ÉTAT - Encyclopædia Universalis

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1. Un concept né en Europe </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ÉTAT, Théorie de l'État" href="/encyclopedie/etat/2-theorie-de-l-etat/"> 2. Théorie de l'État </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ÉTAT, L'État démocratique" href="/encyclopedie/etat/3-l-etat-democratique/"> 3. L'État démocratique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ÉTAT, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/etat/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ÉTAT</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC110063_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC110063_0"></i><p>Selon qu'on met l'accent sur la force, sur le droit ou sur la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de « légitimité » évoque le fondement du pouvoir et la justification de l'obéissance qui lui est due. Le problème a reçu les solutions les plus diverses, depuis une interprétation purement religieuse, c'est-à-dire métajuridique, propre aux théocraties, jusqu'à une traduction purement logique et rationnelle s'appuyant sur l' origine consensuelle du pouvoir, en passant par d..." title="Article : LÉGITIMITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/legitimite/">légitimité</a>, l'étude de l'État est susceptible d'être conduite suivant trois approches très différentes : sociologique, juridique, ou philosophique. Y aurait-il donc autant d'États qu'il y a de manières de l'observer ? Le juriste <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de GEORGES BURDEAU (1905-1988). Georges Burdeau, qui fut dès l'origine directeur scientifique de l' Encyclopædia Universalis pour le droit public et la science politique, restera comme un des plus importants représentants de l'école française de science politique au xx e siècle. Fuyant la fausse gloire que procure la fréquentation des journalistes, il n'avait qu'une ambition�..." title="Article : GEORGES BURDEAU (1905-1988)" href="/encyclopedie/georges-burdeau/">Georges Burdeau</a> le constatait déjà dans la notice qu'il consacra à ce sujet dans la première <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Quand il s'agit d'exprimer l'idée d'édition, les langues hésitent entre deux racines qui sont représentées en français respectivement par le verbe « publier » et le verbe « éditer ». L'un vient du latin publicare , qui signifie « mettre à la disposition d'un public anonyme », l'autre du latin edere , qui signifie « mettre au monde ». Le français parle d'éditeur, et l'an..." title="Article : ÉDITION" href="/encyclopedie/edition/">édition</a> de cette encyclopédie. Mais aujourd'hui, c'est probablement moins la diversité des définitions de l'État qui est problématique que sa possible disparition. À l'heure de la mondialisation et de la construction européenne, on ne compte plus les livres ou les articles qui évoquent la fin prochaine de l'État. Celui-ci serait une forme du pouvoir politique dépassée, parce qu'adossée à la nation, elle-même devenue obsolète en raison de l'influence croissante des puissances économiques et financières. La thèse n'est cependant pas entièrement nouvelle. En 1941, le juriste allemand <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de CARL SCHMITT (1888-1985). En France, Carl Schmitt (1888-1985) est un auteur dont la réception a été largement posthume. Mis à part quelques textes traduits, souvent partiellement, dans les années 1930 et oubliés depuis lors, seul un livre d'importance avait paru en français de son vivant : La Notion de politique , préfacée par Julien Freund (1972). Vers la fin des années ..." title="Article : CARL SCHMITT (1888-1985)" href="/encyclopedie/carl-schmitt/">Carl Schmitt</a> diagnostiquait déjà la mort de l'État, considérant que celui-ci avait perdu le monopole du politique à l'intérieur de ses frontières et n'était plus le pilier de l'ordre international. Plus récemment, une sociologue américaine, Sasskia Sassen, a interprété la mondialisation et ses ravages comme la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Définie comme une démonstration collective d'une opinion dans l'espace public, la manifestation devient une modalité d'action spécifique quand se tourne la page des révoltes et des révolutions. Déployée sur le même terrain que les cortèges processionnels, religieux ou corporatifs, et les attroupements, émeutes ou insurrections, constitutifs du répertoire traditionnel de la mobili..." title="Article : MANIFESTATION" href="/encyclopedie/manifestation/">manifestation</a> tangible de l'effacement de l'État : celui qui avait réussi à produire « l'assemblage du national », serait menacé par son « désassemblage », résultat des formes modernes du capitalisme. Il serait devenu une puissance impuissante face aux nouvelles formes de pouvoir prises par l'économie mondiale. On ne compte plus, par ailleurs, les essais dans lesquels est annoncé le dépérissement « par en bas » de l'État, c'est-à-dire par les processus de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les organes administratifs centraux ne peuvent, par eux-mêmes, assurer l'accomplissement des tâches administratives en chaque point du territoire. Il faut des relais locaux à leur action. Pour l' aménagement de ces structures locales, deux nécessités sont à prendre en considération : un minimum d'homogénéité doit exister dans l'action administrative exercée sur l'ensemble du territoi..." title="Article : DÉCENTRALISATION" href="/encyclopedie/decentralisation/">décentralisation</a> et de régionalisation, même si l'on parle, non sans paradoxe, d'un « État régional ».