CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Swing music - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f4f724ae-1096-4864-bb0f-dea9318a35af","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Swing_music","wgTitle":"Swing music","wgCurRevisionId":1250067418,"wgRevisionId":1250067418,"wgArticleId":164887,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Use dmy dates from September 2023","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Swing music","African-American music","African-American cultural history","American styles of music","Jazz genres"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Swing_music","wgRelevantArticleId":164887,"wgIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q203775","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Swing music - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Swing_music rootpage-Swing_music skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swing+music" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swing+music" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swing+music" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swing+music" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s:_Roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s:_Roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1920s: Roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s:_Roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_swing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_swing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early swing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_swing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1935–1946:_The_swing_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1935–1946:_The_swing_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1935–1946: The swing era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1935–1946:_The_swing_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s:_Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s:_Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1940s: Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s:_Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s–1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s–1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1950s–1960s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1950s–1960s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1950s–1960s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1950s–1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swingin'_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swingin'_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Swingin' pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swingin'_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_band_jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_band_jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Big band jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_band_jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-genre_swing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-genre_swing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cross-genre swing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-genre_swing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–2000:_Big_Band_nostalgia_and_swing_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–2000:_Big_Band_nostalgia_and_swing_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1960s–2000: Big Band nostalgia and swing revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–2000:_Big_Band_nostalgia_and_swing_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_to_present:_swing_house,_electro_swing,_and_swing_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_to_present:_swing_house,_electro_swing,_and_swing_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1990s to present: swing house, electro swing, and swing pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_to_present:_swing_house,_electro_swing,_and_swing_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swing music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="موسيقى السوينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى السوينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svinq" title="Svinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Svinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Свінг (жанр) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свінг (жанр)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сўінг (музыка) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сўінг (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Суинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(hudba)" title="Swing (hudba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Swing (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(Musikrichtung)" title="Swing (Musikrichtung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Swing (Musikrichtung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sving" title="Sving – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sving" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Σουίνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουίνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(jazz)" title="Swing (jazz) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Swing (jazz)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svingo_(muzikstilo)" title="Svingo (muzikstilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svingo (muzikstilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(jazz)" title="Swing (jazz) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Swing (jazz)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="موسیقی سوینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی سوینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(musique)" title="Swing (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Swing (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luasc-cheol" title="Luasc-cheol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luasc-cheol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Swing (música) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Swing (música)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%99_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="스윙 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스윙 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="סווינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סווינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svings" title="Svings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svingas_(d%C5%BEiazas)" title="Svingas (džiazas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Svingas (džiazas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szving_(zene)" title="Szving (zene) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szving (zene)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="موسيقى السوينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موسيقى السوينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(jazzmuziek)" title="Swing (jazzmuziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Swing (jazzmuziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%BA" title="スウィング・ジャズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スウィング・ジャズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing-jazz" title="Swing-jazz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Swing-jazz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(jazz)" title="Swing (jazz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Swing (jazz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(jazz)" title="Swing (jazz) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Swing (jazz)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Свинг (музыкальный жанр) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свинг (музыкальный жанр)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swing music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Свинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing" title="Swing – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Swing" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ดนตรีสวิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดนตรีสวิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(m%C3%BCzik)" title="Swing (müzik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Swing (müzik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Свінг (жанр) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свінг (жанр)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_swing" title="Nhạc swing – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhạc swing" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%96%E6%93%BA%E6%A8%82" title="搖擺樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="搖擺樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203775#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Swing_music" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swing_music"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swing_music"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Swing_music" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Swing_music" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&oldid=1250067418" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Swing_music&id=1250067418&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwing_music"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwing_music"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Swing_music&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Swing" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203775" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of jazz</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Swing_time" title="Swing time">Swing time</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Swing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland_jazz" title="Dixieland jazz">Dixieland jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1930s, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">Traditional pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Electro_swing" title="Electro swing">Electro swing</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Swing music</b> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> that developed in the United States during the late 1920s and early 1930s. It became nationally popular from the mid-1930s. Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of <a href="/wiki/Big_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bands">big bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandleaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandleaders">bandleaders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, known as the <a href="/wiki/Swing_era" title="Swing era">swing era</a>, when people were dancing the <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a>. The verb "to <a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">swing</a>" is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong <a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">groove</a> or drive. Musicians of the swing era include <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey" title="Jimmy Dorsey">Jimmy Dorsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey" title="Tommy Dorsey">Tommy Dorsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Berigan" title="Bunny Berigan">Bunny Berigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_James" title="Harry James">Harry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lunceford" title="Jimmie Lunceford">Jimmie Lunceford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swing has its roots in 1920s dance music <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensembles</a>, which began using new styles of written arrangements, incorporating rhythmic innovations pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a> and other jazzmen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the World War II era, swing began to decline in popularity, and after war, <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a> gained popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swing blended with other genres to create new musical styles. In <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullican" title="Moon Mullican">Moon Mullican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Brown" title="Milton Brown">Milton Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> introduced elements of swing along with <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> to create a genre called "<a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">roma</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a> created <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_swing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy swing">gypsy swing</a> music<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and composed the gypsy swing standard "Minor Swing".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1980s to early 1990s, new <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban</a>-styled swing-beat emerged called <a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a> (New York go-go), created by young producer <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Riley" title="Teddy Riley">Teddy Riley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1990s and into the 2000s, there was a <a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">swing revival</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Nut_Zippers" title="Squirrel Nut Zippers">Squirrel Nut Zippers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Setzer" title="Brian Setzer">Brian Setzer</a> orchestra and <a href="/wiki/Big_Bad_Voodoo_Daddy" title="Big Bad Voodoo Daddy">Big Bad Voodoo Daddy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1920s:_Roots">1920s: Roots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1920s: Roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FletcherHendersonOrchestra1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/FletcherHendersonOrchestra1925.jpg/220px-FletcherHendersonOrchestra1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/FletcherHendersonOrchestra1925.jpg/330px-FletcherHendersonOrchestra1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/FletcherHendersonOrchestra1925.jpg/440px-FletcherHendersonOrchestra1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson" title="Fletcher Henderson">Fletcher Henderson</a> (middle) with his orchestra in 1925. <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a> is sitting on the floor to the extreme left with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> above him to the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Developments in dance orchestra and jazz music during the 1920s both contributed to the development of the 1930s swing style. Starting in 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher Henderson Orchestra">Fletcher Henderson Orchestra</a> featured innovative arrangements by <a href="/wiki/Don_Redman" title="Don Redman">Don Redman</a> that featured <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-response</a> interplay between brass and reed sections, and interludes arranged to back up soloists. The arrangements also had a smoother rhythmic sense than the <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>-influenced arrangements that were the more typical "hot" dance music of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-aaj_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaj-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> joined the Henderson band, lending impetus to an even greater emphasis on soloists. The Henderson band also featured <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buster_Bailey" title="Buster Bailey">Buster Bailey</a> as soloists, who all were influential in the development of swing era instrumental styles. During the Henderson band's extended residency at the <a href="/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom" title="Roseland Ballroom">Roseland Ballroom</a> in New York, it became influential on other big bands. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> credited the Henderson band with being an early influence when he was developing the sound for his own band.<sup id="cite_ref-aaj_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaj-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925 Armstrong left the Henderson band and would add his innovations to New Orleans style jazz to develop Chicago style jazz, another step towards swing. </p><p>Traditional New Orleans style jazz was based on a two-<a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beat</a> meter and <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntal">contrapuntal</a> <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a> led by a <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, typically followed by a <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-response</a> pattern. The <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a> consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Sousaphone" title="Sousaphone">sousaphone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a>, and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>. By the early 1920s <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">pianos</a> sometimes substituted for the banjo and a <a href="/wiki/String_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="String bass">string bass</a> sometimes substituted for the sousaphone. Use of the string bass opened possibilities for 4/4 instead of 2/4 time at faster <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempos</a>, which increased <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a> freedom. The Chicago style released the soloist from the constraints of <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntal">contrapuntal</a> improvisation with other front-line instruments, lending greater freedom in creating <a href="/wiki/Melodic_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic line">melodic lines</a>. Louis Armstrong used the additional freedom of the new format with 4/4 time, accenting the second and fourth <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beats</a> and anticipating the main beats with lead-in notes in his solos to create a sense of rhythmic pulse that happened between the beats as well as on them, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">swing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927 Armstrong worked with pianist <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a>, who had a similar impact on his instrument as Armstrong had on trumpet. Hines' melodic, <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horn</a>-like conception of playing deviated from the contemporary conventions in jazz piano centered on building rhythmic patterns around "pivot notes". His approaches to rhythm and phrasing were also free and daring, exploring ideas that would define swing playing. His approach to rhythm often used accents on the lead-in instead of the main beat, and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed meter">mixed meters</a>, to build a sense of anticipation to the rhythm and make his playing swing. He also used "stops" or musical silences to build tension in his phrasing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hines' style was a seminal influence on the styles of swing-era pianists <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Wilson" title="Teddy Wilson">Teddy Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jess_Stacy" title="Jess Stacy">Jess Stacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nat_%22King%22_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat "King" Cole">Nat "King" Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erroll_Garner" title="Erroll Garner">Erroll Garner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jay_McShann" title="Jay McShann">Jay McShann</a>. </p><p>Black <a href="/wiki/Territory_band" title="Territory band">territory</a> dance bands in the southwest were developing dynamic styles that often went in the direction of blues-based simplicity, using <a href="/wiki/Riffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffs">riffs</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-response</a> pattern to build a strong, danceable rhythm and provide a musical platform for extended solos.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rhythm-heavy tunes for dancing were called "stomps". The requirement for volume led to continued use of the sousaphone over the string bass with the larger ensembles, which dictated a more conservative approach to rhythm based on 2/4 <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signatures</a>. Meanwhile, string bass players such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Page" title="Walter Page">Walter Page</a> were developing their technique to the point where they could hold down the bottom end of a full-sized dance orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Recording_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording industry">recording industry</a> in the 1920s allowed some of the more popular dance bands to gain national exposure. The most popular style of dance orchestra was the "sweet" style, often with strings. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> developed a style he called "<a href="/wiki/Symphonic_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic jazz">symphonic jazz</a>", grafting a classical approach over his interpretation of jazz rhythms in an approach he hoped would be the future of jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-Popa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berrett_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berrett-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whiteman's Orchestra enjoyed great commercial success and was a major influence on the sweet bands. