-informed <a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">album era</a> in the music industry for the next several decades. By the late 1960s "<a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>"<a href="#cite_note-studwell-3">[3]</a> period, a few distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">raga rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz rock">jazz rock</a>, which contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>, influenced by the countercultural <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic and hippie scene</a>. New genres that emerged included <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, which extended artistic elements, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, which emphasized an aggressive thick sound, and <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>, which highlighted showmanship and visual style. In the second half of the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> reacted by producing stripped-down, energetic social and political critiques. Punk was an influence in the 1980s on <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>. From the 1990s, alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>. Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including <a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">pop-punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">electronic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">rap rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">rap metal</a>. Some movements were conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">post-punk</a> revival in the 2000s. Since the 2010s, rock has lost its position as the pre-eminent popular music genre in world culture, but remains commercially successful. The increased influence of <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> can be seen in rock music, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Techno-pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-pop">techno-pop</a> scene of the early 2010s and the pop-punk-hip-hop revival of the 2020s. Rock has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">rockers</a> in the U.K., the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> movement and the wider <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Western counterculture movement</a> that spread out from San Francisco in the U.S. in the 1960s, the latter of which continues to this day. Similarly, 1970s <a href="/wiki/Punk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk culture">punk culture</a> spawned the <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth</a>, punk, and <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emo</a> subcultures. Inheriting the <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest song</a>, rock music has been <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music and politics">associated with political activism</a>, as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to accusations of <a href="/wiki/Selling_out" title="Selling out">selling out</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:18%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A good definition of rock, in fact, is that it's popular music that to a certain degree doesn't care if it's popular. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Bill_Wyman" title="Bill Wyman">Bill Wyman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vulture.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulture.com">Vulture</a> (2016)<a href="#cite_note-wymanberry-4">[4]</a></cite> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of four members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers performing on a stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg/220px-Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg/330px-Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg/440px-Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a> in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist)</figcaption></figure> The sound of rock is traditionally centered on the <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">amplified</a> electric guitar, which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s with the popularity of rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It was also greatly influenced by the sounds of <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a> guitarists.<a href="#cite_note-campbell-6">[6]</a> The sound of an electric guitar in rock music is typically supported by an electric bass guitar, which pioneered jazz music in the same era,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and by percussion produced from a drum kit that combines drums and cymbals.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, and the synthesizer.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The basic rock instrumentation was derived from the basic <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> band instrumentation (prominent lead guitar, second chordal instrument, bass, and drums).<a href="#cite_note-campbell-6">[6]</a> A group of musicians performing rock music is termed as a rock band or a rock group. Furthermore, it typically consists of between three (the <a href="/wiki/Power_trio" title="Power trio">power trio</a>) and five members. Classically, a rock band takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Quartet" title="Quartet">quartet</a> whose members cover one or more roles, including vocalist, lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, bass guitarist, drummer, and often <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard player">keyboard player</a> or another instrumentalist.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:300px;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.png" width="224" height="92" alt="
\version "2.22.0"
\header { tagline = ##f}
\score {
 \drums \with {midiInstrument = "drums"}
 \with { \numericTimeSignature }
 {
 \repeat volta 2 {
 <<
 \tempo 4 = 80-160
 \bar ".|:"
 {
 cymra8 [cymra] cymra [cymra] cymra [cymra] cymra [cymra]
 }\\{bd4 sne bd sne}
 >>\break
 }
 }
 \layout {}
}
\score {
 \unfoldRepeats {
 \drums \with {midiInstrument = "drums"}{
 \repeat volta 2 {

 <<
 \tempo 4 = 80-160
 \bar ".|:"
 {
 cymra8 [cymra] cymra [cymra] cymra [cymra] cymra [cymra]
 }\\{bd4 sne bd sne}
 >>\break
 }
 }
 }
 \midi { \tempo 4 = 90 }
}
" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">A simple 4 4 drum pattern common in rock music</div></div></div> Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple syncopated rhythms in a 4 4 <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meter</a>, with a repetitive snare drum <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat (music)">back beat</a> on beats two and four.<a href="#cite_note-Ammer2004-11">[11]</a> Melodies often originate from older <a href="/wiki/Musical_modes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical modes">musical modes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixolydian">Mixolydian</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor mode">minor</a> modes. Harmonies range from the common <a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triad</a> to parallel <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifths</a> and dissonant harmonic progressions.<a href="#cite_note-Ammer2004-11">[11]</a> Since the late 1950s,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and particularly from the mid-1960s onwards, rock music often used the <a href="/wiki/Verse-chorus_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse-chorus form">verse–chorus structure</a> derived from blues and folk music, but there has been considerable variation from this model.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Because of its complex history and its tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that "it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the opinion of music journalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, "the best rock jolts <a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">folk-art</a> virtues—directness, utility, natural audience—into the present with shots of modern technology and <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(rhetoric)" title="Dissociation (rhetoric)">dissociation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-CG2-16">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:18%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Rock and roll was conceived as an outlet for adolescent yearnings ... To make rock and roll is also an ideal way to explore <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersections</a> of sex, love, violence, and fun, to broadcast the delights and limitations of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">the regional</a>, and to deal with the depredations and benefits of <a href="/wiki/Mass_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass culture">mass culture</a> itself. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide</a> (1981)<a href="#cite_note-CG-17">[17]</a></cite> </div> Unlike many earlier styles of popular music, rock lyrics have dealt with a wide range of themes, including romantic love, sex, rebellion against "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a>", social concerns, and life styles.<a href="#cite_note-Ammer2004-11">[11]</a> These themes were inherited from a variety of sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> pop tradition, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Christgau characterizes rock lyrics as a "cool medium" with simple diction and repeated refrains, and asserts that rock's primary "function" "pertains to music, or, more generally, <a href="/wiki/Noise_in_music" title="Noise in music">noise</a>."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The predominance of white, male, and often middle class musicians in rock music has often been noted,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and rock has been seen as an appropriation of Black musical forms for a young, white and largely male audience.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As a result, it has also been seen to articulate the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, "rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality and aggression".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Since the term "rock" started being used in preference to "rock and roll" from the late-1960s, it has usually been contrasted with pop music, with which it has shared many characteristics, but from which it is often distanced by an emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and a focus on serious and progressive themes as part of an ideology of <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a> that is frequently combined with an awareness of the genre's history and development.<a href="#cite_note-Warner2003-24">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Frith" title="Simon Frith">Simon Frith</a>, rock was "something more than pop, something more than rock and roll" and "[r]ock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the romantic concept of art as artistic expression, original and sincere".<a href="#cite_note-Warner2003-24">[24]</a> In the new millennium, the term rock has occasionally been used as a <a href="/wiki/Blanket_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanket term">blanket term</a> including forms like pop music, <a href="/wiki/Reggae_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggae music">reggae music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, which it has been influenced with but often contrasted through much of its history.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Christgau has used the term broadly to refer to popular and <a href="/wiki/Semipopular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipopular music">semipopular music</a> that caters to his sensibility as "a rock-and-roller", including a fondness for a good beat, a meaningful lyric with some wit, and the theme of youth, which holds an "eternal attraction" so objective "that all youth music partakes of sociology and the <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field report</a>." Writing in <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_The_%2780s" title="Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s">Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s</a> (1990), he said this sensibility is evident in the music of folk singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Shocked" title="Michelle Shocked">Michelle Shocked</a>, rapper <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>, and synth-pop duo <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>—"all kids working out their identities"—as much as it is in the music of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)" title="The Replacements (band)">the Replacements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CG80s-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1940s–1950s:_Birth_of_rock_and_roll">1940s–1950s: Birth of rock and roll</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1940s–1950s: Birth of rock and roll">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_and_roll">Rock and roll</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rock and roll">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of Elvis Presley standing between two sets of bars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg/170px-Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg/255px-Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg/340px-Elvis_Presley_promoting_Jailhouse_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in a promotion shot for <a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(film)" title="Jailhouse Rock (film)">Jailhouse Rock</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">black musical</a> genres of the time, including <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country and western</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BrithofR&R-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg/170px-Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg/255px-Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg/340px-Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> in a 1958 publicity photo</figcaption></figure> Debate surrounds the many recordings which have been suggested as "the <a href="/wiki/First_rock_and_roll_record" class="mw-redirect" title="First rock and roll record">first rock and roll record</a>". Contenders include "<a href="/wiki/Strange_Things_Happening_Every_Day" title="Strange Things Happening Every Day">Strange Things Happening Every Day</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a> (1944);<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> "<a href="/wiki/That%27s_All_Right" title="That's All Right">That's All Right</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Crudup" title="Arthur Crudup">Arthur Crudup</a> (1946),<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> which was later <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">covered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in 1954; "<a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Blue_Lights_(song)" title="The House of Blue Lights (song)">The House of Blue Lights</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ella_Mae_Morse" title="Ella Mae Morse">Ella Mae Morse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Slack" title="Freddie Slack">Freddie Slack</a> (1946);<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wynonie_Harris" title="Wynonie Harris">Wynonie Harris</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Good_Rocking_Tonight" title="Good Rocking Tonight">Good Rocking Tonight</a>" (1948);<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goree_Carter" title="Goree Carter">Goree Carter</a>'s "Rock Awhile" (1949);<a href="#cite_note-palmer19-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Preston" title="Jimmy Preston">Jimmy Preston</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rock_the_Joint" title="Rock the Joint">Rock the Joint</a>" (1949), also covered by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Bill Haley & His Comets</a> in 1952;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Rocket_88" title="Rocket 88">Rocket 88</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Brenston" title="Jackie Brenston">Jackie Brenston</a> and his Delta Cats (in fact, <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a> and his band the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rhythm" title="Kings of Rhythm">Kings of Rhythm</a>), recorded by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> for <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2008-34">[34]</a> In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a> disc jockey <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed "<a href="/wiki/Race_record" title="Race record">race music</a>") for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase "rock and roll" to describe the music.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Four years later, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Haley (musician)">Bill Haley</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock" title="Rock Around the Clock">Rock Around the Clock</a>" (1954) became the first rock and roll song to top <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_55,_track_2-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Other artists with early rock and roll hits included <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Vincent" title="Gene Vincent">Gene Vincent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2008-34">[34]</a> Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and <a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">crooners</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fisher" title="Eddie Fisher">Eddie Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a>, who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Rock and roll has been seen as leading to a number of distinct subgenres, including rockabilly, combining rock and roll with "hillbilly" country music, which was usually played and recorded in the mid-1950s by white singers such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, Jerry Lee Lewis, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a> and with the greatest commercial success, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRbilly-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> movements in rock and roll, which would eventually lead to the success of <a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a> within the US, began to rise in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">the Southwest</a>; with rock and roll standard musician <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a> and even those within other heritage genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a> along with his brothers Tiny Morrie and Baby Gaby as they began combining rock and roll with country-<a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">western</a> within traditional <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lucero-40">[40]</a> In addition, the 1950s saw the growth in popularity of the electric guitar, and the development of a specifically rock and roll style of playing through such exponents as Chuck Berry, <a href="/wiki/Link_Wray" title="Link Wray">Link Wray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotty_Moore" title="Scotty Moore">Scotty Moore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>, pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a> guitarists such as <a href="/wiki/Junior_Barnard" title="Junior Barnard">Junior Barnard</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eldon_Shamblin" title="Eldon Shamblin">Eldon Shamblin</a> was popularized by Chuck Berry in the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a>, pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Francisco Tárrega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a> in the 19th century and later on by <a href="/wiki/Willie_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Willie Johnson (guitarist)">Willie Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hare" title="Pat Hare">Pat Hare</a> in the early 1950s, was popularized by Link Wray in the late 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Commentators have traditionally perceived a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bopper" title="The Big Bopper">the Big Bopper</a> and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry and the breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">payola</a> scandal (which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs), gave a sense that the rock and roll era established at that point had come to an end.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_spread">Global spread</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Global spread">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">skiffle</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TommySteele_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TommySteele_1958.jpg/188px-TommySteele_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TommySteele_1958.jpg/282px-TommySteele_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TommySteele_1958.jpg/376px-TommySteele_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>British rock and roll singer <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Steele" title="Tommy Steele">Tommy Steele</a> in a 1958 promotional photo</figcaption></figure> Rock quickly spread out from its origins in the US, associated with the rapid <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> that was taking place globally in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a> is credited with one of the first rock and roll hits outside of North America with "<a href="/wiki/Move_It" title="Move It">Move It</a>" (1959), effectively ushering in the sound of <a href="/wiki/British_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="British rock">British rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Several artists, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Steele" title="Tommy Steele">Tommy Steele</a> from the UK, found success with <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">covers</a> of major American rock and roll hits before the recordings could spread internationally, often translating them into local languages where appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_Steele-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers_15-49">[49]</a> Steele in particular toured Britain, Scandinavia, Australia, the USSR and South Africa from 1955 to 1957, influencing the globalisation of rock.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_Steele-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_O%27Keefe" title="Johnny O'Keefe">Johnny O'Keefe</a>'s 1958 record "<a href="/wiki/Wild_One_(Johnny_O%27Keefe_song)" title="Wild One (Johnny O'Keefe song)">Wild One</a>" was one of the earliest Australian rock and roll hits.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> By the late 1950s, as well as in the American-influenced Western world, rock was popular in communist states such as Yugoslavia,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and the USSR,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> as well as in regions such as South America.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_15-49">[49]</a> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, American <a href="/wiki/Blues_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues music">blues music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> artists, who had been surpassed by the rise of rock and roll in the US, found new popularity in the UK, visiting with successful tours.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2007-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan" title="Lonnie Donegan">Lonnie Donegan</a>'s 1955 hit "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Line_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Island Line (song)">Rock Island Line</a>" was a major influence and helped to develop the trend of <a href="/wiki/Skiffle_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Skiffle music">skiffle music</a> groups throughout the country, many of which, including <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Quarrymen" title="The Quarrymen">Quarrymen</a> (later <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>), moved on to play rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> While former rock and roll market in the US was becoming dominated by lightweight pop and ballads, British rock groups at clubs and local dances were developing a style more strongly influenced by blues-rock pioneers, and were starting to play with an intensity and drive seldom found in white American acts;<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BritishBlues-55">[55]</a> this influence would go on to shape the future of rock music through the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2007-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s:_British_invasion_and_broadening_sound">1960s: British invasion and broadening sound</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1960s: British invasion and broadening sound">edit</a>]</div> The first four years of the 1960s has traditionally been seen as an era of hiatus for rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_20–21-56">[56]</a> More recently some authors[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] have emphasised important innovations and trends in this period without which future developments would not have been possible.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keightley2001-58">[58]</a> While early rock and roll, particularly through the advent of rockabilly, saw the greatest commercial success for male and white performers, in this era, the genre was dominated by black and female artists. Rock and roll had not disappeared entirely from music at the end of the 1950s and some of its energy can be seen in the various <a href="/wiki/Dance_crazes" title="Dance crazes">dance crazes</a> of the early 1960s, started by <a href="/wiki/Chubby_Checker" title="Chubby Checker">Chubby Checker</a>'s record "<a href="/wiki/The_Twist_(song)" title="The Twist (song)">The Twist</a>" (1960).<a href="#cite_note-Keightley2001-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[nb 1]</a> Some music historians have also pointed to important and innovative technical developments that built on rock and roll in this period, including the electronic treatment of sound by such innovators as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Meek" title="Joe Meek">Joe Meek</a>, and the elaborate production methods of the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a> pursued by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keightley2001-58">[58]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG/300px-Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG/450px-Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG/600px-Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a>, 15 August 1969</figcaption></figure> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festivals</a> were staged in northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> on consecutive weekends in the summer of 1967: the KFRC <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Fair_%26_Magic_Mountain_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Fair & Magic Mountain Music Festival">Fantasy Fair & Magic Mountain Music Festival</a> on Mount Tamalpais (10–11 June) and the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_International_Pop_Festival" title="Monterey International Pop Festival">Monterey International Pop Festival</a> (16–17 June).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Woodstock Music and Art Fair, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a>, which was held from August 15 to 18, 1969 on <a href="/wiki/Max_Yasgur" title="Max Yasgur">Max Yasgur</a>'s dairy farm in <a href="/wiki/Bethel,_New_York" title="Bethel, New York">Bethel, New York</a>, was one of the largest music festivals in history and became synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumental_rock_and_surf">Instrumental rock and surf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Instrumental rock and surf">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Beach_Boys_1963_Billboard_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Beach_Boys_1963_Billboard_2.png/320px-The_Beach_Boys_1963_Billboard_2.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Beach_Boys_1963_Billboard_2.png/480px-The_Beach_Boys_1963_Billboard_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Beach_Boys_1963_Billboard_2.png/640px-The_Beach_Boys_1963_Billboard_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> posing for a publicity photo in 1963. L to R: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Love" title="Mike Love">Mike Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wilson" title="Dennis Wilson">Dennis Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilson" title="Carl Wilson">Carl Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Marks" title="David Marks">David Marks</a>.</figcaption></figure> The instrumental rock and roll of performers such as <a href="/wiki/Duane_Eddy" title="Duane Eddy">Duane Eddy</a>, Link Wray and <a href="/wiki/The_Ventures" title="The Ventures">the Ventures</a> was further developed by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Dale" title="Dick Dale">Dick Dale</a>, who added distinctive "wet" <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a>, rapid alternate picking, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican</a> influences. He produced the regional hit "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Trippin%27" title="Let's Go Trippin'">Let's Go Trippin'</a>" in 1961 and launched the surf music craze, following up with songs like "<a href="/wiki/Misirlou" title="Misirlou">Misirlou</a>" (1962).<a href="#cite_note-blair2-66">[65]</a> Like Dale and his <a href="/wiki/Del-Tones" class="mw-redirect" title="Del-Tones">Del-Tones</a>, most early surf bands were formed in Southern California, including the <a href="/wiki/Bel-Airs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-Airs">Bel-Airs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Challengers_(band)" title="The Challengers (band)">Challengers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_%26_the_Showmen" title="Eddie & the Showmen">Eddie & the Showmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blair2-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Chantays" title="The Chantays">The Chantays</a> scored a top ten national hit with "<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(instrumental)" title="Pipeline (instrumental)">Pipeline</a>" in 1963 and probably the best-known surf tune was 1963's "<a href="/wiki/Wipe_Out_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipe Out (song)">Wipe Out</a>", by <a href="/wiki/The_Surfaris" title="The Surfaris">the Surfaris</a>, which hit number 2 and number 10 on the Billboard charts in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Surf rock was also popular in Europe during this time, with the British group <a href="/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">the Shadows</a> scoring hits in the early 1960s with instrumentals such as "<a href="/wiki/Apache_(instrumental)" title="Apache (instrumental)">Apache</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_(song)" title="Kon-Tiki (song)">Kon-Tiki</a>", while Swedish surf group <a href="/wiki/The_Spotnicks" title="The Spotnicks">the Spotnicks</a> saw success in both Sweden and Britain. Surf music achieved its greatest commercial success as vocal pop music, particularly the work of <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>, formed in 1961 in Southern California. Their early albums included both instrumental surf rock (among them covers of music by Dick Dale) and vocal songs, drawing on rock and roll and <a href="/wiki/Doo_wop" class="mw-redirect" title="Doo wop">doo wop</a> and the close harmonies of vocal pop acts like the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freshmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freshmen">Four Freshmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The Beach Boys first chart hit, "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27" title="Surfin'">Surfin'</a>" in 1961 reached the Billboard top 100 and helped make the surf music craze a national phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Beachboys-69">[68]</a> It is often argued that the surf music craze and the careers of almost all surf acts was effectively ended by the arrival of the British Invasion from 1964, because most surf music hits were recorded and released between 1960 and 1965.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[nb 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Invasion">British Invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British rock music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white picture of the Beatles waving in front of a crowd with an set of aeroplane steps in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/220px-The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/330px-The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/440px-The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3578" data-file-height="2526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> arriving in New York at the start of the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>, February 1964</figcaption></figure> By the end of 1962, what would become the British rock scene had started with <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat groups</a> like <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_%26_the_Pacemakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry & the Pacemakers">Gerry & the Pacemakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Searchers_(band)" title="The Searchers (band)">the Searchers</a> from Liverpool and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_and_the_Dreamers" title="Freddie and the Dreamers">Freddie and the Dreamers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hollies" title="The Hollies">the Hollies</a> from Manchester. They drew on a wide range of American influences including 1950s rock and roll, soul, rhythm and blues, and surf music,<a href="#cite_note-Stakes2001-72">[70]</a> initially reinterpreting standard American tunes and playing for dancers. Bands like <a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">the Animals</a> from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Them_(band)" title="Them (band)">Them</a> from <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> and particularly those from London like <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">the Yardbirds</a>, were much more directly influenced by rhythm and blues and later blues music.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Soon these groups were composing their own material, combining US forms of music and infusing it with a high energy beat. Beat bands tended towards "bouncy, irresistible melodies", while early <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> acts tended towards less sexually innocent, more aggressive songs, often adopting an anti-establishment stance. There was, however, particularly in the early stages, considerable musical crossover between the two tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BI-75">[73]</a> By 1963, led by the Beatles, beat groups had begun to achieve national success in Britain, soon to be followed into the charts by the more rhythm and blues focused acts.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-76">[74]</a> "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Hold_Your_Hand" title="I Want to Hold Your Hand">I Want to Hold Your Hand</a>" was the Beatles' first number one hit on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_28-77">[75]</a> spending seven weeks at the top and a total of 15 weeks on the chart.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaBI-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Their first appearance on <a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a> on 9 February 1964, drawing an estimated 73 million viewers (at the time a record for an American television program) is considered a milestone in American pop culture. During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held 12 positions on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a> singles chart, including the entire top five. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed into the US charts by numerous British bands.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BI-75">[73]</a> During the next two years British acts dominated their own and the US charts with <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Gordon" title="Peter and Gordon">Peter and Gordon</a>, the Animals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29-80">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mann" title="Manfred Mann">Manfred Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petula_Clark" title="Petula Clark">Petula Clark</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29-80">[78]</a> Freddie and the Dreamers, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Fontana" title="Wayne Fontana">Wayne Fontana</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mindbenders" title="The Mindbenders">the Mindbenders</a>, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_30-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Troggs" title="The Troggs">the Troggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donovan" title="Donovan">Donovan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_48-82">[80]</a> all having one or more number one singles.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaBI-78">[76]</a> Other major acts that were part of the invasion included <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dave_Clark_Five" title="The Dave Clark Five">the Dave Clark Five</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BeatlesArrive-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-allmusicBI-84">[82]</a> The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success.<a href="#cite_note-allmusicBritpop-85">[83]</a> In America it arguably spelled the end of instrumental surf music, vocal girl groups and (for a time) the <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idols</a>, that had dominated the American charts in the late 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> It dented the careers of established R&B acts like <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chubby_Checker" title="Chubby Checker">Chubby Checker</a> and even temporarily derailed the chart success of surviving rock and roll acts, including Elvis.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The British Invasion also played a major part in the rise of a distinct genre of rock music, and cemented the primacy of the rock group, based on guitars and drums and producing their own material as singer-songwriters.<a href="#cite_note-R._Shuker,_2005_p._35-88">[86]</a> Following the example set by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' 1965 LP <a href="/wiki/Rubber_Soul" title="Rubber Soul">Rubber Soul</a> in particular, other British rock acts released rock albums intended as artistic statements in 1966, including <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>' <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_(Rolling_Stones_album)" title="Aftermath (Rolling Stones album)">Aftermath</a>, the Beatles' own <a href="/wiki/Revolver_(Beatles_album)" title="Revolver (Beatles album)">Revolver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Quick_One" title="A Quick One">A Quick One</a>, as well as American acts in <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pet_Sounds" title="Pet Sounds">Pet Sounds</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blonde_on_Blonde" title="Blonde on Blonde">Blonde on Blonde</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Simonelli-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garage_rock">Garage rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Garage rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></div> Garage rock was a raw form of rock music, particularly prevalent in North America in the mid-1960s and so called because of the perception that it was rehearsed in the suburban family garage.<a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Garage rock songs often revolved around the traumas of high school life, with songs about "lying girls" and unfair social circumstances being particularly common.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">[90]</a> The lyrics and delivery tended to be more aggressive than was common at the time, often with growled or shouted vocals that dissolved into incoherent screaming.<a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005-90">[88]</a> They ranged from crude one-chord music (like <a href="/wiki/The_Seeds" title="The Seeds">the Seeds</a>) to near-studio musician quality (including <a href="/wiki/The_Knickerbockers" title="The Knickerbockers">the Knickerbockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Remains_(band)" title="The Remains (band)">the Remains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_(band)" title="The Fifth Estate (band)">the Fifth Estate</a>). There were also regional variations in many parts of the country with flourishing scenes particularly in California and Texas.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">[90]</a> The Pacific Northwest states of Washington and Oregon had perhaps[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] the most defined regional sound.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_D-Men_1964.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tinted photograph of five members of the D-Men performing with guitars, drums, and keyboards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_D-Men_1964.JPG/220px-The_D-Men_1964.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_D-Men_1964.JPG/330px-The_D-Men_1964.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_D-Men_1964.JPG/440px-The_D-Men_1964.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_D-Men" class="mw-redirect" title="The D-Men">The D-Men</a> (later <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_(band)" title="The Fifth Estate (band)">the Fifth Estate</a>) in 1964</figcaption></figure> The style had been evolving from regional scenes as early as 1958. "Tall Cool One" (1959) by <a href="/wiki/The_Wailers_(rock_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wailers (rock band)">the Wailers</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Louie_Louie" title="Louie Louie">Louie Louie</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsmen" title="The Kingsmen">the Kingsmen</a> (1963) are mainstream examples of the genre in its formative stages.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> By 1963, garage band singles were creeping into the national charts in greater numbers, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_and_the_Raiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere and the Raiders">Paul Revere and the Raiders</a> (Boise),<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Trashmen" title="The Trashmen">the Trashmen</a> (Minneapolis)<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rivieras" title="The Rivieras">the Rivieras</a> (South Bend, Indiana).<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Other influential garage bands, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Sonics" title="The Sonics">the Sonics</a> (Tacoma, Washington), never reached the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The British Invasion greatly influenced garage bands, providing them with a national audience, leading many (often <a href="/wiki/Surf_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf rock">surf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">hot rod</a> groups) to adopt a British influence, and encouraging many more groups to form.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">[90]</a> Thousands of garage bands were extant in the United States and Canada during the era and hundreds produced regional hits.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">[90]</a> Despite scores of bands being signed to major or large regional labels, most were commercial failures. It is generally agreed that garage rock peaked both commercially and artistically around 1966.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">[90]</a> By 1968 the style largely disappeared from the national charts and at the local level as amateur musicians faced college, work or the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">[90]</a> New styles had evolved to replace garage rock.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[nb 3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blues_rock">Blues rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blues rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolling_Stones_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rolling_Stones_1965.jpg/190px-Rolling_Stones_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rolling_Stones_1965.jpg/285px-Rolling_Stones_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rolling_Stones_1965.jpg/380px-Rolling_Stones_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> group <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> in 1965.