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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جهاز بقعة عينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز بقعة عينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8Dna_mrlja" title="Očna mrlja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Očna mrlja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botanika)" title="Stigma (botanika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stigma (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augenfleck" title="Augenfleck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augenfleck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancha_ocular" title="Mancha ocular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mancha ocular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(biologie)" title="Stigma (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stigma (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plamka_oczna" title="Plamka oczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plamka oczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Стигма (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стигма (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyespot" title="Eyespot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eyespot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Очна мрља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Очна мрља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot (mimicry)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Eyespot (disambiguation)">Eyespot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euglena_-_schema.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Euglena_-_schema.svg/220px-Euglena_-_schema.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Euglena_-_schema.svg/330px-Euglena_-_schema.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Euglena_-_schema.svg/440px-Euglena_-_schema.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of a <i><a href="/wiki/Euglena" title="Euglena">Euglena</a></i> cell with red eyespot (9)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlamydomonas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chlamydomonas.svg/220px-Chlamydomonas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chlamydomonas.svg/330px-Chlamydomonas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chlamydomonas.svg/440px-Chlamydomonas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of a <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas" title="Chlamydomonas">Chlamydomonas</a></i> cell with chloroplast eyespot (4)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>eyespot apparatus</b> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(anatomy)" title="Stigma (anatomy)">stigma</a></i>) is a photoreceptive <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a> found in the flagellate or (motile) cells of <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">unicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Euglenid" title="Euglenid">euglenids</a>. It allows the cells to sense <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> direction and intensity and respond to it, prompting the organism to either swim towards the light (positive <a href="/wiki/Phototaxis" title="Phototaxis">phototaxis</a>), or away from it (negative phototaxis). A related response ("photoshock" or photophobic response) occurs when cells are briefly exposed to high light intensity, causing the cell to stop, briefly swim backwards, then change swimming direction. Eyespot-mediated light perception helps the cells in finding an environment with optimal light conditions for photosynthesis. Eyespots are the simplest and most common "eyes" found in nature, composed of <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptors</a> and areas of bright orange-red red pigment granules.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signals relayed from the eyespot photoreceptors result in alteration of the beating pattern of the flagella, generating a phototactic response.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegemann_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegemann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microscopic_structure">Microscopic structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyespot_apparatus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Microscopic structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Light_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Light microscope">light microscope</a>, eyespots appear as dark, orange-reddish spots or <i>stigmata</i>. They get their color from <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> pigments contained in bodies called pigment granules. The photoreceptors are found in the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> overlaying the pigmented bodies. </p><p>The eyespot apparatus of <i><a href="/wiki/Euglena" title="Euglena">Euglena</a></i> comprises the paraflagellar body connecting the eyespot to the <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopy</a>, the eyespot apparatus appears as a highly ordered lamellar structure formed by membranous rods in a helical arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolken_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolken-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas" title="Chlamydomonas">Chlamydomonas</a></i>, the eyespot is part of the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> and takes on the appearance of a membranous sandwich structure. It is assembled from <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_membrane" title="Chloroplast membrane">chloroplast membranes</a> (outer, inner, and thylakoid membranes) and <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a>-filled granules overlaid by <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a>. The stacks of granules act as a <a href="/wiki/Quarter-wave_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter-wave plate">quarter-wave plate</a>, reflecting incoming photons back to the overlying photoreceptors, while shielding the photoreceptors from light coming from other directions. It disassembles during <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> and reforms in the daughter cells in an asymmetric fashion in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a>. This asymmetric positioning of the eyespot in the cell is essential for proper phototaxis.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieckmann_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieckmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eyespot_proteins">Eyespot proteins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyespot_apparatus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eyespot proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most critical eyespot proteins are the <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptor proteins</a> that sense light. The photoreceptors found in unicellular organisms fall into two main groups: <a href="/wiki/Flavoprotein" title="Flavoprotein">flavoproteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retinylidene_protein" title="Retinylidene protein">retinylidene proteins</a> (rhodopsins). Flavoproteins are characterized by containing <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">flavin</a> molecules as <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophores</a>, whereas retinylidene proteins contain <a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a>. The photoreceptor protein in <i>Euglena</i> is likely a flavoprotein.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolken_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolken-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <i>Chlamydomonas</i> phototaxis is mediated by archaeal-type rhodopsins.