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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare">Child Welfare</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6116" type="text/json">{"id":6116,"name":"Child Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9521" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing">Housing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9521" type="text/json">{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" rel="nofollow" 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Wijngaarden","profile_url":"https://rochester.academia.edu/EdwinVanWijngaarden?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6116,"name":"Child Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":87786,"name":"New York City","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_York_City?f_ri=147995"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=147995"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":253560,"name":"Newborn Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newborn_Infant?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62554936" data-work_id="62554936" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62554936/Follow_up_of_children_suffering_from_lead_poisoning_or_at_risk_of_lead_poisoning_in_Greater_Paris_1992_2002">Follow-up of children suffering from lead poisoning or at risk of lead poisoning in Greater Paris, 1992--2002</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is essential for children suffering from or at risk of lead poisoning to have regular follow-up, and specifically for their blood lead (Pb) levels to be monitored. The present study assessed the occurrence of late follow-up testing of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62554936" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is essential for children suffering from or at risk of lead poisoning to have regular follow-up, and specifically for their blood lead (Pb) levels to be monitored. The present study assessed the occurrence of late follow-up testing of blood lead levels in children in Greater Paris, and factors related to such delays. Since 1992, the SSSIILF has been systematically recording data on lead levels in blood tests conducted for screening and follow-up in Greater Paris. For Pb greater or equal to 45 microg/dL (Group 4), a further blood lead test has to be done within three weeks. For levels of 25 microg/dL &lt; or = Pb &lt; 45 microg/dL (Group 3) and 10 microg/dL &lt; or = Pb &lt; 25 microg/dL (Group 2), a second test must be done within 6 months. For Pb less than 10 microg/dL combined with one or more risk factors (Group 1: children at risk of poisoning), a second test is required within 6 to 12 months. Children aged 1 to 6 years who were screened between 1992 and 2002 were selected. T...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62554936" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cc042fd405e6e79a4c76186a5a915c35" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75276883,"asset_id":62554936,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75276883/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116560" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertGarnier">Robert Garnier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116560" type="text/json">{"id":33116560,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Garnier","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertGarnier","display_name":"Robert Garnier","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertGarnier?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62554936 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62554936"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62554936, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62554936", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62554936]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62554936").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62554936").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62554936"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64933" type="text/json">{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paris">Paris</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="91839" type="text/json">{"id":91839,"name":"Paris","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paris?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead">Lead</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="116579" type="text/json">{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="134346" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant">Infant</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="134346" type="text/json">{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62554936]'), work: {"id":62554936,"title":"Follow-up of children suffering from lead poisoning or at risk of lead poisoning in Greater Paris, 1992--2002","created_at":"2021-11-27T07:14:47.438-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62554936/Follow_up_of_children_suffering_from_lead_poisoning_or_at_risk_of_lead_poisoning_in_Greater_Paris_1992_2002?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_62554936","summary":"It is essential for children suffering from or at risk of lead poisoning to have regular follow-up, and specifically for their blood lead (Pb) levels to be monitored. The present study assessed the occurrence of late follow-up testing of blood lead levels in children in Greater Paris, and factors related to such delays. Since 1992, the SSSIILF has been systematically recording data on lead levels in blood tests conducted for screening and follow-up in Greater Paris. For Pb greater or equal to 45 microg/dL (Group 4), a further blood lead test has to be done within three weeks. For levels of 25 microg/dL \u0026lt; or = Pb \u0026lt; 45 microg/dL (Group 3) and 10 microg/dL \u0026lt; or = Pb \u0026lt; 25 microg/dL (Group 2), a second test must be done within 6 months. For Pb less than 10 microg/dL combined with one or more risk factors (Group 1: children at risk of poisoning), a second test is required within 6 to 12 months. Children aged 1 to 6 years who were screened between 1992 and 2002 were selected. T...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75276883,"asset_id":62554936,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33116560,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Garnier","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertGarnier","display_name":"Robert Garnier","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertGarnier?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":91839,"name":"Paris","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paris?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":137516,"name":"Follow-up studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2491318,"name":"Guideline Adherence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guideline_Adherence?f_ri=147995"},{"id":3109438,"name":"Blood Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":3693190,"name":"mass Screening","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mass_Screening?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41736634 coauthored" data-work_id="41736634" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41736634/Book_Forum_Life_without_Lead_Contamination_Crisis_and_Hope_in_Uruguay">Book Forum, Life without Lead: Contamination, Crisis, and Hope in Uruguay</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Daniel Renfrew's Life Without Lead: Contamination, Crisis, and Hope in Uruguay (2018) is a masterful undertaking on the anthropology of disaster and its everydayness. An ethnographic portrayal that is prismatic in its attention, the book... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41736634" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Daniel Renfrew's Life Without Lead: Contamination, Crisis, and Hope in Uruguay (2018) is a masterful undertaking on the anthropology of disaster and its everydayness. An ethnographic portrayal that is prismatic in its attention, the book combines numerous elements-place, civic performance, history, political economy-to bear on the lead poisoning epidemic in Montevideo, Uruguay at the turn of the 21 st century. The epidemic disproportionally affected</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41736634" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="486cf76dcd5ad139ab00b39623014586" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61893512,"asset_id":41736634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61893512/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="118779" href="https://wvu.academia.edu/DanielRenfrew">Daniel Renfrew</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="118779" type="text/json">{"id":118779,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Renfrew","domain_name":"wvu","page_name":"DanielRenfrew","display_name":"Daniel Renfrew","profile_url":"https://wvu.academia.edu/DanielRenfrew?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/118779/169696/24135368/s65_daniel.renfrew.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41736634">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41736634"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://wayne.academia.edu/ar04797">Andrés Romero</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://udelar.academia.edu/MarianaAchugar">Mariana Achugar</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41736634'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41736634').html(); 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An ethnographic portrayal that is prismatic in its attention, the book combines numerous elements-place, civic performance, history, political economy-to bear on the lead poisoning epidemic in Montevideo, Uruguay at the turn of the 21 st century. The epidemic disproportionally affected","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61893512,"asset_id":41736634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":118779,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Renfrew","domain_name":"wvu","page_name":"DanielRenfrew","display_name":"Daniel Renfrew","profile_url":"https://wvu.academia.edu/DanielRenfrew?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/118779/169696/24135368/s65_daniel.renfrew.jpg"},{"id":5644724,"first_name":"Andrés","last_name":"Romero","domain_name":"wayne","page_name":"ar04797","display_name":"Andrés Romero","profile_url":"https://wayne.academia.edu/ar04797?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":2690746,"first_name":"Mariana","last_name":"Achugar","domain_name":"udelar","page_name":"MarianaAchugar","display_name":"Mariana Achugar","profile_url":"https://udelar.academia.edu/MarianaAchugar?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29,"name":"Industrial And Labor Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_And_Labor_Relations?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":793,"name":"Medical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Anthropology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":3167,"name":"Disaster Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Studies?f_ri=147995"},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=147995"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":6384,"name":"Critical Medical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Medical_Anthropology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=147995"},{"id":16742,"name":"Urban Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":30029,"name":"Uruguay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uruguay?f_ri=147995"},{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=147995"},{"id":102984,"name":"Urban Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Political_Ecology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22897517 coauthored" data-work_id="22897517" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22897517/Associations_between_Cognitive_Function_Blood_Lead_Concentration_and_Nutrition_among_Children_in_the_Central_Philippines">Associations between Cognitive Function, Blood Lead Concentration, and Nutrition among Children in the Central Philippines</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Objective Because little is known about its effects on cognitive function among children in less-developed countries, we determined the impact of lead exposure from other nutritional determinants of cognitive ability.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22897517" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0649a97393e5ab4dfec0878fc3ed8875" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43436984,"asset_id":22897517,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43436984/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34081380" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElizabethButrick">Elizabeth Butrick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34081380" type="text/json">{"id":34081380,"first_name":"Elizabeth","last_name":"Butrick","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElizabethButrick","display_name":"Elizabeth Butrick","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElizabethButrick?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-22897517">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-22897517"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://up-diliman.academia.edu/MarifeBacate">Marife Bacate</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-22897517'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-22897517').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22897517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22897517"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22897517, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22897517", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22897517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22897517").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22897517"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="631" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="631" type="text/json">{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1907" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition">Nutrition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1907" type="text/json">{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8785" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines">Philippines</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8785" type="text/json">{"id":8785,"name":"Philippines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22897517]'), work: {"id":22897517,"title":"Associations between Cognitive Function, 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27928199/Lead_induced_dysregulation_of_superoxide_dismutases_catalase_glutathione_peroxidase_and_guanylate_cyclase">Lead-induced dysregulation of superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and guanylate cyclase</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated the presence of oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of leadinduced hypertension. This study was designed to determine whether oxidative stress in animals with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27928199" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated the presence of oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of leadinduced hypertension. This study was designed to determine whether oxidative stress in animals with lead-induced hypertension is associated with dysregulation of the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In addition, we aimed to determine the effect of lead on the regulation of guanylate cyclase (GC) expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and lead-exposed groups, and immunodetectable Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, CAT, and GPX were determined by immunoblotting in the thoracic aorta. Additionally, the activities of these enzymes were measured in the renal cortex, medulla, and thoracic aorta. Furthermore, immunodetectable GC was determined in the thoracic aorta. In the thoracic aorta, lead exposure resulted in significant upregulation of aortic Cu/Zn SOD activity, while CAT and GPX activity and CuZn SOD, Mn SOD, and CAT protein abundance were unchanged. Conversely, GC protein abundance was decreased in thoracic aorta. In renal cortex and medulla, CAT and Cu/Zn SOD activities were increased, while GPX activity was unchanged. Lead-exposed animals exhibited upregulation of some antioxidant enzyme activities, most likely as a compensatory response to lead exposure. However, other enzymes did not compensate in the face of oxidative stress, suggestive of an antioxidant/oxidant imbalance. These findings, combined with decrease in aortic GC protein abundance, provide further evidence for dysregulation of antioxidant/oxidant balance and hypertension in this model. r 2004 Elsevier Inc. 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This study was designed to determine whether oxidative stress in animals with lead-induced hypertension is associated with dysregulation of the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In addition, we aimed to determine the effect of lead on the regulation of guanylate cyclase (GC) expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and lead-exposed groups, and immunodetectable Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, CAT, and GPX were determined by immunoblotting in the thoracic aorta. Additionally, the activities of these enzymes were measured in the renal cortex, medulla, and thoracic aorta. Furthermore, immunodetectable GC was determined in the thoracic aorta. In the thoracic aorta, lead exposure resulted in significant upregulation of aortic Cu/Zn SOD activity, while CAT and GPX activity and CuZn SOD, Mn SOD, and CAT protein abundance were unchanged. Conversely, GC protein abundance was decreased in thoracic aorta. In renal cortex and medulla, CAT and Cu/Zn SOD activities were increased, while GPX activity was unchanged. Lead-exposed animals exhibited upregulation of some antioxidant enzyme activities, most likely as a compensatory response to lead exposure. However, other enzymes did not compensate in the face of oxidative stress, suggestive of an antioxidant/oxidant imbalance. These findings, combined with decrease in aortic GC protein abundance, provide further evidence for dysregulation of antioxidant/oxidant balance and hypertension in this model. r 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48225228,"asset_id":27928199,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52325961,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Farmand","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FFarmand","display_name":"F. Farmand","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FFarmand?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":37834,"name":"Western blotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental 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Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Pollutants?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1676581,"name":"Mine Tailing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mine_Tailing?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2343202,"name":"Sagittaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sagittaria?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71477361" data-work_id="71477361" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71477361/Perspectives_of_ammunition_users_on_the_use_of_lead_ammunition_and_its_potential_impacts_on_wildlife_and_humans">Perspectives of ammunition users on the use of lead ammunition and its potential impacts on wildlife and humans</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">1. Recent national and international policy initiatives have aimed to reduce the exposure of humans and wildlife to lead from ammunition. Despite restrictions, in the UK, lead ammunition remains the most widespread source of environmental... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71477361" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">1. Recent national and international policy initiatives have aimed to reduce the exposure of humans and wildlife to lead from ammunition. Despite restrictions, in the UK, lead ammunition remains the most widespread source of environmental lead contamination to which wildlife may be exposed. 2. The risks arising from the use of lead ammunition and the measures taken to mitigate these have prompted intense and sometimes acrimonious discussion between stakeholder groups, including those advancing the interests of shooting, wildlife conservation, public health and animal welfare. 3. However, relatively little is known of the perspectives of individual ammunition users, despite their role in adding lead to the environment and their pivotal place in any potential changes to practice. Using Q-methodology, we identified the perspectives of ammunition users in the UK on lead ammunition in an effort to bring forward evidence from these key stakeholders. 4. Views were characterised by two stat...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71477361" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="52d3354cdd43dd70283b35626e2a226e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80802570,"asset_id":71477361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80802570/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="138121320" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AliceLawrence8">Alice Lawrence</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="138121320" type="text/json">{"id":138121320,"first_name":"Alice","last_name":"Lawrence","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AliceLawrence8","display_name":"Alice Lawrence","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AliceLawrence8?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71477361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71477361"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71477361, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71477361", }); 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Recent national and international policy initiatives have aimed to reduce the exposure of humans and wildlife to lead from ammunition. Despite restrictions, in the UK, lead ammunition remains the most widespread source of environmental lead contamination to which wildlife may be exposed. 2. The risks arising from the use of lead ammunition and the measures taken to mitigate these have prompted intense and sometimes acrimonious discussion between stakeholder groups, including those advancing the interests of shooting, wildlife conservation, public health and animal welfare. 3. However, relatively little is known of the perspectives of individual ammunition users, despite their role in adding lead to the environment and their pivotal place in any potential changes to practice. Using Q-methodology, we identified the perspectives of ammunition users in the UK on lead ammunition in an effort to bring forward evidence from these key stakeholders. 4. Views were characterised by two stat...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80802570,"asset_id":71477361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":138121320,"first_name":"Alice","last_name":"Lawrence","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AliceLawrence8","display_name":"Alice Lawrence","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AliceLawrence8?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":4266,"name":"Wildlife Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Biology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":5107,"name":"Stakeholders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholders?f_ri=147995"},{"id":7549,"name":"Q Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Q_Methodology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":22413,"name":"Wildlife Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Conservation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":62436,"name":"Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interviews?f_ri=147995"},{"id":71898,"name":"Perspective","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perspective?f_ri=147995"},{"id":94349,"name":"Hunting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hunting?f_ri=147995"},{"id":102751,"name":"Waterbirds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waterbirds?f_ri=147995"},{"id":133960,"name":"Nature Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature_Conservation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":138633,"name":"Environmental contamination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_contamination?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":159841,"name":"Wetland and Waterfowl research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetland_and_Waterfowl_research?f_ri=147995"},{"id":258099,"name":"Shooting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shooting?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1288766,"name":"Environmental Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Regulation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1772102,"name":"Ammunition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ammunition?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28412245" data-work_id="28412245" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28412245/A_gift_of_God_The_public_health_controversy_over_leaded_gasoline_during_the_1920s">A 'gift of God'?: The public health controversy over leaded gasoline during the 1920s</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">this substance by the automobile industry, the broader question became: What was the level of acceptable risk that society should be willing to assume for industrial progress? By examining this controversy, we will illustrate how, at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28412245" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">this substance by the automobile industry, the broader question became: What was the level of acceptable risk that society should be willing to assume for industrial progress? By examining this controversy, we will illustrate how, at every stage of the debate, the political, economic, and scientific issues were inextricably intertwined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28412245" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="740146edc8b687c9349ff10ab4d97b1a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48753342,"asset_id":28412245,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48753342/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14508990" href="https://opencuny.academia.edu/GeraldMarkowitz">Gerald Markowitz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14508990" type="text/json">{"id":14508990,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Markowitz","domain_name":"opencuny","page_name":"GeraldMarkowitz","display_name":"Gerald Markowitz","profile_url":"https://opencuny.academia.edu/GeraldMarkowitz?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14508990/33847559/29990115/s65_gerald.markowitz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28412245 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28412245"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28412245, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28412245", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28412245]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28412245").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28412245").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28412245"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3356" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda">Propaganda</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3356" type="text/json">{"id":3356,"name":"Propaganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5285" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum">Petroleum</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5285" type="text/json">{"id":5285,"name":"Petroleum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11976" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_pollution">Air pollution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11976" type="text/json">{"id":11976,"name":"Air pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28412245]'), work: {"id":28412245,"title":"A 'gift of God'?: The public health controversy over leaded gasoline during the 1920s","created_at":"2016-09-11T10:43:47.637-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28412245/A_gift_of_God_The_public_health_controversy_over_leaded_gasoline_during_the_1920s?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_28412245","summary":"this substance by the automobile industry, the broader question became: What was the level of acceptable risk that society should be willing to assume for industrial progress? By examining this controversy, we will illustrate how, at every stage of the debate, the political, economic, and scientific issues were inextricably intertwined.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48753342,"asset_id":28412245,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14508990,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Markowitz","domain_name":"opencuny","page_name":"GeraldMarkowitz","display_name":"Gerald Markowitz","profile_url":"https://opencuny.academia.edu/GeraldMarkowitz?