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Goldkette" title="Jean Goldkette">Jean Goldkette</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Victor_Recording_Orchestra" title="Victor Recording Orchestra">Victor Recording Orchestra</a> featured many of the top white jazz musicians of the day including <a href="/wiki/Bix_Beiderbecke" title="Bix Beiderbecke">Bix Beiderbecke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey" title="Jimmy Dorsey">Jimmy Dorsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Trumbauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Trumbauer">Frank Trumbauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pee_Wee_Russell" title="Pee Wee Russell">Pee Wee Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Lang" title="Eddie Lang">Eddie Lang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Venuti" title="Joe Venuti">Joe Venuti</a>. The Victor Recording Orchestra won the respect of the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra in a Battle of the Bands; Henderson's <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornetist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rex_Stewart" title="Rex Stewart">Rex Stewart</a> credited the Goldkette band with being the most influential white band in the development of swing music before Benny Goodman's.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a dance music promoter and agent, Goldkette also helped organize and promote <a href="/wiki/McKinney%27s_Cotton_Pickers" title="McKinney's Cotton Pickers">McKinney's Cotton Pickers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glen_Gray" title="Glen Gray">Glen Gray</a>'s Orange Blossoms (later the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma_Orchestra" title="Casa Loma Orchestra">Casa Loma Orchestra</a>), two other Detroit-area bands that were influential in the early swing era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_swing">Early swing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early swing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the 1920s turned to the 1930s, the new concepts in rhythm and ensemble playing that comprised the swing style were transforming the sounds of large and small bands. Starting in 1928, <a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Hines_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl Hines Orchestra">The Earl Hines Orchestra</a> was broadcast throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">midwest</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Terrace_Cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Terrace Cafe">Grand Terrace Cafe</a> in Chicago, where Hines had the opportunity to expound upon his new approaches to rhythm and phrasing with a big band. Hines' arranger <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Mundy" title="Jimmy Mundy">Jimmy Mundy</a> would later contribute to the catalog of the <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Benny Goodman Orchestra">Benny Goodman Orchestra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Ellington Orchestra">Duke Ellington Orchestra</a> had its new sounds broadcast nationally from New York's <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cab Calloway Orchestra">Cab Calloway Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lunceford" title="Jimmie Lunceford">Jimmie Lunceford</a> Orchestra. Also in New York, the <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher Henderson Orchestra">Fletcher Henderson Orchestra</a> featured the new style at the <a href="/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom" title="Roseland Ballroom">Roseland Ballroom</a> and the swing powerhouse <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chick Webb Orchestra">Chick Webb Orchestra</a> started its extended stay at the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Ballroom" title="Savoy Ballroom">Savoy Ballroom</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Chick_Webb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chick_Webb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Moten" title="Bennie Moten">Bennie Moten</a> and the Kansas City Orchestra showcased the <a href="/wiki/Riff_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riff (music)">riff</a>-propelled, solo-oriented form of swing that had been developing in the hothouse of Kansas City.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawn2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawn2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DriggsDirector2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DriggsDirector2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emblematic of the evolving music was the change in the name of Moten's signature tune, from "Moten Stomp" to "<a href="/wiki/Moten_Swing" title="Moten Swing">Moten Swing</a>". Moten's orchestra had a highly successful tour in late 1932. Audiences raved about the new music, and at the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Theatre_(Philadelphia)" title="Pearl Theatre (Philadelphia)">Pearl Theatre</a> in Philadelphia in December 1932, the doors were let open to the public who crammed into the theatre to hear the new sound, demanding seven encores from Moten's orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the early 1930s came the financial difficulties of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> that curtailed recording of the new music and drove some bands out of business, including the <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher Henderson Orchestra">Fletcher Henderson Orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/McKinney%27s_Cotton_Pickers" title="McKinney's Cotton Pickers">McKinney's Cotton Pickers</a> in 1934. Henderson's next business was selling arrangements to up-and-coming bandleader <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>. </p><p>At this time, "Sweet" dance music remained most popular with white audiences and was successfully showcased by bandleaders such as <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma_Orchestra" title="Casa Loma Orchestra">Casa Loma Orchestra</a> and the Benny Goodman Orchestra went against that grain, targeting the new swing style to younger audiences. Despite <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>'s claim that "sweet" music was a "weak sister" as compared to the "real music" of America, Lombardo's band enjoyed widespread popularity for decades while crossing over racial divides and was even praised by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> as one of his favorites<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1935–1946:_The_swing_era"><span id="1935.E2.80.931946:_The_swing_era"></span>1935–1946: The swing era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1935–1946: The swing era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swing_era" title="Swing era">Swing era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg/220px-BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg/330px-BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg/440px-BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Benny Goodman, one of the first swing bandleaders to achieve widespread fame</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1935 the Benny Goodman Orchestra had won a spot on the radio show <i><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(radio)" title="Let's Dance (radio)">Let's Dance</a></i> and started showcasing an updated repertoire featuring <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson" title="Fletcher Henderson">Fletcher Henderson</a> arrangements. Goodman's slot was after midnight in the East, and few people heard it. It was on earlier on the West Coast and developed the audience that later led to Goodman's <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Ballroom" title="Palomar Ballroom">Palomar Ballroom</a> triumph. At the Palomar engagement starting on 21 August 1935, audiences of young white dancers favored Goodman's rhythm and daring arrangements. The sudden success of the Goodman orchestra transformed the landscape of popular music in America. Goodman's success with "hot" swing brought forth imitators and enthusiasts of the new style throughout the world of dance bands, which launched the "swing era" that lasted until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely-tied woodwind and brass sections playing <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-response</a> to each other. The level of improvisation that the audience might expect varied with the arrangement, song, band, and band-leader. Typically included in big band swing arrangements were an introductory chorus that stated the theme, choruses arranged for soloists, and climactic out-choruses. Some arrangements were built entirely around a featured soloist or vocalist. Some bands used string or vocal sections, or both. Swing-era repertoire included the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Songbook" title="Great American Songbook">Great American Songbook</a> of Tin Pan Alley standards, band originals, traditional jazz tunes such as the "<a href="/wiki/King_Porter_Stomp" title="King Porter Stomp">King Porter Stomp</a>", with which the Goodman orchestra had a smash hit, and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>. </p><p>Hot swing music is strongly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Jitterbug" title="Jitterbug">jitterbug</a> dancing that became a national craze accompanying the swing craze. Swing dancing originated in the late 1920s as the "<a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a>", and would later incorporate other styles including <a href="/wiki/Suzie_Q_(dance_move)" title="Suzie Q (dance move)">The Suzie Q</a>, Truckin', Peckin' <a href="/wiki/Jive_(dance)" title="Jive (dance)">Jive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Apple_(dance)" title="Big Apple (dance)">The Big Apple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_shag" title="Collegiate shag">The Shag</a> in various combinations of moves. A subculture of jitterbuggers, sometimes growing quite competitive, congregated around ballrooms that featured hot swing music. A dance floor full of jitterbuggers had cinematic appeal; they were sometimes featured in newsreels and movies. Some of the top jitterbuggers gathered in professional dance troupes such as <a href="/wiki/Whitey%27s_Lindy_Hoppers" title="Whitey's Lindy Hoppers">Whitey's Lindy Hoppers</a> (featured in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Day_at_the_Races_(film)" title="A Day at the Races (film)">A Day At the Races</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Dance_(film)" title="Everybody Dance (film)">Everybody Dance</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hellzapoppin%27_(film)" title="Hellzapoppin' (film)">Hellzapoppin'</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing dancing</a> would outlive the swing era, becoming associated with <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Rock%26Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock&Roll">Rock&Roll</a>. </p><p>As with many new popular musical styles, swing met with some resistance because of its improvisation, tempo, occasionally risqué lyrics, and frenetic <a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">dancing</a>. Audiences used to traditional "sweet" arrangements, such as those offered by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Kaye" title="Sammy Kaye">Sammy Kaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kay_Kyser" title="Kay Kyser">Kay Kyser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a>, were taken aback by the rambunctiousness of swing music. Swing was sometimes regarded as light entertainment, more of an industry to sell records to the masses than a form of art, among fans of both jazz and "serious" music. Some jazz critics such as <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Panassi%C3%A9" title="Hugues Panassié">Hugues Panassié</a> held the polyphonic improvisation of New Orleans jazz to be the pure form of jazz, with swing a form corrupted by regimentation and commercialism. Panassié was also an advocate of the theory that jazz was a primal expression of the black American experience and that white musicians, or black musicians who became interested in more sophisticated musical ideas, were generally incapable of expressing its core values.