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzuki_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzuki-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides photoreceptor proteins, eyespots contain a large number of structural, metabolic and signaling proteins. The eyespot <a href="/wiki/Proteome" title="Proteome">proteome</a> of <i>Chlamydomonas</i> cells consists of roughly 200 different proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photoreception_and_signal_transduction">Photoreception and signal transduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyespot_apparatus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Photoreception and signal transduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Euglena</i> photoreceptor was identified as a blue-light-activated <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iseki_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iseki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excitation of this receptor protein results in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> (cAMP) as a <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">second messenger</a>. Chemical <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> ultimately triggers changes in flagellar beat patterns and cell movement. </p><p>The archaeal-type rhodopsins of <i>Chlamydomonas</i> contain an all-<i>trans</i> retinylidene chromatophore which undergoes <a href="/wiki/Photoisomerization" title="Photoisomerization">photoisomerization</a> to a 13-<i>cis</i> isomer. This activates a photoreceptor channel, leading to a change in <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a> and cellular calcium ion concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzuki_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzuki-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photoelectric signal transduction ultimately triggers changes in flagellar strokes and thus cell movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegemann_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegemann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyespot_apparatus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelloid" title="Ocelloid">Ocelloid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyespot_apparatus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKreimer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kreimer, G. 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"Vision in microalgae". <i>Planta</i>. <b>203</b> (3): 265–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Plant.203..265H">1997Plant.203..265H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004250050191">10.1007/s004250050191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9431675">9431675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11933925">11933925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planta&rft.atitle=Vision+in+microalgae&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-74&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004250050191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11933925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9431675&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Plant.203..265H&rft.au=Hegemann+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEyespot+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolken-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolken_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolken_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolken_J1977" class="citation journal cs1">Wolken J (1977). 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"A blue-light-activated adenylyl cyclase mediates photoavoidance in Euglena gracilis". <i>Nature</i>. <b>415</b> (6875): 1047–51. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.415.1047I">2002Natur.415.1047I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F4151047a">10.1038/4151047a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11875575">11875575</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4420996">4420996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+blue-light-activated+adenylyl+cyclase+mediates+photoavoidance+in+Euglena+gracilis&rft.volume=415&rft.issue=6875&rft.pages=1047-51&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F4151047a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4420996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11875575&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.415.1047I&rft.aulast=Iseki&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Matsunaga%2C+S&rft.au=Murakami%2C+A&rft.au=Ohno%2C+K&rft.au=Shiga%2C+K&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+K&rft.au=Sugai%2C+M&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+T&rft.au=Hori%2C+T&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEyespot+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Mastigophora/Flagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">Sarcodina/Amoeboids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testate_amoebae" title="Testate amoebae">Testate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliozoa" title="Heliozoa">Heliozoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">Infusoria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa#Taxonomy" title="Apicomplexa">Sporozoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptogam" title="Cryptogam">Cryptogams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallophyte" title="Thallophyte">Thallophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus#Fungus-like_organisms" title="Fungus">Fungus-like organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">Slime molds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes#Ambiregnal_protists" title="Nomenclature codes">Ambiregnal protists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Chloroplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>": <a href="/wiki/Phycoplast" title="Phycoplast">Phycoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum#Types" title="Flagellum">Flagellar apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophytes</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanelle">Cyanelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycobilisome" title="Phycobilisome">Phycobilisomes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Red algae</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_connection" title="Pit connection">Pit connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycobilisome" title="Phycobilisome">Phycobilisomes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><a href="/wiki/Hacrobia" title="Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cryptomonad" title="Cryptomonad">Cryptophyta</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastigoneme" title="Mastigoneme">Mastigoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplast" title="Periplast">Periplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophyte</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccolith" title="Coccolith">Coccolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte#Characteristics" title="Haptophyte">Haptonema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold">General:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastigoneme" title="Mastigoneme">Mastigoneme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatoms</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">Brown algae</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_(algae)" title="Lamina (algae)">Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatocyst" title="Pneumatocyst">Pneumatocyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><a href="/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate">Alveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold">General:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolate#Characteristics" title="Alveolate"> Alveoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichocyst" title="Trichocyst">Trichocyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinokaryon" title="Dinokaryon">Dinokaryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinocyst" title="Dinocyst">Dinocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca" title="Theca">Theca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliates</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_(biology)" title="Cirrus (biology)">Cirrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macronucleus" title="Macronucleus">Macronucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronucleus" title="Micronucleus">Micronucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADFF2F;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexans</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhoptry" title="Rhoptry">Rhoptry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microneme" title="Microneme">Microneme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(225,204,252);"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phytomyxea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(225,204,252);"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Phytomyxea" title="Phytomyxea">Phytomyxea</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear division">Cruciform division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0E68C;"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0E68C;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Kinetoplastida" title="Kinetoplastida">Kinetoplastids</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetoplast" title="Kinetoplast">Kinetoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosome" title="Glycosome">Glycosome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0E68C;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Euglenid" title="Euglenid">Euglenoidea</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periplast" title="Periplast">Periplast/pellicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC8A0;"><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dictyostelids:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC8A0;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Dictyostelid" title="Dictyostelid">Dictyostelids</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocyst" title="Macrocyst">Macrocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorocarp" title="Sorocarp">Sorocarp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">Opisthokonta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Choanoflagellates:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D3D3A4;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellates</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Collar of microvilli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisationsstufe" class="extiw" title="de:Organisationsstufe">Levels of<br />organization</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">Unicellular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Monadoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">Amoeboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccoid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Coccoid (disambiguation)">Coccoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoeboflagellate" title="Amoeboflagellate">Amoeboflagellate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">Colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">s.s.</a> <ul><li>Colonial flagellated</li> <li>Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid</li> <li>Sarcinoid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenobium_(morphology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenobium (morphology)">Coenobial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Filamentous/trichal/<a href="/wiki/Hyphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphal">hyphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenchymatous" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenchymatous">Parenchymatous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoparenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoparenchyma">Pseudoparenchymatous</a>/plektenchymatic</li> <li>Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinucleated" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinucleated">Multinucleated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syncytial" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncytial">Syncytial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenocytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenocytic">Coenocytic</a> <ul><li>Siphonous</li> <li>Siphonocladous</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">Multicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">s.s.</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissular</a>/histonal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall#Other_cell_coverings" title="Cell wall">Cell surface<br />structures</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Simple cell membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">Mucilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_(biology)" title="Lorica (biology)">Lorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(biology)" title="Test (biology)">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca" title="Theca">Theca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplast" title="Periplast">Periplast/pellicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Locomotion</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopodia" title="Pseudopodia">Pseudopodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding_motility" title="Gliding motility">Gliding motility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Mitochondria</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">Mitosome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Nucleus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleomorph" title="Nucleomorph">Nucleomorph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinucleate" title="Multinucleate">Multinucleate cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_(life_cycle)" title="Plasmodium (life cycle)">Plasmodium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikaryon" title="Dikaryon">Dikaryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterokaryon" title="Heterokaryon">Heterokaryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis in protists</a> <ul><li>Open</li> <li>Closed</li> <li>Orthomitosis</li> <li>Pleuromitosis</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis#Occurrence_in_eukaryotic_life_cycles" title="Meiosis">Meiosis in protists</a> <ul><li>Gametic</li> <li>Zygotic</li> <li>Sporic</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cyst" title="Microbial cyst">Cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytostome" title="Cytostome">Cytostome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_(bacteriology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria (bacteriology)">Fimbriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusome" title="Extrusome">Extrusome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractile_vacuole" title="Contractile vacuole">Contractile vacuole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenoid" title="Pyrenoid">Pyrenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axostyle" title="Axostyle">Axostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastigont_system" title="Mastigont system">Mastigont system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecology and<br />physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_biogeography" title="Microbial biogeography">Microbial biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourens_Baas_Becking#Baas_Becking_hypothesis" title="Lourens Baas Becking">Baas-Becking hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Development</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilization#Fertilization_in_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">Fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nutrition: <a href="/wiki/Autotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Autotrophy">Autotrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phototrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototrophy">Phototrophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophy">Heterotrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagotrophy">Phagotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotrophy" title="Osmotrophy">Osmotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saprotrophic_nutrition" title="Saprotrophic nutrition">Saprotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotrophy">Biotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotrophy">Necrotrophy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixotrophy">Mixotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxotrophy" title="Auxotrophy">Auxotrophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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