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14508990/33847559/29990115/s65_gerald.markowitz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3356,"name":"Propaganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":5285,"name":"Petroleum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":11976,"name":"Air pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":18873,"name":"Automotive Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automotive_Industry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":38251,"name":"Political Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economics?f_ri=147995"},{"id":45666,"name":"Automobiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobiles?f_ri=147995"},{"id":85280,"name":"Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":94701,"name":"Vehicle Emissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vehicle_Emissions?f_ri=147995"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":190053,"name":"Government Agencies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Agencies?f_ri=147995"},{"id":718456,"name":"Petroleum Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum_Industry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":743616,"name":"Gasoline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gasoline?f_ri=147995"},{"id":907046,"name":"Automobile Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automobile_Industry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":962276,"name":"Occupational Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Diseases?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1256744,"name":"Organic Compound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Compound?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22673487" data-work_id="22673487" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22673487/Lead_Poisoning_in_White_tailed_Sea_Eagles_Causes_and_Approaches_to_Solutions_in_Germany">Lead Poisoning in White-tailed Sea Eagles: Causes and Approaches to Solutions in Germany</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Our project aims to identify the causes and consequences of oral lead intoxications of the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) as an umbrella species for other scavenging birds. A dialogue-oriented and communicative part of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22673487" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Our project aims to identify the causes and consequences of oral lead intoxications of the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) as an umbrella species for other scavenging birds. A dialogue-oriented and communicative part of the project encourages involved stakeholders like hunting organizations, foresters, the ammunition industry, ammunition dealers and nature conservationists to develop potential solutions for eliminating lead risks for scavenging birds. Veterinarians, biologists, and social scientists work together to elucidate key issues of the biology of White-tailed Sea Eagle (WTSE), analyse information use and attitudes of hunters as well as conflicts between social actors, transfer knowledge quickly to stakeholders, and mediate between the different parties.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22673487" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0ccb64e98aea26b47ca2379da8dca315" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43258937,"asset_id":22673487,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43258937/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40562365" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OKrone">Oliver Krone</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40562365" type="text/json">{"id":40562365,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Krone","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OKrone","display_name":"Oliver Krone","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OKrone?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22673487 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22673487"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22673487, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22673487", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22673487]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22673487").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22673487").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22673487"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80692" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper">Copper</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80692" type="text/json">{"id":80692,"name":"Copper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147995" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning">Lead Poisoning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="147995" type="text/json">{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2227934" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_Convex_Polygon">Minimum Convex Polygon</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2227934" type="text/json">{"id":2227934,"name":"Minimum Convex Polygon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_Convex_Polygon?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22673487]'), work: {"id":22673487,"title":"Lead Poisoning in White-tailed Sea Eagles: Causes and Approaches to Solutions in Germany","created_at":"2016-03-01T23:34:58.225-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22673487/Lead_Poisoning_in_White_tailed_Sea_Eagles_Causes_and_Approaches_to_Solutions_in_Germany?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_22673487","summary":"Our project aims to identify the causes and consequences of oral lead intoxications of the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) as an umbrella species for other scavenging birds. A dialogue-oriented and communicative part of the project encourages involved stakeholders like hunting organizations, foresters, the ammunition industry, ammunition dealers and nature conservationists to develop potential solutions for eliminating lead risks for scavenging birds. Veterinarians, biologists, and social scientists work together to elucidate key issues of the biology of White-tailed Sea Eagle (WTSE), analyse information use and attitudes of hunters as well as conflicts between social actors, transfer knowledge quickly to stakeholders, and mediate between the different parties.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43258937,"asset_id":22673487,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40562365,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Krone","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OKrone","display_name":"Oliver Krone","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OKrone?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":80692,"name":"Copper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":2227934,"name":"Minimum Convex Polygon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_Convex_Polygon?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57214209" data-work_id="57214209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57214209/Status_of_childrens_blood_lead_levels_in_Pakistan_implications_for_research_and_policy">Status of children's blood lead levels in Pakistan: implications for research and policy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Data on blood lead levels, sources of lead and health effects were reviewed among children in Pakistan.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57214209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="da8c0f245557fe6613c7ab0256b7f914" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72221915,"asset_id":57214209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72221915/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59861123" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZarafAku">Zafar Fatmi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59861123" type="text/json">{"id":59861123,"first_name":"Zafar","last_name":"Fatmi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZarafAku","display_name":"Zafar Fatmi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZarafAku?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57214209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57214209"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57214209, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57214209", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57214209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57214209").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57214209").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57214209"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7361" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7361" type="text/json">{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17969" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Policy">Health Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17969" type="text/json">{"id":17969,"name":"Health Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Policy?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64933" type="text/json">{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57214209]'), work: {"id":57214209,"title":"Status of children's blood lead levels in Pakistan: implications for research and policy","created_at":"2021-10-11T08:53:18.060-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57214209/Status_of_childrens_blood_lead_levels_in_Pakistan_implications_for_research_and_policy?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_57214209","summary":"Data on blood lead levels, sources of lead and health effects were reviewed among children in Pakistan.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72221915,"asset_id":57214209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59861123,"first_name":"Zafar","last_name":"Fatmi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZarafAku","display_name":"Zafar Fatmi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZarafAku?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":17969,"name":"Health Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Policy?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9251802" data-work_id="9251802" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9251802/Effects_of_Lead_Arsenic_Combined_Exposure_on_Central_Monoaminergic_Systems">Effects of Lead–Arsenic Combined Exposure on Central Monoaminergic Systems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CAPDEVILLE. Effects of leadarsenic combined exposure on central monoaminergic systems. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 19 (6) 489-497, 1997.-Lead acetate (116 mg/kg/day), arsenic (11 or 13.8 mg/kg/day as sodium arsenite), a lead-arsenic mixture or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9251802" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CAPDEVILLE. Effects of leadarsenic combined exposure on central monoaminergic systems. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 19 (6) 489-497, 1997.-Lead acetate (116 mg/kg/day), arsenic (11 or 13.8 mg/kg/day as sodium arsenite), a lead-arsenic mixture or vehicle were administered to adult mice through gastric intubation during 14 days. Then, the regional content of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 3,4 dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), arsenic, and lead were quantified. Compared with the accumulation after single element exposures, the mixture elicited a higher accumulation of lead and a lower arsenic accumulation in the brain. Compared to controls, lead induced only an augmentation of DOPAC (200%) in the hypothalamus. By contrast, the mixture provoked increases of DOPAC in the hypothalamus (250%), DA and 5-HIAA in the striatum (67 and 187%, respectively) and NE decreased in the hypothalamus (45%). Although these alterations were similar to those produced by arsenic alone, the mixture provoked a 38% decrease of NE in the hippocampus and increases of 5-HT in midbrain and frontal cortex (100 and 90%, respectively) over control values, alterations that were not elicited by either metal alone. These results demonstrate an interaction arsenic/lead on the central monaminergic systems of the adult mouse. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9251802" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4807baadaced0328e2448a5380272add" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47841739,"asset_id":9251802,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47841739/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21232562" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoseMejias1">Jose Mejias</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21232562" type="text/json">{"id":21232562,"first_name":"Jose","last_name":"Mejias","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseMejias1","display_name":"Jose Mejias","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseMejias1?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21232562/15786119/16312844/s65_jose.mejias.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9251802 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9251802"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9251802, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9251802", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9251802 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9251802; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9251802"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9251802 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9251802"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9251802; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9251802]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9251802").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9251802").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9251802"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6227" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic">Arsenic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6227" type="text/json">{"id":6227,"name":"Arsenic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51565" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin">Serotonin</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51565" type="text/json">{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51566" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine">Dopamine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51566" type="text/json">{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9251802]'), work: {"id":9251802,"title":"Effects of Lead–Arsenic Combined Exposure on Central Monoaminergic Systems","created_at":"2014-11-11T07:04:47.234-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9251802/Effects_of_Lead_Arsenic_Combined_Exposure_on_Central_Monoaminergic_Systems?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_9251802","summary":"CAPDEVILLE. Effects of leadarsenic combined exposure on central monoaminergic systems. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 19 (6) 489-497, 1997.-Lead acetate (116 mg/kg/day), arsenic (11 or 13.8 mg/kg/day as sodium arsenite), a lead-arsenic mixture or vehicle were administered to adult mice through gastric intubation during 14 days. Then, the regional content of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 3,4 dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), arsenic, and lead were quantified. Compared with the accumulation after single element exposures, the mixture elicited a higher accumulation of lead and a lower arsenic accumulation in the brain. Compared to controls, lead induced only an augmentation of DOPAC (200%) in the hypothalamus. By contrast, the mixture provoked increases of DOPAC in the hypothalamus (250%), DA and 5-HIAA in the striatum (67 and 187%, respectively) and NE decreased in the hypothalamus (45%). Although these alterations were similar to those produced by arsenic alone, the mixture provoked a 38% decrease of NE in the hippocampus and increases of 5-HT in midbrain and frontal cortex (100 and 90%, respectively) over control values, alterations that were not elicited by either metal alone. These results demonstrate an interaction arsenic/lead on the central monaminergic systems of the adult mouse. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47841739,"asset_id":9251802,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21232562,"first_name":"Jose","last_name":"Mejias","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseMejias1","display_name":"Jose Mejias","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseMejias1?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21232562/15786119/16312844/s65_jose.mejias.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":6227,"name":"Arsenic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":51688,"name":"Neurotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurotoxicology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=147995"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":134352,"name":"Frontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frontal_Cortex?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":235189,"name":"Norepinephrine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norepinephrine?f_ri=147995"},{"id":723149,"name":"Acetic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acetic_Acid?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1031016,"name":"Arsenic Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23054412" data-work_id="23054412" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23054412/Evaluation_of_cleaning_methods_applied_in_home_environments_after_renovation_and_remodeling_activities">Evaluation of cleaning methods applied in home environments after renovation and remodeling activities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We conducted a cleaning trial in 40 northern New Jersey homes where home renovation and remodeling (R&R) activities were undertaken. Two cleaning protocols were used in the study: a specific method recommended by the US Department of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23054412" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We conducted a cleaning trial in 40 northern New Jersey homes where home renovation and remodeling (R&R) activities were undertaken. Two cleaning protocols were used in the study: a specific method recommended by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), in the 1995 ''Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing,'' using a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered vacuum cleaner and a tri-sodium phosphate solution (TSP); and an alternative method using a household vacuum cleaner and a household detergent. Eligible homes were built before the 1970s with potential lead-based paint and had recent R&R activities without thorough cleaning. The two cleaning protocols were randomly assigned to the participants' homes and followed the HUD-recommended three-step procedure: vacuuming, wet washing, and repeat vacuuming. Wipe sampling was conducted on floor surfaces or windowsills before and after cleaning to evaluate the efficacy. All floor and windowsill data indicated that both methods (TSP/HEPA and non-TSP/non-HEPA) were effective in reducing lead loading on the surfaces (Po0:001). When cleaning was applied to surfaces with initial lead loading above the clearance standards, the reductions were even greater, above 95% for either cleaning method. The mixed-effect model analysis showed no significant difference between the two methods. Baseline lead loading was found to be associated with lead loading reduction significantly on floors (Po0:001) and marginally on windowsills (P ¼ 0:077). Such relations were different between the two cleaning methods significantly on floors (Po0:001) and marginally on windowsills (P ¼ 0:066), with the TSP/HEPA method being favored for higher baseline levels and the non-TSP/non-HEPA method for lower baseline levels. For the 10 homes with lead abatement, almost all post-cleaning lead loadings were below the standards using either cleaning method. Based on our results, we recommend that contractors or homeowners can use a household vacuum cleaner and a household detergent to clean lead-contaminated environments after R&R activities when HUD-recommended equipment is not available. r</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23054412" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b54fc1c4a91418ce37b08e19a1791ace" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43558594,"asset_id":23054412,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43558594/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44792272" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShouenLu">Shou-en Lu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44792272" type="text/json">{"id":44792272,"first_name":"Shou-en","last_name":"Lu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShouenLu","display_name":"Shou-en Lu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShouenLu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23054412 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23054412"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23054412, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23054412", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23054412]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23054412").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23054412").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23054412"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3243" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonparametric_Statistics">Nonparametric Statistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3243" type="text/json">{"id":3243,"name":"Nonparametric Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonparametric_Statistics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9521" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing">Housing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9521" type="text/json">{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12124" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filtration">Filtration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12124" type="text/json">{"id":12124,"name":"Filtration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filtration?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23054412]'), work: {"id":23054412,"title":"Evaluation of cleaning methods applied in home environments after renovation and remodeling activities","created_at":"2016-03-09T12:36:34.158-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23054412/Evaluation_of_cleaning_methods_applied_in_home_environments_after_renovation_and_remodeling_activities?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_23054412","summary":"We conducted a cleaning trial in 40 northern New Jersey homes where home renovation and remodeling (R\u0026R) activities were undertaken. Two cleaning protocols were used in the study: a specific method recommended by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), in the 1995 ''Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing,'' using a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered vacuum cleaner and a tri-sodium phosphate solution (TSP); and an alternative method using a household vacuum cleaner and a household detergent. Eligible homes were built before the 1970s with potential lead-based paint and had recent R\u0026R activities without thorough cleaning. The two cleaning protocols were randomly assigned to the participants' homes and followed the HUD-recommended three-step procedure: vacuuming, wet washing, and repeat vacuuming. Wipe sampling was conducted on floor surfaces or windowsills before and after cleaning to evaluate the efficacy. All floor and windowsill data indicated that both methods (TSP/HEPA and non-TSP/non-HEPA) were effective in reducing lead loading on the surfaces (Po0:001). When cleaning was applied to surfaces with initial lead loading above the clearance standards, the reductions were even greater, above 95% for either cleaning method. The mixed-effect model analysis showed no significant difference between the two methods. Baseline lead loading was found to be associated with lead loading reduction significantly on floors (Po0:001) and marginally on windowsills (P ¼ 0:077). Such relations were different between the two cleaning methods significantly on floors (Po0:001) and marginally on windowsills (P ¼ 0:066), with the TSP/HEPA method being favored for higher baseline levels and the non-TSP/non-HEPA method for lower baseline levels. For the 10 homes with lead abatement, almost all post-cleaning lead loadings were below the standards using either cleaning method. Based on our results, we recommend that contractors or homeowners can use a household vacuum cleaner and a household detergent to clean lead-contaminated environments after R\u0026R activities when HUD-recommended equipment is not available. r","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43558594,"asset_id":23054412,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44792272,"first_name":"Shou-en","last_name":"Lu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShouenLu","display_name":"Shou-en Lu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShouenLu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3243,"name":"Nonparametric Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonparametric_Statistics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":12124,"name":"Filtration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filtration?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":142697,"name":"New Jersey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Jersey?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=147995"},{"id":289315,"name":"Safety Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety_Management?f_ri=147995"},{"id":295244,"name":"Indoor air pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indoor_air_pollution?f_ri=147995"},{"id":327850,"name":"Questionnaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Questionnaires?f_ri=147995"},{"id":735883,"name":"Dust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dust?f_ri=147995"},{"id":741300,"name":"Housing and urban development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing_and_urban_development?f_ri=147995"},{"id":856226,"name":"Housekeeping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housekeeping?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1133132,"name":"Environmental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61782505" data-work_id="61782505" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61782505/Evaluation_of_HUD_funded_lead_hazard_control_treatments_at_6_years_post_intervention">Evaluation of HUD-funded lead hazard control treatments at 6 years post-intervention</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program (Evaluation) was a HUD-funded study of the effectiveness of lead hazard control (LHC) treatments conducted by 14 grantees in communities across the country. A... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61782505" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program (Evaluation) was a HUD-funded study of the effectiveness of lead hazard control (LHC) treatments conducted by 14 grantees in communities across the country. A stratified random sampling scheme was used to select treated units at four grantee sites for continued environmental assessment at 6 years postintervention. The study compared the relative effectiveness after 6 years of the different classes of interventions used by the grantees, after controlling for such factors as housing conditions and characteristics and resident and neighborhood characteristics. Geometric mean dust-lead levels on floors and window sills were 11% and 23% lower, respectively, at 6 years post-intervention than at any preceding point following the intervention. Although geometric mean window trough dust-lead levels were slightly higher at 6 years postintervention than at other post-intervention time periods, they were still over 75% lower than before intervention. Treatment at moreintensive levels was associated with lower window sill and window trough dust-lead levels; however, statistical modeling found no significant difference in floor dust-lead loadings over time between the levels of treatment; however, significant differences in window sill and window trough dust-lead levels between treatment levels were evident. Findings from the 6-Year Extension study indicate that across all grantees and treatment strategies the treatments applied were effective at significantly reducing environmental lead levels on floors, window sills, and window troughs at least 6 years following the intervention.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61782505" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a0250c012000f0d0540cba62a7ea21f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74733269,"asset_id":61782505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74733269/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="76010818" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterAshley2">Peter Ashley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="76010818" type="text/json">{"id":76010818,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Ashley","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeterAshley2","display_name":"Peter Ashley","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterAshley2?