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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parietal eye</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عين جدارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عين جدارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%96" title="প্যারিটাল চোখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারিটাল চোখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull_parietal" title="Ull parietal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ull parietal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariet%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_oko" title="Parietální oko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parietální oko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheitelauge" title="Scheitelauge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scheitelauge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_parietal" title="Ojo parietal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ojo parietal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="چشم سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_%C5%93il_(biologie)" title="Troisième œil (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième œil (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhio_parietale" title="Occhio parietale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occhio parietale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" title="עין הקודקוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עין הקודקוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fejtet%C5%91i_szem" title="Fejtetői szem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fejtetői szem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_oog" title="Derde oog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde oog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal%C3%B8ye" title="Pinealøye – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pinealøye" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko_ciemieniowe" title="Oko ciemieniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oko ciemieniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olho_parietal" title="Olho parietal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Olho parietal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Теменной глаз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теменной глаз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parietal eye" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryetal_g%C3%B6z" title="Paryetal göz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paryetal göz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%85%E9%A1%B6%E7%9C%BC" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineal_foramen&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal foramen">Pineal foramen</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the epithalamus</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frog_parietal_eye.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Frog_parietal_eye.JPG/250px-Frog_parietal_eye.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Frog_parietal_eye.JPG/375px-Frog_parietal_eye.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Frog_parietal_eye.JPG/500px-Frog_parietal_eye.JPG 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>The parietal <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> (very small grey oval between the regular eyes) of a juvenile bullfrog (<i><a href="/wiki/Lithobates_catesbeianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithobates catesbeianus">Lithobates catesbeianus</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anolis_carolinensis_parietal_eye.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Anolis_carolinensis_parietal_eye.JPG/250px-Anolis_carolinensis_parietal_eye.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Anolis_carolinensis_parietal_eye.JPG/375px-Anolis_carolinensis_parietal_eye.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Anolis_carolinensis_parietal_eye.JPG/500px-Anolis_carolinensis_parietal_eye.JPG 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Adult <a href="/wiki/Green_anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Green anole">green anole</a> (<i>Anolis carolinensis</i>) clearly showing the parietal eye (small grey/clear oval) at the top of its head</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_spiny_tailed_iguana_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Madagascar_spiny_tailed_iguana_cropped.jpg/250px-Madagascar_spiny_tailed_iguana_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Madagascar_spiny_tailed_iguana_cropped.jpg/375px-Madagascar_spiny_tailed_iguana_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Madagascar_spiny_tailed_iguana_cropped.jpg/500px-Madagascar_spiny_tailed_iguana_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Parietal eye of the Merrem's Madagascar swift (<i><a href="/wiki/Oplurus_cyclurus" title="Oplurus cyclurus">Oplurus cyclurus</a></i>) is surrounded by a black-and-white spot on the skin, giving it the "three-eyed" appearance</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>parietal eye</b> (<b>third eye</b>, <b>pineal eye</b>) is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Epithalamus" title="Epithalamus">epithalamus</a> in some vertebrates. The eye is at the top of the head; is photoreceptive; and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>, which regulates <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythmicity</a> and hormone production for <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hole that contains the eye is known as the <b>pineal foramen</b> or <b>parietal foramen</b>, because it is often enclosed by the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bones</a>. </p><p>The parietal eye was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leydig" title="Franz Leydig">Franz Leydig</a>, in 1872, from work with <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franz Leydig, a professor of zoology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, dissected four species of European lizards—the <a href="/wiki/Slow_worm" title="Slow worm">slow worm</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Anguis_fragilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguis fragilis">Anguis fragilis</a></i>) and three species of <i><a href="/wiki/Lacerta_(genus)" title="Lacerta (genus)">Lacerta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1872;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found cup-like protrusions under the middles of their brains. He believed the protrusions to be glandular and called them frontal organs (German <i>Stirnorgan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer" title="Walter Baldwin Spencer">Walter Baldwin Spencer</a>, an anatomist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, reported the results of his dissection of 29 species of lizards; he noted the presence of the same structure that Leydig had described. Spencer called it the pineal eye or parietal eye and noticed that it was associated with the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">parietal foramen</a> and the pineal stalk.