</figcaption></figure> Although the first impact of the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> on American popular music was through beat and R&B based acts, the impetus was soon taken up by a second wave of bands that drew their inspiration more directly from American <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, including <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">the Yardbirds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> British blues musicians of the late 1950s and early 1960s had been inspired by the acoustic playing of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a>, who was a major influence on the Skiffle craze, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Johnson (musician)">Robert Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Increasingly they adopted a loud amplified sound, often centered on the electric guitar, based on the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a>, particularly after the tour of Britain by <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> in 1958, which prompted <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Davies" title="Cyril Davies">Cyril Davies</a> and guitarist <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Korner" title="Alexis Korner">Alexis Korner</a> to form the band <a href="/wiki/Blues_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues Incorporated">Blues Incorporated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">[100]</a> The band involved and inspired many of the figures of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> boom, including members of the Rolling Stones and <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>, combining blues standards and forms with rock instrumentation and emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BritishBlues-55">[55]</a> The other key focus for British blues was <a href="/wiki/John_Mayall" title="John Mayall">John Mayall</a>; his band, <a href="/wiki/John_Mayall_%26_the_Bluesbreakers" title="John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers">the Bluesbreakers</a>, included <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a> (after Clapton's departure from the Yardbirds) and later <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(musician)" title="Peter Green (musician)">Peter Green</a>. Particularly significant was the release of <a href="/wiki/Blues_Breakers_with_Eric_Clapton" title="Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton">Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton</a> (Beano) album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings and the sound of which was much emulated in both Britain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Eric Clapton went on to form supergroups Cream, <a href="/wiki/Blind_Faith" title="Blind Faith">Blind Faith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Derek_and_the_Dominos" title="Derek and the Dominos">Derek and the Dominos</a>, followed by an extensive solo career that helped bring blues rock into the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">[100]</a> Green, along with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section <a href="/wiki/Mick_Fleetwood" title="Mick Fleetwood">Mick Fleetwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McVie" title="John McVie">John McVie</a>, formed Peter Green's <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>, who enjoyed some of the greatest commercial success in the genre.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">[100]</a> In the late 1960s <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>, also an alumnus of the Yardbirds, moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, <a href="/wiki/The_Jeff_Beck_Group" title="The Jeff Beck Group">the Jeff Beck Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">[100]</a> The last Yardbirds guitarist was <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Page" title="Jimmy Page">Jimmy Page</a>, who went on to form The New Yardbirds which rapidly became <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>. Many of the songs on their first three albums, and occasionally later in their careers, were expansions on traditional blues songs.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">[100]</a> In America, blues rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Mack" title="Lonnie Mack">Lonnie Mack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> but the genre began to take off in the mid-1960s as acts developed a sound similar to British blues musicians. Key acts included <a href="/wiki/Paul_Butterfield" title="Paul Butterfield">Paul Butterfield</a> (whose band acted like Mayall's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians), <a href="/wiki/Canned_Heat" title="Canned Heat">Canned Heat</a>, the early <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Winter" title="Johnny Winter">Johnny Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_J._Geils_Band" title="The J. Geils Band">the J. Geils Band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Power_trios" class="mw-redirect" title="Power trios">power trios</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jimi Hendrix Experience">the Jimi Hendrix Experience</a> (which included two British members, and was founded in Britain), and <a href="/wiki/Band_of_Gypsys" title="Band of Gypsys">Band of Gypsys</a>, whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">[100]</a> Blues rock bands from the southern states, like the <a href="/wiki/Allman_Brothers_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Allman Brothers Band">Allman Brothers Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd" title="Lynyrd Skynyrd">Lynyrd Skynyrd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ZZ_Top" title="ZZ Top">ZZ Top</a>, incorporated <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> elements into their style to produce the distinctive genre <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock-106">[103]</a> Early blues rock bands often emulated jazz, playing long, involved improvisations, which would later be a major element of progressive rock. From about 1967 bands like Cream and the Jimi Hendrix Experience had moved away from purely blues-based music into <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amg-107">[104]</a> By the 1970s, blues rock had become heavier and more riff-based, exemplified by the work of Led Zeppelin and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, and the lines between blues rock and <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> "were barely visible",<a href="#cite_note-amg-107">[104]</a> as bands began recording rock-style albums.<a href="#cite_note-amg-107">[104]</a> The genre was continued in the 1970s by figures such as <a href="/wiki/George_Thorogood" title="George Thorogood">George Thorogood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Travers" title="Pat Travers">Pat Travers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">[100]</a> but, particularly on the British scene (except perhaps for the advent of groups such as <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)" title="Status Quo (band)">Status Quo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foghat" title="Foghat">Foghat</a> who moved towards a form of high energy and repetitive <a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">boogie rock</a>), bands became focused on <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> innovation, and blues rock began to slip out of the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_rock">Folk rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Folk rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of Joan Baez and Bob Dylan singing while Dylan plays guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg/220px-Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg/330px-Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg/440px-Joan_Baez_Bob_Dylan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> in 1963</figcaption></figure> By the 1960s, the scene that had developed out of the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">American folk music revival</a> had grown to a major movement, using traditional music and new compositions in a traditional style, usually on acoustic instruments.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2007p95-109">[106]</a> In America the genre was pioneered by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> and often identified with <a href="/wiki/Progressive_folk" title="Progressive folk">progressive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2007p95-109">[106]</a> In the early sixties figures such as <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> had come to the fore in this movement as singer-songwriters.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Dylan had begun to reach a mainstream audience with hits including "<a href="/wiki/Blowin%27_in_the_Wind" title="Blowin' in the Wind">Blowin' in the Wind</a>" (1963) and "<a href="/wiki/Masters_of_War" title="Masters of War">Masters of War</a>" (1963), which brought "<a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest songs</a>" to a wider public,<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> but, although beginning to influence each other, rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with mutually exclusive audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">[109]</a> Early attempts to combine elements of folk and rock included the Animals' "<a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Rising_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="House of the Rising Sun">House of the Rising Sun</a>" (1964), which was the first commercially successful folk song to be recorded with rock and roll instrumentation<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and the Beatles "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Loser" title="I'm a Loser">I'm a Loser</a>" (1964), arguably the first Beatles song to be influenced directly by Dylan.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> The folk rock movement is usually thought to have taken off with <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a>' recording of Dylan's "<a href="/wiki/Mr._Tambourine_Man" title="Mr. Tambourine Man">Mr. Tambourine Man</a>" which topped the charts in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">[109]</a> With members who had been part of the café-based folk scene in Los Angeles, the Byrds adopted rock instrumentation, including drums and 12-string <a href="/wiki/Rickenbacker" title="Rickenbacker">Rickenbacker</a> guitars, which became a major element in the sound of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">[109]</a> Later that year Dylan adopted electric instruments, much to the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Dylan_controversy" title="Electric Dylan controversy">outrage</a> of many folk purists, with his "<a href="/wiki/Like_a_Rolling_Stone" title="Like a Rolling Stone">Like a Rolling Stone</a>" becoming a US hit single.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">[109]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Unterberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritchie Unterberger">Ritchie Unterberger</a>, Dylan (even before his adoption of electric instruments) influenced rock musicians like the Beatles, demonstrating "to the rock generation in general that an album could be a major standalone statement without hit singles", such as on <a href="/wiki/The_Freewheelin%27_Bob_Dylan" title="The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan">The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan</a> (1963).<a href="#cite_note-RU-115">[112]</a> Folk rock particularly took off in California, where it led acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas" title="The Mamas & the Papas">the Mamas & the Papas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Stills,_and_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosby, Stills, and Nash">Crosby, Stills, and Nash</a> to move to electric instrumentation, and in New York, where it spawned performers including <a href="/wiki/The_Lovin%27_Spoonful" title="The Lovin' Spoonful">the Lovin' Spoonful</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Garfunkel">Simon and Garfunkel</a>, with the latter's acoustic "<a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_Silence" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sounds of Silence">The Sounds of Silence</a>" (1965) being remixed with rock instruments to be the first of many hits.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">[109]</a> These acts directly influenced British performers like Donovan and <a href="/wiki/Fairport_Convention" title="Fairport Convention">Fairport Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">[109]</a> In 1969 Fairport Convention abandoned their mixture of American covers and Dylan-influenced songs to play traditional English folk music on electric instruments.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> This British folk-rock was taken up by bands including <a href="/wiki/Pentangle_(band)" title="Pentangle (band)">Pentangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steeleye_Span" title="Steeleye Span">Steeleye Span</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Albion_Band" title="The Albion Band">the Albion Band</a>, which in turn prompted Irish groups like <a href="/wiki/Horslips" title="Horslips">Horslips</a> and Scottish acts like the <a href="/wiki/JSD_Band" title="JSD Band">JSD Band</a>, Spencer's Feat and later <a href="/wiki/Five_Hand_Reel" title="Five Hand Reel">Five Hand Reel</a>, to use their traditional music to create a brand of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a> in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Folk-rock reached its peak of commercial popularity in the period 1967–68, before many acts moved off in a variety of directions, including Dylan and the Byrds, who began to develop <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> However, the hybridization of folk and rock has been seen as having a major influence on the development of rock music, bringing in elements of psychedelia, and helping to develop the ideas of the singer-songwriter, the protest song, and concepts of "authenticity".<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychedelic_rock">Psychedelic rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Psychedelic rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimi_Hendrix_experience_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of three men, one is sitting on the floor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jimi_Hendrix_experience_1968.jpg/170px-Jimi_Hendrix_experience_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jimi_Hendrix_experience_1968.jpg/255px-Jimi_Hendrix_experience_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jimi_Hendrix_experience_1968.jpg/340px-Jimi_Hendrix_experience_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jimi Hendrix Experience">The Jimi Hendrix Experience</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> Psychedelic music's <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>-inspired vibe began in the folk scene.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks2000-120">[117]</a> The first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock were <a href="/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators" title="The 13th Floor Elevators">the 13th Floor Elevators</a> from Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks2000-120">[117]</a> The Beatles introduced many of the major elements of the psychedelic sound to audiences in this period, such as <a href="/wiki/Larsen_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen effect">guitar feedback</a>, the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">backmasking</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">[118]</a> Psychedelic rock particularly took off in California's emerging music scene as groups followed <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a>' shift from folk to <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> from 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">[118]</a> The psychedelic lifestyle, which revolved around hallucinogenic drugs, had already developed in San Francisco and particularly prominent products of the scene were <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_and_the_Holding_Company" title="Big Brother and the Holding Company">Big Brother and the Holding Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grateful Dead">the Grateful Dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_41–42-122">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimi Hendrix Experience">Jimi Hendrix Experience</a>'s lead guitarist, <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> did extended distorted, feedback-filled jams which became a key feature of psychedelia.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">[118]</a> Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade. 1967 saw the Beatles release their definitive psychedelic statement in <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a>, including the controversial track "<a href="/wiki/Lucy_in_the_Sky_with_Diamonds" title="Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds">Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds</a>", the Rolling Stones responded later that year with <a href="/wiki/Their_Satanic_Majesties_Request" title="Their Satanic Majesties Request">Their Satanic Majesties Request</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">[118]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> debuted with <a href="/wiki/The_Piper_at_the_Gates_of_Dawn" title="The Piper at the Gates of Dawn">The Piper at the Gates of Dawn</a>. Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane's <a href="/wiki/Surrealistic_Pillow" title="Surrealistic Pillow">Surrealistic Pillow</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Doors_(album)" title="The Doors (album)">self-titled debut album</a>. These trends peaked in the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodstock festival">Woodstock festival</a>, which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">[118]</a> Sgt. Pepper was later regarded as the greatest album of all time and a starting point for the <a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">album era</a>, during which rock music transitioned from the singles format to albums and achieved cultural legitimacy in the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Led by the Beatles in the mid-1960s,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> rock musicians advanced the LP as the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption, initiating a rock-informed album era in the music industry for the next several decades.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_rock">Progressive rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Progressive rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of members of the band Yes on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yes_concert.jpg/220px-Yes_concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yes_concert.jpg/330px-Yes_concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yes_concert.jpg/440px-Yes_concert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Prog rock band <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> Progressive rock, a term sometimes used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>, moved beyond established musical formulas by experimenting with different instruments, song types, and forms.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">[123]</a> From the mid-1960s <a href="/wiki/The_Left_Banke" title="The Left Banke">the Left Banke</a>, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys, had pioneered the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Harpsichords" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpsichords">harpsichords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind instruments">wind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string</a> sections on their recordings to produce a form of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque rock">Baroque rock</a> and can be heard in singles like <a href="/wiki/Procol_Harum" title="Procol Harum">Procol Harum</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale" title="A Whiter Shade of Pale">A Whiter Shade of Pale</a>" (1967), with its <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>-inspired introduction.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington2003-127">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Moody_Blues" title="The Moody Blues">The Moody Blues</a> used a full orchestra on their album <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Future_Passed" title="Days of Future Passed">Days of Future Passed</a> (1967) and subsequently created orchestral sounds with synthesizers.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">[123]</a> Classical orchestration, keyboards, and synthesizers were a frequent addition to the established rock format of guitars, bass, and drums in subsequent progressive rock.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Instrumentals were common, while songs with lyrics were sometimes conceptual, abstract, or based in fantasy and science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pretty_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pretty Things">The Pretty Things</a>' <a href="/wiki/SF_Sorrow" class="mw-redirect" title="SF Sorrow">SF Sorrow</a> (1968), the Kinks' <a href="/wiki/Arthur_(Or_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_British_Empire)" title="Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)">Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)</a> (1969), and <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tommy_(The_Who_album)" title="Tommy (The Who album)">Tommy</a> (1969) introduced the format of <a href="/wiki/Rock_operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock operas">rock operas</a> and opened the door to <a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept albums</a>, often telling an epic story or tackling a grand overarching theme.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Crimson" title="King Crimson">King Crimson</a>'s 1969 début album, <a href="/wiki/In_the_Court_of_the_Crimson_King" title="In the Court of the Crimson King">In the Court of the Crimson King</a>, which mixed powerful guitar riffs and <a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">mellotron</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic music">symphonic music</a>, is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues-rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">[123]</a> The vibrant <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_scene" title="Canterbury scene">Canterbury scene</a> saw acts following Soft Machine from psychedelia, through jazz influences, toward more expansive hard rock, including <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(band)" title="Caravan (band)">Caravan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_and_the_North" title="Hatfield and the North">Hatfield and the North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gong_(band)" title="Gong (band)">Gong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Health" title="National Health">National Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> The French group <a href="/wiki/Magma_(band)" title="Magma (band)">Magma</a> around drummer <a href="/wiki/Christian_Vander_(musician)" title="Christian Vander (musician)">Christian Vander</a> almost single-handedly created the new music genre <a href="/wiki/Zeuhl" title="Zeuhl">zeuhl</a> with their first albums in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner2010-132">[129]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_Live_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Genesis_Live_01.jpg/280px-Genesis_Live_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Genesis_Live_01.jpg/420px-Genesis_Live_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Genesis_Live_01.jpg/560px-Genesis_Live_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="1631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> performing at <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in 2007. From left to right, Daryl Stuermer on bass, Mike Rutherford on guitar, behind him Chester Thompson on drums, Phil Collins on vocals and Tony Banks on keyboards.</figcaption></figure> Greater commercial success was enjoyed by Pink Floyd, who also moved away from psychedelia after the departure of Syd Barrett in 1968, with <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon" title="The Dark Side of the Moon">The Dark Side of the Moon</a> (1973), seen as a masterpiece of the genre, becoming one of the best-selling albums of all time.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> There was an emphasis on instrumental virtuosity, with <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a> showcasing the skills of both guitarist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Howe_(guitarist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Howe (guitarist)">Steve Howe</a> and keyboard player <a href="/wiki/Rick_Wakeman" title="Rick Wakeman">Rick Wakeman</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a> were a supergroup who produced some of the genre's most technically demanding work.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> both pursued very different, but distinctly English, brands of music.<a href="#cite_note-Brocken2003-134">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(band)" title="Renaissance (band)">Renaissance</a>, formed in 1969 by ex-Yardbirds Jim McCarty and Keith Relf, evolved into a high-concept band featuring the three-octave voice of <a href="/wiki/Annie_Haslam" title="Annie Haslam">Annie Haslam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Most British bands depended on a relatively small cult following, but a handful, including Pink Floyd, Genesis, and Jethro Tull, managed to produce top ten singles at home and break the American market.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> The American brand of progressive rock varied from the eclectic and innovative <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears" title="Blood, Sweat & Tears">Blood, Sweat & Tears</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> to more pop rock orientated bands like <a href="/wiki/Boston_(band)" title="Boston (band)">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreigner_(band)" title="Foreigner (band)">Foreigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(band)" title="Kansas (band)">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journey_(band)" title="Journey (band)">Journey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Styx_(band)" title="Styx (band)">Styx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">[123]</a> These, beside British bands <a href="/wiki/Supertramp" title="Supertramp">Supertramp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra" title="Electric Light Orchestra">ELO</a>, all demonstrated a prog rock influence and while ranking among the most commercially successful acts of the 1970s, heralding the era of pomp or <a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">arena rock</a>, which would last until the costs of complex shows (often with theatrical staging and special effects), would be replaced by more economical <a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festivals</a> as major live venues in the 1990s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The instrumental strand of the genre resulted in albums like <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tubular_Bells_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular Bells (album)">Tubular Bells</a> (1973), the first record, and worldwide hit, for the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a> label, which became a mainstay of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">[123]</a> Instrumental rock was particularly significant in continental Europe, allowing bands like <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focus_(band)" title="Focus (band)">Focus (band)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faust_(band)" title="Faust (band)">Faust</a> to circumvent the language barrier.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Their synthesiser-heavy "<a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a>", along with the work of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> (for a time the keyboard player with <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a>), would be a major influence on subsequent <a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">electronic rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">[123]</a> With the advent of punk rock and technological changes in the late 1970s, progressive rock was increasingly dismissed as pretentious and overblown.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Many bands broke up, but some, including Genesis, ELP, Yes, and Pink Floyd, regularly scored top ten albums with successful accompanying worldwide tours.<a href="#cite_note-G._Thompson;_2007;_134-99">[97]</a> Some bands which emerged in the aftermath of punk, such as <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simple_Minds" title="Simple Minds">Simple Minds</a>, showed the influence of progressive rock, as well as their more usually recognized punk influences.<a href="#cite_note-ClassicRock-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz_rock">Jazz rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jazz rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jazz_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz rock">Jazz rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaco-Pastorius_seated_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of Jaco Pastorius sitting on a stool and playing a bass guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jaco-Pastorius_seated_1980.jpg/150px-Jaco-Pastorius_seated_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jaco-Pastorius_seated_1980.jpg/225px-Jaco-Pastorius_seated_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jaco-Pastorius_seated_1980.jpg/300px-Jaco-Pastorius_seated_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaco_Pastorius" title="Jaco Pastorius">Jaco Pastorius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Weather_Report" title="Weather Report">Weather Report</a> in 1980</figcaption></figure> In the late 1960s, jazz-rock emerged as a distinct subgenre out of the blues-rock, psychedelic, and progressive rock scenes, mixing the power of rock with the musical complexity and improvisational elements of jazz. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> states that the term jazz-rock "may refer to the loudest, wildest, most electrified fusion bands from the jazz camp, but most often it describes performers coming from the rock side of the equation." Jazz-rock "...generally grew out of the most artistically ambitious rock subgenres of the late '60s and early '70s", including the singer-songwriter movement.<a href="#cite_note-AMJazzRock-142">[139]</a> Many early US rock and roll musicians had begun in jazz and carried some of these elements into the new music. In Britain the subgenre of blues rock, and many of its leading figures, like <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Baker" title="Ginger Baker">Ginger Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Bruce" title="Jack Bruce">Jack Bruce</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>-fronted band <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>, had emerged from the <a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British jazz</a> scene. Often highlighted as the first true jazz-rock recording is the only album by the relatively obscure New York–based <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Spirits" title="The Free Spirits">the Free Spirits</a> with <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Sight_and_Sound" title="Out of Sight and Sound">Out of Sight and Sound</a> (1966). The first group of bands to self-consciously use the label were R&B oriented white rock bands that made use of jazzy horn sections, like <a href="/wiki/Electric_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Flag">Electric Flag</a>, Blood, Sweat & Tears and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>, to become some of the most commercially successful acts of the later 1960s and the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002JazzRock-143">[140]</a> British acts to emerge in the same period from the blues scene, to make use of the tonal and improvisational aspects of jazz, included <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(band)" title="Nucleus (band)">Nucleus</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Graham_Bond" title="Graham Bond">Graham Bond</a> and John Mayall spin-off <a href="/wiki/Colosseum_(band)" title="Colosseum (band)">Colosseum</a>. From the psychedelic rock and the Canterbury scenes came Soft Machine, who, it has been suggested, produced one of the artistically successfully fusions of the two genres. Perhaps the most critically acclaimed fusion came from the jazz side of the equation, with <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, particularly influenced by the work of Hendrix, incorporating rock instrumentation into his sound for the album <a href="/wiki/Bitches_Brew" title="Bitches Brew">Bitches Brew</a> (1970). It was a major influence on subsequent rock-influenced jazz artists, including <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chick_Corea" title="Chick Corea">Chick Corea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather_Report" title="Weather Report">Weather Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002JazzRock-143">[140]</a> The genre began to fade in the late 1970s, as a mellower form of fusion began to take its audience,<a href="#cite_note-AMJazzRock-142">[139]</a> but acts like <a href="/wiki/Steely_Dan" title="Steely Dan">Steely Dan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AMJazzRock-142">[139]</a> Frank Zappa and <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> recorded significant jazz-influenced albums in this period, and it has continued to be a major influence on rock music.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002JazzRock-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s–1980s:_Commercialisation">1970s–1980s: Commercialisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1970s–1980s: Commercialisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerosmith_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Aerosmith_2.jpg/220px-Aerosmith_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Aerosmith_2.jpg/330px-Aerosmith_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Aerosmith_2.jpg/440px-Aerosmith_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steven_Tyler" title="Steven Tyler">Steven Tyler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)" title="Joe Perry (musician)">Joe Perry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a> performing in 2007. They are known as the "<a href="/wiki/Toxic_Twins" title="Toxic Twins">Toxic Twins</a>"</figcaption></figure> Reflecting on developments that occurred in rock music in the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a> (1981):<a href="#cite_note-CG-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years. But like a lot of artificial concepts—money, say—the category does take on a reality of its own once people figure out how to put it to work. "The '60s are over," a slogan one only began to hear in 1972 or so, mobilized all those eager to believe that idealism had become passe, and once they were mobilized, it had. In popular music, embracing the '70s meant both an <a href="/wiki/Elitist" class="mw-redirect" title="Elitist">elitist</a> withdrawal from the messy concert and <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> scene and a profiteering pursuit of the lowest common denominator in <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">album rock</a>.</blockquote> Rock saw greater commodification during this decade, turning into a multibillion-dollar industry and doubling its <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> while, as Christgau noted, suffering a significant "loss of cultural prestige". "Maybe the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a> became more popular than the Beatles, but they were never <a href="/wiki/More_popular_than_Jesus" title="More popular than Jesus">more popular than Jesus</a>", he said. "Insofar as the music retained any mythic power, the myth was <a href="/wiki/Self-referential" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-referential">self-referential</a> – there were lots of songs about the rock and roll life but very few about how rock could change the world, except as a new brand of painkiller ... In the '70s the powerful took over, as rock industrialists capitalized on the national mood to reduce potent music to an often reactionary species of entertainment—and to transmute rock's popular base from the audience to market."<a href="#cite_note-CG-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_rock">Roots rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roots rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></div> Roots rock is the term now used to describe a move away from what some saw as the excesses of the psychedelic scene, to a more basic form of rock and roll that incorporated its original influences, particularly blues, country and folk music, leading to the creation of country rock and Southern rock.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> In 1966 Bob Dylan went to <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> to record the album <a href="/wiki/Blonde_on_Blonde" title="Blonde on Blonde">Blonde on Blonde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff2000-146">[143]</a> This, and subsequent more clearly country-influenced albums, such as <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Skyline" title="Nashville Skyline">Nashville Skyline</a>, have been seen as creating the genre of <a href="/wiki/Country_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Country folk">country folk</a>, a route pursued by a number of largely acoustic folk musicians.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff2000-146">[143]</a> Other acts that followed the back-to-basics trend were the Canadian group <a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">the Band</a> and the California-based <a href="/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival" title="Creedence Clearwater Revival">Creedence Clearwater Revival</a>, both of which mixed basic rock and roll with folk, country and blues, to be among the most successful and influential bands of the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> The same movement saw the beginning of the recording careers of Californian solo artists like <a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowell_George" title="Lowell George">Lowell George</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> and influenced the work of established performers such as the Rolling Stones' <a href="/wiki/Beggar%27s_Banquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beggar's Banquet">Beggar's Banquet</a> (1968) and the Beatles' <a href="/wiki/Let_It_Be_(album)" title="Let It Be (album)">Let It Be</a> (1970).<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">[118]</a> Reflecting on this change of trends in rock music over the past few years, Christgau wrote in his June 1970 "Consumer Guide" column that this "new orthodoxy" and "cultural lag" abandoned improvisatory, studio-ornamented productions in favor of an emphasis on "tight, spare instrumentation" and song composition: "Its referents are '50s rock, country music, and rhythm-and-blues, and its key inspiration is the Band."<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of four members of the Eagles on stage with guitars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Eagles.jpg/220px-Eagles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Eagles.jpg/330px-Eagles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Eagles.jpg/440px-Eagles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a> during their 2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Long_Road_out_of_Eden_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Road out of Eden Tour">Long Road out of Eden Tour</a> </figcaption></figure> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Gram_Parsons" title="Gram Parsons">Gram Parsons</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/Safe_at_Home" title="Safe at Home">Safe at Home</a> with the <a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Band" title="International Submarine Band">International Submarine Band</a>, arguably the first true <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a> album.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">[147]</a> Later that year he joined the Byrds for <a href="/wiki/Sweetheart_of_the_Rodeo" title="Sweetheart of the Rodeo">Sweetheart of the Rodeo</a> (1968), generally considered one of the most influential recordings in the genre.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">[147]</a> The Byrds continued in the same vein, but Parsons left to be joined by another ex-Byrds member <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hillman" title="Chris Hillman">Chris Hillman</a> in forming <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers" title="The Flying Burrito Brothers">the Flying Burrito Brothers</a> who helped establish the respectability and parameters of the genre, before Parsons departed to pursue a solo career.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">[147]</a> Bands in California that adopted country rock included Hearts and Flowers, <a href="/wiki/Poco_(band)" title="Poco (band)">Poco</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Riders_of_the_Purple_Sage" title="New Riders of the Purple Sage">New Riders of the Purple Sage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">[147]</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Beau_Brummels" title="The Beau Brummels">Beau Brummels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">[147]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nitty_Gritty_Dirt_Band" title="Nitty Gritty Dirt Band">Nitty Gritty Dirt Band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> Some performers also enjoyed a renaissance by adopting country sounds, including: the Everly Brothers; one-time <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idol</a> Rick Nelson who became the frontman for the Stone Canyon Band; former Monkee <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nesmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Nesmith">Mike Nesmith</a> who formed the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="First National Band">First National Band</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dillards" title="The Dillards">The Dillards</a> were, unusually, a country act, who moved towards rock music.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">[147]</a> The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s, with artists including the <a href="/wiki/Doobie_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Doobie Brothers">Doobie Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a> (made up of members of the Burritos, Poco, and Stone Canyon Band), who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time, producing albums that included <a href="/wiki/Hotel_California_(Eagles_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel California (Eagles album)">Hotel California</a> (1976).<a href="#cite_note-Tawa2005-152">[149]</a> The founders of Southern rock are usually thought to be the Allman Brothers Band, who developed a distinctive sound, largely derived from <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a>, but incorporating elements of <a href="/wiki/Boogie" title="Boogie">boogie</a>, soul, and country in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock-106">[103]</a> The most successful act to follow them were Lynyrd Skynyrd, who helped establish the "Good ol' boy" image of the subgenre and the general shape of 1970s' guitar rock.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock-106">[103]</a> Their successors included the fusion/progressive instrumentalists <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Dregs" title="Dixie Dregs">Dixie Dregs</a>, the more country-influenced <a href="/wiki/Outlaws_(band)" title="Outlaws (band)">Outlaws</a>, funk/R&B-leaning <a href="/wiki/Wet_Willie" title="Wet Willie">Wet Willie</a> and (incorporating elements of R&B and gospel) the <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Mountain_Daredevils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark Mountain Daredevils">Ozark Mountain Daredevils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock-106">[103]</a> After the loss of original members of the Allmans and Lynyrd Skynyrd, the genre began to fade in popularity in the late 1970s, but was sustained the 1980s with acts like <a href="/wiki/.38_Special_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title=".38 Special (band)">.38 Special</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molly_Hatchet" title="Molly Hatchet">Molly Hatchet</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Marshall_Tucker_Band" title="The Marshall Tucker Band">the Marshall Tucker Band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glam_rock">Glam rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Glam rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David-Bowie_Early.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of David Bowie with an acoustic guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/180px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/270px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/360px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> during the <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars" title="The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars">Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders</a> Tour in 1972</figcaption></figure> Glam rock emerged from the English psychedelic and art rock scenes of the late 1960s and can be seen as both an extension of and reaction against those trends.<a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005pp124-5-153">[150]</a> Musically diverse, varying between the simple rock and roll revivalism of figures like <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Stardust" title="Alvin Stardust">Alvin Stardust</a> to the complex art rock of Roxy Music, and can be seen as much as a fashion as a musical subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005pp124-5-153">[150]</a> Visually it was a mesh of various styles, ranging from 1930s <a href="/wiki/Cinema_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema in the United States">Hollywood</a> glamor, through 1950s pin-up sex appeal, pre-war <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> theatrics, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian</a> literary and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">symbolist</a> styles, science fiction, to ancient and occult <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>; manifesting itself in outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Glam is most noted for its sexual and gender ambiguity and representations of <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a>, beside extensive use of theatrics.