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61782505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61782505"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61782505, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61782505", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61782505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61782505; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61782505"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61782505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61782505"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61782505; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61782505]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61782505").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61782505").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61782505"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="202" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Evaluation">Program Evaluation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="202" type="text/json">{"id":202,"name":"Program Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Evaluation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8910" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation">Evaluation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8910" type="text/json">{"id":8910,"name":"Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9521" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing">Housing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9521" type="text/json">{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61782505]'), work: {"id":61782505,"title":"Evaluation of HUD-funded lead hazard control treatments at 6 years post-intervention","created_at":"2021-11-16T07:00:53.166-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61782505/Evaluation_of_HUD_funded_lead_hazard_control_treatments_at_6_years_post_intervention?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_61782505","summary":"The Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program (Evaluation) was a HUD-funded study of the effectiveness of lead hazard control (LHC) treatments conducted by 14 grantees in communities across the country. A stratified random sampling scheme was used to select treated units at four grantee sites for continued environmental assessment at 6 years postintervention. The study compared the relative effectiveness after 6 years of the different classes of interventions used by the grantees, after controlling for such factors as housing conditions and characteristics and resident and neighborhood characteristics. Geometric mean dust-lead levels on floors and window sills were 11% and 23% lower, respectively, at 6 years post-intervention than at any preceding point following the intervention. Although geometric mean window trough dust-lead levels were slightly higher at 6 years postintervention than at other post-intervention time periods, they were still over 75% lower than before intervention. Treatment at moreintensive levels was associated with lower window sill and window trough dust-lead levels; however, statistical modeling found no significant difference in floor dust-lead loadings over time between the levels of treatment; however, significant differences in window sill and window trough dust-lead levels between treatment levels were evident. Findings from the 6-Year Extension study indicate that across all grantees and treatment strategies the treatments applied were effective at significantly reducing environmental lead levels on floors, window sills, and window troughs at least 6 years following the intervention.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74733269,"asset_id":61782505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":76010818,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Ashley","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeterAshley2","display_name":"Peter Ashley","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterAshley2?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":202,"name":"Program Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Evaluation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":8910,"name":"Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":97450,"name":"Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intervention?f_ri=147995"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":219927,"name":"Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efficiency?f_ri=147995"},{"id":249090,"name":"Operation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=147995"},{"id":270138,"name":"Paint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paint?f_ri=147995"},{"id":295244,"name":"Indoor air pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indoor_air_pollution?f_ri=147995"},{"id":621181,"name":"Government Programs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Programs?f_ri=147995"},{"id":735883,"name":"Dust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dust?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1133132,"name":"Environmental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1365470,"name":"Soil Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Pollutants?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38914271" data-work_id="38914271" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38914271/An_evaluation_of_recent_blood_lead_levels_in_Port_Pirie_South_Australia">An evaluation of recent blood lead levels in Port Pirie, South Australia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Port Pirie Lead Program commenced in 1984. The abatement program involves identification of children with elevated blood lead levels, house decontamination, soil treatment, development of heavily vegetated buffer zones around the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38914271" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Port Pirie Lead Program commenced in 1984. The abatement program involves identification of children with elevated blood lead levels, house decontamination, soil treatment, development of heavily vegetated buffer zones around the smelter, family education and support and community education. Since 1984 the smelter has also implemented substantial new emission controls and environmental improvements. Blood lead and air monitoring programs as well as investigations of emission sources, ongoing household contamination and infant exposure mechanisms are in place. Although capillary blood lead monitoring has shown a significant decrease in the mean blood lead levels of the children, 61% of children aged 1-4 years still exceed 10 mgydl, with 28% at or above 15 mgydl. Re-entrainment of lead from the contaminated areas within the city is only a small contributor to air-borne lead levels compared with that from the smelter and its environs. The smelter has undertaken extensive work to reduce windborne fugitive emissions. While attempts to demonstrate reductions in air lead have been hampered by large annual variations in wind speed and direction, air lead studies have confirmed that only small losses are now arising from the stockpile area of the smelter site. Evidence suggests that worker hygiene improvements, relocation of children to lower exposure suburbs, community education, house decontamination, specific measures for individual children with elevated blood lead, and avoidance of tank rainwater have all been partially successful. A substantial investigation program has refocused intervention efforts towards reducing exposure from indoor environments during the first year of life and contributed to improved identification and ranking of ongoing smelter emission sources. ᮊ</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38914271" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69f7f1b7fd0d1ac4805fd78fde496b47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59017994,"asset_id":38914271,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59017994/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36695706" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidAcostaSimon">David Acosta Simon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36695706" type="text/json">{"id":36695706,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Acosta Simon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidAcostaSimon","display_name":"David Acosta Simon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidAcostaSimon?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38914271 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38914271"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38914271, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38914271", }); 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The abatement program involves identification of children with elevated blood lead levels, house decontamination, soil treatment, development of heavily vegetated buffer zones around the smelter, family education and support and community education. Since 1984 the smelter has also implemented substantial new emission controls and environmental improvements. Blood lead and air monitoring programs as well as investigations of emission sources, ongoing household contamination and infant exposure mechanisms are in place. Although capillary blood lead monitoring has shown a significant decrease in the mean blood lead levels of the children, 61% of children aged 1-4 years still exceed 10 mgydl, with 28% at or above 15 mgydl. Re-entrainment of lead from the contaminated areas within the city is only a small contributor to air-borne lead levels compared with that from the smelter and its environs. The smelter has undertaken extensive work to reduce windborne fugitive emissions. While attempts to demonstrate reductions in air lead have been hampered by large annual variations in wind speed and direction, air lead studies have confirmed that only small losses are now arising from the stockpile area of the smelter site. Evidence suggests that worker hygiene improvements, relocation of children to lower exposure suburbs, community education, house decontamination, specific measures for individual children with elevated blood lead, and avoidance of tank rainwater have all been partially successful. A substantial investigation program has refocused intervention efforts towards reducing exposure from indoor environments during the first year of life and contributed to improved identification and ranking of ongoing smelter emission sources. ᮊ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59017994,"asset_id":38914271,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36695706,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Acosta Simon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidAcostaSimon","display_name":"David Acosta Simon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidAcostaSimon?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":6116,"name":"Child Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":25445,"name":"Environmental Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":85280,"name":"Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":442734,"name":"First Year","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_Year?f_ri=147995"},{"id":735883,"name":"Dust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dust?f_ri=147995"},{"id":892171,"name":"Indoor Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indoor_Environment?f_ri=147995"},{"id":902288,"name":"Lead Smelting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Smelting?f_ri=147995"},{"id":957423,"name":"Decontamination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decontamination?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1282996,"name":"Fugitive Emissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fugitive_Emissions?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1656539,"name":"Air Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Pollutants?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=147995"},{"id":3109438,"name":"Blood Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Lead?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3196637" data-work_id="3196637" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3196637/Assessing_the_risk_of_lead_exposure_for_the_conservation_of_the_endangered_Pyrenean_bearded_vulture_Gypaetus_barbatus_population">Assessing the risk of lead exposure for the conservation of the endangered Pyrenean bearded vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus) population</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Acute and chronic lead (Pb) poisoning have been recognized as some of the most important causes of mortality for raptors worldwide. We simultaneously examined the recent, medium-term and long-term lead exposure of the endangered bearded... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3196637" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Acute and chronic lead (Pb) poisoning have been recognized as some of the most important causes of mortality for raptors worldwide. We simultaneously examined the recent, medium-term and long-term lead exposure of the endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) from the Pyrenees (northern Spain and southern France). One hundred and one blood samples from 87 captured individuals and tissue samples (liver and bone) from a further 43 dead individuals were analyzed for lead residues. The majority of individuals examined had very low lead concentrations in blood, liver and bone. However, two individuals showed elevated blood Pb levels, two individuals showed liver lead concentrations indicative of excessive lead exposure and one individual showed bone lead levels indicative of chronic lead poisoning, suggesting that the Pyrenean population is not free from the risk of poisoning. We found that Pb exposure was significantly higher in adult individuals as well as in the northern (France) and eastern (Catalonia) range of their distribution. These differences could be related to different feeding habits between age classes (pre-adults are more linked to supplementary feeding sites) and differences in hunting practices between regions (in some regions, carcasses and offal of game animals are not retrieved). Blood, liver and bone lead levels found were slightly higher during the hunting season than outside of the hunting season. Lead presents an unnecessary threat to adult birds and the only way to remove this risk is to ban all hunting with lead within the range of distribution of the endangered bearded vulture. Acute and chronic lead poisoning should be considered in differential diagnosis in any diseased or injured wild bearded vulture, especially subadult and adult individuals, and the potential risk of Pb poisoning should be considered in future reintroduction programs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3196637" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aca7ce650a21b36dfd1dd35383baf37b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31078524,"asset_id":3196637,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31078524/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3652555" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntoniMargalida">Antoni Margalida</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3652555" type="text/json">{"id":3652555,"first_name":"Antoni","last_name":"Margalida","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntoniMargalida","display_name":"Antoni Margalida","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntoniMargalida?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3196637 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3196637"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3196637, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3196637", }); 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We simultaneously examined the recent, medium-term and long-term lead exposure of the endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) from the Pyrenees (northern Spain and southern France). One hundred and one blood samples from 87 captured individuals and tissue samples (liver and bone) from a further 43 dead individuals were analyzed for lead residues. The majority of individuals examined had very low lead concentrations in blood, liver and bone. However, two individuals showed elevated blood Pb levels, two individuals showed liver lead concentrations indicative of excessive lead exposure and one individual showed bone lead levels indicative of chronic lead poisoning, suggesting that the Pyrenean population is not free from the risk of poisoning. We found that Pb exposure was significantly higher in adult individuals as well as in the northern (France) and eastern (Catalonia) range of their distribution. These differences could be related to different feeding habits between age classes (pre-adults are more linked to supplementary feeding sites) and differences in hunting practices between regions (in some regions, carcasses and offal of game animals are not retrieved). Blood, liver and bone lead levels found were slightly higher during the hunting season than outside of the hunting season. Lead presents an unnecessary threat to adult birds and the only way to remove this risk is to ban all hunting with lead within the range of distribution of the endangered bearded vulture. Acute and chronic lead poisoning should be considered in differential diagnosis in any diseased or injured wild bearded vulture, especially subadult and adult individuals, and the potential risk of Pb poisoning should be considered in future reintroduction programs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31078524,"asset_id":3196637,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3652555,"first_name":"Antoni","last_name":"Margalida","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntoniMargalida","display_name":"Antoni Margalida","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntoniMargalida?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":23979,"name":"Endangered Species","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endangered_Species?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":40516,"name":"Spain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spain?f_ri=147995"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":57433,"name":"Seasonality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasonality?f_ri=147995"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=147995"},{"id":103298,"name":"Blood sampling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":140349,"name":"Lead Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":156613,"name":"Animal Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Conservation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":162159,"name":"Differential Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis?f_ri=147995"},{"id":222437,"name":"Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=147995"},{"id":468252,"name":"Supplementary feeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supplementary_feeding?f_ri=147995"},{"id":538342,"name":"Pollutant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pollutant?f_ri=147995"},{"id":649451,"name":"Seasons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasons?f_ri=147995"},{"id":719974,"name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_of_Natural_Resources?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1026538,"name":"Feeding Habit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Habit?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1133132,"name":"Environmental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1256683,"name":"Bone and Bones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_and_Bones?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26222422" data-work_id="26222422" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26222422/Lead_exposure_alters_Egr_1_DNA_binding_in_the_neonatal_rat_brain">Lead exposure alters Egr-1 DNA-binding in the neonatal rat brain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Zinc finger proteins (ZFP) contain a structural motif (Cys-2 His-2) found in a large family of eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins, such as Spl. Previous studies have shown that Sp1 DNA-binding was disrupted by exposure to lead... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26222422" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Zinc finger proteins (ZFP) contain a structural motif (Cys-2 His-2) found in a large family of eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins, such as Spl. Previous studies have shown that Sp1 DNA-binding was disrupted by exposure to lead (Pb), due to action on its zinc finger domain. In this paper, we discuss the results of studies with another ZFP, Egr-1, an early growth response gene, which is functionally involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Egr-1 DNA-binding was studied by gel shift mobility assays in several brain regions of developing rat pups. We observed a distinct developmental profile of Egr-1 DNA-binding with a gradual increase from the early to late postnatal days in all the brain regions examined. Lactational exposure to Pb resulted in a modulation of Egr-1 DNA binding manifested by premature peaks in DNA-binding reminiscent of the in vivo changes previously reported for Spl. These data are consistent with earlier findings that exposure to Pb both in vivo and in vitro causes a modulation in the DNA-binding of ZFP such as Sp1, Egr-1 and TFIIIA. The commonality by which Pb exposure alters the DNA-binding patterns of ZFP suggests that divalent Pb may be interacting directly with the Zn moiety of these proteins.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26222422" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d78e46daba406d03c9a6e0cdf3712a21" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46541076,"asset_id":26222422,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46541076/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50131287" href="https://srivenketeswarauiversity.academia.edu/GottipoluReddy">Gottipolu Reddy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50131287" type="text/json">{"id":50131287,"first_name":"Gottipolu","last_name":"Reddy","domain_name":"srivenketeswarauiversity","page_name":"GottipoluReddy","display_name":"Gottipolu Reddy","profile_url":"https://srivenketeswarauiversity.academia.edu/GottipoluReddy?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26222422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26222422"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26222422, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26222422", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26222422]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26222422").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26222422").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26222422"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8322" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience">Developmental neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8322" type="text/json">{"id":8322,"name":"Developmental neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23323" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors">Transcription Factors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23323" type="text/json">{"id":23323,"name":"Transcription Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA">DNA</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48057" type="text/json">{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26222422]'), work: {"id":26222422,"title":"Lead exposure alters Egr-1 DNA-binding in the neonatal rat brain","created_at":"2016-06-16T07:40:55.350-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26222422/Lead_exposure_alters_Egr_1_DNA_binding_in_the_neonatal_rat_brain?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_26222422","summary":"Zinc finger proteins (ZFP) contain a structural motif (Cys-2 His-2) found in a large family of eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins, such as Spl. Previous studies have shown that Sp1 DNA-binding was disrupted by exposure to lead (Pb), due to action on its zinc finger domain. In this paper, we discuss the results of studies with another ZFP, Egr-1, an early growth response gene, which is functionally involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Egr-1 DNA-binding was studied by gel shift mobility assays in several brain regions of developing rat pups. We observed a distinct developmental profile of Egr-1 DNA-binding with a gradual increase from the early to late postnatal days in all the brain regions examined. Lactational exposure to Pb resulted in a modulation of Egr-1 DNA binding manifested by premature peaks in DNA-binding reminiscent of the in vivo changes previously reported for Spl. These data are consistent with earlier findings that exposure to Pb both in vivo and in vitro causes a modulation in the DNA-binding of ZFP such as Sp1, Egr-1 and TFIIIA. The commonality by which Pb exposure alters the DNA-binding patterns of ZFP suggests that divalent Pb may be interacting directly with the Zn moiety of these proteins.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46541076,"asset_id":26222422,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50131287,"first_name":"Gottipolu","last_name":"Reddy","domain_name":"srivenketeswarauiversity","page_name":"GottipoluReddy","display_name":"Gottipolu Reddy","profile_url":"https://srivenketeswarauiversity.academia.edu/GottipoluReddy?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":8322,"name":"Developmental neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":23323,"name":"Transcription Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=147995"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=147995"},{"id":107235,"name":"C2H2 zinc fingers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/C2H2_zinc_fingers?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":329425,"name":"Zinc Finger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc_Finger?f_ri=147995"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=147995"},{"id":782251,"name":"Cell Proliferation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Proliferation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1186610,"name":"DNA binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_binding_proteins?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1939265,"name":"Zinc Finger Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc_Finger_Protein?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61005791" data-work_id="61005791" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61005791/Occupational_Therapy_in_Pediatric_Lead_Exposure_Prevention">Occupational Therapy in Pediatric Lead Exposure Prevention</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Environmental lead is a toxic substance that is affecting the growth and development of 3 to 4 million U.S. preschool children today, with effects ranging from learning disabilities to death. This review of environmental lead sources and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61005791" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Environmental lead is a toxic substance that is affecting the growth and development of 3 to 4 million U.S. preschool children today, with effects ranging from learning disabilities to death. This review of environmental lead sources and effects on children provides a background for comprehensive prevention of childhood lead exposure. Prevention strategies at the child, family, and community levels allow for widespread protection of child health and development. Prevention begins with an understanding of the person-environment-occupation framework for the factors that contribute to children at risk for lead exposure. An open system model is presented with specific interventions at the child, family, and community levels, providing innovative, integrated contributions by occupational therapy practitioners for lead exposure prevention and health promotion of children who have been exposed to environmental lead.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61005791" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b2d6dd33ac1703d01f80e0246140f04f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74200926,"asset_id":61005791,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74200926/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="71916071" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuciKohn">Luci Kohn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="71916071" type="text/json">{"id":71916071,"first_name":"Luci","last_name":"Kohn","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LuciKohn","display_name":"Luci Kohn","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LuciKohn?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61005791 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61005791"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61005791, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61005791", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61005791]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61005791").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61005791").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61005791"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="631" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="631" type="text/json">{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Promotion">Health Promotion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="981" type="text/json">{"id":981,"name":"Health Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Promotion?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Therapy">Occupational Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2247" type="text/json">{"id":2247,"name":"Occupational Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Therapy?