<sup id="cite_ref-Gennari_2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gennari_2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1941 autobiography, <a href="/wiki/W._C._Handy" title="W. C. Handy">W. C. Handy</a> wrote that "prominent white orchestra leaders, concert singers and others are making commercial use of Negro music in its various phases. That's why they introduced "swing" which is not a musical form" (no comment on Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Duke Ellington, or Count Basie).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a> revival started in the late 1930s as a self-conscious re-creation of New Orleans jazz in reaction against the orchestrated style of big band swing. Some swing bandleaders saw opportunities in the Dixieland revival. <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey" title="Tommy Dorsey">Tommy Dorsey's Clambake Seven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Crosby" title="Bob Crosby">Bob Crosby's Bobcats</a> were examples of Dixieland ensembles within big swing bands. </p><p>Between the poles of hot and sweet, middlebrow interpretations of swing led to great commercial success for bands such as those led by <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey" title="Tommy Dorsey">Tommy Dorsey</a>. Miller's trademark clarinet-led reed section was decidedly "sweet", but the Miller catalog had no shortage of bouncy, medium-tempo dance tunes and some up-tempo tunes such as <i>Mission to Moscow</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a> composition "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Home" title="Flying Home">Flying Home</a>". "The Sentimental Gentleman of Swing" Tommy Dorsey made a nod to the hot side by hiring jazz trumpeter and Goodman alumnus <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Berigan" title="Bunny Berigan">Bunny Berigan</a>, then hiring <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lunceford" title="Jimmie Lunceford">Jimmie Lunceford</a>'s arranger <a href="/wiki/Sy_Oliver" title="Sy Oliver">Sy Oliver</a> to spice up his catalog in 1939. </p><p>New York became a touchstone for national success of big bands, with nationally broadcast engagements at the <a href="/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom" title="Roseland Ballroom">Roseland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Ballroom" title="Savoy Ballroom">Savoy</a> ballrooms a sign that a swing band had arrived on the national scene. With its Savoy engagement in 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie_Orchestra" title="Count Basie Orchestra">Count Basie Orchestra</a> brought the riff-and-solo oriented Kansas City style of swing to national attention. The Basie orchestra collectively and individually would influence later styles that would give rise to the smaller "jump" bands and <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chick Webb Orchestra">Chick Webb Orchestra</a> remained closely identified with the Savoy Ballroom, having originated the tune "<a href="/wiki/Stompin%27_at_the_Savoy" title="Stompin' at the Savoy">Stompin' at the Savoy</a>", and became feared in the Savoy's Battles of the Bands. It humiliated Goodman's band,<sup id="cite_ref-Chick_Webb_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chick_Webb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had memorable encounters with the Ellington and Basie bands. The Goodman band's <a href="/wiki/The_Famous_1938_Carnegie_Hall_Jazz_Concert" title="The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert">1938 Carnegie Hall Concert</a> turned into a summit of swing, with guests from the Basie and Ellington bands invited for a jam session after the Goodman band's performance. <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a> arrived back from an extended stay in Europe to New York in 1939, recorded his famous version of "<a href="/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1930_song)" title="Body and Soul (1930 song)">Body and Soul</a>", and fronted his own big band. 1940 saw top-flight musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Byas" title="Don Byas">Don Byas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Christian" title="Charlie Christian">Charlie Christian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Ramey" title="Gene Ramey">Gene Ramey</a>, whose careers in swing had brought them to New York, beginning to coalesce and develop the ideas that would become <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1940s:_Decline">1940s: Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1940s: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 1940s saw emerging trends in popular music and jazz that would, once they had run their course, result in the end of the swing era. Vocalists were becoming the star attractions of the big bands. Vocalist <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a>, after joining the Chick Webb Orchestra in 1936, propelled the band to great popularity and the band continued under her name after Webb's death in 1939. In 1940 vocalist <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Monroe" title="Vaughn Monroe">Vaughn Monroe</a> was leading his own big band and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> was becoming the star attraction of the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, inciting mass hysteria among <a href="/wiki/Bobby_soxer_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby soxer (music)">bobby-soxers</a>. Vocalist <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a> joined the Goodman Orchestra in 1941 for a two-year stint, quickly becoming its star attraction on its biggest hits. Some big bands were moving away from the swing styles that dominated the late 1930s, for both commercial and creative reasons. Some of the more commercial big bands catered to more "sweet" sensibilities with string sections. Some bandleaders such as <a href="/wiki/John_Kirby_(musician)" title="John Kirby (musician)">John Kirby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Scott" title="Raymond Scott">Raymond Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Thornhill" title="Claude Thornhill">Claude Thornhill</a> were fusing swing with classical repertoire. Lower manpower requirements and simplicity favored the rise of small band swing. The <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Sultans" title="Savoy Sultans">Savoy Sultans</a> and other smaller bands led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Millinder" title="Lucky Millinder">Lucky Millinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Prima" title="Louis Prima">Louis Prima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Pastor_(bandleader)" title="Tony Pastor (bandleader)">Tony Pastor</a> were showcasing an exuberant "jump swing" style that would lead to the postwar rise of <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>. In a 1939 <i>Downbeat</i> interview, Duke Ellington expressed dissatisfaction with the creative state of swing music;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within a few years he and other bandleaders would be delving into more ambitious, and less danceable, forms of orchestral jazz and the creative forefront for soloists would be moving into smaller ensembles and <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Hines_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl Hines Orchestra">The Earl Hines Orchestra</a> in 1943 featured a collection of young, forward-looking musicians who were at the core of the <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> movement and would in the following year be in the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Eckstine" title="Billy Eckstine">Billy Eckstine Orchestra</a>, the first big band to showcase bebop. As the swing era went into decline, it secured legacies in vocalist-centered popular music, "progressive" big band jazz, R&B, and bebop. </p><p>The trend away from big-band swing was accelerated by wartime conditions and royalty conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 the American Society of Composers and Producers (<a href="/wiki/ASCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP">ASCAP</a>) demanded bigger royalties from broadcasters and the broadcasters refused. Consequently, ASCAP banned the large repertoire they controlled from airplay, severely restricting what the radio audience could hear. ASCAP also demanded pre-approval of set lists and even written solos for live broadcasts, to assure that not even a quoted fragment of ASCAP repertoire was broadcast. Those restrictions made broadcast swing much less appealing for the year in which the ban was in place. Big band swing remained popular during the war years, but the resources required to support it became problematic. Wartime restriction on travel, coupled with rising expenses, curtailed road touring. The manpower requirements for big swing bands placed a burden on the scarce resources available for touring and were impacted by the military draft. In July 1942 the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> called a <a href="/wiki/1942%E2%80%9344_musicians%27_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1942–44 musicians' strike">ban on recording</a> until record labels agreed to pay royalties to musicians. That stopped recording of instrumental music for major labels for over a year, with the last labels agreeing to new contract terms in November 1944. In the meantime, vocalists continued to record backed by vocal groups and the recording industry released earlier swing recordings from their vaults, increasingly reflecting the popularity of big band vocalists. In 1943 <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> re-released the 1939 recording of "<a href="/wiki/All_or_Nothing_at_All" title="All or Nothing at All">All or Nothing at All</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Harry_James" title="Harry James">Harry James Orchestra</a> with <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, giving Sinatra top billing ("Acc. Harry James and his Orchestra"). The recording found the commercial success that had eluded its original release. Small band swing was recorded for <a href="/wiki/1942-44_musicians%27_strike#Small_specialty_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="1942-44 musicians' strike">small specialty labels</a> not affected by the ban. These labels had limited distribution centered in large urban markets, which tended to limit the size of the ensembles with which recording could be a money-making proposition. Another blow fell on the market for dance-oriented swing in 1944 when the federal government levied a 30% excise tax on "dancing" nightclubs, undercutting the market for dance music in smaller venues.