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGR-155">[152]</a> It was prefigured by the showmanship and gender-identity manipulation of American acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Cockettes" title="The Cockettes">the Cockettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> The origins of glam rock are associated with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a>, who had renamed his folk duo to <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a> and taken up electric instruments by the end of the 1960s. Often cited as the moment of inception is his appearance on the BBC music show <a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a> in March 1971 wearing glitter and satins, to perform what would be his second UK Top 10 hit (and first UK Number 1 hit), "<a href="/wiki/Hot_Love_(T._Rex_song)" title="Hot Love (T. Rex song)">Hot Love</a>".<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> From 1971, already a minor star, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> developed his Ziggy Stardust persona, incorporating elements of professional make up, mime and performance into his act.<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-158">[155]</a> These performers were soon followed in the style by acts including Roxy Music, <a href="/wiki/The_Sweet" title="The Sweet">Sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slade" title="Slade">Slade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople" title="Mott the Hoople">Mott the Hoople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_(band)" title="Mud (band)">Mud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Stardust" title="Alvin Stardust">Alvin Stardust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-158">[155]</a> While highly successful in the single charts in the United Kingdom, very few of these musicians were able to make a serious impact in the United States; Bowie was the major exception becoming an international superstar and prompting the adoption of glam styles among acts like <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jobriath" title="Jobriath">Jobriath</a>, often known as "glitter rock" and with a darker lyrical content than their British counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p80-159">[156]</a> In the UK the term glitter rock was most often used to refer to the extreme version of glam pursued by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Glitter" title="Gary Glitter">Gary Glitter</a> and his support musicians the <a href="/wiki/Glitter_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitter Band">Glitter Band</a>, who between them achieved eighteen top ten singles in the UK between 1972 and 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Glitter-160">[157]</a> A second wave of glam rock acts, including <a href="/wiki/Suzi_Quatro" title="Suzi Quatro">Suzi Quatro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wood" title="Roy Wood">Roy Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wizzard" title="Wizzard">Wizzard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparks_(band)" title="Sparks (band)">Sparks</a>, dominated the British single charts from about 1974 to 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-158">[155]</a> Existing acts, some not usually considered central to the genre, also adopted glam styles, including <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> and, for a time, even the Rolling Stones.<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-158">[155]</a> It was also a direct influence on acts that rose to prominence later, including <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ant" title="Adam Ant">Adam Ant</a>, and less directly on the formation of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> as well as on punk rock, which helped end the fashion for glam from about 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p80-159">[156]</a> Glam has since enjoyed sporadic modest revivals through bands such as <a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_Kittens" title="Chainsaw Kittens">Chainsaw Kittens</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_(band)" title="The Darkness (band)">the Darkness</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> and in R&B crossover act <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicano_rock">Chicano rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chicano rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Santana_123176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Carlos_Santana_123176.jpg/220px-Carlos_Santana_123176.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Carlos_Santana_123176.jpg/330px-Carlos_Santana_123176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Carlos_Santana_123176.jpg/440px-Carlos_Santana_123176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a>, New Year's Eve 1976 at the <a href="/wiki/Cow_Palace" title="Cow Palace">Cow Palace</a> in San Francisco</figcaption></figure> After the early successes of Latin rock in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> musicians like <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a> continued to have successful careers throughout the 1970s. Santana opened the decade with success in his 1970 single "<a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_Woman" title="Black Magic Woman">Black Magic Woman</a>" on the <a href="/wiki/Abraxas_(album)" title="Abraxas (album)">Abraxas</a> album.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> His third album <a href="/wiki/Santana_(1971_album)" title="Santana (1971 album)">Santana III</a> yielded the single "No One to Depend On", and his fourth album <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai_(album)" title="Caravanserai (album)">Caravanserai</a> experimented with his sound to mixed reception.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> He later released a series of four albums that all achieved gold status: <a href="/wiki/Welcome_(Santana_album)" title="Welcome (Santana album)">Welcome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borboletta" title="Borboletta">Borboletta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amigos_(Santana_album)" title="Amigos (Santana album)">Amigos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Festival_(Santana_album)" title="Festival (Santana album)">Festivál</a>. Al Hurricane continued to mix his rock music with <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a>, though he was also experimenting more heavily with <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> music, which led to several successful singles, especially on his <a href="/wiki/Vestido_Mojado" title="Vestido Mojado">Vestido Mojado</a> album, including the eponymous "Vestido Mojado", as well as "Por Una Mujer Casada" and "Puño de Tierra"; his brothers had successful New Mexico music singles in "La Del Moño Colorado" by Tiny Morrie and "La Cumbia De San Antone" by Baby Gaby.<a href="#cite_note-La_Herencia_Del_Norte_1998_p.-166">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane_Jr." title="Al Hurricane Jr.">Al Hurricane Jr.</a> also began his successful rock-infused New Mexico music recording career in the 1970s, with his 1976 rendition of "Flor De Las Flores".<a href="#cite_note-Koskoff_2017_p._1253-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurricane-168">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Lobos" title="Los Lobos">Los Lobos</a> gained popularity at this time, with their first album <a href="/wiki/Los_Lobos_del_Este_de_Los_Angeles" title="Los Lobos del Este de Los Angeles">Los Lobos del Este de Los Angeles</a> in 1977. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_rock,_hard_rock,_and_early_heavy_metal">Soft rock, hard rock, and early heavy metal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Soft rock, hard rock, and early heavy metal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_rock_artists_and_songs" title="List of soft rock artists and songs">List of soft rock artists and songs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:18%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A strange time, 1971—although rock's <a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">balkanization</a> into genres was well underway, it was often hard to tell one catch-phrase from the next. "<a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art-rock</a>" could mean anything from <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">the Velvets</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Moody_Blues" title="The Moody Blues">the Moody Blues</a>, and although <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> was launched and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a> celebrated, "<a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>" remained an amorphous concept. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a></cite> </div> From the late 1960s it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis1987-170">[167]</a> Major artists included <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat_Stevens" title="Cat Stevens">Cat Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis1987-170">[167]</a> It reached its commercial peak in the mid- to late 1970s with acts like <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>, <a href="/wiki/America_(band)" title="America (band)">America</a> and the reformed <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Rumours_(album)" title="Rumours (album)">Rumours</a> (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> In contrast, hard rock was more often derived from blues-rock and was played louder and with more intensity.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-172">[169]</a> It often emphasised the electric guitar, both as a rhythm instrument using simple repetitive riffs and as a solo lead instrument, and was more likely to be used with <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> and other effects.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-172">[169]</a> Key acts included British Invasion bands like the Kinks, as well as psychedelic era performers like Cream, Jimi Hendrix and <a href="/wiki/The_Jeff_Beck_Group" title="The Jeff Beck Group">the Jeff Beck Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-172">[169]</a> Hard rock-influenced bands that enjoyed international success in the later 1970s included Queen,<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thin_Lizzy" title="Thin Lizzy">Thin Lizzy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-172">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LedZeppelinChicago75_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of the band Led Zeppelin on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LedZeppelinChicago75_2.jpg/220px-LedZeppelinChicago75_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LedZeppelinChicago75_2.jpg/330px-LedZeppelinChicago75_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LedZeppelinChicago75_2.jpg/440px-LedZeppelinChicago75_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> live at <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stadium" title="Chicago Stadium">Chicago Stadium</a> in January 1975</figcaption></figure> From the late 1960s the term "heavy metal" began to be used to describe some hard rock played with even more volume and intensity, first as an adjective and by the early 1970s as a noun.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> The term was first used in music in <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)" title="Steppenwolf (band)">Steppenwolf</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Born_to_Be_Wild" title="Born to Be Wild">Born to Be Wild</a>" (1967) and began to be associated with pioneer bands like San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cheer" title="Blue Cheer">Blue Cheer</a>, Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/James_Gang" title="James Gang">James Gang</a> and Michigan's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Funk_Railroad" title="Grand Funk Railroad">Grand Funk Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> By 1970 three key British bands had developed the characteristic sounds and styles which would help shape the subgenre. <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> added elements of fantasy to their riff laden blues-rock, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a> brought in symphonic and medieval interests from their progressive rock phase and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a> introduced facets of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">modal harmony</a>, helping to produce a "darker" sound.<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993p10-177">[174]</a> These elements were taken up by a "second generation" of heavy metal bands into the late 1970s, including: <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a>, <a href="/wiki/UFO_(band)" title="UFO (band)">UFO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(rock_band)" title="Rainbow (rock band)">Rainbow</a> from Britain; <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent" title="Ted Nugent">Ted Nugent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult" title="Blue Öyster Cult">Blue Öyster Cult</a> from the US; <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> from Canada and <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a> from Germany, all marking the expansion in popularity of the subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993p10-177">[174]</a> Despite a lack of airplay and very little presence on the singles charts, late-1970s heavy metal built a considerable following, particularly among adolescent working-class males in North America and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> In the 1980s, bands such as <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skid_Row_(American_band)" title="Skid Row (American band)">Skid Row</a> and <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a> saw mainstream success, with hard rock and a fusion of hard rock with pop. During the 1990s, hard rock saw a slight decline in popularity, save for some major hits like Guns N' Roses' <a href="/wiki/November_Rain" title="November Rain">November Rain</a>. But in the early 2000s, Bon Jovi's "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_My_Life_(Bon_Jovi_song)" title="It's My Life (Bon Jovi song)">It's My Life</a>" saw a huge increase in popularity of rock and pop rock and helped introduce the genres to a newer fanbase. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_rock">Christian rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Christian rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png/220px-Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png/330px-Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png/440px-Switchfoot_Fading_West_ATL.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Switchfoot" title="Switchfoot">Switchfoot</a> taking a bow at their <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> stop on the Fading West Tour – <a href="/wiki/Buckhead_Theatre" title="Buckhead Theatre">Buckhead Theatre</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> Rock, mostly the heavy metal genre, has been criticized by some Christian leaders, who have condemned it as immoral, anti-Christian and even satanic.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> However, Christian rock began to develop in the late 1960s, particularly out of the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a> beginning in Southern California, and emerged as a subgenre in the 1970s with artists like <a href="/wiki/Larry_Norman" title="Larry Norman">Larry Norman</a>, usually seen as the first major "star" of Christian rock.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> The genre was mostly a phenomenon in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Many Christian rock performers have ties to the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian music</a> scene. Starting in the 1980s Christian pop performers have had some mainstream success. While these artists were largely acceptable in Christian communities, the adoption of heavy rock and glam metal styles by bands like <a href="/wiki/Stryper" title="Stryper">Stryper</a>, who achieved considerable mainstream success in the 1980s, was more controversial.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> From the 1990s there were increasing numbers of acts who attempted to avoid the Christian band label, preferring to be seen as groups who were also Christians, including <a href="/wiki/P.O.D" class="mw-redirect" title="P.O.D">P.O.D</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heartland_rock">Heartland rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heartland rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0719-38,_Bruce_Springsteen,_Konzert_in_der_DDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of Bruce Springsteen on stage with a guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0719-38%2C_Bruce_Springsteen%2C_Konzert_in_der_DDR.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0719-38%2C_Bruce_Springsteen%2C_Konzert_in_der_DDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0719-38%2C_Bruce_Springsteen%2C_Konzert_in_der_DDR.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0719-38%2C_Bruce_Springsteen%2C_Konzert_in_der_DDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0719-38%2C_Bruce_Springsteen%2C_Konzert_in_der_DDR.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0719-38%2C_Bruce_Springsteen%2C_Konzert_in_der_DDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> in East Berlin in 1988</figcaption></figure> American working-class oriented heartland rock, characterized by a straightforward musical style, and a concern with the lives of ordinary, <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> American people, developed in the second half of the 1970s. The term heartland rock was first used to describe <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">Midwestern</a> <a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">arena rock</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(band)" title="Kansas (band)">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/REO_Speedwagon" title="REO Speedwagon">REO Speedwagon</a> and Styx, but which came to be associated with a more socially concerned form of roots rock more directly influenced by folk, country and rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> It has been seen as an American Midwest and <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> counterpart to West Coast country rock and the Southern rock of the American South.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Led by figures who had initially been identified with punk and New Wave, it was most strongly influenced by acts such as Bob Dylan, the Byrds, Creedence Clearwater Revival and <a href="/wiki/Van_Morrison" title="Van Morrison">Van Morrison</a>, and the basic rock of 1960s garage and the Rolling Stones.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHeartland-187">[184]</a> Exemplified by the commercial success of singer songwriters <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Seger" title="Bob Seger">Bob Seger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Petty" title="Tom Petty">Tom Petty</a>, along with less widely known acts such as <a href="/wiki/Southside_Johnny_and_the_Asbury_Jukes" title="Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes">Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Grushecky" title="Joe Grushecky">Joe Grushecky and the Houserockers</a>, it was partly a reaction to post-industrial urban decline in the East and Mid-West, often dwelling on issues of social disintegration and isolation, beside a form of good-time rock and roll revivalism.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHeartland-187">[184]</a> The genre reached its commercial, artistic and influential peak in the mid-1980s, with Springsteen's <a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Born in the USA">Born in the USA</a> (1984), topping the charts worldwide and spawning a series of top ten singles, together with the arrival of artists including <a href="/wiki/John_Mellencamp" title="John Mellencamp">John Mellencamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Earle" title="Steve Earle">Steve Earle</a> and more gentle singer-songwriters such as <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hornsby" title="Bruce Hornsby">Bruce Hornsby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHeartland-187">[184]</a> It can also be heard as an influence on artists as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kid_Rock" title="Kid Rock">Kid Rock</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Killers" title="The Killers">the Killers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Heartland rock faded away as a recognized genre by the early 1990s, as rock music in general, and blue-collar and white working class themes in particular, lost influence with younger audiences, and as heartland's artists turned to more personal works.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHeartland-187">[184]</a> Many heartland rock artists continued to record with critical and commercial success, most notably Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, and John Mellencamp, although their output became more personal and experimental, no longer fitting a specific genre.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punk_rock">Punk rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Punk rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protopunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Protopunk">Protopunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patti_Smith_Copenhagen_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of Patti Smith on stage with a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patti_Smith_Copenhagen_1976.jpg/170px-Patti_Smith_Copenhagen_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patti_Smith_Copenhagen_1976.jpg/255px-Patti_Smith_Copenhagen_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patti_Smith_Copenhagen_1976.jpg/340px-Patti_Smith_Copenhagen_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, performing in 1976</figcaption></figure> Punk rock was developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States and the United Kingdom. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock.<a href="#cite_note-BogdanovPunk-192">[189]</a> They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY (do it yourself) ethic</a>, with many bands self-producing their recordings and distributing them through informal channels.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso_-_Johnny_Rotten_%26_Steve_Jones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Members of rock band the Sex Pistols onstage in a concert. From left to right, singer Johnny Rotten and electric guitarist Steve Jones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso_-_Johnny_Rotten_%26_Steve_Jones.jpg/220px-Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso_-_Johnny_Rotten_%26_Steve_Jones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso_-_Johnny_Rotten_%26_Steve_Jones.jpg/330px-Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso_-_Johnny_Rotten_%26_Steve_Jones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso_-_Johnny_Rotten_%26_Steve_Jones.jpg/440px-Sex_Pistols_in_Paradiso_-_Johnny_Rotten_%26_Steve_Jones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Vocalist <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rotten" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Rotten">Johnny Rotten</a> and guitarist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(musician)" title="Steve Jones (musician)">Steve Jones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a></figcaption></figure> By late 1976, acts such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, in New York City, and the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>, in London, were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement.<a href="#cite_note-BogdanovPunk-192">[189]</a> The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world. Punk quickly became a major cultural phenomenon in the UK. The Sex Pistols' live TV skirmish with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Grundy" title="Bill Grundy">Bill Grundy</a> on 1 December 1976, was the watershed moment in British punk's transformation into a major media phenomenon, even as some stores refused to stock the records and radio airplay was hard to come by.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> In May 1977, the Sex Pistols achieved new heights of controversy (and number two on the singles chart) with a song that referenced <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)" title="God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)">God Save the Queen</a>", during her <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Jubilee">Silver Jubilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> For the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">clothing styles</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">anti-authoritarian ideologies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> By the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> had become the predominant mode of punk rock.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> This has resulted in several evolved strains of hardcore punk, such as <a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a> (a distortion-heavy subgenre influenced by the UK band <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(band)" title="Discharge (band)">Discharge</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Crass_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crass (band)">Crass</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">grindcore</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Napalm_Death" title="Napalm Death">Napalm Death</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">crust punk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a broad range of other variations, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-BogdanovPunk-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_wave">New wave</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New wave">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blondie_(Debbie_Harry)_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of Debbie Harry on stage with a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blondie_%28Debbie_Harry%29_One.jpg/170px-Blondie_%28Debbie_Harry%29_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Blondie_%28Debbie_Harry%29_One.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Deborah Harry</a> from the band <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a>, performing at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto in 1977</figcaption></figure> Although punk rock was a significant social and musical phenomenon, it achieved less in the way of record sales (being distributed by small specialty labels such as <a href="/wiki/Stiff_Records" title="Stiff Records">Stiff Records</a>),<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> or American radio airplay (as the radio scene continued to be dominated by mainstream formats such as <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">album-oriented rock</a>).<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Punk rock had attracted devotees from the art and collegiate world and soon bands sporting a more literate, arty approach, such as <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a> began to infiltrate the punk scene; in some quarters the description "new wave" began to be used to differentiate these less overtly punk bands.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Record executives, who had been mostly mystified by the punk movement, recognized the potential of the more accessible new wave acts and began aggressively signing and marketing any band that could claim a remote connection to punk or new wave.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Many of these bands, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Cars" title="The Cars">the Cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s" title="The Go-Go's">the Go-Go's</a> can be seen as pop bands marketed as new wave;<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> other existing acts, including <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">the Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pretenders" title="The Pretenders">the Pretenders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a>, used the new wave movement as the springboard for relatively long and critically successful careers,<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> while "skinny tie" bands exemplified by <a href="/wiki/The_Knack" title="The Knack">the Knack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> or the photogenic <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a>, began as punk acts and moved into more commercial territory.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002NewWave-206">[203]</a> Between 1979 and 1985, influenced by Kraftwerk, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a>, David Bowie and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a>, British new wave went in the direction of such New Romantics as <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Ballet" title="Spandau Ballet">Spandau Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_(band)" title="Japan (band)">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls" title="A Flock of Seagulls">A Flock of Seagulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk_Talk" title="Talk Talk">Talk Talk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurythmics" title="Eurythmics">Eurythmics</a>, sometimes using the synthesizer to replace all other instruments.<a href="#cite_note-Borthwick&Moy2004pp121-3-207">[204]</a> This period coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> and led to a great deal of exposure for this brand of synth-pop, creating what has been characterised as a <a href="/wiki/Second_British_Invasion" title="Second British Invasion">second British Invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-208">[205]</a> Some more traditional rock bands adapted to the video age and profited from MTV's <a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">airplay</a>, most obviously <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a>, whose "<a href="/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)" title="Money for Nothing (song)">Money for Nothing</a>" gently poked fun at the station, despite the fact that it had helped make them international stars,<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> but in general, guitar-oriented rock was commercially eclipsed.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-punk">Post-punk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Post-punk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of members of the band U2 performing on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg/220px-U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg/330px-U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg/440px-U2_on_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017_Brussels_8-1-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3977" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> performing on <a href="/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree_Tour_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="The Joshua Tree Tour 2017">the Joshua Tree Tour 2017</a></figcaption></figure> If hardcore most directly pursued the stripped down aesthetic of punk, and new wave came to represent its commercial wing, post-punk emerged in the later 1970s and early 1980s as its more artistic and challenging side. Major influences beside punk bands were <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">the Velvet Underground</a>, Frank Zappa and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a>, and the New York-based <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a> scene which placed an emphasis on performance, including bands such as <a href="/wiki/James_Chance_and_the_Contortions" title="James Chance and the Contortions">James Chance and the Contortions</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_(American_band)" title="DNA (American band)">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002PostPunk-211">[208]</a> Early contributors to the genre included the US bands <a href="/wiki/Pere_Ubu" title="Pere Ubu">Pere Ubu</a>, Devo, <a href="/wiki/The_Residents" title="The Residents">the Residents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002PostPunk-211">[208]</a> The first wave of British post-punk included <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)" title="Gang of Four (band)">Gang of Four</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a>, who placed less emphasis on art than their US counterparts and more on the dark emotional qualities of their music.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002PostPunk-211">[208]</a> Bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy" title="The Sisters of Mercy">the Sisters of Mercy</a>, moved increasingly in this direction to found Gothic rock, which had become the basis of a major <a href="/wiki/Sub-culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-culture">sub-culture</a> by the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Similar emotional territory was pursued by Australian acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Birthday_Party_(band)" title="The Birthday Party (band)">the Birthday Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002PostPunk-211">[208]</a> Members of Bauhaus and Joy Division explored new stylistic territory as <a href="/wiki/Love_and_Rockets_(band)" title="Love and Rockets (band)">Love and Rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002PostPunk-211">[208]</a> Another early post-punk movement was the industrial music<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> developed by British bands <a href="/wiki/Throbbing_Gristle" title="Throbbing Gristle">Throbbing Gristle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(band)" title="Cabaret Voltaire (band)">Cabaret Voltaire</a>, and New York-based <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(band)" title="Suicide (band)">Suicide</a>, using a variety of electronic and sampling techniques that emulated the sound of industrial production and which would develop into a variety of forms of <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-industrial music">post-industrial music</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> The second generation of British post-punk bands that broke through in the early 1980s, including <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_(band)" title="The Fall (band)">the Fall</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pop_Group" title="The Pop Group">the Pop Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mekons" title="The Mekons">the Mekons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echo_and_the_Bunnymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo and the Bunnymen">Echo and the Bunnymen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teardrop_Explodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Teardrop Explodes">Teardrop Explodes</a>, tended to move away from dark sonic landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002PostPunk-211">[208]</a> Arguably the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was Ireland's <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, who incorporated elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music, and by the late 1980s had become one of the biggest bands in the world.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Although many post-punk bands continued to record and perform, it declined as a movement in the mid-1980s as acts disbanded or moved off to explore other musical areas, but it has continued to influence the development of rock music and has been seen as a major element in the creation of the alternative rock movement.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_alternative_rock">Emergence of alternative rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Emergence of alternative rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">college rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">indie pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">dream pop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shoegazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoegazing">shoegazing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of the band R.E.M. on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg/220px-Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg/330px-Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg/440px-Padova_REM_concert_July_22_2003_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, a successful <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> band in the 1980s and 1990s</figcaption></figure> The term alternative rock was coined in the early 1980s to describe rock artists who did not fit into the mainstream genres of the time. Bands dubbed "alternative" had no unified style, but were all seen as distinct from mainstream music. Alternative bands were linked by their collective debt to punk rock, through hardcore, New Wave or the post-punk movements.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a> Important alternative rock bands of the 1980s in the US included <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsker_D%C3%BC" title="Hüsker Dü">Hüsker Dü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Addiction" title="Jane's Addiction">Jane's Addiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pixies_(band)" title="Pixies (band)">Pixies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a> and in the UK <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jesus_and_Mary_Chain" title="The Jesus and Mary Chain">the Jesus and Mary Chain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">the Smiths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">[215]</a> Artists were largely confined to <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent record labels">independent record labels</a>, building an extensive underground music scene based on <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">college radio</a>, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMCollegeRock-222">[219]</a> Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original alternative rock bands exerted a considerable influence on the generation of musicians who came of age in the 1980s and ended up breaking through to mainstream success in the 1990s. Styles of alternative rock in the US during the 1980s included <a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">jangle pop</a>, associated with the early recordings of R.E.M., which incorporated the ringing guitars of mid-1960s pop and rock, and college rock, used to describe alternative bands that began in the college circuit and college radio, including acts such as <a href="/wiki/10,000_Maniacs" title="10,000 Maniacs">10,000 Maniacs</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Feelies" title="The Feelies">the Feelies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a> In the UK, Gothic rock was dominant in the early 1980s, but by the end of the decade, indie or dream pop<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> like <a href="/wiki/Primal_Scream" title="Primal Scream">Primal Scream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogshed" title="Bogshed">Bogshed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_Man_Half_Biscuit" title="Half Man Half Biscuit">Half Man Half Biscuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Present" title="The Wedding Present">the Wedding Present</a>, and what were dubbed <a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">shoegaze</a> bands like <a href="/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_(band)" title="My Bloody Valentine (band)">My Bloody Valentine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slowdive" title="Slowdive">Slowdive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ride_(band)" title="Ride (band)">Ride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lush_(band)" title="Lush (band)">Lush</a> entered.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Particularly vibrant was the <a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> scene, producing such bands as <a href="/wiki/Happy_Mondays" title="Happy Mondays">Happy Mondays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inspiral_Carpets" title="Inspiral Carpets">Inspiral Carpets</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Roses" title="The Stone Roses">the Stone Roses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> The next decade would see the success of <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> in the UK, bringing alternative rock into the mainstream. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s–2000s:_Rise_of_alternative_culture">1990s–2000s: Rise of alternative culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1990s–2000s: Rise of alternative culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grunge">Grunge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Grunge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of two members of the band Nirvana on stage with guitars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/220px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/330px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> performing in 1992</figcaption></figure> Disaffected by commercialized and highly produced pop and rock in the mid-1980s, bands in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> area) formed a new style of rock which sharply contrasted with the mainstream music of the time.<a href="#cite_note-allmusic_grunge-226">[223]</a> The developing genre came to be known as "grunge", a term descriptive of the dirty sound of the music and the unkempt appearance of most musicians, who actively rebelled against the over-groomed images of other artists.<a href="#cite_note-allmusic_grunge-226">[223]</a> Grunge fused elements of <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> into a single sound, and made heavy use of guitar <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(guitar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distortion (guitar)">distortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">fuzz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-allmusic_grunge-226">[223]</a> The lyrics were typically apathetic and angst-filled, and often concerned themes such as social alienation and entrapment, although it was also known for its dark humor and parodies of commercial rock.<a href="#cite_note-allmusic_grunge-226">[223]</a> Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skin_Yard" title="Skin Yard">Skin Yard</a> pioneered the genre, with <a href="/wiki/Mudhoney" title="Mudhoney">Mudhoney</a> becoming the most successful by the end of the decade. Grunge remained largely a local phenomenon until 1991, when <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a> became a huge success, containing the anthemic song "<a href="/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit" title="Smells Like Teen Spirit">Smells Like Teen Spirit</a>".<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Nevermind was more melodic than its predecessors, by signing to Geffen Records the band was one of the first to employ traditional corporate promotion and marketing mechanisms such as an MTV video, in store displays and the use of radio "consultants" who promoted airplay at major mainstream rock stations. During 1991 and 1992, other grunge albums such as <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ten_(Pearl_Jam_album)" title="Ten (Pearl Jam album)">Ten</a>, Soundgarden's <a href="/wiki/Badmotorfinger" title="Badmotorfinger">Badmotorfinger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>' <a href="/wiki/Dirt_(Alice_in_Chains_album)" title="Dirt (Alice in Chains album)">Dirt</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Dog" title="Temple of the Dog">Temple of the Dog</a> album featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, became among the 100 top-selling albums.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Major record labels signed most of the remaining grunge bands in Seattle, while a second influx of acts moved to the city in the hope of success.<a href="#cite_note-Azerrad419-229">[226]</a> However, with the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">death of Kurt Cobain</a> and the subsequent break-up of Nirvana in 1994, touring problems for Pearl Jam and the departure of Alice in Chains' lead singer <a href="/wiki/Layne_Staley" title="Layne Staley">Layne Staley</a> in 1998, the genre began to decline, partly to be overshadowed by Britpop and more commercial sounding <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">post-grunge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicPostgrunge-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britpop">Britpop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Britpop">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of Noel and Liam Gallagher of the band Oasis on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/220px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/330px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/440px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> in September 2005</figcaption></figure> Britpop emerged from the British alternative rock scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands particularly influenced by British guitar music of the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">The Smiths</a> were a major influence, as were bands of the <a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> scene, which had dissolved in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-allmusicBritpop-85">[83]</a> The movement has been seen partly as a reaction against various US-based, musical and cultural trends in the late 1980s and early 1990s, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> phenomenon and as a reassertion of a British rock identity.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">[215]</a> Britpop was varied in style, but often used catchy tunes and hooks, beside lyrics with particularly British concerns and the adoption of the iconography of the 1960s British Invasion, including the symbols of British identity previously used by the mods.