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Une lente mais réelle évolution des dynamiques démographiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE - (Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et société, Les Français dans leur territoire" href="/encyclopedie/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/2-les-francais-dans-leur-territoire/"> 2. Les Français dans leur territoire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE - (Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et société, Les grandes dynamiques territoriales" href="/encyclopedie/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/3-les-grandes-dynamiques-territoriales/"> 3. Les grandes dynamiques territoriales </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE - (Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et société, Mutations des systèmes productifs français dans la mondialisation" href="/encyclopedie/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/4-mutations-des-systemes-productifs-francais-dans-la-mondialisation/"> 4. Mutations des systèmes productifs français dans la mondialisation </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE - (Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et société, La France à l’heure des transitions" href="/encyclopedie/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/5-la-france-a-l-heure-des-transitions/"> 5. La France à l’heure des transitions </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FRANCE - (Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et société, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/6-bibliographie/"> 6. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>FRANCE</strong><span class="label-sub"> (Le territoire et les hommes) Espace et société</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="card factbox mt-3 mb-5 mx-auto shadow-sm" data-print-label="les informations géographiques" data-print-target=".factbox"><div class="card-body p-0"><table class="table table-sm table-striped mb-0"><tbody><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Capitale</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Paris</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Langue officielle</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Français</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Unité monétaire</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Euro (EUR)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-6 text-end"><strong>Population (estim.)</strong></td><td class="col-6 text-start"> 66 147 000 <em style="font-size: 0.8rem">(2024)</em><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-6 text-end"><strong>Superficie</strong></td><td class="col-6 text-start"> 543 941 km² <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class="d-flex justify-content-center d-print-none"><a href=" /atlas /europe /france " class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Cartes</a><a href=" /atlas /europe /france #chiffres" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-list"></i> Données clés </a><a href="/datapays/?c=fr" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chart-simple"></i> Data Pays </a></nav></div><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2024-10-16"> 16/10/2024 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC180005_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC180005_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT006904" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : France : carte physique" href="/media/france-carte-physique-at006904/"><img id="AT006904" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/5/csm_at006904_d0b29528d0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="France : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte physique de la France métropolitaine." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1986" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> France : carte physique </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Placée au cinquième rang mondial et au deuxième rang européen pour son revenu par habitant, la France est une puissance économique, culturelle, militaire et diplomatique. Membre fondateur de l’Union européenne (UE) et artisan actif de l’intégration, elle conserve une influence importante dans le monde grâce à son réseau de représentations diplomatiques, à sa participation à de nombreuses institutions internationales (elle est en particulier l’un des membres permanents du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU), à sa contribution à l’aide au développement, à son rôle dans les grands accords internationaux sur le climat (accords de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un certain nombre de villes du monde ont donné naissance à des mythes ; quelques-uns ont acquis une portée universelle, en se détachant des caractères fondamentaux du pays lui-même pour exalter la Ville en tant qu'individu. Il en est ainsi de Rome et de Paris . On a maintes fois signalé cette sorte de familiarité amoureuse, avec ses éclats de haine ou d'adoration, que Paris a toujou..." title="Article : PARIS" href="/encyclopedie/paris/">Paris</a> en 2015), à sa présence militaire sur de nombreux théâtres de conflits, à son implication dans l’aide humanitaire ou encore à la francophonie.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT006903" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : France : carte administrative" href="/media/france-carte-administrative-at006903/"><img id="AT006903" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/6/csm_at006903_d649da7dbe.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="France : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de la France métropolitaine." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1337" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> France : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Le territoire national s’étend sur une superficie de 632 734 kilomètres carrés, dont 543 965 pour la seule métropole. La France est le quarante et unième <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Selon qu'on met l'accent sur la force, sur le droit ou sur la légitimité , l'étude de l'État est susceptible d'être conduite suivant trois approches très différentes : sociologique, juridique, ou philosophique. Y aurait-il donc autant d'États qu'il y a de manières de l'observer ? Le juriste Georges Burdeau le constatait déjà dans la notice qu'il consacra à ce sujet dans la premiè..." title="Article : ÉTAT" href="/encyclopedie/etat/">État</a> du monde par sa superficie terrestre mais le deuxième si l’on tient compte de sa souveraineté sur les espaces maritimes, grâce notamment à ses territoires ultra-marins. En 2015, la France a d’ailleurs étendu de 500 000 kilomètres carrés sa zone économique exclusive (ZEE) et plusieurs demandes d’extension sont en attente. Les territoires ultra-marins permettent également au pays de compter une très grande diversité de milieux sur son territoire. La France possède par exemple une forêt tropicale humide en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La France a fondé en Guyane, dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Sud, entre les fleuves Maroni et Oyapock, l'une des plus anciennes et des plus stables de ses colonies. Établie en 1643, elle est devenue un département français d'outre-mer (DOM) en 1946, puis un département-région d'outre-mer (DOM-ROM) en 2003. Ses 84 000 kilomètres carrés en font le plus grand département français�..." title="Article : GUYANE" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/">Guyane</a>, riche d’une biodiversité exceptionnelle.