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s–1960s"><span id="1950s.E2.80.931960s"></span>1950s–1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1950s–1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swingin'_pop"><span id="Swingin.27_pop"></span>Swingin' pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Swingin' pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Sinatra_laughing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Frank_Sinatra_laughing.jpg/170px-Frank_Sinatra_laughing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Frank_Sinatra_laughing.jpg/255px-Frank_Sinatra_laughing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Frank_Sinatra_laughing.jpg/340px-Frank_Sinatra_laughing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Frank Sinatra</figcaption></figure> <p>Swing bands and sales continued to decline from 1953 to 1954. In 1955, a list of top recording artists from the previous year was publicly released. The list revealed that big band sales had decreased since the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, big band music saw a revival in the 1950s and 1960s. One impetus was the demand for studio and stage orchestras as backups for popular vocalists, and in radio and television broadcasts. Ability to adapt performing styles to various situations was an essential skill among these bands-for-hire, with a somewhat sedated version of swing in common use for backing up vocalists. The resurgent commercial success of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> with a mildly swinging backup during the mid-1950s solidified the trend. It became a sound associated with pop vocalists such as <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Darin" title="Bobby Darin">Bobby Darin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a>, as well as jazz-oriented vocalists such as <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keely_Smith" title="Keely Smith">Keely Smith</a>. Many of these singers were also involved in the "less swinging" vocal pop music of this period. The bands in these contexts performed in relative anonymity, receiving secondary credit beneath the top billing. Some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Riddle" title="Nelson Riddle">Nelson Riddle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jenkins" title="Gordon Jenkins">Gordon Jenkins</a> Orchestras, became well known in their own right, with Riddle particularly associated with the success of Sinatra and Cole. Swingin' pop remained popular into the mid-1960s, becoming one current of the "easy listening" genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_band_jazz">Big band jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Big band jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Big band jazz made a comeback as well. The <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kenton" title="Stan Kenton">Stan Kenton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a> bands maintained their popularity during lean years of the late 1940s and beyond, making their mark with innovative arrangements and high-level jazz soloists (<a href="/wiki/Shorty_Rogers" title="Shorty Rogers">Shorty Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Pepper" title="Art Pepper">Art Pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Winding" title="Kai Winding">Kai Winding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Getz" title="Stan Getz">Stan Getz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Cohn" title="Al Cohn">Al Cohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Sims" title="Zoot Sims">Zoot Sims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Chaloff" title="Serge Chaloff">Serge Chaloff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Ammons" title="Gene Ammons">Gene Ammons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sal_Nistico" title="Sal Nistico">Sal Nistico</a>). Lionel Hampton was a leader in the <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a> genre during the late 1940s then re-entered big band jazz in the early 1950s, remaining a popular attraction through the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> had both downsized their big bands during the first half of the 1950s, then reconstituted them by 1956. Ellington's venture back into big band jazz was encouraged by its reception at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Newport_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Newport Jazz Festival">1956 Newport Jazz Festival</a>. The Basie and Ellington bands flourished creatively and commercially through the 1960s and beyond, with both veteran leaders receiving high acclaim for their contemporary work and performing until they were physically unable. Drummer <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Rich" title="Buddy Rich">Buddy Rich</a>, after briefly leading one big band during the late 1940s and performing in various jazz and big band gigs, formed his definitive big band in 1966. His name became synonymous with the dynamic, exuberant style of his big band. Other big jazz bands that drove the 1950s–60s revival include those led by <a href="/wiki/Thad_Jones" title="Thad Jones">Thad Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Lewis" title="Mel Lewis">Mel Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Nelson" title="Oliver Nelson">Oliver Nelson</a>. Big band jazz remains a major component of college jazz instruction curricula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cross-genre_swing">Cross-genre swing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cross-genre swing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In country music <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullican" title="Moon Mullican">Moon Mullican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> combined elements of swing and blues to create a <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a>. Mullican left the <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Bruner" title="Cliff Bruner">Cliff Bruner</a> band to pursue solo career that included many songs that maintained a swing structure. Artists like <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asleep_at_the_Wheel" title="Asleep at the Wheel">Asleep at the Wheel</a> have continued the swing elements of country music. Asleep at the Wheel has also recorded the Count Basie tunes "<a href="/wiki/One_O%27Clock_Jump" title="One O'Clock Jump">One O'Clock Jump</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Jumpin%27_at_the_Woodside" title="Jumpin' at the Woodside">Jumpin' at the Woodside</a>", and "Song of the Wanderer" using a steel guitar as a stand-in for a horn section. <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a> followed Sinatra into pop music, bringing with him a similar combination of swing and ballads. Like Mullican, he was important in bringing piano to the fore of popular music. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_swing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy swing">Gypsy swing</a> is an outgrowth of the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">jazz violin</a> swing of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Venuti" title="Joe Venuti">Joe Venuti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Lang" title="Eddie Lang">Eddie Lang</a>. In Europe it was heard in the music of guitarist <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a> and violinist <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli" title="Stéphane Grappelli">Stéphane Grappelli</a>. Their repertoire overlaps 1930s swing, including French popular music, gypsy songs, and compositions by Reinhardt, but gypsy swing bands are formulated differently. There is no brass or percussion; guitars and bass form the backbone, with violin, accordion, clarinet or guitar taking the lead. Gypsy swing groups generally have no more than five players. Although they originated in different continents, similarities have often been noted between gypsy swing and Western swing]l, leading to various fusions. </p><p>Rock music hitmakers like <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> included swing-era standards in their repertoire, making <a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">crooning</a> ballads "<a href="/wiki/Are_You_Lonesome_Tonight%3F_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Are You Lonesome Tonight? (song)">Are You Lonesome Tonight</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/My_Blue_Heaven_(song)" title="My Blue Heaven (song)">My Blue Heaven</a>" into rock and roll-era hits. The <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a> vocal group <a href="/wiki/The_Marcels" title="The Marcels">the Marcels</a> had a big hit with their lively version of the swing-era ballad "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(1934_song)" title="Blue Moon (1934 song)">Blue Moon</a>". </p><p>Multi-genre mandolinist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_C._%22Jethro%22_Burns" title="Kenneth C. "Jethro" Burns">Jethro Burns</a> is widely known for playing Swing, Jazz, and many other forms of the genre on the mandolin. He has produced many albums that feature Jazz rhythms and swing chord progressions. He is often considered "The Father of Jazz Mandolin". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s–2000:_Big_Band_nostalgia_and_swing_revival"><span id="1960s.E2.80.932000:_Big_Band_nostalgia_and_swing_revival"></span>1960s–2000: Big Band nostalgia and swing revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1960s–2000: Big Band nostalgia and swing revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></div> <p>Though swing music was no longer mainstream, fans could attend "Big Band Nostalgia" tours from the 1970s into the 1980s. The tours featured bandleaders and vocalists of the swing era who were semi-retired, such as Harry James and vocalist Dick Haymes. Historically-themed radio broadcasts featuring period comedy, melodrama, and music also played a role in sustaining interest in the music of the swing era. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hicks_and_His_Hot_Licks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Hicks and His Hot Licks">Dan Hicks and His Hot Licks</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/David_Grisman" title="David Grisman">David Grisman</a>, presented adaptations of Gypsy Swing, rekindling interest in the musical form. Other swing revivals occurred during the 1970s. The jazz, R&B, and swing revival vocal group <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Transfer_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Transfer (band)">Manhattan Transfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> included swing era hits on albums during the early 1970s. In Seattle the New Deal Rhythm Band and the Horns O Plenty Orchestra revived 1930s swing with a dose of comedy behind vocalists Phil "De Basket" Shallat, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Bentyne" title="Cheryl Bentyne">Cheryl "Benzene" Bentyne</a>, and six-foot-tall "Little Janie" Lambert. Bentyne would leave the New Deal Rhythm Band in 1978 for her long career with Manhattan Transfer. Founding leader of the New Deal Rhythm Band <a href="/wiki/John_Holte" title="John Holte">John Holte</a> led swing revival bands in the Seattle area until 2003. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a> occurred during the 1990s and 2000s led by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Crown_Revue" title="Royal Crown Revue">Royal Crown Revue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bad_Voodoo_Daddy" title="Big Bad Voodoo Daddy">Big Bad Voodoo Daddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cherry_Poppin%27_Daddies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cherry Poppin' Daddies">The Cherry Poppin' Daddies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Nut_Zippers" title="Squirrel Nut Zippers">Squirrel Nut Zippers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavay_Smith" title="Lavay Smith">Lavay Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Setzer" title="Brian Setzer">Brian Setzer</a>. Many of the bands played <a href="/wiki/Neo-swing" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-swing">neo-swing</a> which combined swing with <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, and rock. The music brought a revival in swing dancing. </p><p>In 2001 <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/Swing_When_You%27re_Winning" title="Swing When You're Winning">Swing When You're Winning</a></i> consisted mainly of popular swing covers. The album sold more than 7 million copies worldwide. In November 2013, Robbie Williams released <i><a href="/wiki/Swings_Both_Ways" title="Swings Both Ways">Swings Both Ways</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s_to_present:_swing_house,_electro_swing,_and_swing_pop"><span id="1990s_to_present:_swing_house.2C_electro_swing.2C_and_swing_pop"></span>1990s to present: swing house, electro swing, and swing pop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990s to present: swing house, electro swing, and swing pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another modern development consists of fusing swing (original, or remixes of classics) with <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> techniques. "Swing house" is a sub genre of swing that has been influenced by the likes of Louis Jordan and Louis Prima. <a href="/wiki/Electro_swing" title="Electro swing">Electro swing</a> is mainly popular in Europe, and electro swing artists incorporate influences such as <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a> and Django Reinhardt's gypsy swing. Leading artists include <a href="/wiki/Caravan_Palace" title="Caravan Palace">Caravan Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parov_Stelar" title="Parov Stelar">Parov Stelar</a>, who became popular in the late 2010s. Musically, Electro Swing is a misnomer as it usually samples music from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston Era</a> of the 1920s and doesn't actually <a href="/wiki/Swing_time" title="Swing time">swing</a>. Both genres of swing house and electro swing have been connected with the revival of swing dances, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lindy_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindy hop">Lindy hop</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no citation in the section (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/27px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/40px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/53px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">Interbellum Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of music styles">List of music styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing (dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing (jazz performance style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Dixieland_Jass_Band" title="Original Dixieland Jass Band">Original Dixieland Jass Band</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/swing-swing-swing-the-best-jazz-bandleaders-of-all-time/">Swing, Swing,Swing</a> Retrieved 11 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConsidine1993" class="citation web cs1">Considine, J. D. (5 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-12-05-1993339172-story.html">"The missing link in the evolution of JUMP BLUES"</a>. <i>Baltimoresun.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimoresun.com&rft.atitle=The+missing+link+in+the+evolution+of+JUMP+BLUES&rft.date=1993-12-05&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1993-12-05-1993339172-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, "Jazz Guitar and Western Swing", p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dregni, Michael (2008). Gypsy Jazz: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531192-1">978-0-19-531192-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dregni, Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516752-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516752-X">0-19-516752-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/teddy-riley-mn0000018176">Teddie Riley</a> Retrieved 11 December 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGensler2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Gensler, Andy (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7393638/squirrel-nut-zippers-puffer-song-premiere">"Squirrel Nut Zippers Reissuing 'Hot' - Listen to Unreleased 1991 Song 'The Puffer': Exclusive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Squirrel+Nut+Zippers+Reissuing+%27Hot%27+-+Listen+to+Unreleased+1991+Song+%27The+Puffer%27%3A+Exclusive&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Gensler&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F7393638%2Fsquirrel-nut-zippers-puffer-song-premiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://napavalleyregister.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/mondavi-swings-to-the-jive-of-big-bad-voodoo-daddy/article_da5768f4-4b0d-5313-b6b7-6ecb43bf9a5d.html">Mondavi swings to the jive of Big Bad Voodoo Daddy</a> Retrieved 11 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaj-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaj_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaj_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/musician.php?id=7571#.ULZrjofhpMt">"Fletcher Henderson"</a>. Musicians.allaboutjazz.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fletcher+Henderson&rft.pub=Musicians.allaboutjazz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicians.allaboutjazz.com%2Fmusician.php%3Fid%3D7571%23.ULZrjofhpMt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harker, Brian C., 1997, Early Musical Development of Louis Armstrong, 1921–1928, unpublished PhD Dissertation, Columbia University, 390 p. plus Appendix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Richard (2005), Jazz Encyclopedia, London: Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102646-6">978-0-14-102646-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirchner, Bill, ed. (2000), The Oxford Companion to Jazz, New York: Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518359-7">978-0-19-518359-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Ross, Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1972, 291 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels2006_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels2006_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2006" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Douglas Henry (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3tmQ4w1uR8C&pg=PA144"><i>One O'clock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils</i></a>. Beacon Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7136-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-7136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+O%27clock+Jump%3A+The+Unforgettable+History+of+the+Oklahoma+City+Blue+Devils&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-7136-6&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3tmQ4w1uR8C%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popa-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popa_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopa2007" class="citation web cs1">Popa, Christopher (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigbandlibrary.com/paulwhiteman.html">"Big Band Library: Paul Whiteman"</a>. <i>www.bigbandlibrary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bigbandlibrary.com&rft.atitle=Big+Band+Library%3A+Paul+Whiteman&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Popa&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigbandlibrary.com%2Fpaulwhiteman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berrett-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berrett_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrett2008" class="citation book cs1">Berrett, Joshua (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXdsTTQqUjkC&q=Paul+Whiteman+first+big+band&pg=PA63"><i>Louis Armstrong and Paul Whiteman: Two Kings of Jazz</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300127478" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300127478"><bdi>978-0300127478</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Armstrong+and+Paul+Whiteman%3A+Two+Kings+of+Jazz&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0300127478&rft.aulast=Berrett&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXdsTTQqUjkC%26q%3DPaul%2BWhiteman%2Bfirst%2Bbig%2Bband%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redhotjazz.com/goldkette.html">"Goldkette on The Red Hot Jazz Archive"</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nye, Russell B., 1976, <i>Music in the Twenties: The Jean Goldkette Orchestra,</i> Prospects, An Annual of American Cultural Studies 1:179–203, October 1976, DOI: 10.1017/S0361233300004361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chick_Webb-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chick_Webb_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chick_Webb_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chick-webb-mn0000110604/biography">"Chick Webb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Chick+Webb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fchick-webb-mn0000110604%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawn2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawn2013_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawn2013" class="citation book cs1">Lawn, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQNdJRSDksC&pg=PA161"><i>Experiencing Jazz</i></a>. Routledge. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69960-0"><bdi>978-0-415-69960-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiencing+Jazz&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-69960-0&rft.aulast=Lawn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMQNdJRSDksC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DriggsDirector2005-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DriggsDirector2005_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriggsDirector2005" class="citation book cs1">Driggs, Frank; Director, Marr Sound Archives University of Missouri-Kansas City Chuck Haddix (1 May 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kansascityjazzfr00fran"><i>Kansas City Jazz: From Ragtime to Bebop</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kansascityjazzfr00fran/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536435-4"><bdi>978-0-19-536435-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kansas+City+Jazz%3A+From+Ragtime+to+Bebop&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536435-4&rft.aulast=Driggs&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Director%2C+Marr+Sound+Archives+University+of+Missouri-Kansas+City+Chuck+Haddix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkansascityjazzfr00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">Crump, William D. Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide. McFarland & Co. Publishers. London. 2008 p. 101 ISBN 978-0-7864-3393-3 Guy lombardo on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W2AgAAQBAJ&dq=Guy+Lombardo+The+Sweetest+music+this+side+of+heaven&pg=PA379">Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century. Stacey, Lee & Henderson, Lol. Taylor and Francis Publishers. 27 January 2014, p. 379 ISBN 9781135929466 Guy Lombardo: the Sweetest Music This Side of heaven on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oaYrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6717,4906729&dq=broadcast+hotel+shep+fields&hl=en">"The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>. 24 February 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Telegraph+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft.date=1981-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DoaYrAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6717%2C4906729%26dq%3Dbroadcast%2Bhotel%2Bshep%2Bfields%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/24/obituaries/shep-fields-leader-of-big-band-knowen-for-rippling-rythem.html">"SHEP FIELDS, LEADER OF BIG BAND KNOWEN FOR RIPPLING RYTHEM (Published 1981)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 24 February 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SHEP+FIELDS%2C+LEADER+OF+BIG+BAND+KNOWEN+FOR+RIPPLING+RYTHEM+%28Published+1981%29&rft.date=1981-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F02%2F24%2Fobituaries%2Fshep-fields-leader-of-big-band-knowen-for-rippling-rythem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GGTAgAAQBAJ&dq=Palmer+House+Shep+Fields&pg=PT727">Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Hoffman, Fred. 2004 Shep Fields at the Empire Room of the Palmer House Hotel on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKgJNIaWn1IC&q=Shep+Fields+society+band&pg=PA95"><i>America's Music Makers: Big bands and Ballrooms 1912-2011</i> Jack Behrens.AuthorHouse, Indiana, 2010 p. 95 Shep Fields society band broadcasting on radio from the Palmer House on Books.Google.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/02/23/Bandleader-Shep-Fields-who-rose-to-fame-in-the/6536351752400/">Shep Fields Obituary - United Press International Feb. 23, 1981 on UPI.com/Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W2AgAAQBAJ&dq=Guy+Lombardo+recordings&pg=PA379">Encyclopedia of music in the 20th Century. Stacey, Lee. Henderson, Lol Editors. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group London 2014 p. 379 Guy Lombardo Biography on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__DTvryrBZkC&dq=Guy+Lombardo+band+popularity&pg=PA472">Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Volume 8- Genres North America. Horn, David. Shephard, John Editors. Bloombury Publishing 2012 p. 472 "Armstrong and Lombardo did not view their worlds as diametrically opposed, nor did many other contemporary musicians of the 1930s. ...Lombardo himself always took great pride in the number of black orchestras that imitated his style." Guy lombardo band popularity on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swingmusic.net/getset.html">"Jazz History Part II"</a>. <i>www.swingmusic.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swingmusic.net&rft.atitle=Jazz+History+Part+II&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swingmusic.net%2Fgetset.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gennari_2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gennari_2006_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dcxlWTZPK-AC&pg=PA58">Blowin' Hot and Cool: Jazz and Its Critics</a>,</i> by John Remo Gennari, PhD (born 1960), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> (2006), pg. 58; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/701053921">701053921</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy1941" class="citation book cs1">Handy, William Christopher (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherofbluesaut00wcha_0"><i>Father of the Blues</i></a>. MacMillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherofbluesaut00wcha_0/page/292">292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+of+the+Blues&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=William+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatherofbluesaut00wcha_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It's not very difficult to understand the evolution of jazz into Swing. Ten years ago this type of music was flourishing, albeit amidst adverse conditions and surrounded by hearty indifference....It is the repetition and monotony of present-day Swing arrangements which bode ill for the future." <i>Downbeat</i>, February 1939, pp. 2–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030809234911/http://www.swingmusic.net/Big_Band_Era_Recording_Ban_Of_1942.html">"The 1942 Recording Ban and the ASCAP/BMI War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swingmusic.net/Big_Band_Era_Recording_Ban_Of_1942.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1942+Recording+Ban+and+the+ASCAP%2FBMI+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swingmusic.net%2FBig_Band_Era_Recording_Ban_Of_1942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stomping the Blues</i>. By Albert Murray. Da Capo Press. 2000. pages 109, 110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02211-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02211-4">0-252-02211-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06508-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06508-5">0-252-06508-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1972" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Leo (1972). <i>The Wonderful Era of the Great Dance Bands</i>. <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+Era+of+the+Great+Dance+Bands&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwing+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Erenberg, Lewis A. <i>Swingin' the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture</i> (1998)</li> <li>Gitler, Ira. <i>Swing to Bop: An Oral History of the Transition in Jazz in the 1940s</i> (1987)</li> <li>Hennessey, Thomas J. <i>From Jazz to Swing: African-Americans and Their Music, 1890–1935</i> (1994).</li> <li>Schuller, Gunther. <i>The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930–1945</i> (1991)</li> <li>Spring, Howard. "Swing and the Lindy Hop: Dance, Venue, Media, and Tradition". <i>American Music</i>, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp. 183–207.</li> <li>Stowe, David. <i>Swing Changes: Big-Band Jazz in New Deal America</i> (1996)</li> <li>Tucker, Sherrie. <i>Swing Shift: 'All-Girl' Bands of the 1940s</i> (2000)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jazz" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz" title="Template:Jazz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jazz" title="Template talk:Jazz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jazz" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_jazz" title="Outline of jazz">Outline of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(word)" title="Jazz (word)">Jazz (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">Jazz band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">Jam session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">Jazz drumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">Jazz guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn_in_jazz" title="French horn in jazz">French horn in jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_trombone" title="Jazz trombone">Jazz trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Women in jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-bop" title="Neo-bop">Neo-bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">Post-bop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz">Cool jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Base" title="M-Base">M-Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_jazz" title="Mainstream jazz">Mainstream jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">Orchestral jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_jazz" title="Spiritual jazz">Spiritual jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz">Sacred jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">Stride</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Trad jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians" title="List of jazz musicians">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_bassists" title="List of jazz bassists">Bassists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet" title="List of jazz musicians">Clarinetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_drummers" title="List of jazz drummers">Drummers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_guitarists" title="List of jazz guitarists">Guitarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_organists" title="List of jazz organists">Organists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_percussionists" title="List of jazz percussionists">Percussionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_pianists" title="List of jazz pianists">Pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_saxophonists" title="List of jazz saxophonists">Saxophonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">Vibraphonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_violinists" title="List of jazz violinists">Violinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_vocalists" title="List of jazz vocalists">Vocalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Musicians by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bebop_musicians" title="List of bebop musicians">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians" title="List of chamber jazz musicians">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">Cool jazz and West Coast jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_bop_musicians" title="List of hard bop musicians">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians" title="List of jazz fusion musicians">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scat_singers" title="List