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27240" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevention">Prevention</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27240" type="text/json">{"id":27240,"name":"Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevention?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61005791]'), work: {"id":61005791,"title":"Occupational Therapy in Pediatric Lead Exposure Prevention","created_at":"2021-11-04T07:32:34.503-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61005791/Occupational_Therapy_in_Pediatric_Lead_Exposure_Prevention?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_61005791","summary":"Environmental lead is a toxic substance that is affecting the growth and development of 3 to 4 million U.S. preschool children today, with effects ranging from learning disabilities to death. This review of environmental lead sources and effects on children provides a background for comprehensive prevention of childhood lead exposure. Prevention strategies at the child, family, and community levels allow for widespread protection of child health and development. Prevention begins with an understanding of the person-environment-occupation framework for the factors that contribute to children at risk for lead exposure. An open system model is presented with specific interventions at the child, family, and community levels, providing innovative, integrated contributions by occupational therapy practitioners for lead exposure prevention and health promotion of children who have been exposed to environmental lead.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74200926,"asset_id":61005791,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":71916071,"first_name":"Luci","last_name":"Kohn","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LuciKohn","display_name":"Luci Kohn","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LuciKohn?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":981,"name":"Health Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Promotion?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":2247,"name":"Occupational Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Therapy?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":27240,"name":"Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevention?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1310413,"name":"Child Health Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Health_Services?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49437774" data-work_id="49437774" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49437774/Determinants_of_lead_shot_rice_and_grit_ingestion_in_ducks_and_coots">Determinants of lead shot, rice and grit ingestion in ducks and coots.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We investigated the relationships between lead shot ingestion, grit size selection, bill morphology, and diet in a community of 8 duck species and common coot (Fulica atra) wintering in the Ebro Delta, Spain. There were no intraspecific... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49437774" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We investigated the relationships between lead shot ingestion, grit size selection, bill morphology, and diet in a community of 8 duck species and common coot (Fulica atra) wintering in the Ebro Delta, Spain. There were no intraspecific differences related to sex or age in grit composition, lead shot, and rice-grain ingestion. Strong interspecific differences were recorded for all these variables and for the density of bill lamellae. The proportion of grit of size >1 mm (especially >2-3 mm) was positively correlated with the prevalence of lead shot ingestion, as well as with rice ingestion. Rice ingestion was also positively correlated with the prevalence of lead shot ingestion. Those duck species feeding on rice had larger grit and higher prevalences of lead shot than herbivorous species. Contrary to the predictions of a straining model for food or grit ingestion, lamellar density did not explain interspecific differences in grit selection, rice ingestion, or prevalence of lead shot ingestion. These findings contradict previous claims in the literature, and suggest that mechanisms other than straining are used by ducks for grit selection and lead shot ingestion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49437774" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa2a918b8b9cff7458076ba5eb384e2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67789210,"asset_id":49437774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67789210/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4996426" href="https://cademia.academia.edu/AndyGreen">Andy Green</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4996426" type="text/json">{"id":4996426,"first_name":"Andy","last_name":"Green","domain_name":"cademia","page_name":"AndyGreen","display_name":"Andy Green","profile_url":"https://cademia.academia.edu/AndyGreen?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4996426/2370053/2761279/s65_andy.green.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49437774 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49437774"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49437774, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49437774", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49437774 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49437774; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49437774"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49437774 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49437774"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49437774; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49437774]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49437774").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49437774").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49437774"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1091" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ornithology">Ornithology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1091" type="text/json">{"id":1091,"name":"Ornithology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ornithology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81234" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_Metal_Pollution">Heavy Metal Pollution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="81234" type="text/json">{"id":81234,"name":"Heavy Metal Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_Metal_Pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="98629" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HEAVY_METAL_LEAD_TOXICITY_AND_OXIDATIVE_STRESS">HEAVY METAL (LEAD) TOXICITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="98629" type="text/json">{"id":98629,"name":"HEAVY METAL (LEAD) TOXICITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HEAVY_METAL_LEAD_TOXICITY_AND_OXIDATIVE_STRESS?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147995" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning">Lead Poisoning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="147995" type="text/json">{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49437774]'), work: {"id":49437774,"title":"Determinants of lead shot, rice and grit ingestion in ducks and coots.","created_at":"2021-06-28T06:55:34.519-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49437774/Determinants_of_lead_shot_rice_and_grit_ingestion_in_ducks_and_coots?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_49437774","summary":"We investigated the relationships between lead shot ingestion, grit size selection, bill morphology, and diet in a community of 8 duck species and common coot (Fulica atra) wintering in the Ebro Delta, Spain. There were no intraspecific differences related to sex or age in grit composition, lead shot, and rice-grain ingestion. Strong interspecific differences were recorded for all these variables and for the density of bill lamellae. The proportion of grit of size \u003e1 mm (especially \u003e2-3 mm) was positively correlated with the prevalence of lead shot ingestion, as well as with rice ingestion. Rice ingestion was also positively correlated with the prevalence of lead shot ingestion. Those duck species feeding on rice had larger grit and higher prevalences of lead shot than herbivorous species. Contrary to the predictions of a straining model for food or grit ingestion, lamellar density did not explain interspecific differences in grit selection, rice ingestion, or prevalence of lead shot ingestion. These findings contradict previous claims in the literature, and suggest that mechanisms other than straining are used by ducks for grit selection and lead shot ingestion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67789210,"asset_id":49437774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4996426,"first_name":"Andy","last_name":"Green","domain_name":"cademia","page_name":"AndyGreen","display_name":"Andy Green","profile_url":"https://cademia.academia.edu/AndyGreen?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4996426/2370053/2761279/s65_andy.green.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1091,"name":"Ornithology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ornithology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":81234,"name":"Heavy Metal Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_Metal_Pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":98629,"name":"HEAVY METAL (LEAD) TOXICITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HEAVY_METAL_LEAD_TOXICITY_AND_OXIDATIVE_STRESS?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":159841,"name":"Wetland and Waterfowl research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetland_and_Waterfowl_research?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20640322" data-work_id="20640322" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20640322/Research_ethics_in_pediatric_environmental_health_lessons_from_lead">Research ethics in pediatric environmental health: lessons from lead</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20640322" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="da90f3bae8d3069f52d815909fc4bfb8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41479980,"asset_id":20640322,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41479980/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5427752" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/HowardMielke">Howard Mielke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5427752" type="text/json">{"id":5427752,"first_name":"Howard","last_name":"Mielke","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"HowardMielke","display_name":"Howard Mielke","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/HowardMielke?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5427752/2540040/2948146/s65_howard.mielke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20640322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20640322"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20640322, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20640322", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20640322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20640322; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20640322"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20640322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20640322"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20640322; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20640322]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20640322").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20640322").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20640322"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7403" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Health">Environmental Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7403" type="text/json">{"id":7403,"name":"Environmental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64933" type="text/json">{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead">Lead</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="116579" type="text/json">{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20640322]'), work: {"id":20640322,"title":"Research ethics in pediatric environmental health: lessons from lead","created_at":"2016-01-23T08:40:41.168-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20640322/Research_ethics_in_pediatric_environmental_health_lessons_from_lead?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_20640322","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41479980,"asset_id":20640322,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5427752,"first_name":"Howard","last_name":"Mielke","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"HowardMielke","display_name":"Howard Mielke","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/HowardMielke?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5427752/2540040/2948146/s65_howard.mielke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":7403,"name":"Environmental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":160767,"name":"Louisiana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Louisiana?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65412297" data-work_id="65412297" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65412297/What_Do_Parents_Know_About_Lead_Poisoning_The_Chicago_Lead_Knowledge_Test">What Do Parents Know About Lead Poisoning?: The Chicago Lead Knowledge Test</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To examine the extent of parental knowledge about lead poisoning and its prevention and to determine characteristics associated with accurate lead knowledge. Setting: Twenty-three pediatric practices and 1 family practice in Chicago, Ill,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65412297" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To examine the extent of parental knowledge about lead poisoning and its prevention and to determine characteristics associated with accurate lead knowledge. Setting: Twenty-three pediatric practices and 1 family practice in Chicago, Ill, and its suburbs. Methods: A 24-question test regarding lead poisoning and its prevention (Chicago Lead Knowledge Test) was developed based on lead specialists' review and parental test-retest reliability. One point was assigned for each correct response. It was self-administered by a sample of 2225 parents of 0-to 6-year-old children visiting study practices. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the association of demographic descriptors with test scores. Results: Respondents had a mean age of 33 years. Ninety percent were mothers, 49% were college graduates, and 80% were home owners. Fifteen percent lived in homes built before 1950, of which 36% were remodeled or renovated during the last 6 months. Respondents' youngest</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65412297" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e71b44bb4c020122cf8e101a99fe025" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77021240,"asset_id":65412297,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77021240/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="117816158" href="https://independent.academia.edu/smritimehta3">smriti mehta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="117816158" type="text/json">{"id":117816158,"first_name":"smriti","last_name":"mehta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"smritimehta3","display_name":"smriti mehta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/smritimehta3?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/117816158/28853831/26935151/s65_smriti.mehta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65412297 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65412297"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65412297, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65412297", }); 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Setting: Twenty-three pediatric practices and 1 family practice in Chicago, Ill, and its suburbs. Methods: A 24-question test regarding lead poisoning and its prevention (Chicago Lead Knowledge Test) was developed based on lead specialists' review and parental test-retest reliability. One point was assigned for each correct response. It was self-administered by a sample of 2225 parents of 0-to 6-year-old children visiting study practices. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the association of demographic descriptors with test scores. Results: Respondents had a mean age of 33 years. Ninety percent were mothers, 49% were college graduates, and 80% were home owners. Fifteen percent lived in homes built before 1950, of which 36% were remodeled or renovated during the last 6 months. Respondents' youngest","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77021240,"asset_id":65412297,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":117816158,"first_name":"smriti","last_name":"mehta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"smritimehta3","display_name":"smriti mehta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/smritimehta3?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/117816158/28853831/26935151/s65_smriti.mehta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":25469,"name":"Family Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Practice?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":41154,"name":"Chicago","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicago?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":303598,"name":"Parents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parents?f_ri=147995"},{"id":327850,"name":"Questionnaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Questionnaires?f_ri=147995"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance?f_ri=147995"},{"id":546421,"name":"Educational Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Status?f_ri=147995"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=147995"},{"id":3789883,"name":"Paediatrics and reproductive medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paediatrics_and_reproductive_medicine?f_ri=147995"},{"id":3832867,"name":"Residence Characteristics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Residence_Characteristics?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } 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href="https://www.academia.edu/15595536/The_management_of_retained_bullets_in_the_limbs">The management of retained bullets in the limbs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15595536" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ff8710abb4a334cccb11b97edc669fa4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43050651,"asset_id":15595536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button 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class="js-paper-rank-work_15595536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15595536"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15595536, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15595536", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15595536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15595536; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15595536"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15595536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15595536"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15595536; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15595536]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15595536").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15595536").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15595536"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing">Nursing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="588" type="text/json">{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80562" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Injury">Injury</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80562" type="text/json">{"id":80562,"name":"Injury","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Injury?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="132784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Energy_Buildngs">Low Energy Buildngs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="132784" type="text/json">{"id":132784,"name":"Low Energy Buildngs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Energy_Buildngs?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147995" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning">Lead Poisoning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="147995" type="text/json">{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15595536]'), work: {"id":15595536,"title":"The management of retained bullets in the limbs","created_at":"2015-09-10T22:12:21.148-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15595536/The_management_of_retained_bullets_in_the_limbs?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_15595536","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43050651,"asset_id":15595536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34516753,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Rhee","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"JohnRhee","display_name":"John Rhee","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/JohnRhee?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":80562,"name":"Injury","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Injury?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":132784,"name":"Low Energy Buildngs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Energy_Buildngs?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead 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href="https://www.academia.edu/34927375/Lead_Toxicosis_and_Trace_Element_Levels_in_Wild_Birds_and_Mammals_at_a_Firearms_Training_Facility">Lead Toxicosis and Trace Element Levels in Wild Birds and Mammals at a Firearms Training Facility</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In May 1999, lead poisoning was diagnosed in a yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) and a gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) found at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), Glynn County, GA, based on detection of 6.2... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34927375" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In May 1999, lead poisoning was diagnosed in a yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) and a gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) found at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), Glynn County, GA, based on detection of 6.2 and 90.0 ppm wet weight (WW) lead in the liver of the warbler and squirrel, respectively. From October 21-26, 1999, 72 wild animals (37 mammals and 35 birds), comprised of 22 different species, were collected from a 24-ha area surrounding the FLETC outdoor firearms shooting range complex to evaluate exposure to lead and other trace elements. Ten animals were used as controls (five mammals and five birds) and were collected from areas 1.5-3 km outside the shooting range area. Kidney and liver tissues were analyzed for lead, zinc, and other trace elements. Bird gizzards and whitetailed deer abomasums were examined grossly and radiographically to detect metallic objects. Twenty-four (33.3%) animals (11 species) had kidney or liver tissue lead levels Ͼ 1.00 ppm, and 12 of these (6 species) had levels Ͼ 2.00 ppm. Carcasses of one brown-thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) and two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) contained lead fragments. Elevated liver tissue levels of zinc (111.0 ppm) were detected in one brown thrasher that also had elevated kidney and liver tissue lead levels. In February 2000, seven yellow-rumped warblers and one solitary vireo (Vireo solitarius) found dead near the FLETC firearms shooting range also were diagnosed with lead poisoning, with liver and kidney tissue lead levels from 1.77-11.6 and 4.55-17.8 ppm WW, respectively. This frequency of elevated tissue lead levels among the animals examined, in combination with confirmed lead toxicosis in both avian and mammalian species at FLETC, indicates significant lead exposure of local wild bird and mammal communities via bullets and fragments in and on the soil surface of the four outdoor ranges. Most FLETC firearms training is being shifted to new baffled ranges (four walls with semiopen top) with bullet recovery capabilities to preclude future deposition of lead in the environment; existing outdoor ranges will be remediated to remove existing lead.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34927375" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="232d16e8b9e253442e0a77fbfe77cc56" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54789030,"asset_id":34927375,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54789030/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32840224" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamDavidson1">William Davidson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32840224" type="text/json">{"id":32840224,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Davidson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WilliamDavidson1","display_name":"William Davidson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamDavidson1?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34927375 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34927375"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34927375, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34927375", }); 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From October 21-26, 1999, 72 wild animals (37 mammals and 35 birds), comprised of 22 different species, were collected from a 24-ha area surrounding the FLETC outdoor firearms shooting range complex to evaluate exposure to lead and other trace elements. Ten animals were used as controls (five mammals and five birds) and were collected from areas 1.5-3 km outside the shooting range area. Kidney and liver tissues were analyzed for lead, zinc, and other trace elements. Bird gizzards and whitetailed deer abomasums were examined grossly and radiographically to detect metallic objects. Twenty-four (33.3%) animals (11 species) had kidney or liver tissue lead levels Ͼ 1.00 ppm, and 12 of these (6 species) had levels Ͼ 2.00 ppm. Carcasses of one brown-thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) and two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) contained lead fragments. Elevated liver tissue levels of zinc (111.0 ppm) were detected in one brown thrasher that also had elevated kidney and liver tissue lead levels. In February 2000, seven yellow-rumped warblers and one solitary vireo (Vireo solitarius) found dead near the FLETC firearms shooting range also were diagnosed with lead poisoning, with liver and kidney tissue lead levels from 1.77-11.6 and 4.55-17.8 ppm WW, respectively. This frequency of elevated tissue lead levels among the animals examined, in combination with confirmed lead toxicosis in both avian and mammalian species at FLETC, indicates significant lead exposure of local wild bird and mammal communities via bullets and fragments in and on the soil surface of the four outdoor ranges. Most FLETC firearms training is being shifted to new baffled ranges (four walls with semiopen top) with bullet recovery capabilities to preclude future deposition of lead in the environment; existing outdoor ranges will be remediated to remove existing lead.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54789030,"asset_id":34927375,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32840224,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Davidson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WilliamDavidson1","display_name":"William Davidson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamDavidson1?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7513,"name":"Archives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archives?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":84905,"name":"Deer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deer?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":140349,"name":"Lead Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":151693,"name":"Songbirds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Songbirds?f_ri=147995"},{"id":158165,"name":"Zinc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc?f_ri=147995"},{"id":171648,"name":"Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearms?f_ri=147995"},{"id":224577,"name":"Trace Elements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trace_Elements?f_ri=147995"},{"id":445391,"name":"Odocoileus virginianus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Odocoileus_virginianus?f_ri=147995"},{"id":517567,"name":"White Tailed Deer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/White_Tailed_Deer?f_ri=147995"},{"id":531383,"name":"Captive Wild Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Captive_Wild_Animals?f_ri=147995"},{"id":618031,"name":"Wild Bird","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wild_Bird?f_ri=147995"},{"id":709300,"name":"Trace element","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trace_element?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1114258,"name":"Level","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Level?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1365470,"name":"Soil Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Pollutants?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1690716,"name":"Wild animal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wild_animal?