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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Scallop_eyes.jpg/440px-Scallop_eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Scallops have up to 100 simple eyes</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> have the widest variety of <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> morphologies of any <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Serb2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a large degree of variation in their function. <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a> have eyes as complex as those of vertebrates, while <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a> have up to 100 <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple eye">simple eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusc_eye&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are between seven and eleven distinct eye types in molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molluscs have eyes of all levels of complexity, from the pit eyes of many <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>, to the pinhole eyes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">Nautilus</a></i>, to the lensed eyes of the other <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>. Compound eyes are present in some bivalves, and reflective 'mirrors' have been innovated by other lineages such as <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Serb2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as varying in complexity, the eyes of molluscs span a huge range in size; they may be from 20 μm (0.0008 in) to 27 cm (11 in) across.<sup id="cite_ref-Serb2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusc_eye&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">Gastropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> have paired eyes on their heads (and sometimes tails),<sup id="cite_ref-Serb2008_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many molluscs do not have clear head regions in which to locate the eyes. Consequently, many molluscs may have a multitude of eyes in more unlikely places, such as along the edge of their shell.<sup id="cite_ref-Serb2008_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a> have a dispersed network of <a href="/wiki/Aesthete_(chiton)" title="Aesthete (chiton)">tiny eyes</a> over the surface of their shells which may act together as a compound eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Serb2008_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many gastropods have stalked eyes; the eye can be retracted into the stalk itself in the presence of danger.<sup id="cite_ref-Serb2008_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">Cephalopod eye</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusc_eye&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">Parietal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs_of_gastropods" title="Sensory organs of gastropods">Sensory organs of gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish" title="Vision in fish">Vision in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusc_eye&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Serb2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serb2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serb2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serb2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serb2008_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serb2008_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serb2008_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serb2008_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSerbEernisse2008" class="citation journal cs1">Serb, J. M.; Eernisse, D. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-008-0084-1">"Charting Evolution's Trajectory: Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution"</a>. <i>Evolution: Education and Outreach</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 439–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-008-0084-1">10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3A+Education+and+Outreach&rft.atitle=Charting+Evolution%27s+Trajectory%3A+Using+Molluscan+Eye+Diversity+to+Understand+Parallel+and+Convergent+Evolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=439-447&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12052-008-0084-1&rft.aulast=Serb&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Eernisse%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12052-008-0084-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusc+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandFernald1992" class="citation journal cs1">Land, M F; Fernald, R D (March 1992). "The Evolution of Eyes". <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245">10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Eyes&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245&rft.aulast=Land&rft.aufirst=M+F&rft.au=Fernald%2C+R+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusc+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_282_Camera-eyes-in-gastropod-molluscs/">'Camera eyes in gastropod molluscs"</a>, mapoflife.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusc_eye&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Vision in animals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Vision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameleon_vision" title="Chameleon vision">Chameleons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_vision" title="Dinosaur vision">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish" title="Vision in fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_vision" title="Mammalian vision">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_vision" title="Equine vision">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy#Vision" title="Dog anatomy">dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses#Sight" title="Cat senses">cats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish surveying its world"><img alt="Fish surveying its world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/140px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/210px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/280px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eyes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">Compound eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_eye" title="Eagle eye">Eagle eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">Eye shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">Mammalian eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mollusc eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod eye">gastropod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holochroal_eye" title="Holochroal eye">Holochroal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">Parietal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizochroal_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizochroal eye">Schizochroal eye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Evolution of color vision in primates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coloration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">coincident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot (mimicry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness_in_animals" title="Blindness in animals">Blindness in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus" title="Eyespot apparatus">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)" title="Feature detection (nervous system)">Feature detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocular_deprivation" title="Monocular deprivation">Monocular deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">Ommatidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_(bone)" title="Palpebral (bone)">Palpebral (bone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopupil" title="Pseudopupil">Pseudopupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalium" title="Rhopalium">Rhopalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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