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> It was launched around 1993 with releases by groups such as <a href="/wiki/Suede_(band)" title="Suede (band)">Suede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a>, who were soon joined by others including <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(band)" title="Pulp (band)">Pulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supergrass" title="Supergrass">Supergrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elastica" title="Elastica">Elastica</a>, who produced a series of successful albums and singles.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">[215]</a> For a while the contest between Blur and Oasis was built by the popular press into the "Battle of Britpop", initially won by Blur, but with Oasis achieving greater long-term and international success, directly influencing later Britpop bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Colour_Scene" title="Ocean Colour Scene">Ocean Colour Scene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kula_Shaker" title="Kula Shaker">Kula Shaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement known as <a href="/wiki/Cool_Britannia" title="Cool Britannia">Cool Britannia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Although its more popular bands, particularly Blur and Oasis, were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to the United States, the movement had largely fallen apart by the end of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post-grunge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of members of the Foo Fighters on stage with instruments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg/220px-Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg/330px-Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg/440px-Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a> performing an acoustic show in November 2007</figcaption></figure> The term post-grunge was coined for the generation of bands that followed the emergence into the mainstream and subsequent hiatus of the Seattle grunge bands. Post-grunge bands emulated their attitudes and music, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicPostgrunge-230">[227]</a> Often they worked through the major labels and came to incorporate diverse influences from jangle pop, pop-punk, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">alternative metal</a> or hard rock.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicPostgrunge-230">[227]</a> The term post-grunge originally was meant to be pejorative, suggesting that they were simply musically derivative, or a cynical response to an "authentic" rock movement.<a href="#cite_note-Grierson-234">[231]</a> Originally, grunge bands that emerged when grunge was mainstream and were suspected of emulating the grunge sound were pejoratively labelled as post-grunge.<a href="#cite_note-Grierson-234">[231]</a> From 1994, former Nirvana drummer <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a>'s new band, the <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a>, helped popularize the genre and define its parameters.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FooFighters-235">[232]</a> Some post-grunge bands, like <a href="/wiki/Candlebox" title="Candlebox">Candlebox</a>, were from Seattle, but the subgenre was marked by a broadening of the geographical base of grunge, with bands like Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/Audioslave" title="Audioslave">Audioslave</a>, and Georgia's <a href="/wiki/Collective_Soul" title="Collective Soul">Collective Soul</a> and beyond the US to Australia's <a href="/wiki/Silverchair" title="Silverchair">Silverchair</a> and Britain's <a href="/wiki/Bush_(British_band)" title="Bush (British band)">Bush</a>, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres of the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllMusicPostgrunge-230">[227]</a> Although male bands predominated post-grunge, female solo artist <a href="/wiki/Alanis_Morissette" title="Alanis Morissette">Alanis Morissette</a>'s 1995 album <a href="/wiki/Jagged_Little_Pill" title="Jagged Little Pill">Jagged Little Pill</a>, labelled as post-grunge, also became a multi-platinum hit.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Alanis-236">[233]</a> Post-grunge morphed during the late 1990s as post-grunge bands like <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickelback" title="Nickelback">Nickelback</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Grierson-234">[231]</a> Bands like Creed and Nickelback took post-grunge into the 21st century with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs, and were followed in this vein by newer acts including <a href="/wiki/Shinedown" title="Shinedown">Shinedown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seether" title="Seether">Seether</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Doors_Down" title="3 Doors Down">3 Doors Down</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puddle_of_Mudd" title="Puddle of Mudd">Puddle of Mudd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grierson-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pop-punk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_day_Live_5_june_2013_in_Rome5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of members of the group Green Day on stage with instruments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Green_day_Live_5_june_2013_in_Rome5.JPG/220px-Green_day_Live_5_june_2013_in_Rome5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Green_day_Live_5_june_2013_in_Rome5.JPG/330px-Green_day_Live_5_june_2013_in_Rome5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Green_day_Live_5_june_2013_in_Rome5.JPG/440px-Green_day_Live_5_june_2013_in_Rome5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in June 2013</figcaption></figure> The origins of 1990s pop-punk can be seen in the more song-oriented bands of the 1970s punk movement like <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>, commercially successful new wave acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Jam" title="The Jam">the Jam</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Undertones" title="The Undertones">the Undertones</a>, and the more hardcore-influenced elements of alternative rock in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-LambPunkPop-237">[234]</a> Pop-punk tends to use power-pop melodies and chord changes with speedy punk tempos and loud guitars.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Punk music provided the inspiration for some California-based bands on independent labels in the early 1990s, including <a href="/wiki/Rancid_(band)" title="Rancid (band)">Rancid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LambPunkPop-237">[234]</a> In 1994 Green Day moved to a major label and produced the album <a href="/wiki/Dookie_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dookie (album)">Dookie</a>, which found a new, largely teenage, audience and proved a surprise diamond-selling success, leading to a series of hit singles, including two number ones in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a> They were soon followed by the <a href="/wiki/Weezer_(1994_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weezer (1994 album)">eponymous debut from Weezer</a>, which spawned three top ten singles in the US.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> This success opened the door for the multi-platinum sales of metallic punk band <a href="/wiki/The_Offspring" title="The Offspring">the Offspring</a> with <a href="/wiki/Smash_(The_Offspring_album)" title="Smash (The Offspring album)">Smash</a> (1994).<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a> This first wave of pop punk reached its commercial peak with Green Day's <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(album)" title="Nimrod (album)">Nimrod</a> (1997) and the Offspring's <a href="/wiki/Americana_(The_Offspring_album)" title="Americana (The Offspring album)">Americana</a> (1998).<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002GreenDay&Offspring-240">[237]</a> A second wave of pop-punk was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a>, with their breakthrough album <a href="/wiki/Enema_of_the_State" title="Enema of the State">Enema of the State</a> (1999), followed by bands such as <a href="/wiki/Good_Charlotte" title="Good Charlotte">Good Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Plan" title="Simple Plan">Simple Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sum_41" title="Sum 41">Sum 41</a>, who made use of humour in their videos and had a more radio-friendly tone to their music, while retaining the speed, some of the attitude and even the look of 1970s punk.<a href="#cite_note-LambPunkPop-237">[234]</a> Later pop-punk bands, including <a href="/wiki/All_Time_Low" title="All Time Low">All Time Low</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_All-American_Rejects" title="The All-American Rejects">the All-American Rejects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy" title="Fall Out Boy">Fall Out Boy</a>, had a sound that has been described as closer to 1980s hardcore, while still achieving commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-LambPunkPop-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indie_rock">Indie rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indie rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Post rock">Post rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadcore">Sadcore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavement,_the_band,_in_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of five members of the group Pavement standing in front of a brick wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pavement%2C_the_band%2C_in_Tokyo.jpg/220px-Pavement%2C_the_band%2C_in_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pavement%2C_the_band%2C_in_Tokyo.jpg/330px-Pavement%2C_the_band%2C_in_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pavement%2C_the_band%2C_in_Tokyo.jpg/440px-Pavement%2C_the_band%2C_in_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi</a> indie rock band <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(band)" title="Pavement (band)">Pavement</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1980s the terms indie rock and alternative rock were used interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicIndie-241">[238]</a> By the mid-1990s, as elements of the movement began to attract mainstream interest, particularly grunge and then Britpop, post-grunge and pop-punk, the term alternative began to lose its meaning.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicIndie-241">[238]</a> Those bands following the less commercial contours of the scene were increasingly referred to by the label indie.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicIndie-241">[238]</a> They characteristically attempted to retain control of their careers by releasing albums on their own or small independent labels, while relying on touring, word-of-mouth, and airplay on independent or college radio stations for promotion.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicIndie-241">[238]</a> Linked by an ethos more than a musical approach, the indie rock movement encompassed a wide range of styles, from hard-edged, grunge-influenced bands like <a href="/wiki/The_Cranberries" title="The Cranberries">the Cranberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superchunk" title="Superchunk">Superchunk</a>, through do-it-yourself experimental bands like <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(band)" title="Pavement (band)">Pavement</a>, to punk-folk singers such as <a href="/wiki/Ani_DiFranco" title="Ani DiFranco">Ani DiFranco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">[215]</a> It has been noted that indie rock has a relatively high proportion of female artists compared with preceding rock genres, a tendency exemplified by the development of feminist-informed <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a> music.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> Many countries have developed an extensive local <a href="/wiki/Indie_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie (music)">indie</a> scene, flourishing with bands with enough popularity to survive inside the respective country, but virtually unknown outside them.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> By the end of the 1990s many recognisable subgenres, most with their origins in the late 1980s alternative movement, were included under the umbrella of indie. Lo-fi eschewed polished recording techniques for a D.I.Y. ethos and was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Beck" title="Beck">Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebadoh" title="Sebadoh">Sebadoh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(band)" title="Pavement (band)">Pavement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">[214]</a> The work of <a href="/wiki/Talk_Talk" title="Talk Talk">Talk Talk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slint" title="Slint">Slint</a> helped inspire both post rock, an experimental style influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Bark_Psychosis" title="Bark Psychosis">Bark Psychosis</a> and taken up by acts such as <a href="/wiki/Tortoise_(band)" title="Tortoise (band)">Tortoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereolab" title="Stereolab">Stereolab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laika_(band)" title="Laika (band)">Laika</a>,<a href="#cite_note-S._Taylor,_2006_pp._154-5-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMpostrock-245">[242]</a> as well as leading to more dense and complex, guitar-based math rock, developed by acts like <a href="/wiki/Polvo" title="Polvo">Polvo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chavez_(band)" title="Chavez (band)">Chavez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Space rock looked back to progressive roots, with drone heavy and minimalist acts like <a href="/wiki/Spacemen_3" title="Spacemen 3">Spacemen 3</a>, the two bands created out of its split, <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(band)" title="Spectrum (band)">Spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualized" title="Spiritualized">Spiritualized</a>, and later groups including <a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Attack" title="Flying Saucer Attack">Flying Saucer Attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godspeed_You!_Black_Emperor" title="Godspeed You! Black Emperor">Godspeed You! Black Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quickspace" title="Quickspace">Quickspace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Sadcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadcore">Sadcore</a> emphasised pain and suffering through melodic use of acoustic and electronic instrumentation in the music of bands like <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Club" title="American Music Club">American Music Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_House_Painters" title="Red House Painters">Red House Painters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> while the revival of baroque pop reacted against lo-fi and experimental music by placing an emphasis on melody and classical instrumentation, with artists like <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belle_and_Sebastian" title="Belle and Sebastian">Belle and Sebastian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright" title="Rufus Wainwright">Rufus Wainwright</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_metal,_rap_rock_and_nu_metal">Alternative metal, rap rock and nu metal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Alternative metal, rap rock and nu metal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_of_American_Heavy_Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave of American Heavy Metal">New Wave of American Heavy Metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></div> Alternative metal emerged from the hardcore scene of alternative rock in the US in the later 1980s, but gained a wider audience after grunge broke into the mainstream in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicAltMetal-250">[247]</a> Early alternative metal bands mixed a wide variety of genres with hardcore and heavy metal sensibilities, with acts like <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Addiction" title="Jane's Addiction">Jane's Addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primus_(band)" title="Primus (band)">Primus</a> using progressive rock, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_of_Conformity" title="Corrosion of Conformity">Corrosion of Conformity</a> using garage punk, <a href="/wiki/The_Jesus_Lizard" title="The Jesus Lizard">the Jesus Lizard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmet_(band)" title="Helmet (band)">Helmet</a> mixing <a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(band)" title="Ministry (band)">Ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monster_Magnet" title="Monster Magnet">Monster Magnet</a> moving into <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantera" title="Pantera">Pantera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">Sepultura</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)" title="White Zombie (band)">White Zombie</a> creating <a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">groove metal</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Biohazard_(band)" title="Biohazard (band)">Biohazard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limp_Bizkit" title="Limp Bizkit">Limp Bizkit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith_No_More" title="Faith No More">Faith No More</a> turned to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> and rap.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicAltMetal-250">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linkin_Park_@_Sonisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of members of the group Linkin Park performing on and outdoor stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Linkin_Park_%40_Sonisphere.jpg/220px-Linkin_Park_%40_Sonisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Linkin_Park_%40_Sonisphere.jpg/330px-Linkin_Park_%40_Sonisphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Linkin_Park_%40_Sonisphere.jpg/440px-Linkin_Park_%40_Sonisphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a> performing at 2009 <a href="/wiki/Sonisphere_Festival" title="Sonisphere Festival">Sonisphere Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop</a> had gained attention from rock acts in the early 1980s, including the Clash with "<a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(song)" title="The Magnificent Seven (song)">The Magnificent Seven</a>" (1980) and Blondie with "<a href="/wiki/Rapture_(Blondie_song)" title="Rapture (Blondie song)">Rapture</a>" (1980).<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> Early crossover acts included <a href="/wiki/Run_DMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Run DMC">Run DMC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanneh-253">[250]</a> Detroit rapper <a href="/wiki/Esham" title="Esham">Esham</a> became known for his "acid rap" style, which fused rapping with a sound that was often based in rock and heavy metal.<a href="#cite_note-Keyes-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Rappers who sampled rock songs included <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Boys" title="The Fat Boys">the Fat Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whodini" title="Whodini">Whodini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMRap-metal-256">[253]</a> The mixing of thrash metal and rap was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)" title="Anthrax (American band)">Anthrax</a> on their 1987 comedy-influenced single "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_the_Man_(EP)" title="I'm the Man (EP)">I'm the Man</a>".<a href="#cite_note-AMRap-metal-256">[253]</a> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Faith_No_More" title="Faith No More">Faith No More</a> broke into the mainstream with their single "<a href="/wiki/Epic_(Faith_No_More_song)" title="Epic (Faith No More song)">Epic</a>", often seen as the first truly successful combination of heavy metal with rap.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002FaithNoMore-257">[254]</a> This paved the way for the success of existing bands like <a href="/wiki/24-7_Spyz" title="24-7 Spyz">24-7 Spyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Living_Colour" title="Living Colour">Living Colour</a>, and new acts including <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, who all fused rock and hip hop among other influences.<a href="#cite_note-AMRap-metal-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-GriersonRapRock-258">[255]</a> Among the first wave of performers to gain mainstream success as rap rock were <a href="/wiki/311_(band)" title="311 (band)">311</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound_Gang" title="Bloodhound Gang">Bloodhound Gang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kid_Rock" title="Kid Rock">Kid Rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> A more metallic sound – nu metal – was pursued by bands including <a href="/wiki/Limp_Bizkit" title="Limp Bizkit">Limp Bizkit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korn" title="Korn">Korn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slipknot_(band)" title="Slipknot (band)">Slipknot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMRap-metal-256">[253]</a> Later in the decade this style, which contained a mix of grunge, punk, metal, rap and turntable <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>, spawned a wave of successful bands like <a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/P.O.D." title="P.O.D.">P.O.D.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staind" title="Staind">Staind</a>, who were often classified as rap metal or nu metal, the first of which are the best-selling band of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> In 2001, nu metal reached its peak with albums like Staind's <a href="/wiki/Break_the_Cycle" title="Break the Cycle">Break the Cycle</a>, P.O.D's <a href="/wiki/Satellite_(P.O.D._album)" title="Satellite (P.O.D. album)">Satellite</a>, Slipknot's <a href="/wiki/Iowa_(album)" title="Iowa (album)">Iowa</a> and Linkin Park's <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Theory" title="Hybrid Theory">Hybrid Theory</a>. New bands also emerged like <a href="/wiki/Disturbed_(band)" title="Disturbed (band)">Disturbed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godsmack" title="Godsmack">Godsmack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papa_Roach" title="Papa Roach">Papa Roach</a>, whose major label début <a href="/wiki/Infest_(album)" title="Infest (album)">Infest</a> became a platinum hit.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Korn's long-awaited fifth album <a href="/wiki/Untouchables_(album)" title="Untouchables (album)">Untouchables</a>, and Papa Roach's second album <a href="/wiki/Lovehatetragedy" title="Lovehatetragedy">Lovehatetragedy</a>, did not sell as well as their previous releases, while nu metal bands were played more infrequently on rock radio stations and <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> began focusing on <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DAngeloMTV-264">[261]</a> Since then, many bands have changed to a more conventional hard rock, heavy metal, or electronic music sound.<a href="#cite_note-DAngeloMTV-264">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Post-Britpop">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg/220px-Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg/330px-Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg/440px-Travis-Wiltern-21Nov2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Travis_(band)" title="Travis (band)">Travis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in November 2007</figcaption></figure> From about 1997, as dissatisfaction grew with the concept of Cool Britannia, and Britpop as a movement began to dissolve, emerging bands began to avoid the Britpop label while still producing music derived from it.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2004-265">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> Many of these bands tended to mix elements of British traditional rock (or British trad rock),<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> particularly the Beatles, Rolling Stones and <a href="/wiki/Small_Faces" title="Small Faces">Small Faces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Patridis2004-268">[265]</a> with American influences, including post-grunge.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllMusicTravis-270">[267]</a> Drawn from across the United Kingdom (with several important bands emerging from the north of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), the themes of their music tended to be less parochially centered on British, English and London life and more introspective than had been the case with Britpop at its height.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> This, beside a greater willingness to engage with the American press and fans, may have helped some of them in achieving international success.<a href="#cite_note-Dowling2005-273">[270]</a> Several alternative bands that had enjoyed some success during the mid-1990s, but did not find major commercial success until the late 1990s included <a href="/wiki/The_Verve" title="The Verve">the Verve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>. After the decline of Britpop they began to gain more critical and popular attention. The Verve's album <a href="/wiki/Urban_Hymns" title="Urban Hymns">Urban Hymns</a> (1997) was a worldwide hit, and Radiohead achieved near-universal critical acclaim with their experimental third album <a href="/wiki/OK_Computer" title="OK Computer">OK Computer</a> (1997), as well as its follow-up <a href="/wiki/Kid_A" title="Kid A">Kid A</a> (2000). Post-Britpop bands have been seen as presenting the image of the rock star as an ordinary person and their increasingly melodic music was criticised for being bland or derivative.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> Post-Britpop bands like <a href="/wiki/Travis_(band)" title="Travis (band)">Travis</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who" title="The Man Who">The Man Who</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Stereophonics" title="Stereophonics">Stereophonics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Performance_and_Cocktails" title="Performance and Cocktails">Performance and Cocktails</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Feeder_(band)" title="Feeder (band)">Feeder</a> from <a href="/wiki/Echo_Park_(album)" title="Echo Park (album)">Echo Park</a> (2001), and particularly <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a> from their debut album <a href="/wiki/Parachutes_(Coldplay_album)" title="Parachutes (Coldplay album)">Parachutes</a> (2000), achieved much wider international success than most of the Britpop groups that had preceded them, and were some of the most commercially successful acts of the late 1990s and early 2000s, arguably providing a launchpad for the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage rock revival">garage rock revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">post-punk revival</a>, which has also been seen as a reaction to their introspective brand of rock.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicTravis-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllMusicStereophonics-276">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllMusicColdplay-277">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-hardcore_and_emo">Post-hardcore and emo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Post-hardcore and emo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Screamo" title="Screamo">Screamo</a></div> Post-hardcore developed in the US, particularly in the Chicago and Washington, DC areas, in the early to mid-1980s, with bands that were inspired by the do-it-yourself ethics and guitar-heavy music of hardcore punk, but influenced by post-punk, adopting longer song formats, more complex musical structures and sometimes more melodic vocal styles.<a href="#cite_note-AMPost-Hardcore-278">[275]</a> Emo also emerged from the hardcore scene in 1980s Washington, D.C., initially as "emocore", used as a term to describe bands who favored expressive vocals over the more common abrasive, barking style.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicEmo-279">[276]</a> The early emo scene operated as an underground, with short-lived bands releasing small-run vinyl records on tiny independent labels.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicEmo-279">[276]</a> Emo broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s with the platinum-selling success of Jimmy Eat World's <a href="/wiki/Bleed_American" title="Bleed American">Bleed American</a> (2001) and <a href="/wiki/Dashboard_Confessional" title="Dashboard Confessional">Dashboard Confessional</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Places_You_Have_Come_to_Fear_the_Most" title="The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most">The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most</a> (2003).<a href="#cite_note-DeRogatis2003-280">[277]</a> The new emo had a much more mainstream sound than in the 1990s and a far greater appeal amongst adolescents than its earlier incarnations.<a href="#cite_note-DeRogatis2003-280">[277]</a> At the same time, use of the term emo expanded beyond the musical genre, becoming associated with fashion, a hairstyle and any music that expressed emotion.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> By 2003 post-hardcore bands had also caught the attention of major labels and began to enjoy mainstream success in the album charts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A number of these bands were seen as a more aggressive offshoot of emo and given the often vague label of <a href="/wiki/Screamo" title="Screamo">screamo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMScreamo-282">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garage_rock_and_post-punk_revivals">Garage rock and post-punk revivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Garage rock and post-punk revivals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage rock revival">Garage rock revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheStrokes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a color photograph of members of the group the Strokes performing on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TheStrokes.jpg/220px-TheStrokes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TheStrokes.jpg/330px-TheStrokes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TheStrokes.jpg/440px-TheStrokes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Strokes" title="The Strokes">The Strokes</a> performing in March 2006</figcaption></figure> In the early 2000s, a new group of bands that played a stripped down and back-to-basics version of guitar rock, emerged into the mainstream. They were variously characterised as part of a garage rock, post-punk or <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave revival">New Wave revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> Because the bands came from across the globe, cited diverse influences (from traditional blues, through New Wave to grunge), and adopted differing styles of dress, their unity as a genre has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> There had been attempts to revive garage rock and elements of punk in the 1980s and 1990s and by 2000 scenes had grown up in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> The commercial breakthrough from these scenes was led by four bands: <a href="/wiki/The_Strokes" title="The Strokes">the Strokes</a>, who emerged from the New York club scene with their début album <a href="/wiki/Is_This_It" title="Is This It">Is This It</a> (2001); <a href="/wiki/The_White_Stripes" title="The White Stripes">the White Stripes</a>, from Detroit, with their third album <a href="/wiki/White_Blood_Cells_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Blood Cells (album)">White Blood Cells</a> (2001); <a href="/wiki/The_Hives" title="The Hives">the Hives</a> from Sweden after their compilation album <a href="/wiki/Your_New_Favourite_Band" title="Your New Favourite Band">Your New Favourite Band</a> (2001); and <a href="/wiki/The_Vines_(band)" title="The Vines (band)">the Vines</a> from Australia with <a href="/wiki/Highly_Evolved" title="Highly Evolved">Highly Evolved</a> (2002).<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> They were christened by the media as the "The" bands, and dubbed "The saviours of rock 'n' roll", leading to accusations of hype.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> A second wave of bands that gained international recognition due to the movement included <a href="/wiki/Black_Rebel_Motorcycle_Club" title="Black Rebel Motorcycle Club">Black Rebel Motorcycle Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Killers" title="The Killers">the Killers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol_(band)" title="Interpol (band)">Interpol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Leon" title="Kings of Leon">Kings of Leon</a> from the US,<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Libertines" title="The Libertines">the Libertines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Party" title="Bloc Party">Bloc Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs" title="Kaiser Chiefs">Kaiser Chiefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)" title="Franz Ferdinand (band)">Franz Ferdinand</a> from the UK,<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_(band)" title="Jet (band)">Jet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfmother" title="Wolfmother">Wolfmother</a> from Australia,<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Datsuns" title="The Datsuns">the Datsuns</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_D4" title="The D4">the D4</a> from New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_electronic_rock">Digital electronic rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Digital electronic rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laptronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptronica">Laptronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indietronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indietronica">Indietronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></div> In the 2000s, as computer technology became more accessible and <a href="/wiki/Music_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Music software">music software</a> advanced, it became possible to create high quality music using little more than a single laptop computer.<a href="#cite_note-S._Emmerson,_2007_pp._80-1-295">[292]</a> This resulted in a massive increase in the amount of home-produced electronic music available to the general public via the expanding internet,<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> and new forms of performance such as <a href="/wiki/Laptronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptronica">laptronica</a><a href="#cite_note-S._Emmerson,_2007_pp._80-1-295">[292]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Live_coding" title="Live coding">live coding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> These techniques also began to be used by existing bands and by developing genres that mixed rock with digital techniques and sounds, including <a href="/wiki/Indie_electronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie electronic">indie electronic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">electroclash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">dance-punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">new rave</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s–present:_Commercial_stagnation_and_revival_scenes">2010s–present: Commercial stagnation and revival scenes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2010s–present: Commercial stagnation and revival scenes">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghost_live_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ghost_live_2015.jpg/228px-Ghost_live_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ghost_live_2015.jpg/342px-Ghost_live_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ghost_live_2015.jpg/456px-Ghost_live_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Swedish <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Swedish_band)" title="Ghost (Swedish band)">Ghost</a> performing live in 2015</figcaption></figure> During the 2010s, rock music declined from its position as the major popular music genre, now sharing with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic dance">electronic dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, the latter of which had surpassed it as the most consumed musical genre in the United States by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geniuship-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-kdot-300">[297]</a> The rise of streaming and the advent of technology, which changed approaches toward music creation, were cited as major factors.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Ken Partridge of <a href="/wiki/Genius_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius (website)">Genius</a> suggested that hip-hop became more popular because it is a more transformative genre and does not need to rely on past sounds, and that there is a direct connection to the stagnation of rock music and changing social attitudes during the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-Geniuship-299">[296]</a> Bill Flanagan, in a 2016 opinion piece for The New York Times, compared the state of rock during this period to the state of jazz in the early 1980s, "slowing down and looking back."<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> The rock bands which had chart success in the 2010s were mostly associated with the trends that had been popular in the 2000s and earlier decades rather than reflecting new scenes and sounds.<a href="#cite_note-Billboarddecadeend-303">[300]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> bands continued to see commercial success during this period, including <a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Swedish_band)" title="Ghost (Swedish band)">Ghost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maroon_5" title="Maroon 5">Maroon 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots" title="Twenty One Pilots">Twenty One Pilots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy" title="Fall Out Boy">Fall Out Boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Dragons" title="Imagine Dragons">Imagine Dragons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halestorm" title="Halestorm">Halestorm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic!_at_the_Disco" title="Panic! at the Disco">Panic! at the Disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Veil_Brides" title="Black Veil Brides">Black Veil Brides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greta_Van_Fleet" title="Greta Van Fleet">Greta Van Fleet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Keys" title="The Black Keys">The Black Keys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> Outside of the charts, the commercialisation of <a href="/wiki/Rock_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock festivals">rock festivals</a> was a major theme of the decade, with both global megafestivals such as <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachella Festival">Coachella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Festival" title="Roskilde Festival">Roskilde</a>, and smaller-scale local festivals expanding.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> brought extreme changes to the rock scene worldwide. Restrictions, such as <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> rules, caused widespread cancellations and postponements of concerts, tours, festivals, album releases, award ceremonies, and competitions.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> Some artists resorted to giving online performances to keep their careers active.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> Another scheme to circumvent the quarantine limitations was used at a concert of Danish rock musician <a href="/wiki/Mads_Langer" title="Mads Langer">Mads Langer</a>: the audience watched the performance from inside their cars, much like in a <a href="/wiki/Drive-in_theater" title="Drive-in theater">drive-in theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> Musically, the pandemic led to a surge in new releases from the slower, less energetic, and more acoustic subgenres of rock music.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> The industry raised funds to help itself through efforts such as Crew Nation, a relief fund for live music crews organised by <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Livenation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychedelic_and_progressive_revivals">Psychedelic and progressive revivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Psychedelic and progressive revivals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">Neo-prog</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Psychedelic rock in Australia and New Zealand">Psychedelic rock in Australia and New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tame_Impala_Performing_in_NYC_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tame_Impala_Performing_in_NYC_cropped.jpg/169px-Tame_Impala_Performing_in_NYC_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tame_Impala_Performing_in_NYC_cropped.jpg/254px-Tame_Impala_Performing_in_NYC_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tame_Impala_Performing_in_NYC_cropped.jpg/338px-Tame_Impala_Performing_in_NYC_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Australian <a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">neo-prog</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Parker_(musician)" title="Kevin Parker (musician)">Kevin Parker</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tame_Impala" title="Tame Impala">Tame Impala</a> performing in New York in 2013</figcaption></figure>Psychedelic and progressive styles in rock would see a major resurgence in popularity during the 2010s and 2020s. Some of the most notable acts in neo-psychedelia originated in Australia; <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Parker_(musician)" title="Kevin Parker (musician)">Kevin Parker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tame_Impala" title="Tame Impala">Tame Impala</a> released the single "<a href="/wiki/Elephant_(Tame_Impala_song)" title="Elephant (Tame Impala song)">Elephant</a>" in 2012, which became a hit on alternative radio in various countries, and would be followed by the release of critically acclaimed albums by Parker such as <a href="/wiki/Lonerism" title="Lonerism">Lonerism</a> (2012) and <a href="/wiki/Currents_(Tame_Impala_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Currents (Tame Impala album)">Currents</a> (2015).<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> This new style of Australian psychedelic music not only built on the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> acts of the '60s and '70s, but also incorporated new and unique musical influences from various subgenres of rock, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDM_music" class="mw-redirect" title="EDM music">EDM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> A 2014 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> described Australia as a place where "independently minded rock bands are free to develop at their own pace".<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> Other Australian psychedelic and progressive revival acts of the 2010s and 2020s include <a href="/wiki/King_Gizzard_%26_the_Lizard_Wizard" title="King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard">King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_Porn_Crumpets" title="Psychedelic Porn Crumpets">Psychedelic Porn Crumpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Blackouts_Coastal_Fever" title="Rolling Blackouts Coastal Fever">Rolling Blackouts Coastal Fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bananagun" title="Bananagun">Bananagun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Watson" title="Jay Watson">Jay Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Murlocs" title="The Murlocs">The Murlocs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonefield_(band)" title="Stonefield (band)">Stonefield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Fuck_Storm" title="Tropical Fuck Storm">Tropical Fuck Storm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> Psychedelic trends in rock have also seen a revival in Europe, with European and American <a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">stoner rock</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Acid_%26_the_Deadbeats" title="Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats">Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_(band)" title="Graveyard (band)">Graveyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadavar" title="Kadavar">Kadavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Them_Witches" title="All Them Witches">All Them Witches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/True_Widow" title="True Widow">True Widow</a> performing a heavier, more riff-based version of neo-psychedelia containing stronger blues and metal influences.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> Europe has been described as "really good" for new psychedelic music, with many American stoner rock bands choosing to tour in Europe as opposed to North America.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop-punk_and_post-punk_revivals">Pop-punk and post-punk revivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pop-punk and post-punk revivals">edit</a>]</div> At the start of the 2020s, recording artists in both pop and rap music released popular pop-punk-influenced recordings, many of them produced or assisted by Blink-182 drummer <a href="/wiki/Travis_Barker" title="Travis Barker">Travis Barker</a>. Representing a commercial resurgence for the genre, these acts included <a href="/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(musician)" title="Machine Gun Kelly (musician)">Machine Gun Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow_Smith" title="Willow Smith">Willow Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trippie_Redd" title="Trippie Redd">Trippie Redd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halsey_(singer)" title="Halsey (singer)">Halsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yungblud" title="Yungblud">Yungblud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo" title="Olivia Rodrigo">Olivia Rodrigo</a>. The popularity of the social media platform <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> helped spark nostalgia for the angst-driven musical style among young listeners during the pandemic. Among the most successful of these releases have been Machine Gun Kelly's 2020 album <a href="/wiki/Tickets_to_My_Downfall" title="Tickets to My Downfall">Tickets to My Downfall</a>, which topped the Billboard 200, and Rodrigo's number-one hit single "<a href="/wiki/Good_4_U" title="Good 4 U">Good 4 U</a>" (2021).