</p><p>Malgré tous ces pronostics pessimistes, l'État, ce « monstre froid », selon le mot de Nietzsche, n'est pas encore mort, même s'il n'est plus triomphant. Il n'y a pour l'instant pas d'autre institution qui soit propre à le remplacer. Le Jacques Chevallier peut affirmer, non sans raison, que l'État « demeure aujourd'hui le principe fondamental d'intégration des sociétés et le lieu privilégié de formation des identités collectives ». D'ailleurs, une preuve empirique récente de cette persistance du fait étatique ne réside-t-elle pas dans le nombre d'États qui se sont formés après l'éclatement de l'Union soviétique et de la fédération yougoslave ? N'est-il pas en outre significatif que les trois petites nations baltes aient choisi la forme de l'État unitaire plutôt que la forme fédérale ?</p><p>Il reste que le concept d'État doit être analysé correctement. Il sera abordé ici à partir du droit. Rappelons que, en tout cas depuis les travaux de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MAX WEBER (1864-1920). Weber est de tous les sociologues modernes celui dont le rayonnement fut et reste le plus grand, tant par l'admiration que par la contestation qu'il suscite. Certaines de ses œuvres continuent à faire l'objet de vifs débats, comme à l'époque de leur parution. On a souligné son extraordinaire personnalité, son érudition encyclopédique et son tempéramen..." title="Article : MAX WEBER (1864-1920)" href="/encyclopedie/max-weber/">Max Weber</a> (1864-1920), une sociologie de l'État existe aussi. Les progrès de cette discipline ont montré, notamment en France à partir des travaux de Pierre Birnbaum et de Bertrand Badie, que le fait étatique est une variable indépendante qui peut expliquer quantité d'autres faits sociaux (importance de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'anarchisme est un mouvement d'idées et d'action qui, en rejetant toute contrainte extérieure à l'homme, se propose de reconstruire la vie en commun sur la base de la volonté individuelle autonome.. Bien que l'anarchisme militant ne se manifeste que vers la fin du xix e siècle avec Kropotkine, Élisée Reclus et Malatesta, les lignes essentielles de la doctrine anarchiste se pr..." title="Article : ANARCHISME" href="/encyclopedie/anarchisme/">anarchisme</a> dans les sociétés à État fort, importance des grands corps administratifs, etc.). Mais nous nous attacherons à une explicitation de ce concept dans son seul aspect juridique, avec la conviction qu'elle peut servir aux autres sciences sociales. En effet, on ne peut pas simplement définir l'État comme une entité <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La géopolitique est l'enfant d'une époque, celle du scientisme triomphant et du darwinisme social. De la fin du xix e siècle à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, toute grande puissance ou tout aspirant à la puissance veut fonder ses ambitions sur un quasi-déterminisme géographique ; la géopolitique sert alors à analyser et souvent à justifier les rapports entre puissance et espace. Après l..." title="Article : GÉOPOLITIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/geopolitique/">géopolitique</a> délimitée par des frontières territoriales, à l'intérieur desquelles des lois s'appliquent et des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « institution », avant de recevoir les sens divers que les sociologues contemporains lui ont donné, avait dans l'usage classique deux emplois principaux. Il désignait d'abord l'ensemble des lois qui régissent une cité : la manière dont les pouvoirs publics et privés s'y trouvent répartis, les sanctions et les ressorts qui mettent en œuvre leur exercice régulier. Une question..." title="Article : INSTITUTIONS" href="/encyclopedie/institutions/">institutions</a> exercent l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Constamment tiraillée entre l'approximation conceptuelle et l'instrumentalisation idéologique, la notion d'autorité requiert un usage particulièrement prudent. D'un côté, elle fait l'objet d'une acception lâche par le sens commun, qui l'emploie indifféremment comme synonyme de pouvoir, de force, d' influence ou encore de domination. De l'autre, elle est mobilisée par les analyses con..." title="Article : AUTORITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/autorite/">autorité</a>. Nous tenterons donc<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li 