</p><p>La France est désormais solidement ancrée dans la globalisation financière et, plus largement, dans une mondialisation multidimensionnelle qui voit l’intensification et la diversification des flux et échanges transnationaux de toute nature. La mondialisation a des conséquences importantes sur le territoire, à différentes échelles, et elle explique en partie les dynamiques spatiales et sociales contemporaines.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC180005_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC180005_1"></i><h2>Une lente mais réelle évolution des dynamiques démographiques</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC180005_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC180005_1_0"></i><h3>Vieillissement de la population, dynamisme relatif de la natalité</h3><p> La population de la France a enregistré, au 1<sup>er </sup>janvier 2016, une légère baisse par rapport aux années précédentes, ce qui constituait une nouveauté puisqu’elle montrait jusque-là une croissance régulière. Depuis, la croissance démographique a repris, la population dépassant aujourd’hui 67 millions d’habitants.</p><p>La croissance démographique est due pour les trois quarts à l’accroissement naturel. La France se singularise à l’échelle européenne par son dynamisme démographique : c’est le premier pays en matière de fécondité. Toutefois, l’âge de la première maternité ne cesse de reculer. La fécondité s’érode. Dans le même temps, le pays est marqué par un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'avancée de nos connaissances biologiques et les progrès bio-médicaux du xx e siècle ont amélioré les conditions de vieillissement de l'homme et considérablement augmenté son espérance de vie, du moins dans les pays développés. Mais, même si l'on pouvait maîtriser les maladies cardio ou cérébro-vasculaires et les cancers, qui demeurent les deux principales causes de décès, on ..." title="Article : VIEILLISSEMENT" href="/encyclopedie/vieillissement/">vieillissement</a> démographique, qu’on retrouve dans de très nombreux pays développés. Pour la première fois en 2016, la part d’enfants et de jeunes de moins de 20 ans était inférieure à celle des plus de 60 ans alors qu’elle y était similaire trois ans auparavant. Les démographes prévoient une augmentation de cet écart à l’horizon 2040.</p><p>Les causes du vieillissement démographique sont liées aux avancées de la médecine, à l’extension de la couverture maladie, à une meilleure alimentation (notamment dans l’enfance), à la réduction de la consommation d’alcool et de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Pendant quatre siècles, on a fumé comme on buvait du café : par goût, par plaisir et comme un luxe. Beaucoup plus récemment, on s'est mis à fumer, non plus parce que l'on aime fumer, mais plutôt parce que l'on n'aime pas ne pas fumer. La nature du produit a changé, son mode de consommation s'est modifié, les quantités absorbées ont augmenté : le monde découvre que ce plaisir si faci..." title="Article : TABAC" href="/encyclopedie/tabac/">tabac</a>, aux progrès de l’hygiène, etc. L’ensemble de ces facteurs a permis une baisse quasi continue de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« La vie, c'est la mort », a dit Claude Bernard, et c'est en effet en décrivant comment l'être vivant s'efforce de vivre qu'on comprend le mieux les forces contraires à la vie. Dans le cas de l'être humain, quand un spermatozoïde a fécondé un ovule, un nouvel être vient de se former qui n'est encore qu'une combinaison des gènes distribués sur vingt-trois paires de chromosomes. L'exis..." title="Article : MORTALITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/mortalite/">mortalité</a>. L’espérance de vie progresse ainsi régulièrement, malgré des écarts substantiels selon les catégories sociales. Les Français, et a fortiori les Françaises, vivent plus vieux et en meilleure santé.</p><p>Le vieillissement général de la population est aussi la conséquence de l’arrivée à un âge avancé des générations du baby-boom, c’est-à-dire des personnes nées entre 1945 et 1975, période marquée par une natalité soutenue. Ce phénomène<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C180005_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="REGHEZZA, Magali"><a title="Auteur : Magali REGHEZZA" rel="author" href="/auteurs/magali-reghezza/"><strong>Magali REGHEZZA</strong></a> : maître de conférences, habilitée à diriger des recherches </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : FRANCE - (Le territoire et les hommes) - Espace et société" href="/carte-mentale/france-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-espace-et-societe/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC180005_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Démographie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/demographie/"> Démographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Démographie: généralités" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/demographie/demographie-generalites/"> Démographie: généralités </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Géographie de la population"> <a title="Classification : Géographie de la population" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/demographie/demographie-generalites/geographie-de-la-population/"> Géographie de la population </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Géographie humaine et économique"> <a title="Classification : Géographie humaine et économique" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-humaine-et-economique/"> Géographie humaine et économique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie par pays" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/"> Géographie par pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie de l'Europe" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/"> Géographie de l'Europe </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="France, géographie"> <a title="Classification : France, géographie" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/france-geographie/"> France, géographie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC180005_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT006904" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : France : carte physique" href="/media/france-carte-physique-at006904/"> <img id="AT006904" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/5/csm_at006904_d0b29528d0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="France : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte physique de la France métropolitaine." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1986" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> France : carte physique </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT006903" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : France : carte administrative" href="/media/france-carte-administrative-at006903/"> <img id="AT006903" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/6/csm_at006903_d649da7dbe.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="France : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de la France métropolitaine." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1337" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> France : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="CA180246" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : L’agriculture française" href="/media/lagriculture-francaise-ca180246/"> <img id="CA180246" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/5/csm_ca180246_b2e179a091.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="L’agriculture française - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Structurée par de grandes zones de productions traditionnelles (céréaliculture, élevage, vignoble notamment), l'activité agricole en France s'est modifiée au contact de l'intégration européenne puis de la mondialisation (d'après : S. Beucher, S. Dubois, A. 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