<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> In the mid-to-late 2010s and early 2020s, a new wave of post-punk bands from Britain and Ireland emerged. The groups in this scene have been described with the term "Crank Wave" by <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Quietus" title="The Quietus">The Quietus</a> in 2019, and as "Post-<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> New Wave" by <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Fluxblog" title="Fluxblog">Matthew Perpetua</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-nmemark-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-quietus1-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-perpetua-330">[327]</a> Artists that have been identified as part of the style include <a href="/wiki/Black_Midi" title="Black Midi">Black Midi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet_Leg" title="Wet Leg">Wet Leg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid_(band)" title="Squid (band)">Squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Country,_New_Road" title="Black Country, New Road">Black Country, New Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_Cleaning_(band)" title="Dry Cleaning (band)">Dry Cleaning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shame_(band)" title="Shame (band)">Shame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleaford_Mods" title="Sleaford Mods">Sleaford Mods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fontaines_D.C." title="Fontaines D.C.">Fontaines D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Murder_Capital" title="The Murder Capital">The Murder Capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idles" title="Idles">Idles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yard_Act" title="Yard Act">Yard Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nmemark-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-quietus1-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-perpetua-330">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> Post-punk artists that attained prominence in the 2010s and early 2020s from other countries besides the UK included <a href="/wiki/Parquet_Courts" title="Parquet Courts">Parquet Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protomartyr_(band)" title="Protomartyr (band)">Protomartyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geese_(band)" title="Geese (band)">Geese</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Preoccupations" title="Preoccupations">Preoccupations</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Iceage" title="Iceage">Iceage</a> (Denmark), and <a href="/wiki/Viagra_Boys" title="Viagra Boys">Viagra Boys</a> (Sweden).<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_rock_revival">Classic rock revival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Classic rock revival">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic rock revival">Classic rock revival</a></div>During the mid-to-late 2010s, some mainstream rock bands began to gain notoriety for performing in a back-to-basics style of rock music meant to emulate the sound of legacy acts popular on <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a> radio. The release of <a href="/wiki/Greta_Van_Fleet" title="Greta Van Fleet">Greta Van Fleet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Peaceful_Army" title="Anthem of the Peaceful Army">Anthem of the Peaceful Army</a> (2018) saw a renewed mainstream interest in earlier rock styles of the 1960s and 1970s, with <a href="/wiki/Revolver_(magazine)" title="Revolver (magazine)">Revolver</a> describing this <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic rock revival">classic rock revival</a> sound as "hard-hitting, swaggering, riff-driven rock 'n' roll built around a core vocal-guitar-bass-drum configuration".<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> Other groups considered to be a part of this trend include <a href="/wiki/Rival_Sons" title="Rival Sons">Rival Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Struts" title="The Struts">the Struts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Honey" title="Dirty Honey">Dirty Honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Lands_(band)" title="Crown Lands (band)">Crown Lands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkin_Poe" title="Larkin Poe">Larkin Poe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Reaper" title="White Reaper">White Reaper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Social impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects of rock music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph showing people from the 1969 Woodstock Festival sitting on grass, in the foreground a back and a white male look at each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG/220px-Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG/330px-Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG/440px-Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodstock Festival">Woodstock Festival</a> in August 1969 was seen as a celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a> lifestyle.</figcaption></figure> Different subgenres of rock were adopted by, and became central to, the identity of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Sub-culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-culture">sub-cultures</a>. In the 1950s and 1960s, respectively, British youths adopted the <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boys" title="Teddy Boys">Teddy Boy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">Rocker</a> subcultures, which revolved around US rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-Brake;_1990;_73-9-337">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a> was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brake;_1990;_73-9-337">[334]</a> The mid-late 1970s <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> began in the US, but it was given a distinctive look by British designer <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a>, a look which spread worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> Out of the punk scene, the <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">Goth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a> subcultures grew, both of which presented distinctive visual styles.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> When an international rock culture developed, it supplanted cinema as the major sources of fashion influence.<a href="#cite_note-Bruzzi_et_al;_2000;_260-340">[337]</a> Paradoxically, followers of rock music have often mistrusted the world of fashion, which has been seen as elevating image above substance.<a href="#cite_note-Bruzzi_et_al;_2000;_260-340">[337]</a> Rock fashions have been seen as combining elements of different cultures and periods, as well as expressing divergent views on sexuality and gender, and rock music in general has been noted and criticised for facilitating greater sexual freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Bruzzi_et_al;_2000;_260-340">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> Rock has also been associated with various forms of drug use, including the <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a> taken by mods in the early to mid-1960s, through the <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a> and other hallucinogenic drugs linked with <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> in the mid-late 1960s and early 1970s; and sometimes to <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and heroin, all of which have been eulogised in song.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> Rock has been credited with changing attitudes to race by opening up <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a> to white audiences; but at the same time, rock has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">appropriating</a> and exploiting that culture.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> While rock music has absorbed many influences and introduced Western audiences to different musical traditions,<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> the global spread of rock music has been interpreted as a form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> Rock music inherited the folk tradition of <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest song</a>, making political statements on subjects such as war, religion, poverty, civil rights, justice and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> Political activism reached a mainstream peak with the "<a href="/wiki/Do_They_Know_It%27s_Christmas%3F" title="Do They Know It's Christmas?">Do They Know It's Christmas?</a>" single (1984) and <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> concert for Ethiopia in 1985, which, while raising awareness of world poverty and funds for aid, have also been criticised (along with similar events), for providing a stage for self-aggrandisement and increased profits for the rock stars involved.<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> Since its early development, rock music has been associated with rebellion against social and political norms, most in early rock and roll's rejection of an adult-dominated culture, the counterculture's rejection of consumerism and conformity and punk's rejection of all forms of social convention,<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> however, it can also be seen as providing a means of commercial exploitation of such ideas and of diverting youth away from political action.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Role of women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music#Popular_music" title="Women in music">Women in music § Popular music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_heavy_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in heavy metal">Women in heavy metal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suzi_Quatro_plays_a_bass_guitar_while_she_sings_at_AIS_Arena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Suzi_Quatro_plays_a_bass_guitar_while_she_sings_at_AIS_Arena.jpg/180px-Suzi_Quatro_plays_a_bass_guitar_while_she_sings_at_AIS_Arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Suzi_Quatro_plays_a_bass_guitar_while_she_sings_at_AIS_Arena.jpg/270px-Suzi_Quatro_plays_a_bass_guitar_while_she_sings_at_AIS_Arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Suzi_Quatro_plays_a_bass_guitar_while_she_sings_at_AIS_Arena.jpg/360px-Suzi_Quatro_plays_a_bass_guitar_while_she_sings_at_AIS_Arena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suzi_Quatro" title="Suzi Quatro">Suzi Quatro</a>, a singer, bassist, bandleader, and one of the first prominent women instrumentalists and bandleaders</figcaption></figure> Professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in rock genres such as heavy metal although bands such as <a href="/wiki/Within_Temptation" title="Within Temptation">Within Temptation</a> have featured women as lead singers with men playing instruments. According to Schaap and Berkers, "playing in a band is a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is a peer-based ... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> They note that rock music "is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture."<a href="#cite_note-SchaapandBerkers2014p102-354">[351]</a> (The theory of "bedroom culture" argues that society influences girls to not engage in crime and deviance by virtually trapping them in their bedroom; it was identified by a sociologist named <a href="/wiki/Angela_McRobbie" title="Angela McRobbie">Angela McRobbie</a>.) In popular music, there has been a gendered "distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation" in music.<a href="#cite_note-SchaapandBerkers2014p102-354">[351]</a> "Several scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities".<a href="#cite_note-SchaapandBerkers2014p104-355">[352]</a> "Women are regarded as passive and private consumers of slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music ..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians".<a href="#cite_note-SchaapandBerkers2014p104-355">[352]</a> One of the reasons that there are mixed gender bands is that "bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex ...  – plays a crucial role".<a href="#cite_note-SchaapandBerkers2014p104-355">[352]</a> In the 1960s rock music scene, "singing was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument ... simply wasn't done".<a href="#cite_note-rebeatmag.com-356">[353]</a> "The rebellion of rock music was a male rebellion; the women – often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens – in rock sang songs as personæ dependent on their macho boyfriends ...". Philip Auslander says that "Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a feminine position in popular music". Though some women played instruments in American <a href="/wiki/All-female_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="All-female bands">all-female garage rock bands</a>, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they "did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock".<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2004-357">[354]</a> In relation to the gender composition of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal bands</a>, it has been said that "[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male"<a href="#cite_note-Brake_1990_87–91-358">[355]</a> "...at least until the mid-1980s"<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> apart from "...exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Girlschool" title="Girlschool">Girlschool</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Brake_1990_87–91-358">[355]</a> However, "...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it",<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> "carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves."<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Suzi_Quatro" title="Suzi Quatro">Suzi Quatro</a> emerged in 1973, "no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader".<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2004-357">[354]</a> According to Auslander, she was "kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys".<a href="#cite_note-Auslander2004-357">[354]</a> An <a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">all-female band</a> is a musical group in genres such as rock and blues which is composed of <a href="/wiki/Female_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Female musician">female musicians</a>. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/22px-Guitar_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/34px-Guitar_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/45px-Guitar_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="886" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Rock music portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mainstream_rock_performers" title="List of mainstream rock performers">List of mainstream rock performers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_for_the_Rainforest" title="Rock for the Rainforest">Rock for the Rainforest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Having died down in the late 1950s, doo wop enjoyed a revival in the same period, with hits for acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Marcels" title="The Marcels">the Marcels</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Capris" title="The Capris">the Capris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Williams_and_the_Zodiacs" title="Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs">Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shep_and_the_Limelights" class="mw-redirect" title="Shep and the Limelights">Shep and the Limelights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002DooWop-59">[59]</a> The rise of girl groups like <a href="/wiki/The_Chantels" title="The Chantels">the Chantels</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shirelles" title="The Shirelles">the Shirelles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Crystals" title="The Crystals">the Crystals</a> placed an emphasis on harmonies and polished production that was in contrast to earlier rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Some of the most significant girl group hits were products of the <a href="/wiki/Brill_Building" title="Brill Building">Brill Building</a> Sound, named after the block in New York where many songwriters were based, which included the number 1 hit for the Shirelles "<a href="/wiki/Will_You_Love_Me_Tomorrow" title="Will You Love Me Tomorrow">Will You Love Me Tomorrow</a>" in 1960, penned by the partnership of <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Goffin" title="Gerry Goffin">Gerry Goffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Brill-61">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Only the Beach Boys were able to sustain a creative career into the mid-1960s, producing a string of hit singles and albums, including the highly regarded <a href="/wiki/Pet_Sounds" title="Pet Sounds">Pet Sounds</a> in 1966, which made them, arguably, the only American rock or pop act that could rival the Beatles.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Beachboys-69">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> In Detroit, garage rock's legacy remained alive into the early 1970s, with bands such as the <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a>, who employed a much more aggressive approach to the form. These bands began to be labelled <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and are now often seen as <a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">proto-punk</a> or proto-<a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-G._Thompson;_2007;_134-99">[97]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-masterclass-1"><a href="#cite_ref-masterclass_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/power-pop-guide#4-characteristics-of-power-pop">"Power Pop Guide: A Brief History of Power Pop"</a>. MasterClass. 4 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524033103/https://www.masterclass.com/articles/power-pop-guide#4-characteristics-of-power-pop">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MasterClass&rft.atitle=Power+Pop+Guide%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Power+Pop&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Fpower-pop-guide%234-characteristics-of-power-pop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azerrad1992-2"><a href="#cite_ref-azerrad1992_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzerrad1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Azerrad, Michael (16 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/grunge-city-the-seattle-scene-250071/">"Grunge City: The Seattle Scene"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920173108/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/grunge-city-the-seattle-scene-250071/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Grunge+City%3A+The+Seattle+Scene&rft.date=1992-04-16&rft.aulast=Azerrad&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fgrunge-city-the-seattle-scene-250071%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-studwell-3"><a href="#cite_ref-studwell_3-0">^</a> W. E. Studwell and D. F. Lonergan, <a href="//archive.org/details/classicrockrollr0000stud" class="extiw" title="iarchive:classicrockrollr0000stud">The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s</a> (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7890-0151-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7890-0151-9">0-7890-0151-9</a> p.xi </li> <li id="cite_note-wymanberry-4"><a href="#cite_ref-wymanberry_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyman2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wyman" title="Bill Wyman">Wyman, Bill</a> (20 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulture.com/2016/12/chuck-berry-invented-the-idea-of-rock-and-roll.html">"Chuck Berry Invented the Idea of Rock and Roll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vulture.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulture.com">Vulture.com</a>. New York Media, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311040424/https://www.vulture.com/2016/12/chuck-berry-invented-the-idea-of-rock-and-roll.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture.com&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Invented+the+Idea+of+Rock+and+Roll&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fchuck-berry-invented-the-idea-of-rock-and-roll.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> J.M. Curtis, <a href="//archive.org/details/rockerasinterpre00curt" class="extiw" title="iarchive:rockerasinterpre00curt">Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984</a> (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-369-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-369-6">0-87972-369-6</a>, pp. 68–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBrody2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael; Brody, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockrollintroduc0000camp_l2w5">Rock and Roll: An Introduction</a> (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Schirmer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA80">80–81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-64295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-64295-2"><bdi>978-0-534-64295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+and+Roll%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=80-81&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomson+Schirmer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-534-64295-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brody%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockrollintroduc0000camp_l2w5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> R.C. Brewer, "Bass Guitar" in <a href="#CITEREFShepherd2003">Shepherd 2003</a>, p 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> R. Mattingly, "Drum Set" in <a href="#CITEREFShepherd2003">Shepherd 2003</a>, p 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> P. Théberge, <a href="//archive.org/details/anysoundyoucanim0000theb" class="extiw" title="iarchive:anysoundyoucanim0000theb">Any Sound you can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology</a> (Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6309-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6309-9">0-8195-6309-9</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> D. Laing, "Quartet" in <a href="#CITEREFShepherd2003">Shepherd 2003</a>, p 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammer2004-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ammer2004_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammer2004_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammer2004_11-2">c</a> C. Ammer, The Facts on File Dictionary of Music (New York: Infobase, 4th edn., 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5266-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5266-2">0-8160-5266-2</a>, pp. 251–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbellBrody2007">Campbell & Brody 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA117">117</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> J. Covach, "From craft to art: formal structure in the music of the Beatles", in K. Womack and Todd F. Davis, eds, <a href="//archive.org/details/readingbeatlescu0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:readingbeatlescu0000unse">Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four</a> (New York: SUNY Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6715-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6715-5">0-7914-6715-5</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> T. Gracyk, Rhythm and Noise: an Aesthetics of Rock, (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-090-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-090-7">1-86064-090-7</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> P. Wicke, <a href="//archive.org/details/isbn_9780521399142" class="extiw" title="iarchive:isbn 9780521399142">Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology</a> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39914-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39914-9">0-521-39914-9</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-CG2-16"><a href="#cite_ref-CG2_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=6904">"Genesis: Selling England by the Pound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticknor & Fields">Ticknor & Fields</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-025-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89919-025-1"><bdi>0-89919-025-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406133523/https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=6904">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via robertchristgau.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis%3A+Selling+England+by+the+Pound&rft.btitle=Christgau%27s+Record+Guide%3A+Rock+Albums+of+the+Seventies&rft.pub=Ticknor+%26+Fields&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-89919-025-1&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fget_album.php%3Fid%3D6904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CG-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CG_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CG_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CG_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/decade.php">"The Decade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticknor & Fields">Ticknor & Fields</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-025-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89919-025-1"><bdi>0-89919-025-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402183403/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/decade.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Decade&rft.btitle=Christgau%27s+Record+Guide%3A+Rock+Albums+of+the+Seventies&rft.pub=Ticknor+%26+Fields&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-89919-025-1&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fbk-cg70%2Fdecade.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2007" class="citation book cs1">Farber, Barry A. (2007). Rock 'n' roll Wisdom: What Psychologically Astute Lyrics Teach About Life and Love. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. xxvi–xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99164-7"><bdi>978-0-275-99164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+%27n%27+roll+Wisdom%3A+What+Psychologically+Astute+Lyrics+Teach+About+Life+and+Love&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=xxvi-xxviii&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99164-7&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=Barry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau,_Robert2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a>; et al. (2000). <a href="/wiki/William_McKeen" title="William McKeen">McKeen, William</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockrollishereto00mcke">Rock & Roll Is Here to Stay: An Anthology</a>. <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Company">W.W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockrollishereto00mcke/page/564">564</a>–65, 567. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04700-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04700-8"><bdi>0-393-04700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+%26+Roll+Is+Here+to+Stay%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=564-65%2C+567&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-393-04700-8&rft.au=Christgau%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockrollishereto00mcke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2009" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushrockmusicmid0000mcdo">Rush, Rock Music and the Middle Class: Dreaming in Middletown</a>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–09. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35408-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rush%2C+Rock+Music+and+the+Middle+Class%3A+Dreaming+in+Middletown&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=108-09&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35408-2&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frushrockmusicmid0000mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> S. Waksman, <a href="//archive.org/details/instrumentsofdes00waks" class="extiw" title="iarchive:instrumentsofdes00waks">Instruments of Desire: the Electric Guitar and the Shaping of Musical Experience</a> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00547-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00547-3">0-674-00547-3</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrith2007" class="citation book cs1">Frith, Simon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFBUsDpDTx4C&pg=PA43">Taking Popular Music Seriously: Selected Essays</a>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2679-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2679-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-2679-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406133524/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFBUsDpDTx4C&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Popular+Music+Seriously%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-2679-4&rft.aulast=Frith&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFBUsDpDTx4C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1972" class="citation news cs1">Christgau, Robert (11 June 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/news/nd720611.php">"Tuning Out, Tuning In, Turning On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920172557/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/news/nd720611.php">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Tuning+Out%2C+Tuning+In%2C+Turning+On&rft.date=1972-06-11&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fnews%2Fnd720611.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner2003-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner2003_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner2003_24-1">b</a> T. Warner, <a href="//archive.org/details/popmusictechnolo0000warn" class="extiw" title="iarchive:popmusictechnolo0000warn">Pop Music: Technology and Creativity: Trevor Horn and the Digital Revolution</a> (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3132-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3132-X">0-7546-3132-X</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> R. Beebe, D. Fulbrook and B. Saunders, "Introduction" in R. Beebe, D. Fulbrook, B. Saunders, eds, <a href="//archive.org/details/rockoveredgetran0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:rockoveredgetran0000unse">Rock Over the Edge: Transformations in Popular Music Culture</a> (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2900-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2900-X">0-8223-2900-X</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-CG80s-26"><a href="#cite_ref-CG80s_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg80/in_canons.php">"Introduction: Canons and Listening Lists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_The_%2780s" title="Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s">Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73015-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-73015-X"><bdi>0-679-73015-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172403/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg80/in_canons.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Canons+and+Listening+Lists&rft.btitle=Christgau%27s+Record+Guide%3A+The+%2780s&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-679-73015-X&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fbk-cg80%2Fin_canons.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002BrithofR&R-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BrithofR&R_27-0">^</a> R. Unterberger, "Birth of Rock & Roll", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1303–04. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2007" class="citation book cs1">Wald, Gayle (2007). Shout, Sister, Shout!: The Untold Story of Rock-and-Roll Trailblazer Sister Rosetta Tharpe. Beacon Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807009895" title="Special:BookSources/9780807009895"><bdi>9780807009895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shout%2C+Sister%2C+Shout%21%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Rock-and-Roll+Trailblazer+Sister+Rosetta+Tharpe&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780807009895&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123211917/https://www.seeker.com/worlds-first-rock-and-roll-song-identified-1765139192.html">"World's First Rock-and-Roll Song Identified - Seeker"</a>. 23 January 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seeker.com/worlds-first-rock-and-roll-song-identified-1765139192.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+First+Rock-and-Roll+Song+Identified+-+Seeker&rft.date=2021-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seeker.com%2Fworlds-first-rock-and-roll-song-identified-1765139192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/were-gonna-rock-were-gonna-roll-2521785">"The First Rock and Roll Song"</a>. LiveAbout. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027012654/https://www.liveabout.com/were-gonna-rock-were-gonna-roll-2521785">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveAbout&rft.atitle=The+First+Rock+and+Roll+Song&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Fwere-gonna-rock-were-gonna-roll-2521785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Will the creator of modern music please stand up? Alexis Petridis The Guardian 16 April 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer19-32"><a href="#cite_ref-palmer19_32-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, Present Tense, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Dahl" class="citation cs2">Bill Dahl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520221527/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p115739">"Jimmy Preston"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p115739">the original</a> on 20 May 2016, retrieved 27 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Preston&rft.au=Bill+Dahl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp115739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2008-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2008_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2008_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael (2008). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 157–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50530-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50530-3"><bdi>978-0-495-50530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+in+America%3A+The+Beat+Goes+On&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=157-58&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50530-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> T. E. Scheurer, American Popular Music: The Age of Rock (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-468-4">0-87972-468-4</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_55,_track_2-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_55,_track_2_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 55, track 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> P. Browne, The Guide to United States Popular Culture (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-821-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-821-3">0-87972-821-3</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> R. S. Denisoff, W. L. Schurk, Tarnished Gold: the Record Industry Revisited (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 3rd edn., 1986), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-618-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-618-0">0-88738-618-0</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllmusicRbilly-39"><a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicRbilly_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wQb3jHWo?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d187">"Rockabilly"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d187">the original</a> on 11 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Rockabilly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucero-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucero_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucero2020" class="citation web cs1">Lucero, Mario J. (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1773480/the-problem-with-how-the-music-streaming-industry-handles-data/">"The problem with how the music streaming industry handles data"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331013320/https://qz.com/1773480/the-problem-with-how-the-music-streaming-industry-handles-data">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+problem+with+how+the+music+streaming+industry+handles+data&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.aulast=Lucero&rft.aufirst=Mario+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1773480%2Fthe-problem-with-how-the-music-streaming-industry-handles-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> J. M. Curtis, Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984 (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-369-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-369-6">0-87972-369-6</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Lance (8 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adioslounge.com/get-it-low-the-dirty-guitar-of-junior-barnard/">"Get It Low: The Dirty Guitar of Junior Barnard"</a>. The Adios Lounge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712222500/http://www.adioslounge.com/get-it-low-the-dirty-guitar-of-junior-barnard/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Adios+Lounge&rft.atitle=Get+It+Low%3A+The+Dirty+Guitar+of+Junior+Barnard&rft.date=2011-03-08&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adioslounge.com%2Fget-it-low-the-dirty-guitar-of-junior-barnard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis2002" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ">Chuck Berry: The Biography</a>. Aurum. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-873-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-873-9"><bdi>978-1-85410-873-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208195621/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+The+Biography&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Aurum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85410-873-9&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AgUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2000" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC&q=link+wray+pencil+rumble&pg=PA17">Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06915-3"><bdi>0-252-06915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixties+Rock%3A+Garage%2C+Psychedelic%2C+and+Other+Satisfactions&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-252-06915-3&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJviHtOrIlkkC%26q%3Dlink%2Bwray%2Bpencil%2Brumble%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2008">Campbell 2008</a>, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2009" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Adrian (2009). Juke Box Britain: Americanisation and Youth Culture, 1945–60. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719083662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719083662"><bdi>978-0719083662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juke+Box+Britain%3A+Americanisation+and+Youth+Culture%2C+1945%E2%80%9360&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0719083662&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> D. Hatch and S. Millward (1987). From Blues to Rock: An Analytical History of Pop Music. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-1489-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-1489-1">0-7190-1489-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_Steele-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_Steele_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_Steele_48-1">b</a> Mitchell, G. A. M. (2011). "A Very 'British' Introduction to Rock 'n' Roll: Tommy Steele and the Advent of Rock 'n' Roll Music in Britain, 1956–1960". Contemporary British History, 25(2), 205–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_15-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_15_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_15_49-1">b</a> Meyers, J. P. (2015). "The Beatles in Buenos Aires, Muse in Mexico City: Tribute Bands and the Global Consumption of Rock Music". Ethnomusicology Forum (Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 329–348). Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Barnaby (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/sep/30/the-wild-one-by-johnny-okeefe-australias-first-rocknroll-hit">"The Wild One by Johnny O'Keefe – Australia's first rock'n'roll hit"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Wild+One+by+Johnny+O%27Keefe+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+first+rock%27n%27roll+hit&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Faustralia-culture-blog%2F2014%2Fsep%2F30%2Fthe-wild-one-by-johnny-okeefe-australias-first-rocknroll-hit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Vuletic, D. (2008). "Generation Number One: Politics and Popular Music in Yugoslavia in the 1950s". Nationalities Papers, 36(5), 861–879. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Rauth, R. (1982). "Back in the USSR—Rock and roll in the Soviet Union". Popular Music & Society, 8(3–4), 3–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz2007-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2007_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2007_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2007" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Roberta F. (2007). How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5580-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-5580-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Britain+Got+the+Blues%3A+The+Transmission+and+Reception+of+American+Blues+Style+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5580-0&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Roberta+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Roberts, J. (2001). The Beatles. Mineappolis, MN: Lerner Publications. p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-4998-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-4998-0">0-8225-4998-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2003BritishBlues-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BritishBlues_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BritishBlues_55-1">b</a> Eder, B. "British Blues", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S.T. Erlewine, eds, All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd ed., 2003), p. 700. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-736-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-736-6">0-87930-736-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_20–21-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_20–21_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> B. Bradby, "Do-talk, don't-talk: the division of the subject in girl-group music" in S. Frith and A. Goodwin, eds, On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word (Abingdon: Routledge, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05306-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05306-4">0-415-05306-4</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keightley2001-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keightley2001_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keightley2001_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keightley2001_58-2">c</a> K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" in S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock</a> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0">0-521-55660-0</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002DooWop-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002DooWop_59-0">^</a> R. Unterberger, "Doo Wop", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et.al., 2002</a>, pp. 1306–07. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> R. Dale, Education and the State: Politics, Patriarchy and Practice (London: Taylor & Francis, 1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905273-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-905273-17-6">0-905273-17-6</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002Brill-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Brill_61-0">^</a> R. Unterberger, "Brill Building Sound", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et.al., 2002</a>, pp. 1311–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Santelli, Robert. Aquarius Rising – The Rock Festival Years. Pg. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Browne, David. (5 June 2014). "The Birth of the Rock Fest". Rolling Stone. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Kubernik, Harvey and Kubernik, Kenneth. A Perfect Haze: The Illustrated History of the Monterey International Pop Festival. 2011. Santa Monica Press LLC. Pg. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-blair2-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blair2_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blair2_66-1">b</a> J. Blair, The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music, 1961–1965 (Ypsilanti, MI: Pierian Press, 2nd edn., 1985), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87650-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87650-174-9">0-87650-174-9</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> J. Blair, The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music, 1961–1965 (Ypsilanti, MI: Pierian Press, 2nd edn., 1985), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87650-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87650-174-9">0-87650-174-9</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308011713/https://www.buzz.ie/music/throwback-tune-of-the-day-nowhere-to-go-the-four-freshman-218697">"Throwback tune of the day: Nowhere to Go – The Four Freshmen"</a>. Buzz.