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offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C110063_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="BEAUD, Olivier"><a title="Auteur : Olivier BEAUD" rel="author" href="/auteurs/olivier-beaud/"><strong>Olivier BEAUD</strong></a> : professeur de droit public à l'université de Panthéon-Assas (Paris-II) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ÉTAT" href="/carte-mentale/etat/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC110063_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Institutions politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/institutions-politiques/"> Institutions politiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Pouvoir politique"> <a title="Classification : Pouvoir politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/institutions-politiques/pouvoir-politique/"> Pouvoir politique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/"> Sciences politiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire politique"> <a title="Classification : Histoire politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/histoire-politique/"> Histoire politique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/"> Sciences politiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/philosophie-politique/"> Philosophie politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Théories de l'État"> <a title="Classification : Théories de l'État" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/philosophie-politique/theories-de-l-etat/"> Théories de l'État </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Régimes et systèmes politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/regimes-et-systemes-politiques/"> Régimes et systèmes politiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Démocratie"> <a title="Classification : Démocratie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/regimes-et-systemes-politiques/democratie/"> Démocratie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC110063_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/absolutisme/#c680"> <span class="rg">ABSOLUTISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacques ELLUL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 286 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...siècle, on assiste à l'épanouissement de l'absolutisme. On peut dire qu'à cette époque la notion dépasse même celle de souveraineté. Mais à ce moment, État absolu ne veut pas dire despotisme ou tyrannie. Les auteurs contemporains opposent régulièrement les deux. L'État est absolu en ce que le pouvoir... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/administration-le-droit-administratif/"> <span class="rg">ADMINISTRATION - </span><span class="rm">Le droit administratif</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean RIVERO</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">11 861 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ADMINISTRATION - Le droit administratif" href="/encyclopedie/administration-le-droit-administratif/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Création du Conseil d'État, 1799 - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph040157_8d940704c9.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Il est tentant de donner du droit administratif, en partant d'une observation évidente, une définition concrète à laquelle sa simplicité même conférerait une quasi-universalité. Tous les États modernes ont des organes administratifs, dont les statuts et les compétences sont nécessairement fixés par...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique/#c680"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(conflits contemporains)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">René OTAYEK</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 953 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFRIQUE (conflits contemporains)" href="/encyclopedie/afrique/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Guerre civile au Liberia - crédits : Patrick Robert/ Sygma/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/7/csm_ph99p039_9e7c12ec48.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...des appartenances ethniques est au cœur de la rhétorique politique officielle totalement vouée à l'exaltation de l'unité nationale et du développement. L'État se donne donc pour mission de construire la nation et se dote de l'instrument nécessaire à son accomplissement, le parti unique. Mais le changement... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/alienation/#c680"> <span class="rg">ALIÉNATION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul RIC&OElig;UR</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 006 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...conscience de soi. Cette critique de l'aliénation idéologique rejoint celle de l'aliénation politique ; Hegel, en effet, n'a dépassé qu'en théorie la notion d' État ; son concept revêt le même caractère transcendant que l'essence de l'homme et que l'idée abstraite. 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