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20927939" data-work_id="20927939" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20927939/Emissions_of_lead_and_zinc_from_candles_with_metal_core_wicks">Emissions of lead and zinc from candles with metal-core wicks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We measured the amount of lead released from 14 different brands of candles with metal-core wicks sold in Michigan. The emissions of lead were found to range from 0.5 to 66 microg/h, and the rates for zinc were from 1.2 to 124 microg/h.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20927939" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We measured the amount of lead released from 14 different brands of candles with metal-core wicks sold in Michigan. The emissions of lead were found to range from 0.5 to 66 microg/h, and the rates for zinc were from 1.2 to 124 microg/h. It is estimated that burning four of the candles bought in Michigan for 2 h can result in airborne lead concentrations that can pose a threat to human health. In addition to inhalation of lead in the air, children get exposed to lead in candle fumes deposited on the floor, furniture and walls through their hand-to-mouth activity. Burning candles with leaded-core wick may be an important exposure route for lead that has generally been ignored.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20927939" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b1a264985235a07ad28f98ea104aa0a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41917383,"asset_id":20927939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41917383/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33953959" href="https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu">Jerome Nriagu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33953959" type="text/json">{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20927939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20927939"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20927939, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20927939", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20927939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20927939").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20927939").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20927939"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64933" type="text/json">{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead">Lead</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="116579" type="text/json">{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Exposure">Lead Exposure</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="140349" type="text/json">{"id":140349,"name":"Lead Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Exposure?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20927939]'), work: {"id":20927939,"title":"Emissions of lead and zinc from candles with metal-core wicks","created_at":"2016-01-27T04:59:56.245-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20927939/Emissions_of_lead_and_zinc_from_candles_with_metal_core_wicks?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_20927939","summary":"We measured the amount of lead released from 14 different brands of candles with metal-core wicks sold in Michigan. The emissions of lead were found to range from 0.5 to 66 microg/h, and the rates for zinc were from 1.2 to 124 microg/h. It is estimated that burning four of the candles bought in Michigan for 2 h can result in airborne lead concentrations that can pose a threat to human health. In addition to inhalation of lead in the air, children get exposed to lead in candle fumes deposited on the floor, furniture and walls through their hand-to-mouth activity. Burning candles with leaded-core wick may be an important exposure route for lead that has generally been ignored.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41917383,"asset_id":20927939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":140349,"name":"Lead Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Exposure?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":158165,"name":"Zinc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc?f_ri=147995"},{"id":235690,"name":"Fires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fires?f_ri=147995"},{"id":268788,"name":"Human health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_health?f_ri=147995"},{"id":295244,"name":"Indoor air pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indoor_air_pollution?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76452447" data-work_id="76452447" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76452447/Impact_of_the_California_Lead_Ammunition_Ban_on_Reducing_Lead_Exposure_in_Golden_Eagles_and_Turkey_Vultures">Impact of the California Lead Ammunition Ban on Reducing Lead Exposure in Golden Eagles and Turkey Vultures</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Predatory and scavenging birds may be exposed to high levels of lead when they ingest shot or bullet fragments embedded in the tissues of animals injured or killed with lead ammunition. Lead poisoning was a contributing factor in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76452447" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Predatory and scavenging birds may be exposed to high levels of lead when they ingest shot or bullet fragments embedded in the tissues of animals injured or killed with lead ammunition. Lead poisoning was a contributing factor in the decline of the endangered California condor population in the 1980s, and remains one of the primary factors threatening species recovery. In response to this threat, a ban on the use of lead ammunition for most hunting activities in the range of the condor in California was implemented in 2008. Monitoring of lead exposure in predatory and scavenging birds is essential for assessing the effectiveness of the lead ammunition ban in reducing lead exposure in these species. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of the regulation in decreasing blood lead concentration in two avian sentinels, golden eagles and turkey vultures, within the condor range in California. We compared blood lead concentration in golden eagles and turkey vultures prior to the lead ammunition ban and one year following implementation of the ban. Lead exposure in both golden eagles and turkey vultures declined significantly post-ban. Our findings provide evidence that hunter compliance with lead ammunition regulations was sufficient to reduce lead exposure in predatory and scavenging birds at our study sites.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76452447" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ea269fb3e5c1955b882e60c368373bfc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84156253,"asset_id":76452447,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84156253/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="220843857" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TerraKelly2">Terra Kelly</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="220843857" type="text/json">{"id":220843857,"first_name":"Terra","last_name":"Kelly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TerraKelly2","display_name":"Terra Kelly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TerraKelly2?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/220843857/78717234/67272577/s65_terra.kelly.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76452447 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76452447"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76452447, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76452447", }); 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Lead poisoning was a contributing factor in the decline of the endangered California condor population in the 1980s, and remains one of the primary factors threatening species recovery. In response to this threat, a ban on the use of lead ammunition for most hunting activities in the range of the condor in California was implemented in 2008. Monitoring of lead exposure in predatory and scavenging birds is essential for assessing the effectiveness of the lead ammunition ban in reducing lead exposure in these species. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of the regulation in decreasing blood lead concentration in two avian sentinels, golden eagles and turkey vultures, within the condor range in California. We compared blood lead concentration in golden eagles and turkey vultures prior to the lead ammunition ban and one year following implementation of the ban. Lead exposure in both golden eagles and turkey vultures declined significantly post-ban. Our findings provide evidence that hunter compliance with lead ammunition regulations was sufficient to reduce lead exposure in predatory and scavenging birds at our study sites.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84156253,"asset_id":76452447,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":220843857,"first_name":"Terra","last_name":"Kelly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TerraKelly2","display_name":"Terra Kelly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TerraKelly2?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/220843857/78717234/67272577/s65_terra.kelly.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":11801,"name":"Environmental 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27834757/You_ve_come_a_long_way_baby_a_history_of_cosmetic_lead_toxicity">You’ve come a long way baby: a history of cosmetic lead toxicity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27834757" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d8bc76cf4216e45f84000bfeeac6be7c" rel="nofollow" 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$(".js-view-count-work_27834757").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27834757"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12729" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatology">Dermatology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12729" type="text/json">{"id":12729,"name":"Dermatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="67405" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity">Toxicity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="67405" type="text/json">{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27834757]'), work: {"id":27834757,"title":"You’ve come a long way baby: a history of cosmetic lead toxicity","created_at":"2016-08-17T06:30:22.567-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27834757/You_ve_come_a_long_way_baby_a_history_of_cosmetic_lead_toxicity?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_27834757","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48118610,"asset_id":27834757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25561443,"first_name":"Lawrence","last_name":"Parish","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LawrenceParish","display_name":"Lawrence Parish","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LawrenceParish?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":12729,"name":"Dermatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":269223,"name":"Cosmetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmetics?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33543393" data-work_id="33543393" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33543393/Implications_of_tooth_root_hypercementosis_in_a_Barbados_slave_skeletal_collection">Implications of tooth root hypercementosis in a Barbados slave skeletal collection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A 17th-to 19th-century cemetery sample of 104 slaves from Newton Plantation (Barbados) shows uniquely high hypercementosis prevalence, as well as unexpectedly high and variable skeletal lead content. A variety of biological and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33543393" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A 17th-to 19th-century cemetery sample of 104 slaves from Newton Plantation (Barbados) shows uniquely high hypercementosis prevalence, as well as unexpectedly high and variable skeletal lead content. A variety of biological and archeological factors indicates that individuals with lower amounts of these anomalies (relative to age at death) were probably African-born, first-generation slaves. The hypercementosis is related to the progression of periodontal disease as assessed from alveolar bone. Although the hypercementosis is endemic in the Caribbean black population, it does not as yet have a clear explanation. We suggest the etiology might relate to chronic malnutrition involving periodic, seasonal rehabilitation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33543393" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8db57c7e69d0e98c9de58bc9e2d78a8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53573654,"asset_id":33543393,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53573654/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34154341" href="https://independent.academia.edu/robertcorruccini">robert corruccini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34154341" type="text/json">{"id":34154341,"first_name":"robert","last_name":"corruccini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"robertcorruccini","display_name":"robert corruccini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/robertcorruccini?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34154341/80353656/68931896/s65_robert.corruccini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33543393 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33543393"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33543393, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33543393", }); 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A variety of biological and archeological factors indicates that individuals with lower amounts of these anomalies (relative to age at death) were probably African-born, first-generation slaves. The hypercementosis is related to the progression of periodontal disease as assessed from alveolar bone. Although the hypercementosis is endemic in the Caribbean black population, it does not as yet have a clear explanation. We suggest the etiology might relate to chronic malnutrition involving periodic, seasonal rehabilitation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53573654,"asset_id":33543393,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34154341,"first_name":"robert","last_name":"corruccini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"robertcorruccini","display_name":"robert corruccini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/robertcorruccini?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34154341/80353656/68931896/s65_robert.corruccini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":14032,"name":"Ethnopharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnopharmacology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":42996,"name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":71276,"name":"Barbados","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barbados?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":151448,"name":"American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American?f_ri=147995"},{"id":233800,"name":"African Americans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Americans?f_ri=147995"},{"id":469114,"name":"Tooth Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tooth_Diseases?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25968574 coauthored" data-work_id="25968574" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25968574/Lead_Poisoning_of_Waterfowl_by_Contaminated_Sediment_in_the_Coeur_dAlene_River">Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl by Contaminated Sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho has been contaminated by mine tailings that have impaired the health of wildlife since the early 1900s. In other parts of the world, virtually all lead poisoning of waterfowl is caused by the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25968574" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho has been contaminated by mine tailings that have impaired the health of wildlife since the early 1900s. In other parts of the world, virtually all lead poisoning of waterfowl is caused by the ingestion of manmade lead artifacts, primarily spent lead shotshell pellets or, occasionally, fishing sinkers. However, in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho, nonartifactual lead poisoning was the ultimate cause of death of most of 219 (77%) of 285 waterfowl carcasses that had been found sick or dead from 1992 through 1997. The majority of these 219 waterfowl (172 tundra swans [Cygnus columbianus], 33 Canada geese [Branta canadensis], and 14 other species) were poisoned by ingesting river sediment that was contaminated with lead. The next most common cause of death (20 instances, 7%) was lead poisoning accompanied by ingested shotshell pellets. The remaining 46 waterfowl succumbed to trauma, infectious diseases (aspergillosis, avian cholera, tuberculosis), or miscellaneous problems, or the cause of death was not determined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25968574" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="891143aa8d027ea0ffceebd8b9500a55" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46319029,"asset_id":25968574,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46319029/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49774557" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CMeteyer">C. Meteyer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49774557" type="text/json">{"id":49774557,"first_name":"C.","last_name":"Meteyer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CMeteyer","display_name":"C. Meteyer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CMeteyer?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-25968574">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-25968574"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LCreekmore">L. Creekmore</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-25968574'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-25968574').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25968574 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25968574"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25968574, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25968574", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25968574 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25968574; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25968574"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25968574 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25968574"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25968574; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25968574]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25968574").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25968574").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25968574"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11417" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Dynamics">Population Dynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11417" type="text/json">{"id":11417,"name":"Population Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Dynamics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18496" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mining">Mining</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18496" type="text/json">{"id":18496,"name":"Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mining?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="62235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="62235" type="text/json">{"id":62235,"name":"Tuberculosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuberculosis?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25968574]'), work: {"id":25968574,"title":"Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl by Contaminated Sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River","created_at":"2016-06-07T13:02:53.799-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25968574/Lead_Poisoning_of_Waterfowl_by_Contaminated_Sediment_in_the_Coeur_dAlene_River?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_25968574","summary":"The Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho has been contaminated by mine tailings that have impaired the health of wildlife since the early 1900s. In other parts of the world, virtually all lead poisoning of waterfowl is caused by the ingestion of manmade lead artifacts, primarily spent lead shotshell pellets or, occasionally, fishing sinkers. However, in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho, nonartifactual lead poisoning was the ultimate cause of death of most of 219 (77%) of 285 waterfowl carcasses that had been found sick or dead from 1992 through 1997. The majority of these 219 waterfowl (172 tundra swans [Cygnus columbianus], 33 Canada geese [Branta canadensis], and 14 other species) were poisoned by ingesting river sediment that was contaminated with lead. The next most common cause of death (20 instances, 7%) was lead poisoning accompanied by ingested shotshell pellets. The remaining 46 waterfowl succumbed to trauma, infectious diseases (aspergillosis, avian cholera, tuberculosis), or miscellaneous problems, or the cause of death was not determined.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46319029,"asset_id":25968574,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49774557,"first_name":"C.","last_name":"Meteyer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CMeteyer","display_name":"C. Meteyer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CMeteyer?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":49928616,"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Creekmore","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LCreekmore","display_name":"L. Creekmore","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LCreekmore?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11417,"name":"Population Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Dynamics?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":18496,"name":"Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mining?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":62235,"name":"Tuberculosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuberculosis?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":81309,"name":"Infectious Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Disease?f_ri=147995"},{"id":96324,"name":"Birds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birds?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":291498,"name":"River Basin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/River_Basin?f_ri=147995"},{"id":531383,"name":"Captive Wild Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Captive_Wild_Animals?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1256666,"name":"Geologic Sediments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geologic_Sediments?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1676581,"name":"Mine Tailing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mine_Tailing?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18996690" data-work_id="18996690" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18996690/Heavy_Metal_Poisoning_Clinical_Presentations_and_Pathophysiology">Heavy Metal Poisoning: Clinical Presentations and Pathophysiology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Heavy metals are natural components of the earth's crust and as such are the oldest toxins known to humans, having been used for thousands of years. Potential exposures to heavy metals include natural sources (eg, groundwater, metal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18996690" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Heavy metals are natural components of the earth's crust and as such are the oldest toxins known to humans, having been used for thousands of years. Potential exposures to heavy metals include natural sources (eg, groundwater, metal ores), industrial processes, commercial products, folk remedies, and contaminated food and herbal products. Virtually all heavy metals are toxic in sufficient quantities. Several, however, are of particular interest because of their concentrations in the environment (lead, mercury, and arsenic) or their use in criminal poisonings (arsenic and thallium). Entering our bodies by way of food, drinking water, and air, metals produce toxicity by forming complexes with cellular compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen. The complexes inactivate enzyme systems or modify critical protein structures leading to cellular dysfunction and death. The most commonly involved organ systems include central nervous, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, hematopoietic, renal, and peripheral nervous systems. The nature and severity of toxicity vary with the heavy metal involved, its exposure level, chemical and valance states (inorganic versus organic), mode of exposure (acute versus chronic), and the age of the individual. Children, with their developing nervous systems, are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal intoxication (especially lead) and deserve special consideration. This article presents an overview of the aforementioned heavy metals with emphasis on clinical presentation and pathophysiology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18996690" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c18051e71b543868acbf3d12e4053486" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40373018,"asset_id":18996690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40373018/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39145903" href="https://indiana.academia.edu/DanielRusyniak">Daniel Rusyniak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39145903" type="text/json">{"id":39145903,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Rusyniak","domain_name":"indiana","page_name":"DanielRusyniak","display_name":"Daniel Rusyniak","profile_url":"https://indiana.academia.edu/DanielRusyniak?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39145903/10813293/12068852/s65_daniel.rusyniak.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18996690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18996690"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18996690, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18996690", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18996690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18996690; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18996690"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18996690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18996690"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18996690; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18996690]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18996690").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18996690").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18996690"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_metals">Heavy metals</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57697" type="text/json">{"id":57697,"name":"Heavy metals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_metals?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="105628" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisoning">Poisoning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="105628" type="text/json">{"id":105628,"name":"Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111050" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_Metal">Heavy Metal</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="111050" type="text/json">{"id":111050,"name":"Heavy Metal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_Metal?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147995" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning">Lead Poisoning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="147995" type="text/json">{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18996690]'), work: {"id":18996690,"title":"Heavy Metal Poisoning: Clinical Presentations and Pathophysiology","created_at":"2015-11-25T08:59:09.083-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18996690/Heavy_Metal_Poisoning_Clinical_Presentations_and_Pathophysiology?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_18996690","summary":"Heavy metals are natural components of the earth's crust and as such are the oldest toxins known to humans, having been used for thousands of years. Potential exposures to heavy metals include natural sources (eg, groundwater, metal ores), industrial processes, commercial products, folk remedies, and contaminated food and herbal products. Virtually all heavy metals are toxic in sufficient quantities. Several, however, are of particular interest because of their concentrations in the environment (lead, mercury, and arsenic) or their use in criminal poisonings (arsenic and thallium). Entering our bodies by way of food, drinking water, and air, metals produce toxicity by forming complexes with cellular compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen. The complexes inactivate enzyme systems or modify critical protein structures leading to cellular dysfunction and death. The most commonly involved organ systems include central nervous, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, hematopoietic, renal, and peripheral nervous systems. The nature and severity of toxicity vary with the heavy metal involved, its exposure level, chemical and valance states (inorganic versus organic), mode of exposure (acute versus chronic), and the age of the individual. Children, with their developing nervous systems, are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal intoxication (especially lead) and deserve special consideration. This article presents an overview of the aforementioned heavy metals with emphasis on clinical presentation and pathophysiology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40373018,"asset_id":18996690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39145903,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Rusyniak","domain_name":"indiana","page_name":"DanielRusyniak","display_name":"Daniel Rusyniak","profile_url":"https://indiana.academia.edu/DanielRusyniak?