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzz.ie/music/throwback-tune-of-the-day-nowhere-to-go-the-four-freshman-218697">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buzz.ie&rft.atitle=Throwback+tune+of+the+day%3A+Nowhere+to+Go+%E2%80%93+The+Four+Freshmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzz.ie%2Fmusic%2Fthrowback-tune-of-the-day-nowhere-to-go-the-four-freshman-218697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002Beachboys-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Beachboys_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Beachboys_69-1">b</a> W. Ruhlman, et al., "Beach Boys", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 71–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nostalgiacentral.com/music/music-genres/surf-music/">"Surf Music"</a>. Nostalgia Central. 3 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723160053/https://nostalgiacentral.com/music/music-genres/surf-music/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nostalgia+Central&rft.atitle=Surf+Music&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnostalgiacentral.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-genres%2Fsurf-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stakes2001-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Stakes2001_72-0">^</a> R. Stakes, "Those boys: the rise of Mersey beat", in S. Wade, ed., Gladsongs and Gatherings: Poetry and its Social Context in Liverpool Since the 1960s (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-727-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-727-1">0-85323-727-1</a>, pp. 157–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> I. Chambers, Urban Rhythms: Pop Music and Popular Culture (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-34011-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-34011-6">0-333-34011-6</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> J.R. Covach and G. MacDonald Boone, Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510005-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510005-0">0-19-510005-0</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002BI-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BI_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BI_75-1">b</a> R. Unterberger, "British Invasion", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1316–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_76-0">^</a> R. Unterberger, "British R&B", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1315–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_28-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_28_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaBI-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaBI_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaBI_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI.A._Robbins" class="citation cs2">I.A. Robbins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221235217/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80244/British-Invasion">"British Invasion"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80244/British-Invasion">the original</a> on 21 December 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=British+Invasion&rft.au=I.A.+Robbins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F80244%2FBritish-Invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> H. Bill, The Book Of Beatle Lists (Poole, Dorset: Javelin, 1985), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1521-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1521-9">0-7137-1521-9</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_30-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_30_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_48-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_48_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-BeatlesArrive-83"><a href="#cite_ref-BeatlesArrive_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Leopold2004" class="citation cs2">T. Leopold (5 February 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411192509/http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/05/beatles.40/">When the Beatles hit America CNN February 10, 2004</a>, CNN, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/05/beatles.40">the original</a> on 11 April 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Beatles+hit+America+CNN+February+10%2C+2004&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2004-02-05&rft.au=T.+Leopold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F02%2F05%2Fbeatles.40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusicBI-84"><a href="#cite_ref-allmusicBI_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wQbXwJ0x?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d379">"British Invasion"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d379">the original</a> on 11 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=British+Invasion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusicBritpop-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusicBritpop_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusicBritpop_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wRBeCas7?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2681">"Britpop"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2681">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Britpop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" in, S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0">0-521-55660-0</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> F.W. Hoffmann, "British Invasion" in F.W. Hoffmann and H. Ferstler, eds, Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1 (New York: CRC Press, 2nd edn., 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X">0-415-93835-X</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Shuker,_2005_p._35-88"><a href="#cite_ref-R._Shuker,_2005_p._35_88-0">^</a> R. Shuker, Popular Music: the Key Concepts (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X">0-415-34770-X</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonelli-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Simonelli_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonelli2013" class="citation book cs1">Simonelli, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mnrwy7P3KvQC&q=%22jack+Kroll%22+%22A+Day+in+the+Life%22">Working Class Heroes: Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s</a>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7051-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-7051-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175534/https://books.google.com/books?id=mnrwy7P3KvQC&q=%22jack+Kroll%22+%22A+Day+in+the+Life%22#v=snippet&q=%22jack%20Kroll%22%20%22A%20Day%20in%20the%20Life%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Class+Heroes%3A+Rock+Music+and+British+Society+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7051-9&rft.aulast=Simonelli&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmnrwy7P3KvQC%26q%3D%2522jack%2BKroll%2522%2B%2522A%2BDay%2Bin%2Bthe%2BLife%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuker2005-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuker2005_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuker2005_90-1">b</a> R. Shuker, Popular Music: the Key Concepts (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X">0-415-34770-X</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> E.J. Abbey, Garage Rock and its Roots: Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2564-4">0-7864-2564-4</a>, pp. 74–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllmusicGarage-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGarage_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGarage_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGarage_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGarage_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGarage_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGarage_92-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGarage_92-6">g</a> R. Unterberger, "Garage Rock", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1320–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> N. Campbell, American Youth Cultures (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1933-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1933-X">0-7486-1933-X</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Otfinoski, Steven. "The Golden Age of Rock Instrumentals". Billboard Books, (1997), p. 36, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7639-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-7639-3">0-8230-7639-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> W.E. Studwell and D.F. Lonergan, The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7890-0151-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7890-0151-9">0-7890-0151-9</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> J. Austen, TV-a-Go-Go: Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol (Chicago IL: Chicago Review Press, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-572-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-572-9">1-55652-572-9</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaksman2009" class="citation book cs1">Waksman, Steve (2009). This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk. Berkeley CA: University of California Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25310-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Ain%27t+the+Summer+of+Love%3A+Conflict+and+Crossover+in+Heavy+Metal+and+Punk&rft.place=Berkeley+CA&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25310-0&rft.aulast=Waksman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> F.W. Hoffmann "Garage Rock/Punk", in F.W. Hoffman and H. Ferstler, Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1 (New York: CRC Press, 2nd edn., 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X">0-415-93835-X</a>, p. 873. </li> <li id="cite_note-G._Thompson;_2007;_134-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G._Thompson;_2007;_134_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G._Thompson;_2007;_134_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Graham (2007). American Culture in the 1980s. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1910-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-1910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Culture+in+the+1980s&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1910-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> H.S. Macpherson, Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History (Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-431-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-431-8">1-85109-431-8</a>, p. 626. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> V. Coelho, The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00040-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00040-8">0-521-00040-8</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2003BluesRock-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BluesRock_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BluesRock_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BluesRock_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BluesRock_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BluesRock_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BluesRock_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2003BluesRock_103-6">g</a> R. Uterberger, "Blues Rock", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S.T. Erlewine, eds, All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-736-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-736-6">0-87930-736-6</a>, pp. 701–02. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> T. Rawlings, A. Neill, C. Charlesworth and C. White, Then, Now and Rare British Beat 1960–1969 (London: Omnibus Press, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-9094-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-9094-8">0-7119-9094-8</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> P. Prown, H.P. Newquist and J.F. Eiche, Legends of Rock Guitar: the Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7935-4042-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7935-4042-9">0-7935-4042-9</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002SouthernRock_106-4">e</a> R. Unterberger, "Southern Rock", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1332–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-amg-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amg_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amg_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amg_107-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wR7EB7K0?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d50">"Blues-rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d50">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Blues-rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> P. Prown, H.P. Newquist and J.F. Eiche, Legends of Rock Guitar: the Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7935-4042-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7935-4042-9">0-7935-4042-9</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell2007p95-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2007p95_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2007p95_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Gillian (2007). The North American Folk Music Revival: Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada, 1945–1980. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5756-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-5756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+American+Folk+Music+Revival%3A+Nation+and+Identity+in+the+United+States+and+Canada%2C+1945%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5756-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2007">Mitchell 2007</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> J.E. Perone, Music of the Counterculture Era American History Through Music (Westwood, CT: Greenwood, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32689-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32689-4">0-313-32689-4</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002FolkRock-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FolkRock_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FolkRock_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FolkRock_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FolkRock_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FolkRock_112-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FolkRock_112-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FolkRock_112-6">g</a> R. Unterberger, "Folk Rock", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1308–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerone2009" class="citation book cs1">Perone, James E. (2009). Mods, Rockers, and the Music of the British Invasion. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99860-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99860-8"><bdi>978-0-275-99860-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mods%2C+Rockers%2C+and+the+Music+of+the+British+Invasion&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99860-8&rft.aulast=Perone&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Unterberger" class="citation cs2">R. Unterberger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wRzkNyBp?url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/t462339">"The Beatles: I'm a Loser"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/song/t462339">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Beatles%3A+I%27m+a+Loser&rft.au=R.+Unterberger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsong%2Ft462339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-RU-115"><a href="#cite_ref-RU_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterberger2018" class="citation web cs1">Unterberger, Richie (31 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/2018/">"2018"</a>. Folkrocks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920175303/http://www.richieunterberger.com/wordpress/2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folkrocks&rft.atitle=2018&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richieunterberger.com%2Fwordpress%2F2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> M. Brocken, The British Folk Revival 1944–2002 (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3282-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3282-2">0-7546-3282-2</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> C. Larkin, The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (London: Guinness, 1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882267-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-882267-04-4">1-882267-04-4</a>, p. 869. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> G.W. Haslam, A.H. Russell and R. Chon, Workin' Man Blues: Country Music in California (Berkeley CA: Heyday Books, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21800-0">0-520-21800-0</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" in, S. Frith, W. Straw, and J. Street, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0">0-521-55660-0</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hicks2000-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks2000_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks2000_120-1">b</a> M. Hicks, Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions (Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06915-3">0-252-06915-3</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002Psych-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Psych_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Psych_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Psych_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Psych_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Psych_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Psych_121-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Psych_121-6">g</a> R. Unterberger, "Psychedelic Rock", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1322–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_41–42-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_41–42_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRogatisKot2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeRogatis" title="Jim DeRogatis">DeRogatis, Jim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kot" title="Greg Kot">Kot, Greg</a> (2010). The Beatles vs. The Rolling Stones: Sound Opinions on the Great Rock 'n' Roll Rivalry. <a href="/wiki/Voyageur_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyageur Press">Voyageur Press</a>. pp. 70, 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610605137" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610605137"><bdi>978-1610605137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+vs.+The+Rolling+Stones%3A+Sound+Opinions+on+the+Great+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Rivalry&rft.pages=70%2C+75&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1610605137&rft.aulast=DeRogatis&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Kot%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitburn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Whitburn, Joel</a> (2003). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002. <a href="/wiki/Record_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Record Research">Record Research</a>. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898201550" title="Special:BookSources/9780898201550"><bdi>9780898201550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joel+Whitburn%27s+Top+Pop+Singles+1955-2002&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Record+Research&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780898201550&rft.aulast=Whitburn&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareles1997" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Pareles" title="Jon Pareles">Pareles, Jon</a> (5 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/arts/all-that-music-and-nothing-to-listen-to.html">"All That Music, and Nothing to Listen To"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227043520/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/arts/all-that-music-and-nothing-to-listen-to.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All+That+Music%2C+and+Nothing+to+Listen+To&rft.date=1997-01-05&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F01%2F05%2Farts%2Fall-that-music-and-nothing-to-listen-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002Prog-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Prog_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Prog_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Prog_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Prog_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Prog_126-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Prog_126-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Prog_126-6">g</a> R. Unterberger, "Progressive Rock", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1330–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington2003-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrington2003_127-0">^</a> J.S. Harrington, Sonic Cool: the Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-02861-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-02861-8">0-634-02861-8</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> E. Macan, Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509887-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509887-0">0-19-509887-0</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> E. Macan, Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509887-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509887-0">0-19-509887-0</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wRFWXQdF?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d374">"Prog rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d374">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Prog+rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> E. Macan, Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509887-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509887-0">0-19-509887-0</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2010-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2010_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Wagner2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Wagner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZwZcZ2X5ToC&pg=PA242">Mean Deviation: Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal</a>. Bazillion Points Books. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796163-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9796163-3-4"><bdi>978-0-9796163-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mean+Deviation%3A+Four+Decades+of+Progressive+Heavy+Metal&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Bazillion+Points+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9796163-3-4&rft.au=Jeff+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZwZcZ2X5ToC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> R. Reising, Speak to Me: The Legacy of Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4019-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4019-1">0-7546-4019-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brocken2003-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Brocken2003_134-0">^</a> M. Brocken, The British Folk Revival, 1944–2002 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3282-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3282-2">0-7546-3282-2</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Eder" class="citation cs2">B. Eder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wS0Jf18p?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/renaissance-p5251/biography">"Renaissance"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/renaissance-p5251/biography">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Renaissance&rft.au=B.+Eder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Frenaissance-p5251%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> K. Holm-Hudson, Progressive Rock Reconsidered (London: Taylor & Francis, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3715-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3715-9">0-8153-3715-9</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> N.E. Tawa, Supremely American: Popular Song in the 20th Century: Styles and Singers and What They Said About America (Lanham, MA: Scarecrow Press, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5295-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5295-0">0-8108-5295-0</a>, pp. 249–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> P. Bussy, Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music (London: SAF, 3rd end., 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946719-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-946719-70-5">0-946719-70-5</a>, pp. 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> K. Holm-Hudson, Progressive Rock Reconsidered (London: Taylor & Francis, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3715-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3715-9">0-8153-3715-9</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation cs2">Knight, Brian L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104234/http://vermontreview.tripod.com/essays/progressif6.htm">"Rock in the Name of Progress (Part VI -"Thelonius Punk")"</a>, The Vermont Review, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/vermontreview/essays/progressif6.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vermont+Review&rft.atitle=Rock+in+the+Name+of+Progress+%28Part+VI+-%22Thelonius+Punk%22%29&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2Fvermontreview%2Fessays%2Fprogressif6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClassicRock-141"><a href="#cite_ref-ClassicRock_141-0">^</a> T. Udo, "Did Punk kill prog?", Classic Rock Magazine, vol. 97, September 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMJazzRock-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMJazzRock_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMJazzRock_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMJazzRock_142-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/jazz-rock-d2776">"Jazz-Rock Music Genre Overview"</a>, AllMusic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216015609/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/jazz-rock-d2776">archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Jazz-Rock+Music+Genre+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fjazz-rock-d2776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002JazzRock-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002JazzRock_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002JazzRock_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002JazzRock_143-2">c</a> R. Unterberger, "Jazz Rock", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1328–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> I. Carr, D. Fairweather and B. Priestley, The Rough Guide to Jazz (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-256-5">1-84353-256-5</a>, p. iii. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuslander2008" class="citation book cs1">Auslander, Philip (2008). Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture (2nd ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77353-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77353-9"><bdi>978-0-415-77353-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liveness%3A+Performance+in+a+Mediatized+Culture&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77353-9&rft.aulast=Auslander&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff2000-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2000_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2000_146-1">b</a> K. Wolff and O. Duane, Country Music: The Rough Guide (London: Rough Guides, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-534-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-534-8">1-85828-534-8</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> R. Unterberger, "The Band", and S.T. Erlewine, "Creedence Clearwater Revival", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 61–62, 265–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskyns2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoskyns, Barney (2007). Hotel California: The True-Life Adventures of Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor, Browne, Ronstadt, Geffen, the Eagles, and Their Many Friends. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 87–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12777-3"><bdi>978-0-470-12777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hotel+California%3A+The+True-Life+Adventures+of+Crosby%2C+Stills%2C+Nash%2C+Young%2C+Mitchell%2C+Taylor%2C+Browne%2C+Ronstadt%2C+Geffen%2C+the+Eagles%2C+and+Their+Many+Friends&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=87-90&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12777-3&rft.aulast=Hoskyns&rft.aufirst=Barney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1970" class="citation news cs1">Christgau, Robert (18 June 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cg11.php">"Consumer Guide (11)"</a>. The Village Voice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406140531/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cg11.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2020 – via robertchristgau.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Consumer+Guide+%2811%29&rft.date=1970-06-18&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fcg%2Fcg11.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002C-Rock-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002C-Rock_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002C-Rock_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002C-Rock_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002C-Rock_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002C-Rock_150-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002C-Rock_150-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002C-Rock_150-6">g</a> R. Unterberger, "Country Rock", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, p. 1327. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> B. Hinton, "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band", in P. Buckley, ed., Rock: The Rough Guide (London: Rough Guides, 1st edn., 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-201-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-201-2">1-85828-201-2</a>, pp. 612–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tawa2005-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Tawa2005_152-0">^</a> N.E. Tawa, Supremely American: Popular Song in the 20th Century: Styles and Singers and What They Said About America (Lanham, MA: Scarecrow Press, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5295-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5295-0">0-8108-5295-0</a>, p. 227–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuker2005pp124-5-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_153-1">b</a> R. Shuker, Popular Music: the Key Concepts (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X">0-415-34770-X</a>, pp. 124–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> P. Auslander, Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, pp. 57, 63, 87 and 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllmusicGR-155"><a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicGR_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wS7OGLm4?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d388">"Glam rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d388">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Glam+rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> P. Auslander, Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06868-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06868-7">0-472-06868-7</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Mark Paytress, Bolan – The Rise And Fall of a 20th Century Superstar (<a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Press" title="Omnibus Press">Omnibus Press</a> 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-9293-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-9293-2">0-7119-9293-2</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-Auslander2006p72-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_158-3">d</a> P. Auslander, "Watch that man David Bowie: Hammersmith Odeon, London, July 3, 1973" in I. Inglis, ed., Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Auslander2006p80-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p80_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p80_159-1">b</a> P. Auslander, "Watch that man David Bowie: Hammersmith Odeon, London, July 3, 1973" in Ian Inglis, ed., Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002Glitter-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Glitter_160-0">^</a> D. Thompson, "Glitter Band" and S. Huey, "Gary Glitter", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> R. Huq, Beyond Subculture: Pop, Youth and Identity in a Postcolonial World (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27815-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27815-5">0-415-27815-5</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> P. Auslander, Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Billboard. 27 June 1970 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eikEAAAAMBAJ&q=pacific+high+recording+studioas&pg=PA55">https://books.google.com/books?id=eikEAAAAMBAJ&q=pacific+high+recording+studioas&pg=PA55</a>. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.date=1970-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeikEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dpacific%2Bhigh%2Brecording%2Bstudioas%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> referred to as career suicide, as recalled in a 2013 interview by drummer and album co-producer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shrieve" title="Michael Shrieve">Michael Shrieve</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason1976" class="citation magazine cs1">Gleason, Ralph J. (8 December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/caravanserai-19761208">"Santana: Caravanserai : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605232733/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/caravanserai-19761208">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Santana%3A+Caravanserai+%3A+Music+Reviews+%3A+Rolling+Stone&rft.date=1976-12-08&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Ralph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Falbumreviews%2Fcaravanserai-19761208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Herencia_Del_Norte_1998_p.-166"><a href="#cite_ref-La_Herencia_Del_Norte_1998_p._166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UIY6AQAAIAAJ">La Herencia Del Norte</a> (in Spanish). Gran Via. 1998. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Herencia+Del+Norte&rft.pub=Gran+Via&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUIY6AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koskoff_2017_p._1253-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Koskoff_2017_p._1253_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskoff2017" class="citation book cs1">Koskoff, E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1253">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The United States and Canada</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-54414-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-54414-6"><bdi>978-1-351-54414-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610024247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1253#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+The+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pages=1253&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-54414-6&rft.aulast=Koskoff&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEh03DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurricane-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurricane_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurricane" class="citation web cs1">Hurricane, Al Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontera.library.ucla.edu/recordings/flor-de-las-flores-32">"Flor De Las Flores"</a>. Frontera Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920194115/https://frontera.library.ucla.edu/recordings/flor-de-las-flores-32">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontera+Project&rft.atitle=Flor+De+Las+Flores&rft.aulast=Hurricane&rft.aufirst=Al+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrontera.library.ucla.edu%2Frecordings%2Fflor-de-las-flores-32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Christgau, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/move-det.php">"The Move: Great Move! The Best of the Move"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Details_(magazine)" title="Details (magazine)">Details</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172950/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/move-det.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Details&rft.atitle=The+Move%3A+Great+Move%21+The+Best+of+the+Move&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fcdrev%2Fmove-det.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis1987-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis1987_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis1987_170-1">b</a> J.M. Curtis, Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984 (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-369-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-369-6">0-87972-369-6</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> J. Kennaugh, "Fleetwood Mac", in P. Buckley, ed., Rock: The Rough Guide (London: Rough Guides, 1st edn., 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-201-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-201-2">1-85828-201-2</a>, pp. 323–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicHard-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicHard_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicHard_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicHard_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicHard_172-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wS1b6c7H?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d217">"Hard Rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d217">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Hard+Rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.T._Erlewine" class="citation cs2">S.T. Erlewine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wS5t2gXT?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/queen-p5205/biography">"Queen"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/queen-p5205/biography">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Queen&rft.au=S.T.+Erlewine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fqueen-p5205%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Dougan" class="citation cs2">J. Dougan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wS6F8uBu?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/thin-lizzy-p5633/biography">"Thin Lizzy"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/thin-lizzy-p5633/biography">the original</a> on 12 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Thin+Lizzy&rft.au=J.+Dougan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthin-lizzy-p5633%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> R. Walser, Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2">0-8195-6260-2</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> R. Walser, Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2">0-8195-6260-2</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Walser1993p10-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walser1993p10_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walser1993p10_177-1">b</a> R. Walser, Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2">0-8195-6260-2</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> R. Walser, Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6260-2">0-8195-6260-2</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> J.J. Thompson, Raised by Wolves: the Story of Christian Rock & Roll (Toronto: ECW Press, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55022-421-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55022-421-2">1-55022-421-2</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> J.R. Howard and J.M. Streck, <a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Rock:_The_Splintered_World_of_Contemporary_Christian_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music">Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music</a> (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9086-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-9086-X">0-8131-9086-X</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> J.R. Howard and J.M. Streck, <a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Rock:_The_Splintered_World_of_Contemporary_Christian_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music">Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music</a> (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9086-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-9086-X">0-8131-9086-X</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> J.J. Thompson, Raised by Wolves: the Story of Christian Rock & Roll (Toronto: ECW Press, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55022-421-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55022-421-2">1-55022-421-2</a>, pp. 66–67 and 159–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> M.B. Wagner, God's Schools: Choice and Compromise in American Society (Rutgers University Press, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1607-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1607-2">0-8135-1607-2</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> J.J. Thompson, Raised by Wolves: the Story of Christian Rock & Roll (Toronto: ECW Press, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55022-421-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55022-421-2">1-55022-421-2</a>, pp. 206–07. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2007" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick, Rob (2007). The Words and Music of Bruce Springsteen. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98938-5"><bdi>978-0-275-98938-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+and+Music+of+Bruce+Springsteen&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98938-5&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-AllmusicHeartland-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicHeartland_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicHeartland_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicHeartland_187-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicHeartland_187-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wT2uWL5o?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d7710">"Heartland Rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d7710">the original</a> on 13 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Heartland+Rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd7710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.A._Peraino1987" class="citation cs2">J.A. Peraino (30 August 1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512182530/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/30/arts/heartland-rock-bruce-s-children.html?pagewanted=1">"Heartland rock: Bruce's Children"</a>, The New York Times, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/30/arts/heartland-rock-bruce-s-children.html?pagewanted=1">the original</a> on 12 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Heartland+rock%3A+Bruce%27s+Children&rft.date=1987-08-30&rft.au=J.A.+Peraino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F08%2F30%2Farts%2Fheartland-rock-bruce-s-children.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._DeCurtis2007" class="citation cs2">A. DeCurtis (18 October 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514163721/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/rock-n-roll-jesus-20071018">"Kid Rock: Rock n' Roll Jesus"</a>, Rolling Stone, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/rock-n-roll-jesus-20071018">the original</a> on 14 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Kid+Rock%3A+Rock+n%27+Roll+Jesus&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft.au=A.+DeCurtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Falbumreviews%2Frock-n-roll-jesus-20071018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.T._Erlewine" class="citation cs2">S.T. Erlewine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429141511/http://www.allmusic.com/album/sams-town-r851722/review">"The Killers: Sam's Town"</a>, Rolling Stone, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/sams-town-r851722/review">the original</a> on 29 April 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Killers%3A+Sam%27s+Town&rft.au=S.T.+Erlewine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fsams-town-r851722%2Freview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Peake" class="citation cs2">S. Peake, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512001245/http://80music.about.com/od/genresmovements/p/heartlandrock.htm">"Heartland Rock"</a>, About.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://80music.about.com/od/genresmovements/p/heartlandrock.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Heartland+Rock&rft.au=S.