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outre-mer" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/"> 1. Étonnante longévité de cette possession française outre-mer </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GUYANE, La côte, la partie française de la Guyane" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/2-la-cote-la-partie-francaise-de-la-guyane/"> 2. La côte, la partie française de la Guyane </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GUYANE, L'intérieur des terres, les confins guyanais de la France" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/3-l-interieur-des-terres-les-confins-guyanais-de-la-france/"> 3. L'intérieur des terres, les confins guyanais de la France </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GUYANE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>GUYANE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071398_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071398_0"></i><p>La France a fondé en Guyane, dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Sud, entre les fleuves Maroni et Oyapock, l'une des plus anciennes et des plus stables de ses colonies. Établie en 1643, elle est devenue un département français d'outre-mer (DOM) en 1946, puis un département-région d'outre-mer (DOM-ROM) en 2003. Ses 84 000 kilomètres carrés en font le plus grand département français ; c'est également celui qui possède la plus longue <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « frontière » a pour origine l’ancien adjectif « frontier », qui dérive de « front » et signifie littéralement « faire face » ou « être voisin de ». Le terme s’impose à la fin du Moyen Âge au moment où se construit l’État moderne fondé sur un rassemblement territorial qui nécessite l’assignation de limites, permettant l’exercice de la souveraineté..." title="Article : FRONTIÈRE" href="/encyclopedie/frontiere/">frontière</a> terrestre (1 250 km) et la plus vaste commune (Maripasoula, 18 736 km<sup>2</sup>). La population guyanaise, estimée à 295 000 habitants en 2022 est, à l'inverse, la moins importante et la moins dense du territoire français (3,5 hab./ km<sup>2</sup>), mais elle est issue d'une croissance récente et brutale.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT007103" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Guyane [France] : carte administrative " href="/media/guyane-france%5D-carte-administrative-at007103/"><img id="AT007103" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/7/csm_at007103_02b92a4944.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt=" Guyane [France] : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de la Guyane [France]." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1959" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Guyane [France] : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Ces caractéristiques font de la Guyane une entité paradoxale et contradictoire dont la situation, le milieu et la culture forment un espace qui est plus représentatif des Guyanes côtières (Guyana, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le développement économique, social et politique du Suriname depuis plus d'un siècle illustre de manière presque caricaturale les problèmes de décolonisation qui se posent aux Caraïbes. Que ce soit sous la dépendance coloniale, dans un cadre semi-autonome depuis 1864 ou depuis l'indépendance (1975), le Suriname s'est heurté à des obstacles incommensurables. Il n'est pas possible d..." title="Article : SURINAME" href="/encyclopedie/suriname/">Suriname</a>, Guyane française), la seule partie non latine de l'Amérique du Sud, que de la France métropolitaine à laquelle elle apporte un parfum de grands espaces, de promesses et de désillusions. </p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071398_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071398_1"></i><h2>Étonnante longévité de cette possession française outre-mer</h2><p>La Guyane constitue, sur le plan maritime, un verrou commercial et stratégique essentiel, au cœur de l'océan Atlantique, et la ville de Kourou peut se vanter d'être le « spatioport de l'Europe ».</p><p>La France ne possède aujourd'hui que 4,5 % du bouclier guyanais, circonscrit par les fleuves <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Grand fleuve d'Amérique du Sud, l'Orénoque s'écoule en formant un croissant géant sur plus de 2 740 kilomètres depuis sa source, dans le massif des Guyanes, jusqu'à son embouchure, dans l'océan Atlantique. Il traverse ainsi le Venezuela et forme, sur une section, la frontière entre ce pays et la Colombie . Le fleuve tire son nom d'une expression warao qui signifie « lieu ..." title="Article : ORÉNOQUE" href="/encyclopedie/orenoque/">Orénoque</a>, río Negro et Amazone, alors qu'elle en revendiquait, jusqu'en 1900, près de 25 %.</p><p>Le décalage entre les prétentions françaises et l'occupation effective très limitée du territoire s'explique par les épisodes historiques de son extension officielle. Connus surtout pour leurs échecs cuisants et répétés en matière de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'objet de cet article n'est pas d'esquisser une histoire générale de la colonisation mais de poser les problèmes relatifs aux différentes étapes de cette histoire. L'expansion de l'Europe du xvi e au xx e siècle a été l'un des événements les plus importants de l'histoire de l'humanité. Elle a revêtu des formes diverses : émigration, diffusion des techniques, volonté d'hégémo..." title="Article : COLONISATION" href="/encyclopedie/colonisation/">colonisation</a> (expéditions de La Ravardière en 1604, Jessé de Forest en 1623-1624, Poncet de Brétigny en 1643-1645, Royville en 1653, Choiseul en 1763), les Français furent souvent évincés sur la côte par les Hollandais (1657, puis 1676), les Britanniques (1667) ou les Portugais (1809-1817). Ces phases correspondirent à des périodes d'ouverture économique et de développement de la région. Le traité d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ville des Pays-Bas et chef-lieu de la province homonyme, Utrecht est aussi une métropole religieuse, résidence du primat des Pays-Bas. Les fouilles ont révélé l'existence de fortifications romaines importantes : dès ~ 48, une forteresse existait sur le fleuve, appelée « Trajectum ad Rhenum » et qui faisait partie du système défensif édifié le long du Rhin. Lors des invasions germ..." title="Article : UTRECHT" href="/encyclopedie/utrecht/">Utrecht</a>, en 1713, limitait la présence française, à l'est, à la rivière de l'Oyapock qu'on ne s'efforça guère de retrouver sur le terrain avant le rush aurifère de 1898. Le différend franco-brésilien portait alors sur 260 000 kilomètres carrés, du río Negro au Maroni, et fut tranché en 1900 en faveur du Brésil.