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39145903/10813293/12068852/s65_daniel.rusyniak.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":57697,"name":"Heavy metals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_metals?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":105628,"name":"Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":111050,"name":"Heavy Metal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_Metal?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":297768,"name":"Thallium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallium?f_ri=147995"},{"id":736321,"name":"Environmental Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollutants?f_ri=147995"},{"id":985062,"name":"Clinical Presentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Presentation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1030680,"name":"Mercury Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mercury_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1031016,"name":"Arsenic Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20928082" data-work_id="20928082" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20928082/Clair_Patterson_and_Robert_Kehoes_Paradigm_of_Show_Me_the_Data_on_Environmental_Lead_Poisoning">Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe's Paradigm of �Show Me the Data� on Environmental Lead Poisoning</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1925, Robert A. Kehoe enunciated a paradigm predicated upon categorical distinction between expectations and conjecture (''show me the data'' mentality) from hard scientific facts on exposure outcomes. It led to a precedent-setting... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20928082" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1925, Robert A. Kehoe enunciated a paradigm predicated upon categorical distinction between expectations and conjecture (''show me the data'' mentality) from hard scientific facts on exposure outcomes. It led to a precedent-setting system of voluntary self-regulation by lead industry as a model for environmental control and implicitly signaled the level of industrial responsibility for lead pollution. It combined a cascading uncertainty rule (there is always uncertainty to be found in a world of imperfect information) with a highly skewed cost-benefit concept (immediate benefits of tetraethyl lead additives must be weighed against possible future health hazards). Many studies were funded by the lead industry to develop a theoretical framework for the paradigm which served as a strong defensive strategy against lead critics. It resulted in an unfettered growth in automotive lead pollution to over 270,000 tons per year in the United States and 350,000 tons per year worldwide during the early 1970s. Clair Patterson is credited with being the first person to mount an effective challenge against the Kehoe paradigm, and with his success came an upsurge of activity and attention to the risks of environmental lead pollution on public health.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20928082" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9af22bb131876eb976271fef77fa2e1d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41632722,"asset_id":20928082,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41632722/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33953959" href="https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu">Jerome Nriagu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33953959" type="text/json">{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20928082 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20928082"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20928082, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20928082", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20928082]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20928082").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20928082").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20928082"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25445" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution">Environmental Pollution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25445" type="text/json">{"id":25445,"name":"Environmental Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58054" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences">Environmental Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58054" type="text/json">{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20928082]'), work: {"id":20928082,"title":"Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe's Paradigm of �Show Me the Data� on Environmental Lead Poisoning","created_at":"2016-01-27T05:00:26.874-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20928082/Clair_Patterson_and_Robert_Kehoes_Paradigm_of_Show_Me_the_Data_on_Environmental_Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_20928082","summary":"In 1925, Robert A. Kehoe enunciated a paradigm predicated upon categorical distinction between expectations and conjecture (''show me the data'' mentality) from hard scientific facts on exposure outcomes. It led to a precedent-setting system of voluntary self-regulation by lead industry as a model for environmental control and implicitly signaled the level of industrial responsibility for lead pollution. It combined a cascading uncertainty rule (there is always uncertainty to be found in a world of imperfect information) with a highly skewed cost-benefit concept (immediate benefits of tetraethyl lead additives must be weighed against possible future health hazards). Many studies were funded by the lead industry to develop a theoretical framework for the paradigm which served as a strong defensive strategy against lead critics. It resulted in an unfettered growth in automotive lead pollution to over 270,000 tons per year in the United States and 350,000 tons per year worldwide during the early 1970s. Clair Patterson is credited with being the first person to mount an effective challenge against the Kehoe paradigm, and with his success came an upsurge of activity and attention to the risks of environmental lead pollution on public health.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41632722,"asset_id":20928082,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":25445,"name":"Environmental Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=147995"},{"id":85280,"name":"Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":94701,"name":"Vehicle Emissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vehicle_Emissions?f_ri=147995"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=147995"},{"id":98733,"name":"Lobby","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lobby?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116383,"name":"Environmental Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Control?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":182890,"name":"Imperfect information","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imperfect_information?f_ri=147995"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=147995"},{"id":412636,"name":"Theoretical Framework","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Framework?f_ri=147995"},{"id":416537,"name":"Chemical Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Industry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":448386,"name":"Paradigm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paradigm?f_ri=147995"},{"id":538342,"name":"Pollutant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pollutant?f_ri=147995"},{"id":743616,"name":"Gasoline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gasoline?f_ri=147995"},{"id":962276,"name":"Occupational Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Diseases?f_ri=147995"},{"id":965904,"name":"Industrie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrie?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1133132,"name":"Environmental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21620052 coauthored" data-work_id="21620052" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21620052/Joint_and_long_bone_gunshot_injuries">Joint and long-bone gunshot injuries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Gunshot wounds remain a major clinical problem, with the number of nonfatal gunshot wounds reported as 60,000 to 80,000 per year in the United States. Bone or joint injuries comprise a major portion of gunshot wound injuries. It is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21620052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Gunshot wounds remain a major clinical problem, with the number of nonfatal gunshot wounds reported as 60,000 to 80,000 per year in the United States. Bone or joint injuries comprise a major portion of gunshot wound injuries. It is paramount for orthopaedic surgeons to be thorough in their treatment of patients with these injuries. Intra-articular injuries remain a source of significant clinical morbidity because of joint stiffness, arthritis, and the risk of infection. Treatment of long-bone fractures is a challenging clinical problem, and further studies are needed to investigate modern treatment methods. Lead toxicity is a potential risk for patients with gunshot injuries, particular for those with joint injuries. The clinician's recognition of the signs and symptoms of lead toxicity is important to achieve the best care for these patients.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21620052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70c198ca32cc1ab9d3e5f8db0a8761e4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42200691,"asset_id":21620052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42200691/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42761239" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CraigSilverton">Craig Silverton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42761239" type="text/json">{"id":42761239,"first_name":"Craig","last_name":"Silverton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CraigSilverton","display_name":"Craig Silverton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CraigSilverton?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-21620052">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-21620052"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SoheilNajibi">Soheil Najibi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-21620052'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-21620052').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21620052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21620052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21620052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21620052", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21620052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21620052; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21620052"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21620052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21620052"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21620052; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21620052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21620052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21620052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21620052"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="628" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthopedic_Surgery">Orthopedic Surgery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="628" type="text/json">{"id":628,"name":"Orthopedic Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthopedic_Surgery?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8942" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment">Treatment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8942" type="text/json">{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147995" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning">Lead Poisoning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="147995" type="text/json">{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21620052]'), work: {"id":21620052,"title":"Joint and long-bone gunshot injuries","created_at":"2016-02-06T04:36:00.949-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21620052/Joint_and_long_bone_gunshot_injuries?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_21620052","summary":"Gunshot wounds remain a major clinical problem, with the number of nonfatal gunshot wounds reported as 60,000 to 80,000 per year in the United States. Bone or joint injuries comprise a major portion of gunshot wound injuries. It is paramount for orthopaedic surgeons to be thorough in their treatment of patients with these injuries. Intra-articular injuries remain a source of significant clinical morbidity because of joint stiffness, arthritis, and the risk of infection. Treatment of long-bone fractures is a challenging clinical problem, and further studies are needed to investigate modern treatment methods. Lead toxicity is a potential risk for patients with gunshot injuries, particular for those with joint injuries. The clinician's recognition of the signs and symptoms of lead toxicity is important to achieve the best care for these patients.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42200691,"asset_id":21620052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42761239,"first_name":"Craig","last_name":"Silverton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CraigSilverton","display_name":"Craig Silverton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CraigSilverton?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":43055375,"first_name":"Soheil","last_name":"Najibi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SoheilNajibi","display_name":"Soheil Najibi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SoheilNajibi?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":628,"name":"Orthopedic Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthopedic_Surgery?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":534656,"name":"Joint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Joint?f_ri=147995"},{"id":670043,"name":"Joints","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Joints?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1115730,"name":"Articulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Articulation?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1142792,"name":"Fracture Fixation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fracture_Fixation?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19254144 coauthored" data-work_id="19254144" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19254144/Assessing_remedial_effectiveness_through_the_blood_lead_soil_dust_lead_relationship_at_the_Bunker_Hill_Superfund_Site_in_the_Silver_Valley_of_Idaho">Assessing remedial effectiveness through the blood lead:soil/dust lead relationship at the Bunker Hill Superfund Site in the Silver Valley of Idaho</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The 21 square mile Bunker Hill Superfund Site in northern Idaho includes several thousand acres of contaminated hillsides and floodplain, a 365-acre abandoned leadyzinc smelter and is home to more than 7000 people in 5 residential... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19254144" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 21 square mile Bunker Hill Superfund Site in northern Idaho includes several thousand acres of contaminated hillsides and floodplain, a 365-acre abandoned leadyzinc smelter and is home to more than 7000 people in 5 residential communities. Childhood lead poisoning was epidemic in the 1970s with )75% of children exceeding 40 mgydl blood lead. Health response activities have been ongoing for three decades. In 1991, a blood lead goal of 95% of children with levels less than 10 mgydl was adopted. The cleanup strategy, based on biokinetic pathways models, was to reduce house dust lead exposure through elimination of soil-borne sources. An interim health intervention program, that included monitoring blood lead and exposures levels, was instituted to reduce exposures through parental education during the cleanup. In 1989 and 2001, 56% and 3% of children, respectively, exceeded the blood lead criteria. More than 4000 paired blood leadyenvironmental exposure observations were collected during this period. Several analyses of these data were accomplished. Slope factors derived for the relationship between blood lead, soil and dust concentrations are age-dependent and similar to literature reported values. Repeat measures analysis assessing year to year changes found that the remediation effort (without intervention) had approximately a 7.5 mgy dl effect in reducing a 2-year-old child's mean blood lead level over the course of the last ten years. Those receiving intervention had an additional 2-15 mgydl decrease. Structural equations models indicate that from 40 to 50% of the blood lead absorbed from soils and dusts is through house dust with approximately 30% directly from communitywide soils and 30% from the home yard and immediate neighborhood. Both mean blood lead levels and percent of children to exceed 10 mgydl have paralleled soilydust lead intake rates estimated from the pathways model. Application of the IEUBK model for lead indicates that recommended USEPA default parameters overestimate mean blood lead levels, although the magnitude of over-prediction is diminished in recent years. Application of the site-*Corresponding author. Lindern).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19254144" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="98a118667e1592fd7bb98b7c90fca731" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42227005,"asset_id":19254144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42227005/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39639799" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SusanSpalinger">Susan Spalinger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39639799" type="text/json">{"id":39639799,"first_name":"Susan","last_name":"Spalinger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SusanSpalinger","display_name":"Susan Spalinger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SusanSpalinger?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19254144">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19254144"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/IanVonLindern">Ian Von Lindern</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MargritVonBraun">Margrit Von Braun</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19254144'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19254144').html(); 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Childhood lead poisoning was epidemic in the 1970s with )75% of children exceeding 40 mgydl blood lead. Health response activities have been ongoing for three decades. In 1991, a blood lead goal of 95% of children with levels less than 10 mgydl was adopted. The cleanup strategy, based on biokinetic pathways models, was to reduce house dust lead exposure through elimination of soil-borne sources. An interim health intervention program, that included monitoring blood lead and exposures levels, was instituted to reduce exposures through parental education during the cleanup. In 1989 and 2001, 56% and 3% of children, respectively, exceeded the blood lead criteria. More than 4000 paired blood leadyenvironmental exposure observations were collected during this period. Several analyses of these data were accomplished. Slope factors derived for the relationship between blood lead, soil and dust concentrations are age-dependent and similar to literature reported values. Repeat measures analysis assessing year to year changes found that the remediation effort (without intervention) had approximately a 7.5 mgy dl effect in reducing a 2-year-old child's mean blood lead level over the course of the last ten years. Those receiving intervention had an additional 2-15 mgydl decrease. Structural equations models indicate that from 40 to 50% of the blood lead absorbed from soils and dusts is through house dust with approximately 30% directly from communitywide soils and 30% from the home yard and immediate neighborhood. Both mean blood lead levels and percent of children to exceed 10 mgydl have paralleled soilydust lead intake rates estimated from the pathways model. Application of the IEUBK model for lead indicates that recommended USEPA default parameters overestimate mean blood lead levels, although the magnitude of over-prediction is diminished in recent years. Application of the site-*Corresponding author. Lindern).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42227005,"asset_id":19254144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39639799,"first_name":"Susan","last_name":"Spalinger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SusanSpalinger","display_name":"Susan Spalinger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SusanSpalinger?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":39496417,"first_name":"Ian Von","last_name":"Lindern","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IanVonLindern","display_name":"Ian Von Lindern","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IanVonLindern?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":39640469,"first_name":"Margrit Von","last_name":"Braun","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MargritVonBraun","display_name":"Margrit Von Braun","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MargritVonBraun?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":202,"name":"Program Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Program_Evaluation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":21885,"name":"Hazardous Waste","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hazardous_Waste?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":25445,"name":"Environmental Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995"},{"id":94762,"name":"Criteria and Indicators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criteria_and_Indicators?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":125224,"name":"IDAHO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IDAHO?f_ri=147995"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995"},{"id":140349,"name":"Lead Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":158165,"name":"Zinc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc?f_ri=147995"},{"id":162983,"name":"Absorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Absorption?f_ri=147995"},{"id":214510,"name":"Structural Equation Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Equation_Model?f_ri=147995"},{"id":348058,"name":"Repeated Measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Repeated_Measures?f_ri=147995"},{"id":735883,"name":"Dust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dust?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1000427,"name":"Reference Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference_Values?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1136192,"name":"Biological Availability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Availability?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1365470,"name":"Soil Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Pollutants?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23175571" data-work_id="23175571" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23175571/Elevated_blood_lead_in_California_adults_1987_results_of_a_statewide_surveillance_program_based_on_laboratory_reports">Elevated blood lead in California adults, 1987: results of a statewide surveillance program based on laboratory reports</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">California medical laboratories that test for blood lead are required to report results exceeding 1.21 ,umol/L (25 ,ug/dl). Between April and December 1987, the California Department of Health Services received 3,077 blood lead reports... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23175571" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">California medical laboratories that test for blood lead are required to report results exceeding 1.21 ,umol/L (25 ,ug/dl). Between April and December 1987, the California Department of Health Services received 3,077 blood lead reports from 34 laboratories for 1,293 civilian, non-institutionalized adults.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23175571" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87b08753067ac0210bb67f4cd55d1f16" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43661295,"asset_id":23175571,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43661295/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44970049" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NMaizlish">N. Maizlish</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44970049" type="text/json">{"id":44970049,"first_name":"N.","last_name":"Maizlish","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NMaizlish","display_name":"N. Maizlish","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NMaizlish?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23175571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23175571"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23175571, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23175571", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23175571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23175571; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23175571"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23175571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23175571"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23175571; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23175571]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23175571").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23175571").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23175571"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50113" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/California">California</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50113" type="text/json">{"id":50113,"name":"California","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/California?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75952" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public">Public</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="75952" type="text/json">{"id":75952,"name":"Public","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead">Lead</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="116579" type="text/json">{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23175571]'), work: {"id":23175571,"title":"Elevated blood lead in California adults, 1987: results of a statewide surveillance program based on laboratory reports","created_at":"2016-03-12T10:09:29.115-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23175571/Elevated_blood_lead_in_California_adults_1987_results_of_a_statewide_surveillance_program_based_on_laboratory_reports?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_23175571","summary":"California medical laboratories that test for blood lead are required to report results exceeding 1.21 ,umol/L (25 ,ug/dl). Between April and December 1987, the California Department of Health Services received 3,077 blood lead reports from 34 laboratories for 1,293 civilian, non-institutionalized adults.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43661295,"asset_id":23175571,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44970049,"first_name":"N.","last_name":"Maizlish","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NMaizlish","display_name":"N. Maizlish","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NMaizlish?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":50113,"name":"California","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/California?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":75952,"name":"Public","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":137516,"name":"Follow-up studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":945595,"name":"Pilot Projects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pilot_Projects?f_ri=147995"},{"id":962276,"name":"Occupational Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Diseases?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1008093,"name":"Occupations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupations?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1312021,"name":"Environmental Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Exposure?