+Peake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F80music.about.com%2Fod%2Fgenresmovements%2Fp%2Fheartlandrock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BogdanovPunk-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BogdanovPunk_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BogdanovPunk_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BogdanovPunk_192-2">c</a> J. Dougan, "Punk Music", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1335–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> A. Rodel, "Extreme Noise Terror: Punk Rock and the Aesthetics of Badness", in C. Washburne and M. Derno, eds, Bad Music: The Music We Love to Hate (New York: Routledge), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94365-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94365-5">0-415-94365-5</a>, pp. 235–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Savage (1992), pp. 260, 263–67, 277–79; Laing (1985), pp. 35, 37, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Charles_M.1977" class="citation magazine cs1">Young, Charles M. (20 October 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914225550/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/articles/story/9437647/sex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london?source=thebeatles_rssfeed">"Rock Is Sick and Living in London"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/articles/story/9437647/sex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london?source=thebeatles_rssfeed">the original</a> on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Rock+Is+Sick+and+Living+in+London&rft.date=1977-10-20&rft.au=Young%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Fthebeatles%2Farticles%2Fstory%2F9437647%2Fsex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london%3Fsource%3Dthebeatles_rssfeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> R. Sabin, "Rethingking punk and racism", in R. Sabin, ed., Punk Rock: So What?: the Cultural Legacy of Punk (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17029-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17029-X">0-415-17029-X</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkott-Myhre2009" class="citation book cs1">Skott-Myhre, Hans A. (2009). Youth and Subculture as Creative Force: Creating New Spaces for Radical Youth Work. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0992-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0992-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-0992-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+and+Subculture+as+Creative+Force%3A+Creating+New+Spaces+for+Radical+Youth+Work&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0992-1&rft.aulast=Skott-Myhre&rft.aufirst=Hans+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> T. Gosling, "'Not for sale': The Underground network of Anarcho-punk" in A. Bennett and R.A. Peterson, eds, Music Scenes: Local, Translocal and Virtual (Nashville TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8265-1451-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8265-1451-0">0-8265-1451-0</a>, pp. 168–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaksman2009">Waksman 2009</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> E. Koskoff, Music Cultures in the United States: an Introduction (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96589-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96589-6">0-415-96589-6</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2008">Campbell 2008</a>, pp. 273–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> R. Shuker, Popular Music: the Key Concepts (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X">0-415-34770-X</a>, pp. 185–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> M. Janosik, ed., The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History: The Video Generation, 1981–1990 (London: Greenwood, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32943-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32943-5">0-313-32943-5</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> M.K. Hall, Crossroads: American Popular Culture and the Vietnam Generation (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4444-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4444-3">0-7425-4444-3</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorack2007">Borack 2007</a>, p. 25 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorack2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002NewWave-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002NewWave_206-0">^</a> S.T. Erlewine, "New Wave", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1337–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borthwick&Moy2004pp121-3-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Borthwick&Moy2004pp121-3_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Borthwick_and_R._Moy2004" class="citation cs2">S. Borthwick and R. Moy (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4bmVbNSnk4C&q=Popular+Music+Genres+an+Introduction+synthpop+%22by+around+1984,+many+of+the+biggest%22&pg=PA121">Popular Music Genres: an Introduction</a>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 121–23, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0"><bdi>0-7486-1745-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610024248/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4bmVbNSnk4C&q=Popular+Music+Genres+an+Introduction+synthpop+%22by+around+1984,+many+of+the+biggest%22&pg=PA121">archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024, retrieved 19 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+Genres%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pages=121-23&rft.pub=Edinburgh%3A+Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7486-1745-0&rft.au=S.+Borthwick+and+R.+Moy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4bmVbNSnk4C%26q%3DPopular%2BMusic%2BGenres%2Ban%2BIntroduction%2Bsynthpop%2B%2522by%2Baround%2B1984%2C%2Bmany%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbiggest%2522%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_208-0">^</a> S. Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978–1984 (London: Penguin Books, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303672-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303672-6">0-14-303672-6</a>, pp. 340, 342–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> M. Haig, Brand Royalty: How the World's Top 100 Brands Thrive & Survive (London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7494-4826-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7494-4826-1">0-7494-4826-1</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2007" class="citation book cs1">Young, Jon (2007). "Roll over guitar heroes, synthesizers are here". In Cateforis, Theo (ed.). The Rock History Reader (1st ed.). London, UK: Routledge. pp. 21–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97501-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97501-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97501-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roll+over+guitar+heroes%2C+synthesizers+are+here&rft.btitle=The+Rock+History+Reader&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=21-38&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97501-8&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002PostPunk-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002PostPunk_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002PostPunk_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002PostPunk_211-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002PostPunk_211-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002PostPunk_211-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002PostPunk_211-5">f</a> S.T. Erlewine, "Post Punk", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 1337–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodladBibby2007">Goodlad & Bibby 2007</a>, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> C. Gere, Digital Culture (London: Reaktion Books, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-143-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-143-1">1-86189-143-1</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160132/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/industrial-rock-t1588">"Industrial rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/essay/industrial-rock-t1588">the original</a> on 1 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Industrial+rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fessay%2Findustrial-rock-t1588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> F.W. Hoffmann and H. Ferstler, Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1 (New York: CRC Press, 2nd edn., 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93835-X">0-415-93835-X</a>, p. 1135. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> D. Hesmondhaigh, "Indie: the institutional political and aesthetics of a popular music genre" in Cultural Studies, 13 (2002), p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002USAlternative-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002USAlternative_217-7">h</a> S.T. Erlewine, "American Alternative Rock / Post Punk", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S.T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X">0-87930-653-X</a>, pp. 1344–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative_218-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative_218-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative_218-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative_218-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002UKAlternative_218-6">g</a> S.T. Erlewine, "British Alternative Rock", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S.T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X">0-87930-653-X</a>, pp. 1346–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> T. Frank, "Alternative to what?", in C.L. Harrington and D.D. Bielby, eds, Popular Culture: Production and Consumption (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21710-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21710-X">0-631-21710-X</a>, pp. 94–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.T._Erlewine" class="citation cs2">S.T. Erlewine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055657/http://allmusic.com/artist/rem-p116437/biography">"The Smiths"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-smiths-p5466/biography">the original</a> on 16 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Smiths&rft.au=S.T.+Erlewine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-smiths-p5466%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.T._Erlewine" class="citation cs2">S.T. Erlewine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628082715/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-smiths-p5466/biography">"R.E.M."</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-smiths-p5466/biography">the original</a> on 28 June 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=R.E.M.&rft.au=S.T.+Erlewine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-smiths-p5466%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMCollegeRock-222"><a href="#cite_ref-AMCollegeRock_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229184652/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d11971">"College rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d11971">the original</a> on 29 December 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=College+rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd11971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Abebe2005" class="citation cs2">N. Abebe (24 October 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203183515/http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6176-twee-as-fuck/">"Twee as Fuck: The Story of Indie Pop"</a>, Pitchfork Media, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/6176-twee-as-fuck/">the original</a> on 3 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork+Media&rft.atitle=Twee+as+Fuck%3A+The+Story+of+Indie+Pop&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.au=N.+Abebe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2F6176-twee-as-fuck%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224064714/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/shoegaze-d2680">"Shoegaze"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/shoegaze-d2680">the original</a> on 24 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Shoegaze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fshoegaze-d2680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> R. Shuker, Popular Music: the Key Concepts (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X">0-415-34770-X</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic_grunge-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_grunge_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_grunge_226-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_grunge_226-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_grunge_226-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wT8KwMkr?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2679">"Grunge"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2679">the original</a> on 13 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Grunge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Olsen2004" class="citation cs2">E. Olsen (4 September 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4652653">10 years later, Cobain continues to live on through his music</a>, MSNBC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311131250/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/4652653">archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10+years+later%2C+Cobain+continues+to+live+on+through+his+music&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft.date=2004-09-04&rft.au=E.+Olsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna4652653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> J. Lyons, Selling Seattle: Representing Contemporary Urban America (London: Wallflower, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903364-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-903364-96-5">1-903364-96-5</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Azerrad419-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Azerrad419_229-0">^</a> M. Azerrad, <a href="/wiki/Our_Band_Could_Be_Your_Life" title="Our Band Could Be Your Life">Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991</a> (Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-78753-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-78753-1">0-316-78753-1</a>, pp. 452–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicPostgrunge-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicPostgrunge_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicPostgrunge_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicPostgrunge_230-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicPostgrunge_230-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wTFBkV3M?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2771">"Post-grunge"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2771">the original</a> on 13 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Post-grunge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> H. Jenkins, T. McPherson and J. Shattuc, Hop on Pop: the Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2737-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2737-6">0-8223-2737-6</a>, p. 541. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> E. Kessler, "Noelrock!", NME, 8 June 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> W. Osgerby, Youth Media (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23808-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23808-0">0-415-23808-0</a>, pp. 92–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grierson-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_234-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Grierson" class="citation cs2">T. Grierson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514035717/http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/PostGrunge.htm">"Post-Grunge: A History of Post-Grunge Rock"</a>, About.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/PostGrunge.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Post-Grunge%3A+A+History+of+Post-Grunge+Rock&rft.au=T.+Grierson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frock.about.com%2Fod%2Frockmusic101%2Fa%2FPostGrunge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002FooFighters-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FooFighters_235-0">^</a> S.T. Erlewine, "Foo Fighters", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002Alanis-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Alanis_236-0">^</a> S.T. Erlewine, "Alanis Morissette", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, p. 761. </li> <li id="cite_note-LambPunkPop-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LambPunkPop_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LambPunkPop_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LambPunkPop_237-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LambPunkPop_237-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Lamb" class="citation cs2">W. Lamb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516091225/http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/p/punkpop.htm">"Punk Pop"</a>, About.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/p/punkpop.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Punk+Pop&rft.au=W.+Lamb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftop40.about.com%2Fod%2Fpopmusic101%2Fp%2Fpunkpop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wZYGmlDd?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2928">"Punk Pop"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2928">the original</a> on 17 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Punk+Pop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.T._Erlewine" class="citation cs2">S.T. Erlewine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wTa5j1b6?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/weezer-p44726/biography">"Weezer"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p44726">the original</a> on 13 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Weezer&rft.au=S.T.+Erlewine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp44726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002GreenDay&Offspring-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002GreenDay&Offspring_240-0">^</a> S.T. Erlewine, "Green Day", and "Offspring", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 484–85, 816. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicIndie-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicIndie_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicIndie_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicIndie_241-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicIndie_241-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105070517/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2687">"Indie rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2687">the original</a> on 5 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Indie+rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2007" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Marion (2007). Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse and Girl Power. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3862-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-3862-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+in+the+Music+Industry%3A+Rock%2C+Discourse+and+Girl+Power&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3862-9&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> J. Connell and C. Gibson, Sound Tracks: Popular Music, Identity, and Place (Abingdon: Routledge, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17028-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17028-1">0-415-17028-1</a>, pp. 101–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Taylor,_2006_pp._154-5-244"><a href="#cite_ref-S._Taylor,_2006_pp._154-5_244-0">^</a> S. Taylor, A to X of Alternative Music (London: Continuum, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8217-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8217-1">0-8264-8217-1</a>, pp. 154–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMpostrock-245"><a href="#cite_ref-AMpostrock_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wUOZlt8K?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2682">"Post rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2682">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Post+rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wUOlnegC?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4560">"Math rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4560">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Math+rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd4560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612162828/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2784">"Space rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/space-rock-d2784">the original</a> on 12 June 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Space+rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fspace-rock-d2784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wUP1oqYG?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4588">"Sadcore"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4588">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Sadcore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd4588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wUP95eY9?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4445">"Chamber pop"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4445">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Chamber+pop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd4445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicAltMetal-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicAltMetal_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicAltMetal_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wUPHFHt0?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2697">"Alternative Metal"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2697">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Alternative+Metal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd2697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Ruhlmann" class="citation cs2">W. Ruhlmann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115085206/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/blondie-p3703/biography">"Blondie"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/blondie-p3703/biography">the original</a> on 15 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Blondie&rft.au=W.+Ruhlmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fblondie-p3703%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.A._Guarisco" class="citation cs2">D.A. Guarisco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wUolWTAl?url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/t3302362">"The Clash: The Magnificent Seven"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/song/t3302362">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Clash%3A+The+Magnificent+Seven&rft.au=D.A.+Guarisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsong%2Ft3302362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanneh-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanneh_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Sanneh2000" class="citation cs2">K. Sanneh (3 December 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714070757/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DB143DF930A35751C1A9669C8B63">"Rappers Who Definitely Know How to Rock"</a>, The New York Times, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DB143DF930A35751C1A9669C8B63">the original</a> on 14 July 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rappers+Who+Definitely+Know+How+to+Rock&rft.date=2000-12-03&rft.au=K.+Sanneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B0DE2DB143DF930A35751C1A9669C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keyes-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Keyes_254-0">^</a> C.L. Keyes, Rap Music and Street Consciousness (Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07201-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-07201-4">0-252-07201-4</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.E._Ketchum_III2008" class="citation cs2">W.E. Ketchum III (15 October 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504013031/http://www2.metrotimes.com/music/story.asp?id=13341">"Mayor Esham? What?"</a>, Metro Times, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.metrotimes.com/music/story.asp?id=13341">the original</a> on 4 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+Times&rft.atitle=Mayor+Esham%3F+What%3F&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.au=W.E.+Ketchum+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.metrotimes.com%2Fmusic%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D13341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMRap-metal-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMRap-metal_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMRap-metal_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMRap-metal_256-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMRap-metal_256-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402101828/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2931">"Rap-Metal"</a>, AllMusic, 15 October 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/rap-metal-d2931">the original</a> on 2 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Rap-Metal&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Frap-metal-d2931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002FaithNoMore-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002FaithNoMore_257-0">^</a> S. T. Erlewine, et al., "Faith No More", in <a href="#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002">Bogdanov et al., 2002</a>, pp. 388–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-GriersonRapRock-258"><a href="#cite_ref-GriersonRapRock_258-0">^</a> T. Grierson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/raprock.htm">"What Is Rap-Rock: A Brief History of Rap-Rock"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171929/http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/raprock.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, About.com. Retrieved 31 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Nixon2007" class="citation cs2">C. Nixon (16 August 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504011039/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070816/news_lz1w16anythin.html">"Anything goes"</a>, The San Diego Union-Tribune, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070816/news_lz1w16anythin.html">the original</a> on 4 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Anything+goes&rft.date=2007-08-16&rft.au=C.+Nixon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Funiontrib%2F20070816%2Fnews_lz1w16anythin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Potterf2003" class="citation cs2">T. Potterf (1 October 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20031001/turners01n/turners-blurs-line-between-sports-bar-dance-club">"Turners blurs line between sports bar, dance club"</a>, The Seattle Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503233209/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20031001&slug=turners01n">archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Turners+blurs+line+between+sports+bar%2C+dance+club&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.au=T.+Potterf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F20031001%2Fturners01n%2Fturners-blurs-line-between-sports-bar-dance-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201180645/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia">"Long Live Rock n' Rap: Rock isn't dead, it's just moving to a hip-hop beat. So are its mostly white fans, who face questions about racial identity as old as Elvis"</a>, Newsweek, 19 July 1999, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-55145760">the original</a> on 1 February 2022, retrieved 7 January 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Long+Live+Rock+n%27+Rap%3A+Rock+isn%27t+dead%2C+it%27s+just+moving+to+a+hip-hop+beat.+So+are+its+mostly+white+fans%2C+who+face+questions+about+racial+identity+as+old+as+Elvis&rft.date=1999-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-55145760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> L. McIver, Nu-metal: The Next Generation of Rock & Punk (London, Omnibus Press, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-9209-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-9209-6">0-7119-9209-6</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> B. Reesman, "Sustaining the success", Billboard, 23 June 2001, 113 (25), p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-DAngeloMTV-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAngeloMTV_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAngeloMTV_264-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._D'Angelo" class="citation cs2">J. D'Angelo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221121551/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal_meltdown/news_feature_030124/">Will Korn, Papa Roach and Limp Bizkit evolve or die: a look at the Nu Metal meltdown</a>, MTV, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal_meltdown/news_feature_030124/">the original</a> on 21 December 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Will+Korn%2C+Papa+Roach+and+Limp+Bizkit+evolve+or+die%3A+a+look+at+the+Nu+Metal+meltdown&rft.pub=MTV&rft.au=J.+D%27Angelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fbands%2Fm%2Fmetal_meltdown%2Fnews_feature_030124%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2004-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris2004_265-0">^</a> J. Harris, Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock (Cambridge MA: Da Capo, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81367-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81367-X">0-306-81367-X</a>, pp. 369–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> S. Borthwick and R. Moy, Popular Music Genres: an Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0">0-7486-1745-0</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wZcbk3d8?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/british-trad-rock-d4360">"British Trad Rock"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4360">the original</a> on 17 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=British+Trad+Rock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd4360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Patridis2004-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Patridis2004_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Petridis2004" class="citation cs2">A. Petridis (14 February 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625042042/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/feb/14/rock.pop">"Roll over Britpop ... it's the rebirth of art rock"</a>, The Guardian, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/14/rock.pop">the original</a> on 25 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Roll+over+Britpop+...+it%27s+the+rebirth+of+art+rock&rft.date=2004-02-14&rft.au=A.+Petridis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2004%2Ffeb%2F14%2Frock.pop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Wilson" class="citation cs2">M. Wilson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wV84URWD?url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r642565">"Stereophonics: You Gotta Go There to Come Back"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r642565">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Stereophonics%3A+You+Gotta+Go+There+to+Come+Back&rft.au=M.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr642565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicTravis-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicTravis_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicTravis_270-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Phares" class="citation cs2">H. Phares, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wV8IkrpP?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p132643">"Travis"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p132643">the original</a> on 14 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Travis&rft.au=H.+Phares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp132643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloonan2007" class="citation book cs1">Cloonan, Martin (2007). Popular Music and the State in the UK: Culture, Trade or Industry?. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5373-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-5373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+and+the+State+in+the+UK%3A+Culture%2C+Trade+or+Industry%3F&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5373-8&rft.aulast=Cloonan&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Begrand2007" class="citation cs2">A. Begrand (17 May 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219023451/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/travis-the-boy-with-no-name">"Travis: The boy with no name"</a>, Pop Matters, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/travis-the-boy-with-no-name/">the original</a> on 19 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pop+Matters&rft.atitle=Travis%3A+The+boy+with+no+name&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft.au=A.+Begrand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmatters.com%2Fpm%2Freview%2Ftravis-the-boy-with-no-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowling2005-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Dowling2005_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Dowling2005" class="citation cs2">S. Dowling (19 August 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100317191607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4745137.stm">"Are we in Britpop's second wave?"</a>, BBC News, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4745137.stm">the original</a> on 17 March 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Are+we+in+Britpop%27s+second+wave%3F&rft.date=2005-08-19&rft.au=S.+Dowling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4745137.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Petridis2004" class="citation cs2">A. Petridis (26 February 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421164019/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/feb/26/popandrock3">"And the bland played on"</a>, The Guardian, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/feb/26/popandrock3">the original</a> on 21 April 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=And+the+bland+played+on&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft.au=A.+Petridis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2004%2Ffeb%2F26%2Fpopandrock3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> M. Roach, This Is It-: the First Biography of the Strokes (London: Omnibus Press, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6">0-7119-9601-6</a>, pp. 42, 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicStereophonics-276"><a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicStereophonics_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Ogg" class="citation cs2">A. Ogg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110121024235/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stereophonics-p225008/biography">"Stereophonics"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stereophonics-p225008/biography">the original</a> on 21 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Stereophonics&rft.au=A.+Ogg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fstereophonics-p225008%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicColdplay-277"><a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicColdplay_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Leahey" class="citation cs2">A. Leahey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114205200/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/coldplay-p435023/biography">"Coldplay"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/coldplay-p435023/biography">the original</a> on 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Coldplay&rft.au=A.+Leahey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fcoldplay-p435023%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMPost-Hardcore-278"><a href="#cite_ref-AMPost-Hardcore_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505171528/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/post-hardcore-d12962">"Post-hardcore"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/post-hardcore-d12962">the original</a> on 5 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Post-hardcore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fpost-hardcore-d12962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicEmo-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicEmo_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicEmo_279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wWXsBzzX?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4525">"Emo"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4525">the original</a> on 15 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Emo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd4525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRogatis2003-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeRogatis2003_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeRogatis2003_280-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._DeRogatis2003" class="citation cs2">J. DeRogatis (3 October 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501150556/http://www.jimdero.com/News2003/Oct3LiveDashboard.htm">"True Confessional?"</a>, Chicago Sun-Times, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimdero.com/News2003/Oct3LiveDashboard.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=True+Confessional%3F&rft.date=2003-10-03&rft.au=J.+DeRogatis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimdero.com%2FNews2003%2FOct3LiveDashboard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.A.S._Popkin2006" class="citation cs2">H.A.S. Popkin (26 March 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/popculture/what-exactly-emo-anyway-wbna11720603">What exactly is 'emo,' anyway?</a>, MSNBC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807164925/http://www.today.com/popculture/what-exactly-emo-anyway-wbna11720603">archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017, retrieved 10 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+exactly+is+%27emo%2C%27+anyway%3F&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.au=H.A.S.+Popkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fpopculture%2Fwhat-exactly-emo-anyway-wbna11720603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMScreamo-282"><a href="#cite_ref-AMScreamo_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321210803/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/screamo-d13459">"Screamo"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/screamo-d13459">the original</a> on 21 March 2012, retrieved 25 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Screamo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fscreamo-d13459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Phares" class="citation cs2">H. Phares, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wXTt4hOr?url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/franz-ferdinand-australia-bonus-cd-r690093/review">"Franz Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand (Australia Bonus CD)"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r690093">the original</a> on 16 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Franz+Ferdinand%3A+Franz+Ferdinand+%28Australia+Bonus+CD%29&rft.au=H.+Phares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr690093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> J. DeRogatis, Turn on your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-05548-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-05548-8">0-634-05548-8</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wXTJhkeb?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13761">"New Wave/Post-Punk Revival"</a>, AllMusic, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13761">the original</a> on 16 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=New+Wave%2FPost-Punk+Revival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Fd13761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> M. Roach, This Is It-: the First Biography of the Strokes (London: Omnibus Press, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-9601-6">0-7119-9601-6</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> E.J. Abbey, Garage Rock and its Roots: Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2564-4">0-7864-2564-4</a>, pp. 108–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> P. Simpson, The Rough Guide to Cult Pop (London: Rough Guides, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-229-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-229-8">1-84353-229-8</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> P. Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-105-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-105-4">1-84353-105-4</a>, pp. 498–99, 1024–26, 1040–41, 1162–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Chris (2009). 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537371-4"><bdi>978-0-19-537371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Albums+That+Changed+Popular+Music&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537371-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> S.J. Blackman, Chilling Out: the Cultural Politics of Substance Consumption, Youth and Drug Policy (Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-20072-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-20072-9">0-335-20072-9</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElseAttwoollBeechBerry2007" class="citation book cs1">Else, David; et al. (2007). Lonely Planet Great Britain (7th ed.). London, UK: Lonely Planet. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-565-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Great+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=75&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-565-9&rft.aulast=Else&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Attwooll%2C+Jolyon&rft.au=Beech%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Berry%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Dunford%2C+George&rft.au=Symington%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Smitz, Paul (2005). Lonely Planet Australia (14th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Footscray,_Victoria" title="Footscray, Victoria">Footscray, Victoria</a>: Lonely Planet. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-740-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-740-1"><bdi>978-1-74059-740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Australia&rft.place=Footscray%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-740-1&rft.aulast=Smitz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlings-WayBennettDragicevichHunt2008" class="citation book cs1">Rawlings-Way, Charles; et al. (2008). Lonely Planet New Zealand (14th ed.). Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-816-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-816-2"><bdi>978-1-74104-816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+New+Zealand&rft.place=Footscray%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-816-2&rft.aulast=Rawlings-Way&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Dragicevich%2C+Peter&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Errol&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Emmerson,_2007_pp._80-1-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S._Emmerson,_2007_pp._80-1_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Emmerson,_2007_pp._80-1_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmerson2007" class="citation book cs1">Emmerson, Simon (2007). Living Electronic Music. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5548-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5548-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-5548-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Electronic+Music&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5548-0&rft.aulast=Emmerson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> R. Shuker, Popular Music: the Key Concepts (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34770-X">0-415-34770-X</a>, pp. 145–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmmerson2007">Emmerson 2007</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717161053/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/07/17/hip-hoprb-has-now-become-the-dominant-genre-in-the-u-s-for-the-first-time/">"Report: Hip-Hop/R&B Is The Dominant Genre In The U.S. For The First Time"</a>. Forbes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/07/17/hip-hoprb-has-now-become-the-dominant-genre-in-the-u-s-for-the-first-time/">the original</a> on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Hip-Hop%2FR%26B+Is+The+Dominant+Genre+In+The+U.S.+For+The+First+Time&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fhughmcintyre%2F2017%2F07%2F17%2Fhip-hoprb-has-now-become-the-dominant-genre-in-the-u-s-for-the-first-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geniuship-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geniuship_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geniuship_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/a/why-rock-can-t-compete-with-hip-hop-in-2017">"Why Rock Can't Compete With Hip-Hop in 2017"</a>. Genius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920173604/https://genius.com/a/why-rock-can-t-compete-with-hip-hop-in-2017">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genius&rft.atitle=Why+Rock+Can%27t+Compete+With+Hip-Hop+in+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2Fa%2Fwhy-rock-can-t-compete-with-hip-hop-in-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kdot-300"><a href="#cite_ref-kdot_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitecloud2018" class="citation web cs1">Whitecloud, Shane (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711064345/https://www.kdot.com/2018/05/15/why-did-rock-music-decline-and-can-it-make-a-comeback/">"Why Did Rock Music Decline and Can It Make a Comeback?