</p><p>La Guyane est avant tout le nom d'un rêve : <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De tous les mirages qu'a fait naître la découverte de l' Amérique, aucun n'a été plus obstinément poursuivi, au prix d'incroyables fatigues, que celui de l'Eldorado. C'est à juste titre, sans doute, que le mot désigne, dans le langage courant, une contrée imaginaire aux richesses surabondantes. Mais avant que Voltaire ne transforme définitivement le mythe en caricature en y situant un ..." title="Article : ELDORADO" href="/encyclopedie/eldorado/">Eldorado</a>. Le « très riche royaume de Manoa », au bord du lac Parime, ne fut jamais trouvé malgré les nombreuses expéditions menées tout au long du <span class="pc">xvi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Mais l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À l'état fondamental, l'or, de symbole chimique Au et de numéro atomique 79, est caractérisé par la saturation de la sous-couche 5 d et la présence d'un électron célibataire en 6 s . En fait, l'effet écran très limité de la sous-couche 5 d entraîne pour le noyau une charge effective élevée : de tous les éléments dont la sous-couche périphérique s ne comporte qu'un seul é..." title="Article : OR" href="/encyclopedie/or/">or</a>, les diamants, le fer, la bauxite, l'eau, le bois, la diversité culturelle et biologique constituent des trésors qui attestent de l'honnêteté de la description faite par l'explorateur britannique Walter Raleigh en 1596. La Guyane est également associée aux conditions sinistres et inhumaines du bagne. Après l'abolition de l'esclavage en 1848, le gouvernement du second Empire pensa résoudre le problème de la main-d'œuvre en établissant, en 1852, une colonie pénale. On estime que 70 000 personnes, autant les condamnés de droit commun que les déportés politiques (le capitaine Dreyfus fut interné à l'île du Diable entre 1895 et 1899), furent envoyées dans des établissements pénitenciers à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Cayenne est la préfecture du département-région d'Outremer (D.O.M.-R.O.M.) de Guyane. La ville compte près de 63 000 habitants en 2006, mais l'agglomération regroupe près de la moitié de la population du département estimée à 200 000 habitants en 2006. La ville a été construite sur un marécage, sur une presqu'île formée par la rivière de Cayenne et le fleuve Mahury. Ce si..." title="Article : CAYENNE" href="/encyclopedie/cayenne/">Cayenne</a>, à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni et sur l'Opayock, ternissant ainsi pendant plus d'un siècle l'image de la colonie.</p><p>Le département français tire toutes les caractéristiques physiques du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le bouclier des Guyanes est cerné par le courant d'eaux douces ou saumâtres le plus puissant du monde qui résulte de la double jonction de l' Amazone et de l' Orénoque . Il représente près de deux millions de kilomètres carrés du continent sud-américain et forme une île très mystérieuse, aux contours mal définis, dont l'explorateur britannique Walter Raleigh révéla, en 1596, le..." title="Article : BOUCLIER DES GUYANES" href="/encyclopedie/bouclier-des-guyanes/">bouclier des Guyanes</a> auquel il appartient. L'érosion chimique est intense,<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C071398_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="LÉZY, Emmanuel"><a title="Auteur : Emmanuel LÉZY" rel="author" href="/auteurs/emmanuel-lezy/"><strong>Emmanuel LÉZY</strong></a> : maître de conférences en géographie à l'université de Paris-X-Nanterre </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : GUYANE" href="/carte-mentale/guyane/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071398_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Amérique" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/"> Histoire de l'Amérique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/histoire-de-l-amerique-du-sud/"> Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Amérique" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/"> Histoire de l'Amérique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/histoire-de-l-amerique-du-sud/"> Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Guyane française, histoire"> <a title="Classification : Guyane française, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/histoire-de-l-amerique-du-sud/guyane-francaise-histoire/"> Guyane française, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071398_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT007103" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Guyane [France] : carte administrative " href="/media/guyane-france%5D-carte-administrative-at007103/"> <img id="AT007103" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/7/csm_at007103_02b92a4944.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt=" Guyane [France] : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de la Guyane [France]." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1959" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Guyane [France] : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH131067" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Centre spatial guyanais" href="/media/centre-spatial-guyanais-ph131067/"> <img id="PH131067" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/1/csm_ph131067_b3fcb9c96c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Centre spatial guyanais - crédits : Arianespace/ CSG Service Optique, 2006/ ESA/ CNES" data-description="Vue aérienne du Centre spatial guyanais. À gauche, on distingue le pas de tir d’Ariane-5, qui est relié par une route rectiligne d’environ 5 km de longueur aux bâtiments d’assemblage du lanceur (reliés entre eux par une route circulaire bien visible). À droite, au milieu de l’image, se situe le pas…" data-copyright="Arianespace/ CSG Service Optique, 2006/ ESA/ CNES" width="1024" height="736" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Centre spatial guyanais </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Arianespace/ CSG Service Optique, 2006/ ESA/ CNES </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071398_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amerindiens-amazonie-et-guyanes/#c35848"> <span class="rg">AMÉRINDIENS - </span><span class="rm">Amazonie et Guyanes</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Simone DREYFUS-GAMELON</span> et <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 652 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AM&Eacute;RINDIENS - Amazonie et Guyanes" href="/encyclopedie/amerindiens-amazonie-et-guyanes/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Yagua - crédits : Art Wolfe/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/d/csm_ph993093_0683942d02.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> En <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La France a fondé en Guyane, dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Sud, entre les fleuves Maroni et Oyapock, l'une des plus anciennes et des plus stables de ses colonies. Établie en 1643, elle est devenue un département français d'outre-mer (DOM) en 1946, puis un département-région d'outre-mer (DOM-ROM) en 2003. Ses 84 000 kilomètres carrés en font le plus grand département français�..." title="Article : GUYANE" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/">Guyane</a> française, la politique de « francisation » des Indiens et de « mise en valeur » de leur territoire a signifié pour eux détérioration physique (introduction de l'alcoolisme à l'occasion des campagnes électorales et par la multiplication des licences d'ouverture de débits de boisson à proximité... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/caraibes-l-aire-des-caraibes/#c35848"> <span class="rg">CARAÏBES - </span><span class="rm">L'aire des Caraïbes</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Christian GIRAULT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 012 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CARA&Iuml;BES - L'aire des Cara&iuml;bes" href="/encyclopedie/caraibes-l-aire-des-caraibes/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Amérique centrale et Caraïbes : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_at021304_05a62bf900.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Dans le cas des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Situées dans la mer des Caraïbes – dans l’est de l’arc caraïbe –, les Antilles françaises comprennent quatre collectivités : la Guadeloupe , la Martinique , Saint-Barthélemy et Saint-Martin. L’ensemble couvre une superficie de 2 832 kilomètres carrés et représente une population de 800 000 habitants environ (estimation de 2018). L’histoire moderne de ces territo..." title="Article : ANTILLES FRANÇAISES" href="/encyclopedie/antilles-francaises/">Antilles françaises</a> (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Martin et Saint-Barthélemy) et dela <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La France a fondé en Guyane, dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Sud, entre les fleuves Maroni et Oyapock, l'une des plus anciennes et des plus stables de ses colonies. Établie en 1643, elle est devenue un département français d'outre-mer (DOM) en 1946, puis un département-région d'outre-mer (DOM-ROM) en 2003. Ses 84 000 kilomètres carrés en font le plus grand département français�..." title="Article : GUYANE" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/">Guyane</a>, ces anciennes colonies sont devenues des départements de plein exercice (loi de 1946) et l’État a tenté par diverses politiques publiques d’opérer un rattrapage du niveau de vie par rapport... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cayenne/"> <span class="rg">CAYENNE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Emmanuel LÉZY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">456 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Cayenne est la préfecture du département-région d'Outremer (D.O.M.-R.O.M.) de Guyane. La ville compte près de 63 000 habitants en 2006, mais l'agglomération regroupe près de la moitié de la population du département estimée à 200 000 habitants en 2006. La ville a été construite sur un marécage, sur...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/centre-spatial-guyanais/#c35848"> <span class="rg">CENTRE SPATIAL GUYANAIS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacques VILLAIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 115 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CENTRE SPATIAL GUYANAIS" href="/encyclopedie/centre-spatial-guyanais/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Centre spatial guyanais - crédits : Arianespace/ CSG Service Optique, 2006/ ESA/ CNES" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/1/csm_ph131067_ff00ca7520.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> C'est en avril 1964 que le gouvernement français a entériné le choix de Kourou, en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La France a fondé en Guyane, dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Sud, entre les fleuves Maroni et Oyapock, l'une des plus anciennes et des plus stables de ses colonies. Établie en 1643, elle est devenue un département français d'outre-mer (DOM) en 1946, puis un département-région d'outre-mer (DOM-ROM) en 2003. Ses 84 000 kilomètres carrés en font le plus grand département français�..." title="Article : GUYANE" href="/encyclopedie/guyane/">Guyane</a>, qui cumulait plusieurs avantages : </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/guyane/"> Afficher les 10 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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