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4587592" data-work_id="4587592" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4587592/Animal_poisoning_in_Europe_Part_3_Wildlife">Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 3: Wildlife</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This review article is the third in a series on animal poisoning in Europe and represents a collation of published and non-published wildlife poisoning data from Belgium, France, Greece, Italy and Spain over the last 10 years. Birds,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4587592" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This review article is the third in a series on animal poisoning in Europe and represents a collation of published and non-published wildlife poisoning data from Belgium, France, Greece, Italy and Spain over the last 10 years. Birds, particularly waterfowl and raptors, were more commonly reported as victims of poisoning than wild mammals. In addition to specific but important toxicological disasters, deliberate primary or secondary poisonings are of concern to all countries. Metals (particularly lead arising from sporting/hunting activities) and pesticides (mainly anticholinesterases and anticoagulants) are frequent causes of poisoning, and often have fatal consequences. A more unified and consistent approach throughout European countries to improve the reporting and the analytical confirmation of wildlife poisoning would help to reduce the number of cases of malicious or negligent animal poisoning.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4587592" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cbc0d8e68ec79e32af46c223931113c8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49775514,"asset_id":4587592,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49775514/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5760781" href="https://auth.academia.edu/MagdaSachana">Magda Sachana</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5760781" type="text/json">{"id":5760781,"first_name":"Magda","last_name":"Sachana","domain_name":"auth","page_name":"MagdaSachana","display_name":"Magda Sachana","profile_url":"https://auth.academia.edu/MagdaSachana?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5760781/2485978/2887639/s65_magda.sachana.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4587592 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4587592"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4587592, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4587592", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4587592 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4587592; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4587592"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4587592 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4587592"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4587592; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4587592]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4587592").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4587592").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4587592"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5285" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum">Petroleum</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5285" type="text/json">{"id":5285,"name":"Petroleum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35123" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_Spill">Oil Spill</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35123" type="text/json">{"id":35123,"name":"Oil Spill","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_Spill?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35414" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary">Veterinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35414" type="text/json">{"id":35414,"name":"Veterinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4587592]'), work: {"id":4587592,"title":"Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 3: Wildlife","created_at":"2013-09-25T17:52:05.034-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4587592/Animal_poisoning_in_Europe_Part_3_Wildlife?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_4587592","summary":"This review article is the third in a series on animal poisoning in Europe and represents a collation of published and non-published wildlife poisoning data from Belgium, France, Greece, Italy and Spain over the last 10 years. Birds, particularly waterfowl and raptors, were more commonly reported as victims of poisoning than wild mammals. In addition to specific but important toxicological disasters, deliberate primary or secondary poisonings are of concern to all countries. Metals (particularly lead arising from sporting/hunting activities) and pesticides (mainly anticholinesterases and anticoagulants) are frequent causes of poisoning, and often have fatal consequences. A more unified and consistent approach throughout European countries to improve the reporting and the analytical confirmation of wildlife poisoning would help to reduce the number of cases of malicious or negligent animal poisoning.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49775514,"asset_id":4587592,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5760781,"first_name":"Magda","last_name":"Sachana","domain_name":"auth","page_name":"MagdaSachana","display_name":"Magda Sachana","profile_url":"https://auth.academia.edu/MagdaSachana?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5760781/2485978/2887639/s65_magda.sachana.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5285,"name":"Petroleum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":35123,"name":"Oil Spill","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_Spill?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":35414,"name":"Veterinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=147995"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=147995"},{"id":96324,"name":"Birds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birds?f_ri=147995"},{"id":105628,"name":"Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":208138,"name":"Cholinesterase inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cholinesterase_inhibitors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":531383,"name":"Captive Wild Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Captive_Wild_Animals?f_ri=147995"},{"id":618031,"name":"Wild Bird","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wild_Bird?f_ri=147995"},{"id":831691,"name":"Animal Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Diseases?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1822409" data-work_id="1822409" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1822409/De_plumbo_pestilenti_Kwestia_zatru%C4%87_o%C5%82owiem_w_staro%C5%BCytnym_Rzymie_De_plumbo_pestilenti_Lead_poisoning_in_Ancient_Rome_">De plumbo pestilenti. Kwestia zatruć ołowiem w starożytnym Rzymie. (De plumbo pestilenti. Lead poisoning in Ancient Rome.)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Starożytni Rzymianie podobnie jak inne ludy Śródziemnomorza niezwykle często korzystali z ołowiu, który traktowano jako odpad powstający przy wytopie srebra z galeny. Obecność licznych związków ołowiu w otoczeniu Rzymianina mogła jednak... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1822409" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Starożytni Rzymianie podobnie jak inne ludy Śródziemnomorza niezwykle często korzystali z ołowiu, który traktowano jako odpad powstający przy wytopie srebra z galeny. Obecność licznych związków ołowiu w otoczeniu Rzymianina mogła jednak często powodować zatrucia. Artykuł omawia źródła ołowiu w otoczeniu Rzymian (rury wodociągowe, sprzęty kuchenne i żeglarskie, żywność z dodatkiem związków ołowiu) oraz ocenia potencjalną szkodliwość ich wpływu. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono syropowi moszczowemu ( sapa / defrutum ), o dużej zawartości octanu ołowiu. Część artykułu zajmuje także analiza starożytnych wzmianek o szkodliwości ołowiu oraz porównanie ich z dzisiejszą wiedzą na temat ołowicy. <br /> <br />Just like their Mediterranean neighbours, ancient Romans often used lead, which they treated as a by-product of silver-smelting cupelation process through which silver was extracted from argentiferous galena ores. However, the widespread use of lead could often be a health hazard. The article discusses sources of lead in the environment of ancient Romans (water pipes, kitchen utensils, lead artefacts on ships and foodstuffs containing lead compounds) and evaluates their potential toxicity. Particular amount of attention was devoted to must syrups (sapa / defrutum), often containing large quantities of lead (II) acetate. A part of article juxtaposes ancient knowledge about lead toxicity with modern reports about poisonings to establish how much was known about its noxious influence in the Ancient Era.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1822409" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d3df2acb1abefeac5ea87d75a2b711a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53877045,"asset_id":1822409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53877045/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="702067" href="https://wroc.academia.edu/MaciejPaprocki">Maciej W Paprocki</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="702067" type="text/json">{"id":702067,"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Paprocki","domain_name":"wroc","page_name":"MaciejPaprocki","display_name":"Maciej W Paprocki","profile_url":"https://wroc.academia.edu/MaciejPaprocki?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/702067/517431/75650355/s65_maciej.paprocki.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1822409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1822409"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1822409, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1822409", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1822409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1822409; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1822409"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1822409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1822409"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1822409; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1822409]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1822409").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1822409").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1822409"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24069" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Water_Supply_Archaeology_">Roman Water Supply (Archaeology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24069" type="text/json">{"id":24069,"name":"Roman Water Supply (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Water_Supply_Archaeology_?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24671" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_water_management">Roman water management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24671" type="text/json">{"id":24671,"name":"Roman water management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_water_management?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="79005" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_food_and_drink">Roman food and drink</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="79005" type="text/json">{"id":79005,"name":"Roman food and drink","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_food_and_drink?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147995" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning">Lead Poisoning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="147995" type="text/json">{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1822409]'), work: {"id":1822409,"title":"De plumbo pestilenti. Kwestia zatruć ołowiem w starożytnym Rzymie. (De plumbo pestilenti. Lead poisoning in Ancient Rome.)","created_at":"2012-07-30T18:34:19.659-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1822409/De_plumbo_pestilenti_Kwestia_zatru%C4%87_o%C5%82owiem_w_staro%C5%BCytnym_Rzymie_De_plumbo_pestilenti_Lead_poisoning_in_Ancient_Rome_?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_1822409","summary":"Starożytni Rzymianie podobnie jak inne ludy Śródziemnomorza niezwykle często korzystali z ołowiu, który traktowano jako odpad powstający przy wytopie srebra z galeny. Obecność licznych związków ołowiu w otoczeniu Rzymianina mogła jednak często powodować zatrucia. Artykuł omawia źródła ołowiu w otoczeniu Rzymian (rury wodociągowe, sprzęty kuchenne i żeglarskie, żywność z dodatkiem związków ołowiu) oraz ocenia potencjalną szkodliwość ich wpływu. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono syropowi moszczowemu ( sapa / defrutum ), o dużej zawartości octanu ołowiu. Część artykułu zajmuje także analiza starożytnych wzmianek o szkodliwości ołowiu oraz porównanie ich z dzisiejszą wiedzą na temat ołowicy. \r\n\r\nJust like their Mediterranean neighbours, ancient Romans often used lead, which they treated as a by-product of silver-smelting cupelation process through which silver was extracted from argentiferous galena ores. However, the widespread use of lead could often be a health hazard. The article discusses sources of lead in the environment of ancient Romans (water pipes, kitchen utensils, lead artefacts on ships and foodstuffs containing lead compounds) and evaluates their potential toxicity. Particular amount of attention was devoted to must syrups (sapa / defrutum), often containing large quantities of lead (II) acetate. A part of article juxtaposes ancient knowledge about lead toxicity with modern reports about poisonings to establish how much was known about its noxious influence in the Ancient Era.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53877045,"asset_id":1822409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":702067,"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Paprocki","domain_name":"wroc","page_name":"MaciejPaprocki","display_name":"Maciej W Paprocki","profile_url":"https://wroc.academia.edu/MaciejPaprocki?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/702067/517431/75650355/s65_maciej.paprocki.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":24069,"name":"Roman Water Supply (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Water_Supply_Archaeology_?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":24671,"name":"Roman water management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_water_management?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":79005,"name":"Roman food and drink","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_food_and_drink?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":165629,"name":"Winemaking Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Winemaking_Technology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":464185,"name":"Lead toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_toxicity?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7119729" data-work_id="7119729" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7119729/LIQUID_CHROMATOGRAPHY_ELECTROSPRAY_TANDEM_MASS_SPECTROMETRY_LCMS_MS_DETERMINATION_OF_LANSOPRAZOLE_IN_HUMAN_PLASMA">LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–ELECTROSPRAY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY (LCMS/MS) DETERMINATION OF LANSOPRAZOLE IN HUMAN PLASMA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A rapid, selective, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for quantification of lansoprazole (LZ) in human plasma using esomeprazole as an internal standard (IS). The analyte and IS were extracted by single... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7119729" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A rapid, selective, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for quantification of lansoprazole (LZ) in human plasma using esomeprazole as an internal standard (IS). The analyte and IS were extracted by single solvent liquid-liquid extraction using tert-Butyl methyl ether and separated by isocratic elution on C18 analytical column with 90:10 v/v acetonitrile, and 20 mM ammonium acetate (flow rate of 1 mL/min) as the mobile phase in the positive ion mode. Selected Reaction Monitoring transitions for LZ, internal standard and their daughter ion were observed at 369, 346, 252, and 198 m/z, respectively. The lower limit of quantification was 3.997 ng/mL and total run time for the analysis was 1.2 minutes. Linear calibration was observed in the range of 3.997 ng/mL to 2002.5 ng/mL. 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Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1782947,"name":"aniline Compounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/aniline_Compounds?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2061395,"name":"Bile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bile-6?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2285371,"name":"D-glucuronic acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/D-glucuronic_acid?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22980603 coauthored" data-work_id="22980603" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22980603/VIGILANCE_POISON_Illegal_poisoning_and_lead_intoxication_are_the_main_factors_affecting_avian_scavenger_survival_in_the_Pyrenees_France_">VIGILANCE POISON: Illegal poisoning and lead intoxication are the main factors affecting avian scavenger survival in the Pyrenees (France)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A specific surveillance program has been set up to monitor avian scavenger populations in the French Pyrenean Mountains, hosting a high proportion of the French populations. The two main purposes of the study were to identify all causes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22980603" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A specific surveillance program has been set up to monitor avian scavenger populations in the French Pyrenean Mountains, hosting a high proportion of the French populations. The two main purposes of the study were to identify all causes of death and to investigate poisoning cases. All 170 birds found dead during the 7-year program were submitted to full necropsy, X-Ray, parasitological investigations and consistent analytical toxicology screenings (Cholinesterase inhibitors, anticoagulant rodenticides, organochlorine insecticides, Pb, Cd). Over the study period, 8 Bearded Vultures, 120 Griffon Vultures, 8 Egyptian Vultures and 34 Red kites were eventually collected. Mortality events were often multifactorial, but poisoning was by far the most common cause of death (24.1%), followed by trauma/fall (12%), bacterial diseases and starvation (8%) and electrocution (6%). Illicit use of banned pesticides was identified as a common cause of poisoning (53% of all poisoning cases) and lead poisoning was also identified as a significant toxicant issue (17% of all poisoning cases). Lead isotopic signature could be associated primarily with ammunition. Last, a positive association between trauma and lead contamination was detected, indicating that lead could be a significant contributor to different causes of death. These results urge for severe restrictions on the use of lead ammunition to prevent scavengers from detrimental exposure.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22980603" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f339e98ce786363feb1cac4a31430b61" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43499729,"asset_id":22980603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43499729/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44687436" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeanYvesChollet">Jean-Yves Chollet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44687436" type="text/json">{"id":44687436,"first_name":"Jean-Yves","last_name":"Chollet","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanYvesChollet","display_name":"Jean-Yves Chollet","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanYvesChollet?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-22980603">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-22980603"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/OlivierMastain">Olivier Mastain</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-22980603'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-22980603').html(); 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The two main purposes of the study were to identify all causes of death and to investigate poisoning cases. All 170 birds found dead during the 7-year program were submitted to full necropsy, X-Ray, parasitological investigations and consistent analytical toxicology screenings (Cholinesterase inhibitors, anticoagulant rodenticides, organochlorine insecticides, Pb, Cd). Over the study period, 8 Bearded Vultures, 120 Griffon Vultures, 8 Egyptian Vultures and 34 Red kites were eventually collected. Mortality events were often multifactorial, but poisoning was by far the most common cause of death (24.1%), followed by trauma/fall (12%), bacterial diseases and starvation (8%) and electrocution (6%). Illicit use of banned pesticides was identified as a common cause of poisoning (53% of all poisoning cases) and lead poisoning was also identified as a significant toxicant issue (17% of all poisoning cases). Lead isotopic signature could be associated primarily with ammunition. Last, a positive association between trauma and lead contamination was detected, indicating that lead could be a significant contributor to different causes of death. 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Egipcios y hebreos lo usaron. Los fenicios c. 2000 AC trabajaron menas de plomo en España. Al final... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27312654" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Resumen Al plomo, metal pesado grisáceo y ubicuo, se le ha encontrado en lugares tan inverosímiles como los hielos fósiles de Groenlandia. Egipcios y hebreos lo usaron. Los fenicios c. 2000 AC trabajaron menas de plomo en España. 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Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1270314,"name":"Lactones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactones?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1415475,"name":"SELECTED REACTION MONITORING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SELECTED_REACTION_MONITORING?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1631043,"name":"Control Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control_Group?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1724844,"name":"Molecular Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1782947,"name":"aniline Compounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/aniline_Compounds?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2061395,"name":"Bile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bile-6?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2285371,"name":"D-glucuronic acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/D-glucuronic_acid?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27312726" data-work_id="27312726" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27312726/Exposici%C3%B3n_a_plomo_en_trabajadores_de_f%C3%A1bricas_informales_de_bater%C3%ADas">Exposición a plomo en trabajadores de fábricas informales de baterías</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction: Work with lead is a universal industrial problem, especially when done without labor hygiene approach. Lead Peruvian&#39;s mining and metallurgy maintains good quality programs for management of occupational health, but... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27312726" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction: Work with lead is a universal industrial problem, especially when done without labor hygiene approach. Lead Peruvian&#39;s mining and metallurgy maintains good quality programs for management of occupational health, but informal Peruvian industry does not. Objectives: To determine the actual heath status of handicraft and informal batteries factories workers using blood lead levels as exposition indicators. Design: Observational and</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27312726" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27e7c711f52a56f98a5bca8440546df2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47569016,"asset_id":27312726,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47569016/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34572581" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AugustoVRamirez">Augusto V Ramirez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34572581" type="text/json">{"id":34572581,"first_name":"Augusto","last_name":"Ramirez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AugustoVRamirez","display_name":"Augusto V Ramirez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AugustoVRamirez?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27312726 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27312726"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27312726, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27312726", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27312726]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27312726").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27312726").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27312726"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3211" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health">Occupational Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3211" type="text/json">{"id":3211,"name":"Occupational Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47894" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Time">Working Time</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47894" type="text/json">{"id":47894,"name":"Working Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Time?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69841" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation">Standard Deviation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="69841" type="text/json">{"id":69841,"name":"Standard Deviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85280" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industry">Industry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="85280" type="text/json">{"id":85280,"name":"Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industry?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27312726]'), work: {"id":27312726,"title":"Exposición a plomo en trabajadores de fábricas informales de baterías","created_at":"2016-07-27T10:51:32.999-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27312726/Exposici%C3%B3n_a_plomo_en_trabajadores_de_f%C3%A1bricas_informales_de_bater%C3%ADas?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_27312726","summary":"Introduction: Work with lead is a universal industrial problem, especially when done without labor hygiene approach. Lead Peruvian\u0026#39;s mining and metallurgy maintains good quality programs for management of occupational health, but informal Peruvian industry does not. Objectives: To determine the actual heath status of handicraft and informal batteries factories workers using blood lead levels as exposition indicators. Design: Observational and","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47569016,"asset_id":27312726,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34572581,"first_name":"Augusto","last_name":"Ramirez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AugustoVRamirez","display_name":"Augusto V Ramirez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AugustoVRamirez?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3211,"name":"Occupational Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":47894,"name":"Working Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Time?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":69841,"name":"Standard Deviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":85280,"name":"Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industry?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":396914,"name":"Occupational Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":568491,"name":"Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_Absorption_Spectrophotometry?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3166439" data-work_id="3166439" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3166439/Spirulina_or_dandelion_enriched_diet_of_mothers_alleviates_lead_induced_damages_in_brain_and_cerebellum_of_newborn_rats">Spirulina or dandelion-enriched diet of mothers alleviates lead-induced damages in brain and cerebellum of newborn rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">and sharing with colleagues.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3166439" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="efd56c5ed62d980bbf15279ffc1bdb13" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50428738,"asset_id":3166439,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50428738/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3616290" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MudipalliKumarReddy">Mudipalli Kumar Reddy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3616290" type="text/json">{"id":3616290,"first_name":"Mudipalli","last_name":"Kumar Reddy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MudipalliKumarReddy","display_name":"Mudipalli Kumar Reddy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MudipalliKumarReddy?