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KDOT_(FM)" title="KDOT (FM)">KDOT</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kdot.com/2018/05/15/why-did-rock-music-decline-and-can-it-make-a-comeback/">the original</a> on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Did+Rock+Music+Decline+and+Can+It+Make+a+Comeback%3F&rft.pub=KDOT&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.aulast=Whitecloud&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdot.com%2F2018%2F05%2F15%2Fwhy-did-rock-music-decline-and-can-it-make-a-comeback%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Danny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dannyross1/2017/03/20/rock-n-roll-is-dead-no-really-this-time/">"Rock 'N' Roll Is Dead. No, Really This Time"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409184139/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dannyross1/2017/03/20/rock-n-roll-is-dead-no-really-this-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Rock+%27N%27+Roll+Is+Dead.+No%2C+Really+This+Time.&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdannyross1%2F2017%2F03%2F20%2Frock-n-roll-is-dead-no-really-this-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2016" class="citation news cs1">Flanagan, Bill (19 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/is-rock-n-roll-dead-or-just-old.html">"Opinion | Is Rock 'n' Roll Dead, or Just Old?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920174045/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/is-rock-n-roll-dead-or-just-old.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Is+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Dead%2C+or+Just+Old%3F&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F20%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fis-rock-n-roll-dead-or-just-old.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billboarddecadeend-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Billboarddecadeend_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/hot-rock-songs">"Hot Rock Songs – Decade-End"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216120649/https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/hot-rock-songs">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+Rock+Songs+%E2%80%93+Decade-End&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fdecade-end%2Fhot-rock-songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2020" class="citation web cs1">Team, uDiscover (24 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udiscovermusic.com/artist/maroon-5/">"Maroon 5"</a>. uDiscover Music. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328213730/https://www.udiscovermusic.com/artist/maroon-5/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uDiscover+Music&rft.atitle=Maroon+5&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=uDiscover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udiscovermusic.com%2Fartist%2Fmaroon-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott" class="citation web cs1">McDermott, Maeve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/03/20/news-views-how-imagine-dragons-faceless-rock-music-became-genres-future/373989002/">"News & views: How Imagine Dragons' faceless rock music became the genre's future"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227231440/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/03/20/news-views-how-imagine-dragons-faceless-rock-music-became-genres-future/373989002/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=News+%26+views%3A+How+Imagine+Dragons%27+faceless+rock+music+became+the+genre%27s+future&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fmusic%2F2018%2F03%2F20%2Fnews-views-how-imagine-dragons-faceless-rock-music-became-genres-future%2F373989002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltin" class="citation web cs1">Baltin, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebaltin/2018/11/12/why-twenty-one-pilots-are-such-a-vital-band-for-rock/">"Why Twenty One Pilots Are Such A Vital Band For Rock"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708142115/https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebaltin/2018/11/12/why-twenty-one-pilots-are-such-a-vital-band-for-rock/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+Twenty+One+Pilots+Are+Such+A+Vital+Band+For+Rock&rft.aulast=Baltin&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstevebaltin%2F2018%2F11%2F12%2Fwhy-twenty-one-pilots-are-such-a-vital-band-for-rock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis-Horsfall" class="citation web cs1">Curtis-Horsfall, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.festicket.com/magazine/features/festival-trends-2010s-representation-and-inclusivity/">"Festival Trends of The 2010s: Representation and Inclusivity"</a>. FestTicket. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+Trends+of+The+2010s%3A+Representation+and+Inclusivity&rft.pub=FestTicket&rft.aulast=Curtis-Horsfall&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.festicket.com%2Fmagazine%2Ffeatures%2Ffestival-trends-2010s-representation-and-inclusivity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/business/touring/9323647/concerts-canceled-coronavirus-list">"Here Are All the Major Music Events Canceled Due to Coronavirus (Updating)"</a>. Billboard. 3 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411053620/https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/business/touring/9323647/concerts-canceled-coronavirus-list">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Here+Are+All+the+Major+Music+Events+Canceled+Due+to+Coronavirus+%28Updating%29&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Famp%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2Ftouring%2F9323647%2Fconcerts-canceled-coronavirus-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangHuffNolfiKinane2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Yang, Rachel; Huff, Lauren; Nolfi, Joey; Kinane, Ruth (26 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/music/bts-madonna-pearl-jam-more-artists-canceling-shows-coronavirus/">"BTS, Madonna, Khalid, Billie Eilish, and more artists canceling shows over coronavirus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=BTS%2C+Madonna%2C+Khalid%2C+Billie+Eilish%2C+and+more+artists+canceling+shows+over+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Huff%2C+Lauren&rft.au=Nolfi%2C+Joey&rft.au=Kinane%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Fmusic%2Fbts-madonna-pearl-jam-more-artists-canceling-shows-coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/touring/9323647/concerts-canceled-coronavirus-list">"Concerts Canceled Due To Coronavirus: Ongoing List"</a>. Billboard. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Concerts+Canceled+Due+To+Coronavirus%3A+Ongoing+List&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2Ftouring%2F9323647%2Fconcerts-canceled-coronavirus-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/news/coronavirus-updated-list-of-tours-and-festivals-canceled-or-postponed-due-to-covid-19/">"Coronavirus: Updated List of Tours and Festivals Canceled or Postponed Due to COVID-19"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a>. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Coronavirus%3A+Updated+List+of+Tours+and+Festivals+Canceled+or+Postponed+Due+to+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2Fcoronavirus-updated-list-of-tours-and-festivals-canceled-or-postponed-due-to-covid-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeight2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Leight, Elias (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/album-delays-caused-by-covid-19-973870/">"They Were Going to Be Spring's Biggest Albums – Until COVID-19 Hit"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 1 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=They+Were+Going+to+Be+Spring%27s+Biggest+Albums+%E2%80%93+Until+COVID-19+Hit&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Leight&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-features%2Falbum-delays-caused-by-covid-19-973870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlisteinLegaspi2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Blistein, Jon; Legaspi, Althea (19 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/common-together-at-home-concert-watch-970065/">"Common Performs Classics, Freestyles During 'Together at Home' Concert"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Common+Performs+Classics%2C+Freestyles+During+%27Together+at+Home%27+Concert&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft.aulast=Blistein&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Legaspi%2C+Althea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fcommon-together-at-home-concert-watch-970065%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikel2020" class="citation web cs1">Nikel, David (29 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnikel/2020/04/29/in-pictures-denmarks-drive-in-venue-gets-around-coronavirus-event-ban/">"In Photos: Denmark's Drive-In Venue Gets Around Coronavirus Event Ban"</a>. Forbes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=In+Photos%3A+Denmark%27s+Drive-In+Venue+Gets+Around+Coronavirus+Event+Ban&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.aulast=Nikel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidnikel%2F2020%2F04%2F29%2Fin-pictures-denmarks-drive-in-venue-gets-around-coronavirus-event-ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHissong2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Hissong, Samantha (7 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/streaming-moods-genres-coronavirus-979334/">"'Hey Siri, Play Songs to Calm Me Down': What the World Is Listening to Amid COVID-19"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=%27Hey+Siri%2C+Play+Songs+to+Calm+Me+Down%27%3A+What+the+World+Is+Listening+to+Amid+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft.aulast=Hissong&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fstreaming-moods-genres-coronavirus-979334%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovenRosenborgSeekhaoYuen2020" class="citation web cs1">Joven, Jason; Rosenborg, Rutger A.; Seekhao, Nuttiiya; Yuen, Michelle (23 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.chartmetric.com/covid-19-effect-on-the-global-music-business-part-1-genre/">"COVID-19's Effect on the Global Music Business, Part 1: Genre"</a>. Chartmetric.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chartmetric&rft.atitle=COVID-19%27s+Effect+on+the+Global+Music+Business%2C+Part+1%3A+Genre&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft.aulast=Joven&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Rosenborg%2C+Rutger+A.&rft.au=Seekhao%2C+Nuttiiya&rft.au=Yuen%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.chartmetric.com%2Fcovid-19-effect-on-the-global-music-business-part-1-genre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Millman, Ethan (12 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/news/crew-nation-fund-raises-15-million-1042608/">"Aerosmith, BTS, U2 Among Contributors to Live Nation Charity Fund"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Aerosmith%2C+BTS%2C+U2+Among+Contributors+to+Live+Nation+Charity+Fund&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpro%2Fnews%2Fcrew-nation-fund-raises-15-million-1042608%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassil2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bassil, Ryan (19 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/sv/article/rpb3nr/tame-impala-elephant-video">"Tame Impala - "Elephant" Music Video"</a>. Vice (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Tame+Impala+-+%22Elephant%22+Music+Video&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft.aulast=Bassil&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fsv%2Farticle%2Frpb3nr%2Ftame-impala-elephant-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17131-lonerism/">"Tame Impala: Lonerism"</a>. Pitchfork. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Tame+Impala%3A+Lonerism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Freviews%2Falbums%2F17131-lonerism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2015" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Jamieson (14 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/14/8963045/tame-impala-currents-album-review">"Review: Tame Impala's Currents is a journey to the center of a single mind"</a>. The Verge. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Tame+Impala%27s+Currents+is+a+journey+to+the+center+of+a+single+mind&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Jamieson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2015%2F7%2F14%2F8963045%2Ftame-impala-currents-album-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2023" class="citation web cs1">Keith, Cup of (9 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@keithmiller1994/king-gizzard-and-the-lizard-wizard-have-set-a-path-to-world-domination-cf2ae378da71">"King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard have Set a Path to World Domination"</a>. Medium. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=King+Gizzard+and+the+Lizard+Wizard+have+Set+a+Path+to+World+Domination&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Cup+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40keithmiller1994%2Fking-gizzard-and-the-lizard-wizard-have-set-a-path-to-world-domination-cf2ae378da71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrue2014" class="citation web cs1">True, Everett (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/nov/13/tame-impala-australian-psychedelic-explosion">"Tame Impala kickstart the Australian psychedelic explosion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tame+Impala+kickstart+the+Australian+psychedelic+explosion&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.aulast=True&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Fnov%2F13%2Ftame-impala-australian-psychedelic-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mixdownmag.com.au/features/interviews/jay-watson-takes-us-through-the-recording-of-gums-new-album/">"Jay Watson takes us through the recording of Gum's new album"</a>. Mixdown Magazine. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mixdown+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jay+Watson+takes+us+through+the+recording+of+Gum%27s+new+album&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmixdownmag.com.au%2Ffeatures%2Finterviews%2Fjay-watson-takes-us-through-the-recording-of-gums-new-album%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diymag.com/review/album/psychedelic-porn-crumpets-fronzoli">"Psychedelic Porn Crumpets - Fronzoli"</a>. DIY. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DIY&rft.atitle=Psychedelic+Porn+Crumpets+-+Fronzoli&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiymag.com%2Freview%2Falbum%2Fpsychedelic-porn-crumpets-fronzoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europavox.com/news/panorama-brief-guide-neo-psychedelia-europe/">"Panorama: A brief guide to Neo-psychedelia in Europe"</a>. Europavox. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europavox&rft.atitle=Panorama%3A+A+brief+guide+to+Neo-psychedelia+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europavox.com%2Fnews%2Fpanorama-brief-guide-neo-psychedelia-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doomedandstoned.com/post/113056338663/davewyndorf">"Doomed & Stoned"</a>. doomedandstoned.com. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doomedandstoned.com&rft.atitle=Doomed+%26+Stoned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoomedandstoned.com%2Fpost%2F113056338663%2Fdavewyndorf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson2021" class="citation news cs1">Jefferson, J'na (5 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/06/05/olivia-rodrigo-machine-gun-kelly-willow-smith-travis-barker-among-pop-punk-revivalists/7470100002/">"Olivia Rodrigo, MGK and Willow Smith among pop-punk revivalists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Olivia+Rodrigo%2C+MGK+and+Willow+Smith+among+pop-punk+revivalists&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=J%27na&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F2021%2F06%2F05%2Folivia-rodrigo-machine-gun-kelly-willow-smith-travis-barker-among-pop-punk-revivalists%2F7470100002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nmemark-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nmemark_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nmemark_328-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2019" class="citation web cs1">Beaumont, Mark (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/mark-words-welcome-crank-wave-start-subculture-revival-2545963">"Mark, My Words: I give you crank wave, the start of the subculture revival"</a>. NME. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Mark%2C+My+Words%3A+I+give+you+crank+wave%2C+the+start+of+the+subculture+revival&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fblogs%2Fnme-blogs%2Fmark-words-welcome-crank-wave-start-subculture-revival-2545963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quietus1-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quietus1_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quietus1_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2019" class="citation web cs1">Doran, John (26 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thequietus.com/articles/27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation">"The Quietus: Black Sky Thinking - Idle Threat: Who Are The True Champions Of DIY Rock In 2020?"</a>. The Quietus. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Quietus&rft.atitle=The+Quietus%3A+Black+Sky+Thinking+-+Idle+Threat%3A+Who+Are+The+True+Champions+Of+DIY+Rock+In+2020%3F&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthequietus.com%2Farticles%2F27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perpetua-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perpetua_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perpetua_330-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerpetua2021" class="citation web cs1">Perpetua, Matthew (6 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/05/06/993931617/new-wave-post-punk-brexit-squid-dry-cleaning-black-country-new-road">"The Post-Brexit New Wave"</a>. NPR. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Post-Brexit+New+Wave&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Perpetua&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F05%2F06%2F993931617%2Fnew-wave-post-punk-brexit-squid-dry-cleaning-black-country-new-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVille2022" class="citation web cs1">DeVille, Chris (22 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereogum.com/2184403/callin-me-maybe-british-irish-buzz-bands/news/">"We Dug Through The Pile Of British And Irish Buzz Bands On Callin Me Maybe"</a>. Stereogum. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stereogum&rft.atitle=We+Dug+Through+The+Pile+Of+British+And+Irish+Buzz+Bands+On+Callin+Me+Maybe&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft.aulast=DeVille&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereogum.com%2F2184403%2Fcallin-me-maybe-british-irish-buzz-bands%2Fnews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Dolan, Jon (28 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/geese-projector-1247383/">"Geese Are Legit Indie-Rock Prodigies, Straight Out of High School"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Geese+Are+Legit+Indie-Rock+Prodigies%2C+Straight+Out+of+High+School&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-album-reviews%2Fgeese-projector-1247383%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtbf.be/jam/detail_deeper-espoirs-post-punk-a-chicago?id=10891338">"Deeper, espoirs post-punk à Chicago"</a>. RTBF radio (in French). 5 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTBF+radio&rft.atitle=Deeper%2C+espoirs+post-punk+%C3%A0+Chicago&rft.date=2021-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtbf.be%2Fjam%2Fdetail_deeper-espoirs-post-punk-a-chicago%3Fid%3D10891338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glidemagazine.com/252192/viagra-boys-set-the-bar-high-with-brash-post-punk-hijinks-on-welfare-jazz-album-review/">"Viagra Boys Set the Bar High with Brash Post-Punk Hijinks on 'Welfare Jazz' (ALBUM REVIEW)"</a>. Glide Magazine. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glide+Magazine&rft.atitle=Viagra+Boys+Set+the+Bar+High+with+Brash+Post-Punk+Hijinks+on+%27Welfare+Jazz%27+%28ALBUM+REVIEW%29&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglidemagazine.com%2F252192%2Fviagra-boys-set-the-bar-high-with-brash-post-punk-hijinks-on-welfare-jazz-album-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Angle2021" class="citation web cs1">Brad Angle (9 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarworld.com/features/new-wave-of-classic-rock">"The new wave of classic rock: 15 guitar bands you need to know about"</a>. guitarworld. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guitarworld&rft.atitle=The+new+wave+of+classic+rock%3A+15+guitar+bands+you+need+to+know+about&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft.au=Brad+Angle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarworld.com%2Ffeatures%2Fnew-wave-of-classic-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffner2023" class="citation web cs1">Schaffner, Lauryn (17 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loudwire.com/bands-leading-classic-rock-revival/">"11 Bands That Are Leading the Classic Rock Revival"</a>. Loudwire. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loudwire&rft.atitle=11+Bands+That+Are+Leading+the+Classic+Rock+Revival&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft.aulast=Schaffner&rft.aufirst=Lauryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floudwire.com%2Fbands-leading-classic-rock-revival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brake;_1990;_73-9-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brake;_1990;_73-9_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brake;_1990;_73-9_337-1">b</a> M. Brake, Comparative Youth Culture: the Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Subcultures in America, Britain, and Canada (Abingdon: Routledge, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05108-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05108-8">0-415-05108-8</a>, pp. 73–79, 90–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> P.A. Cunningham and S.V. Lab, Dress and Popular Culture (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-507-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-507-9">0-87972-507-9</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodladBibby2007" class="citation book cs1">Goodlad, Lauren M. E.; Bibby, Michael, eds. (2007). Goth: Undead Subculture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3921-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-3921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goth%3A+Undead+Subculture&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3921-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruzzi_et_al;_2000;_260-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruzzi_et_al;_2000;_260_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruzzi_et_al;_2000;_260_340-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruzzi_et_al;_2000;_260_340-2">c</a> S. Bruzzi and P. C. Gibson, Fashion Cultures: Theories, Explorations, and Analysis (Abingdon: Routledge, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20685-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20685-5">0-415-20685-5</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> G. Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3881-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3881-0">0-8166-3881-0</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> R. Coomber, The Control of Drugs and Drug Users: Reason or Reaction? (Amsterdam: CRC Press, 1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5702-188-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-5702-188-9">90-5702-188-9</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> P. Peet, Under the Influence: the Disinformation Guide to Drugs (New York: The Disinformation Company, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932857-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-932857-00-1">1-932857-00-1</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2007" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Marc (2007). Something in the Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution that Shaped a Generation. New York, NY: Random House. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50907-0"><bdi>978-0-375-50907-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+in+the+Air%3A+Radio%2C+Rock%2C+and+the+Revolution+that+Shaped+a+Generation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50907-0&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> M.T. Bertrand, Race, Rock, and Elvis (Chicago IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02586-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02586-5">0-252-02586-5</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> J. Fairley, "The 'local' and 'global' in popular music" in S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0">0-521-55660-0</a>, pp. 272–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> R. Shuker, Understanding Popular Music (Abingdon: Routledge, 1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10723-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10723-7">0-415-10723-7</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> T.E. Scheurer, American Popular Music: The Age of Rock (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-468-4">0-87972-468-4</a>, pp. 119–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> D. Horn and D. Bucley, "Disasters and accidents", in J. Shepherd, Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Media, Industry and Society (London: Continuum, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6321-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6321-5">0-8264-6321-5</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> P. Wicke, Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edn., 1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39914-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39914-9">0-521-39914-9</a>, pp. 91–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> E.T. Yazicioglu and A.F. Firat, "Clocal rock festivals as mirrors into the futures of cultures", in R.W. Belk, ed., Consumer Culture Theory (Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7623-1446-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7623-1446-X">0-7623-1446-X</a>, pp. 109–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaziciogluFirat2007" class="citation book cs1">Yazicioglu, E. T.; Firat, A. F. (7 June 2007). "Clocal Rock Festivals as Mirrors into the Futures of Cultures". In Belk, Russell W.; Sherry, John F. (eds.). Consumer Culture Theory: Volume 11. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 109–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-1446-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-1446-1"><bdi>978-0-7623-1446-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clocal+Rock+Festivals+as+Mirrors+into+the+Futures+of+Cultures&rft.btitle=Consumer+Culture+Theory%3A+Volume+11&rft.place=Bingley&rft.pages=109-14&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7623-1446-1&rft.aulast=Yazicioglu&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rft.au=Firat%2C+A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> J. Schaap and P. Berkers, "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music", IASPM Journal, vol.4(1) (2014), pp. 101–02. </li> <li id="cite_note-SchaapandBerkers2014p102-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchaapandBerkers2014p102_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchaapandBerkers2014p102_354-1">b</a> J. Schaap and P. Berkers. "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music", IASPM Journal, Vol.4 (1), (2014), p. 102, </li> <li id="cite_note-SchaapandBerkers2014p104-355">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchaapandBerkers2014p104_355-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchaapandBerkers2014p104_355-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchaapandBerkers2014p104_355-2">c</a> J. Schaap and P. Berkers, "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music", IASPM Journal, Vol.4(1), (2014), p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-rebeatmag.com-356"><a href="#cite_ref-rebeatmag.com_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation web cs1">White, Erika (28 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rebeatmag.com/music-history-primer-3-pioneering-female-songwriters-of-the-60s/">"Music History Primer: 3 Pioneering Female Songwriters of the '60s | REBEAT Magazine"</a>. Rebeatmag.com. Retrieved 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+History+Primer%3A+3+Pioneering+Female+Songwriters+of+the+%2760s+%26%23124%3B+REBEAT+Magazine&rft.pub=Rebeatmag.com&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rebeatmag.com%2Fmusic-history-primer-3-pioneering-female-songwriters-of-the-60s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auslander2004-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2004_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2004_357-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2004_357-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuslander2004" class="citation journal cs1">Auslander, Philip (28 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524032035/http://lmc.gatech.edu/~auslander/publications/quatro.pdf">"I Wanna Be Your Man: Suzi Quatro's musical androgyny"</a> (PDF). Popular Music. 23 (1). United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261143004000030">10.1017/S0261143004000030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-1430">0261-1430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191508078">191508078</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lmc.gatech.edu/~auslander/publications/quatro.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=I+Wanna+Be+Your+Man%3A+Suzi+Quatro%27s+musical+androgyny&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2004-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191508078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0261-1430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0261143004000030&rft.aulast=Auslander&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flmc.gatech.edu%2F~auslander%2Fpublications%2Fquatro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brake_1990_87–91-358">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brake_1990_87–91_358-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brake_1990_87–91_358-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrake1990" class="citation book cs1">Brake, Mike (1990). "Heavy Metal Culture, Masculinity and Iconography". In Frith, Simon; Goodwin, Andrew (eds.). On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word. Routledge. pp. 87–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metal+Culture%2C+Masculinity+and+Iconography&rft.btitle=On+Record%3A+Rock%2C+Pop+and+the+Written+Word&rft.pages=87-91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Brake&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalser1993" class="citation book cs1">Walser, Robert (1993). Running with the Devil:Power, Gender and Madness in Heavy Metal Music. Wesleyan University Press. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+with+the+Devil%3APower%2C+Gender+and+Madness+in+Heavy+Metal+Music&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Walser&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Eddy, Chuck (1 July 2011). "Women of Metal". <a href="/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a>. SpinMedia Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft.atitle=Women+of+Metal&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Kim (17 January 2013). "Queens of noise: heavy metal encourages heavy-hitting women". The Telegraph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Queens+of+noise%3A+heavy+metal+encourages+heavy-hitting+women&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> For example, vocalists <a href="/wiki/Girls_Aloud" title="Girls Aloud">Girls Aloud</a> are referred to as a "girl band" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.co.uk/fashion/view/8555/Meet-the-duo-dressing-Girls-Aloud">OK magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101120717/http://www.ok.co.uk/fashion/view/8555/Meet-the-duo-dressing-Girls-Aloud">Archived</a> 1 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/09/girlsaloud-thexfactor">Guardian</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Girlschool" title="Girlschool">Girlschool</a> are termed a "girl group" at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0320918/bio">imdb</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120728103723/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/reviews/the-hedrons-13401497.html?startindex=-1">Belfast Telegraph</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_and_listening">Further reading and listening</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading and listening">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanov, V.; Woodstra, C.; Erlewine, S. T., eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X"><bdi>0-87930-653-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Rock%3A+the+Definitive+Guide+to+Rock%2C+Pop%2C+and+Soul&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+WI&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87930-653-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1992" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/music/ten-det.php">"B.E.: A Dozen Moments in the Prehistory of Rock and Roll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Details_(magazine)" title="Details (magazine)">Details</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Details&rft.atitle=B.E.%3A+A+Dozen+Moments+in+the+Prehistory+of+Rock+and+Roll&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fmusic%2Ften-det.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=54">"Crammer: A lively cram course on the history of rock and some other things"</a> (audio). <a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Crammer%3A+A+lively+cram+course+on+the+history+of+rock+and+some+other+things&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Robinson, Richard. Pop, Rock, and Soul. New York: Pyramid Books, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0515-2660-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-0515-2660-3">0-0515-2660-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2003" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, J., ed. (2003). Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Volume II: Performance and Production. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6322-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6322-3"><bdi>0-8264-6322-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World%3A+Volume+II%3A+Performance+and+Production&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-6322-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Szatmary, David P. Rockin' in Time: a Social History of Rock-and-Roll. Third ed. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996. xvi, 320 p., ill., mostly with b&w photos. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-440678-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-440678-8">0-13-440678-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Rock music <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=rock+music">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=rock+music&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rock music at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rock" class="extiw" title="wikt:rock">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:rock_music" class="extiw" title="c:category:rock music">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rock_music" class="extiw" title="q:Rock music">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Music_Theory/Rock" class="extiw" title="b:Music Theory/Rock">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11399" class="extiw" title="d:Q11399">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by decade of origin (sub-subgenres not included)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template talk:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early 20th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940s <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1950s <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1960s <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1970s <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1980s <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1990s <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2000s <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2010s <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/28px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/42px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/56px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Portal:Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11399#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115774-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85114675">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119323761">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119323761">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125174&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527963">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541224305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644564">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&oldid=1259536135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&oldid=1259536135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Rock music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music_genres" title="Category:Rock music genres">Rock music genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_music_genres" title="Category:20th-century music genres">20th-century music genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_music_genres" title="Category:21st-century music genres">21st-century music genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Culture of the United States">Culture of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_styles_of_music" title="Category:American styles of music">American styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_culture" title="Category:African-American culture">African-American culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">African-American music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_styles_of_music" title="Category:British styles of music">British styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_fads_and_trends" title="Category:1950s fads and trends">1950s fads and trends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Popular_music" title="Category:Popular music">Popular music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Music industry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Score_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Score extension">Pages using the Score extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2017" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2017">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 18:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-2mbm6","wgBackendResponseTime":215,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.383","walltime":"3.893","ppvisitednodes":{"value":44961,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":524719,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":37901,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":99,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1099378,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3249.408 1 -total"," 59.75% 1941.360 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.07% 684.745 131 Template:ISBN"," 11.77% 382.346 131 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 9.97% 324.048 40 Template:Cite_web"," 9.73% 316.286 67 Template:Citation"," 7.97% 258.965 43 Template:Cite_book"," 4.18% 135.959 8 Template:Sfn"," 3.88% 125.962 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.62% 117.534 397 Template:Yesno-no"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.710","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9218070,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Begrand2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._DeCurtis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._Leahey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._Ogg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._Petridis2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAuslander2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuslander2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzerrad1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._Eder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaltin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassil2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBill_Dahl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlisteinLegaspi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrad_Angle2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrake1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Nixon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellBrody2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristgau,_Robert2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristgau1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristgau1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristgau1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChristgau1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristgau1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristgau1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloonan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis-Horsfall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD.A._Guarisco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeRogatisKot2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVille2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoran2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Olsen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElseAttwoollBeechBerry2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmerson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarber2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlanagan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleason1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodladBibby2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.A.S._Popkin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Phares\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHissong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskyns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurricane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI.A._Robbins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.A._Peraino1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._D\u0026#039;Angelo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._DeRogatis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Dougan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Wagner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovenRosenborgSeekhaoYuen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Sanneh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoskoff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeight2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucero2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Wilson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Abebe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPareles1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerpetua2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Unterberger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlings-WayBennettDragicevichHunt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.T._Erlewine\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFS._Borthwick_and_R._Moy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Dowling2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Peake\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonelli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkott-Myhre2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._Grierson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._Leopold2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._Potterf2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrue2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnterberger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW.E._Ketchum_III2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Lamb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Ruhlmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaksman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalser1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitburn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitecloud2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangHuffNolfiKinane2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaziciogluFirat2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung,_Charles_M.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'-\"] = 2,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"AllMusic\"] = 28,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BlackMusicHistory\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 67,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 39,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gilliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 131,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox music genre\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 34,\n [\"Music\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Rock\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 17,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 8,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weasel inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"\u003Cspan style\"] = \"\\\"color:white\\\"\u003EPortal\u003C/span\u003E\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","10.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.9"],["?","160","8.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.3"],["[others]","400","22.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-58b97c867d-mvtwb","timestamp":"20241125183014","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rock music","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rock_music","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11399","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11399","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-14T23:25:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T18:29:52Z","headline":"popular music genre"}</script> </body> </html>