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Nils_Holmgren" title="Nils Holmgren">Nils Holmgren</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a> zoologist, found the pineal eye in <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plectorhinchus_lineatus" title="Plectorhinchus lineatus">dogfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that the structure contained sensory cells that looked like the <a href="/wiki/Cone_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone cells">cone cells</a> of the retina,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hypothesised that the pineal eye could be a primitive light-sensing organ (<a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor</a>). The organ has become popularly known as the "third eye".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presence_in_various_animals">Presence in various animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presence in various animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parietal eye is found in the <a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>, most lizards, frogs, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">bony fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is absent in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> but was present in their closest <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>, suggesting that it was lost during the course of the mammalian evolution due to it being useless in <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endothermic</a> animals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also absent in the ancestrally endothermic ("warm-blooded") <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>. The parietal eye is also lost in <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermic</a> ("cold-blooded") archosaurs like <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, which may be grouped with archosaurs in <a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">lepidosaurs</a>, as lizards and tuatara are, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> lack a parietal eye.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third eye is much smaller than the main paired eyes; in living species, it is always covered by skin, and is usually not readily visible externally.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parietal eye is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Epithalamus" title="Epithalamus">epithalamus</a>, which can be divided into two major parts—the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal organ">epiphysis</a> (the pineal organ; or the pineal gland, if it is mostly endocrine) and the parapineal organ (often called the <i>parietal eye</i> or, if it is photoreceptive, the <i>third eye</i>). The structures arise as a single anterior <a href="/wiki/Evagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Evagination">evagination</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal</a> organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a>; during development, it divides into two bilaterally somewhat symmetric organs, which rotate their location to become a caudal pineal organ and a parapineal organ. In some species, the parietal eye protrudes through the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parietal eye's way <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (June 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of detecting light differs from the use of <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> in a normal vertebrate eye.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the oldest fossil vertebrates, including <a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">ostracoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placoderm" title="Placoderm">placoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossopterygian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossopterygian">crossopterygians</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, have in their skulls sockets that appear to have held functional third eyes. The socket remains as a <a href="/wiki/Foramen" title="Foramen">foramen</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bones</a> in many living amphibians and reptiles, although it has vanished in birds and mammals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">Lampreys</a> have two parietal eyes, one that developed from the parapineal organ and the other from the pineal organ. These are one behind the other in the centre of the upper surface of the braincase. Because lampreys are among the most primitive of all living vertebrates, it is possible that was the original condition among vertebrates, and may have allowed bottom-dwelling species to sense threats from above.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Saniwa" title="Saniwa">Saniwa</a></i>, an extinct <a href="/wiki/Varanidae" title="Varanidae">varanid</a> lizard, probably had two parietal eyes, one that developed from the pineal organ and the other from the parapineal organ. <i>Saniwa</i> is the only known <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">jawed vertebrate</a> to have both a pineal and a parapineal eye. In most vertebrates, the pineal organ forms the parietal eye, however, in lepidosaurs it is formed from the parapineal organ, which suggests that <i>Saniwa</i> re-evolved the pineal eye.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_anatomy">Comparative anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparative anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parietal eye of amphibians and reptiles appears relatively far forward in the skull; thus it may be surprising that the human <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a> appears far away from this position, tucked away between the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. Also the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bones</a>, in humans, make up a portion of the rear of the skull, far from the eyes. To understand further, note that the parietal bones formed a part of the skull lying between the eyes in <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcopterygian">sarcopterygians</a> and basal amphibians, but have moved further back in <a href="/wiki/Higher_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher vertebrates">higher vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise in the brain of the frog, the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_stalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal stalk">pineal stalk</a> arises, appears relatively further forward, as the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemispheres</a> are smaller but the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain#Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Midbrain">optic lobes</a> are far more prominent than the human <a href="/wiki/Mesencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalon">mesencephalon</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans the <a href="/wiki/Optic_tract" title="Optic tract">optic tract</a>, commissure, and <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> bridge the substantial distance between eyes and diencephalon. Likewise the pineal stalk of <i><a href="/wiki/Petromyzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon">Petromyzon</a></i> elongates very considerably during