of scat singers">Scat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians" title="List of smooth jazz musicians">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_jazz_musicians" title="List of soul jazz musicians">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">Swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1920s jazz standards">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1930s jazz standards">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1940s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1940s jazz standards">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-1950_jazz_standards" title="List of post-1950 jazz standards">post-1950</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Discographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Records" title="Bethlehem Records">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records_discography" title="Blue Note Records discography">Blue Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYG_Records" title="BYG Records">BYG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_Records" title="Cobblestone Records">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Records" title="Contemporary Records">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP-Disk" title="ESP-Disk">ESP-Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records" title="Flying Dutchman Records">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Records" title="Freedom Records">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Merchant" title="Groove Merchant">Groove Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records_discography" title="Impulse! Records discography">Impulse!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Navigation" title="India Navigation">India Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMT_Records" title="JMT Records">JMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Records" title="Landmark Records">Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Records" title="Mainstream Records">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Records_discography" title="Milestone Records discography">Milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records" title="MPS Records">MPS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records_discography" title="MPS Records discography">MPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Records" title="Muse Records">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records_discography" title="Prestige Records discography">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records_discography" title="Riverside Records discography">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-East_Records" title="Strata-East Records">Strata-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records_discography" title="Verve Records discography">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_%26_Winter_Records" title="Winter & Winter Records">Winter & Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Beaches International Jazz Festival">Beaches (Toronto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Cape Town International Jazz Festival">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Jazz_Festival" title="Chicago Jazz Festival">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival" title="Copenhagen Jazz Festival">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_Jazz" title="Pori Jazz">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucia Jazz Festival">Saint Lucia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">Contrafacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations" title="List of jazz institutions and organizations">Institutions and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_royalty" title="Jazz royalty">Jazz royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">Jazz theory</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz_theory" title="Template:Jazz theory">See Template: Jazz theory</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">Second line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_venues" title="List of jazz venues">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-jazz" title="Ethio-jazz">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz" title="Music of Malawi">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_jazz" title="Armenian jazz">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_jazz" title="Azerbaijani jazz">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_mugham" title="Jazz mugham">Jazz mugham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_jazz" title="Indo jazz">Indo jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_jazz" title="Sitar in jazz">Sitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_jazz" title="Balkan jazz">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_jazz" title="Bulgarian jazz">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_jazz" title="Belgian jazz">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Jazz in Czechoslovakia">Czech and Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_jazz" title="Danish jazz">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_jazz" title="Dutch jazz">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_free_jazz" title="European free jazz">European free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_jazz" title="German jazz">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_jazz" title="Polish jazz">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_jazz" title="Swedish jazz">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Cuban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz" title="Music of Baltimore">Baltimore jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago#Jazz" title="Music of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Blues_and_jazz" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C.#Jazz" title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Oceanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_jazz" title="Australian jazz">Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">South American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethno_jazz" title="Ethno jazz">Ethno jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_jazz" title="Bibliography of jazz">Bibliography of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">Straight-ahead jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_jazz" title="1920s in jazz">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s_in_jazz" title="1930s in jazz">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s_in_jazz" title="1940s in jazz">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_jazz" title="1950s in jazz">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_jazz" title="1960s in jazz">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_jazz" title="1970s in jazz">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_jazz" title="1980s in jazz">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_jazz" title="1990s in jazz">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_jazz" title="2000s in jazz">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_jazz" title="2010s in jazz">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_jazz" title="2020 in jazz">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_jazz" title="2021 in jazz">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_jazz" title="2022 in jazz">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotica" title="Exotica">Exotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_piano" title="Novelty piano">Novelty ragtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_covers_of_Blue_Note_Records" title="Album covers of Blue Note Records">Album covers of Blue Note Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(miniseries)" title="Jazz (miniseries)"><i>Jazz</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Round_Midnight_(film)" title="Round Midnight (film)">Round Midnight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/15px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/23px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/30px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203775#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4153450-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90002707">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Swing (jazz)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12210583w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Swing (jazz)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12210583w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="swing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126343&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Swing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX536696">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556288805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&oldid=1250067418">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&oldid=1250067418</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swing_music" title="Category:Swing music">Swing music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">African-American music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_cultural_history" title="Category:African-American cultural history">African-American cultural history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_styles_of_music" title="Category:American styles of music">American styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jazz_genres" title="Category:Jazz genres">Jazz genres</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 08:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_music&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r5498","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.621","walltime":"0.777","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3985,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":88862,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3113,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":99802,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 624.487 1 -total"," 34.12% 213.081 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.44% 108.903 8 Template:Cite_web"," 12.31% 76.901 1 Template:Jazzfooter"," 12.19% 76.127 3 Template:Navbox"," 11.66% 72.800 1 Template:Infobox_music_genre"," 11.04% 68.957 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.50% 59.331 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.19% 51.127 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.32% 39.455 1 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.341","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6797420,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4qzqr","timestamp":"20241122140956","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Swing music","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swing_music","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q203775","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q203775","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-03T21:02:29Z","dateModified":"2024-10-08T08:58:58Z","headline":"style of jazz"}</script> </body> </html>