metamorphosis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogs_in_other_species">Analogs in other species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Analogs in other species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">nauplius</a> stage (first-stage larva) have a single eye atop the head. The eye has a lens and senses the direction of light but can not resolve details. More sophisticated segmented eyes develop later on the sides of their heads, but the initial eye also stays for some time. Thus it is possible to say that, at some stage of development, crustaceans also have a "third eye". Some species, like the <a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">brine shrimp</a>, retain the primary eye throughout all stages of their life. Most <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> have one or more simple eyes, called <a href="/wiki/Simple_eyes_in_arthropods#Dorsal_ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple eyes in arthropods"><i>ocelli</i></a>, between their main, <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_eye" title="Mollusc eye">Mollusc eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish" title="Vision in fish">Vision in fish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEakin1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eakin" title="Richard M. Eakin">Eakin, R. M</a> (1973). <i>The Third Eye</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Eye&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=R.+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParietal+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEakin1973" class="citation cs2">Eakin, Richard M. (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520326323-004/html">"3 Structure"</a>, <i>The Third Eye</i>, University of California Press, pp. 32–84, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520326323-004">10.1525/9780520326323-004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32632-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32632-3"><bdi>978-0-520-32632-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Third+Eye&rft.atitle=3+Structure&rft.pages=32-84&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520326323-004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-32632-3&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520326323-004%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParietal+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemming1991" class="citation journal cs1">Flemming, A. F. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10162275_149">"A third eye"</a>. <i>Culna</i> (40): 26–27 – via Sabinet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culna&rft.atitle=A+third+eye&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Flemming&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.10520%2FAJA10162275_149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParietal+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1885" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Sir Baldwin (1885). "On the Presence and Structure of the Pineal Eye in Lacertilia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvwXAAAAYAAJ&dq=baldwin+spencer+third+eye+1886&pg=PA1"><i>Quarterly Journal of Microscopy</i></a>. London. pp. 1–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Presence+and+Structure+of+the+Pineal+Eye+in+Lacertilia&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Microscopy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-76&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Sir+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvwXAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dbaldwin%2Bspencer%2Bthird%2Beye%2B1886%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParietal+eye" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurtmanAxelrod1965" class="citation journal cs1">Wurtman, R. 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(1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14298722">"The pineal gland"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>213</b> (1): 50–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965SciAm.213a..50W">1965SciAm.213a..50W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0765-50">10.1038/scientificamerican0765-50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14298722">14298722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+pineal+gland&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-60&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0765-50&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14298722&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965SciAm.213a..50W&rft.aulast=Wurtman&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Axelrod%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F14298722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParietal+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2022" class="citation news cs1">Pearce, J.M.S. 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height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/210px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/280px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eyes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">Compound eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_eye" title="Eagle eye">Eagle eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">Eye shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">Mammalian eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_eye" title="Mollusc eye">Mollusc eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod eye">gastropod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holochroal_eye" title="Holochroal eye">Holochroal eye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parietal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizochroal_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizochroal eye">Schizochroal eye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Evolution of color vision in primates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coloration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">coincident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot (mimicry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness_in_animals" title="Blindness in animals">Blindness in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus" title="Eyespot apparatus">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)" title="Feature detection (nervous system)">Feature detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocular_deprivation" title="Monocular deprivation">Monocular deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">Ommatidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_(bone)" title="Palpebral (bone)">Palpebral (bone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopupil" title="Pseudopupil">Pseudopupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalium" title="Rhopalium">Rhopalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&oldid=1250422981">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parietal_eye&oldid=1250422981</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lizards" title="Category:Lizards">Lizards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endocrine_system" 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