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3616290/1265074/1576621/s65_mudipalli.kumar_reddy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3166439 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3166439"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3166439, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3166439", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3166439 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3166439; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3166439"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3166439 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3166439"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3166439; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3166439]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3166439").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3166439").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3166439"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9478" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet">Diet</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9478" type="text/json">{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_development">Brain development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29538" type="text/json">{"id":29538,"name":"Brain development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_development?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61474" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain">Brain</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61474" type="text/json">{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3166439]'), work: {"id":3166439,"title":"Spirulina or dandelion-enriched diet of mothers alleviates lead-induced damages in brain and cerebellum of newborn rats","created_at":"2013-03-30T13:11:59.697-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3166439/Spirulina_or_dandelion_enriched_diet_of_mothers_alleviates_lead_induced_damages_in_brain_and_cerebellum_of_newborn_rats?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_3166439","summary":"and sharing with colleagues.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50428738,"asset_id":3166439,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3616290,"first_name":"Mudipalli","last_name":"Kumar Reddy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MudipalliKumarReddy","display_name":"Mudipalli Kumar Reddy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MudipalliKumarReddy?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3616290/1265074/1576621/s65_mudipalli.kumar_reddy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":29538,"name":"Brain development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_development?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=147995"},{"id":65615,"name":"Cerebellum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebellum?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":138538,"name":"CAT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAT?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=147995"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=147995"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":731904,"name":"Spirulina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirulina?f_ri=147995"},{"id":884734,"name":"Taraxacum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taraxacum?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1118199,"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Chemical_Toxicology?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1878977,"name":"Maternal Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Exposure?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26502930" data-work_id="26502930" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26502930/Blood_Lead_Levels_and_Health_Problems_of_Lead_Acid_Battery_Workers_in_Bangladesh">Blood Lead Levels and Health Problems of Lead Acid Battery Workers in Bangladesh</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction. Use of lead acid battery (LAB) in Bangladesh has risen with sharp rise of motor vehicles. As result, manufacture of LAB is increasing. Most of the lead used by these industries comes from recycling of LAB. Workers in LAB... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26502930" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction. Use of lead acid battery (LAB) in Bangladesh has risen with sharp rise of motor vehicles. As result, manufacture of LAB is increasing. Most of the lead used by these industries comes from recycling of LAB. Workers in LAB industry are at risk of exposure lead and thus development of lead toxicity. Objective. The objective of this study was to measure the blood lead concentration and to assess the magnitude of health problems attributable to lead toxicity among the LAB manufacturing workers. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the workers of LAB manufacturing industries located in Dhaka city. Result. Mean blood lead level (BLL) among the workers was found to be high. They were found to be suffering from a number of illnesses attributable to lead toxicity. The common illnesses were frequent headache, numbness of the limbs, colic pain, nausea, tremor, and lead line on the gum. High BLL was also found to be related to hypertension and anemia of the workers. Conclusion. High BLL and illnesses attributable to lead toxicity were prevalent amongst workers of the LAB manufacturing industries, and this requires attention especially in terms of occupational hygiene and safety.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26502930" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cb5f661fcc8533c3939ab507ce8409e4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46799467,"asset_id":26502930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46799467/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3503618" href="https://buhs.academia.edu/MahmudFaruquee">Mahmud Faruquee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3503618" type="text/json">{"id":3503618,"first_name":"Mahmud","last_name":"Faruquee","domain_name":"buhs","page_name":"MahmudFaruquee","display_name":"Mahmud Faruquee","profile_url":"https://buhs.academia.edu/MahmudFaruquee?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3503618/13299683/113598256/s65_mahmud.faruquee.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26502930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26502930"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26502930, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26502930", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26502930]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26502930").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26502930").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26502930"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18895" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18895" type="text/json">{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead">Lead</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="116579" type="text/json">{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult">Young Adult</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="133057" type="text/json">{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26502930]'), work: {"id":26502930,"title":"Blood Lead Levels and Health Problems of Lead Acid Battery Workers in Bangladesh","created_at":"2016-06-26T02:29:15.112-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26502930/Blood_Lead_Levels_and_Health_Problems_of_Lead_Acid_Battery_Workers_in_Bangladesh?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_26502930","summary":"Introduction. Use of lead acid battery (LAB) in Bangladesh has risen with sharp rise of motor vehicles. As result, manufacture of LAB is increasing. Most of the lead used by these industries comes from recycling of LAB. Workers in LAB industry are at risk of exposure lead and thus development of lead toxicity. Objective. The objective of this study was to measure the blood lead concentration and to assess the magnitude of health problems attributable to lead toxicity among the LAB manufacturing workers. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the workers of LAB manufacturing industries located in Dhaka city. Result. Mean blood lead level (BLL) among the workers was found to be high. They were found to be suffering from a number of illnesses attributable to lead toxicity. The common illnesses were frequent headache, numbness of the limbs, colic pain, nausea, tremor, and lead line on the gum. High BLL was also found to be related to hypertension and anemia of the workers. Conclusion. High BLL and illnesses attributable to lead toxicity were prevalent amongst workers of the LAB manufacturing industries, and this requires attention especially in terms of occupational hygiene and safety.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46799467,"asset_id":26502930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3503618,"first_name":"Mahmud","last_name":"Faruquee","domain_name":"buhs","page_name":"MahmudFaruquee","display_name":"Mahmud Faruquee","profile_url":"https://buhs.academia.edu/MahmudFaruquee?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3503618/13299683/113598256/s65_mahmud.faruquee.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":396914,"name":"Occupational Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Exposure?f_ri=147995"},{"id":444887,"name":"Public Health Surveillance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Surveillance?f_ri=147995"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=147995"},{"id":962276,"name":"Occupational Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Diseases?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11104707" data-work_id="11104707" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11104707/Characterizing_N_acetylcysteine_NAC_and_N_acetylcysteine_amide_NACA_binding_for_lead_poisoning_treatment">Characterizing N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) binding for lead poisoning treatment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using antioxidants is an important means of treating lead poisoning. Prior in vivo studies showed marked differences between various chelator antioxidants in their ability to decrease both blood Pb(II) levels and oxidative stress... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11104707" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using antioxidants is an important means of treating lead poisoning. Prior in vivo studies showed marked differences between various chelator antioxidants in their ability to decrease both blood Pb(II) levels and oxidative stress resulting from lead poisoning. The comparative abilities of NAC and NACA to Pb(II) were studied in vitro, for the first time, to examine the role of the -OH/-NH 2 functional group in antioxidant binding behavior. To assay the antioxidant-divalent metal interaction, the antioxidants were probed as solid surfaces, adsorbing Pb(II) onto them. Surface characterization was carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis to quantify Pb(II) in the resulting adducts. XPS of the Pb 4f orbitals showed that more Pb(II) was chemically bound to NACA than NAC. In addition, the antioxidant surfaces were probed via point-of-zero charge (PZC) measurements of NAC and NACA were obtained to gain further insight into the Pb-NAC and Pb-NACA binding, showing that Coulombic interactions played a partial role facilitating complex formation. The data correlated well with solution analysis of metal-ligand complexation. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to probe complexation behavior. NACA was found to have the higher binding affinity as shown by free Pb(II) available in solution after complexation from HPLC data. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was applied to delineate the structures of Pb-antioxidant complexes. Experimental results were further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of supermolecular interaction energies (E inter ) showing a greater interaction of Pb(II) with NACA than NAC.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11104707" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="84098d0bf24452a0ad4cb84ff9fd02cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46897860,"asset_id":11104707,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46897860/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26831139" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ti%E1%BA%BFnHu%E1%BB%B3nh2">Tiến Huỳnh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26831139" type="text/json">{"id":26831139,"first_name":"Tiến","last_name":"Huỳnh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TiếnHuỳnh2","display_name":"Tiến Huỳnh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Ti%E1%BA%BFnHu%E1%BB%B3nh2?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26831139/7493236/8417799/s65_ti_n.hu_nh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11104707 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11104707"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11104707, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11104707", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11104707]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11104707").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11104707").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11104707"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11108" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PHOTOELECTRON_SPECTROSCOPY">PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11108" type="text/json">{"id":11108,"name":"PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PHOTOELECTRON_SPECTROSCOPY?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="93627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density_Functional_Theory">Density Functional Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="93627" type="text/json">{"id":93627,"name":"Density Functional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density_Functional_Theory?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead">Lead</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="116579" type="text/json">{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11104707]'), work: {"id":11104707,"title":"Characterizing N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) binding for lead poisoning treatment","created_at":"2015-02-26T01:57:42.038-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11104707/Characterizing_N_acetylcysteine_NAC_and_N_acetylcysteine_amide_NACA_binding_for_lead_poisoning_treatment?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_11104707","summary":"Using antioxidants is an important means of treating lead poisoning. Prior in vivo studies showed marked differences between various chelator antioxidants in their ability to decrease both blood Pb(II) levels and oxidative stress resulting from lead poisoning. The comparative abilities of NAC and NACA to Pb(II) were studied in vitro, for the first time, to examine the role of the -OH/-NH 2 functional group in antioxidant binding behavior. To assay the antioxidant-divalent metal interaction, the antioxidants were probed as solid surfaces, adsorbing Pb(II) onto them. Surface characterization was carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis to quantify Pb(II) in the resulting adducts. XPS of the Pb 4f orbitals showed that more Pb(II) was chemically bound to NACA than NAC. In addition, the antioxidant surfaces were probed via point-of-zero charge (PZC) measurements of NAC and NACA were obtained to gain further insight into the Pb-NAC and Pb-NACA binding, showing that Coulombic interactions played a partial role facilitating complex formation. The data correlated well with solution analysis of metal-ligand complexation. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to probe complexation behavior. NACA was found to have the higher binding affinity as shown by free Pb(II) available in solution after complexation from HPLC data. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was applied to delineate the structures of Pb-antioxidant complexes. Experimental results were further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of supermolecular interaction energies (E inter ) showing a greater interaction of Pb(II) with NACA than NAC.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46897860,"asset_id":11104707,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26831139,"first_name":"Tiến","last_name":"Huỳnh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TiếnHuỳnh2","display_name":"Tiến Huỳnh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Ti%E1%BA%BFnHu%E1%BB%B3nh2?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26831139/7493236/8417799/s65_ti_n.hu_nh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":11108,"name":"PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PHOTOELECTRON_SPECTROSCOPY?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":93627,"name":"Density Functional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density_Functional_Theory?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":246560,"name":"High Pressure Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure_Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=147995"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=147995"},{"id":326380,"name":"Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquid_Chromatography_Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=147995"},{"id":788681,"name":"N-Acetylcysteine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/N-Acetylcysteine?f_ri=147995"},{"id":2054788,"name":"Isoelectric point","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isoelectric_point?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26287960 coauthored" data-work_id="26287960" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26287960/Anaemia_lead_poisoning_and_vitamin_D_deficiency_in_low_income_children_do_current_screening_recommendations_match_the_burden_of_illness">Anaemia, lead poisoning and vitamin D deficiency in low-income children: do current screening recommendations match the burden of illness?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: Low-income children are routinely screened for anaemia and elevated blood lead levels (EBLL) but not for vitamin D deficiency. We sought to determine the relative prevalence of and the relationship among vitamin D deficiency,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26287960" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: Low-income children are routinely screened for anaemia and elevated blood lead levels (EBLL) but not for vitamin D deficiency. We sought to determine the relative prevalence of and the relationship among vitamin D deficiency, anaemia and EBLL among healthy low-income paediatric clinic patients. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Paediatric outpatient clinic in an urban safety net hospital in a northern US state. Subjects: Healthy toddlers and children under 6 years of age (n 127) who were seen for a routine well child check-up (WCC). Results: The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) , 30 ng/ml) was 62 %; the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D , 20 ng/ml) was 29 %. These rates were far higher than those for anaemia (Hb , 11?0 g/dl) at 10 %, EBLL (Pb . 9 mg/dl) at 1 % or even mildly EBLL (Pb 5-9 mg/dl) at 4 % (range: 1-11). There was no relationship among any of the following: vitamin D status, anaemia or EBLL. The vast majority of children with vitamin D deficiency had both normal Hb (86 %) and Pb level (100 %). After controlling for child's age, gender and race/ethnicity, there was no association between Hb (continuous, g/dl) and vitamin D deficiency (adjusted OR (aOR) 5 0?97, 95 % CI 0?64, 1?47; P 5 0?88). The only significant predictor of vitamin D deficiency was increasing age in years (aOR 5 1?39, 95 % CI 1?03, 1?86; P 5 0?03). None of these associations changed materially when deficiency was defined as ,15 ng/ml. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was far more common than anaemia or EBLL, and Hb and Pb status were not predictors of vitamin D status.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26287960" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="51ad97cec536f637a3fb4969ef460e06" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46600550,"asset_id":26287960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46600550/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50227636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MargaretKersey">Margaret Kersey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50227636" type="text/json">{"id":50227636,"first_name":"Margaret","last_name":"Kersey","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MargaretKersey","display_name":"Margaret Kersey","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MargaretKersey?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-26287960">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-26287960"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DianaCutts">Diana Cutts</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-26287960'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-26287960').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26287960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26287960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26287960; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26287960]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26287960").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26287960").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26287960"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2086" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Nutrition">Public Health Nutrition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2086" type="text/json">{"id":2086,"name":"Public Health Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Nutrition?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="134346" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant">Infant</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="134346" type="text/json">{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136346" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anemia">Anemia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="136346" type="text/json">{"id":136346,"name":"Anemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anemia?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26287960]'), work: {"id":26287960,"title":"Anaemia, lead poisoning and vitamin D deficiency in low-income children: do current screening recommendations match the burden of illness?","created_at":"2016-06-18T12:08:02.211-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26287960/Anaemia_lead_poisoning_and_vitamin_D_deficiency_in_low_income_children_do_current_screening_recommendations_match_the_burden_of_illness?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_26287960","summary":"Objective: Low-income children are routinely screened for anaemia and elevated blood lead levels (EBLL) but not for vitamin D deficiency. We sought to determine the relative prevalence of and the relationship among vitamin D deficiency, anaemia and EBLL among healthy low-income paediatric clinic patients. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Paediatric outpatient clinic in an urban safety net hospital in a northern US state. Subjects: Healthy toddlers and children under 6 years of age (n 127) who were seen for a routine well child check-up (WCC). Results: The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) , 30 ng/ml) was 62 %; the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D , 20 ng/ml) was 29 %. These rates were far higher than those for anaemia (Hb , 11?0 g/dl) at 10 %, EBLL (Pb . 9 mg/dl) at 1 % or even mildly EBLL (Pb 5-9 mg/dl) at 4 % (range: 1-11). There was no relationship among any of the following: vitamin D status, anaemia or EBLL. The vast majority of children with vitamin D deficiency had both normal Hb (86 %) and Pb level (100 %). After controlling for child's age, gender and race/ethnicity, there was no association between Hb (continuous, g/dl) and vitamin D deficiency (adjusted OR (aOR) 5 0?97, 95 % CI 0?64, 1?47; P 5 0?88). The only significant predictor of vitamin D deficiency was increasing age in years (aOR 5 1?39, 95 % CI 1?03, 1?86; P 5 0?03). None of these associations changed materially when deficiency was defined as ,15 ng/ml. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was far more common than anaemia or EBLL, and Hb and Pb status were not predictors of vitamin D status.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46600550,"asset_id":26287960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50227636,"first_name":"Margaret","last_name":"Kersey","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MargaretKersey","display_name":"Margaret Kersey","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MargaretKersey?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":50204223,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Cutts","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DianaCutts","display_name":"Diana Cutts","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DianaCutts?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2086,"name":"Public Health Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Nutrition?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":136346,"name":"Anemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anemia?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":147995,"name":"Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead_Poisoning?f_ri=147995"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=147995"},{"id":233800,"name":"African Americans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Americans?f_ri=147995"},{"id":254129,"name":"Minnesota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minnesota?f_ri=147995"},{"id":289330,"name":"Prevalence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevalence?f_ri=147995"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=147995"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1114577,"name":"Vitamin D Deficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamin_D_Deficiency?f_ri=147995"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=147995"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20927820" data-work_id="20927820" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20927820/Lead_Poisoning_Among_Arab_American_and_African_American_Children_in_the_Detroit_Metropolitan_Area_Michigan">Lead Poisoning Among Arab American and African American Children in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, Michigan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study explored the hypothesis that acculturation is a risk factor for childhood lead poisoning in the Detroit area of Michigan. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were determined in 429 Arab American and African American children, aged 6... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20927820" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study explored the hypothesis that acculturation is a risk factor for childhood lead poisoning in the Detroit area of Michigan. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were determined in 429 Arab American and African American children, aged 6 months to 15 years, who were receiving well-child examination in three Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) clinics in the city. Mean BLL was 3.8 ± 2.3 lg/dL (range: 1-18 lg/dL) and 3.3% of the children tested had blood lead values above the 10 lg/dL level of concern. Neither the age of the dwelling units nor ethnicity of the child was significantly associated with the BLL. Multivariable analyses instead identified a number of acculturation-related factors that are associated with elevation in blood lead including paternal education,</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20927820" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33baf3cf108e81ceeca88670a19bda19" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41632641,"asset_id":20927820,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41632641/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33953959" href="https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu">Jerome Nriagu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33953959" type="text/json">{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20927820 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20927820"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20927820, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20927820", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20927820]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20927820").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20927820").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20927820"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography">Demography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="310" type="text/json">{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12402" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_minorities">Ethnic minorities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12402" type="text/json">{"id":12402,"name":"Ethnic minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_minorities?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16664" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment">Risk assessment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16664" type="text/json">{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20927820]'), work: {"id":20927820,"title":"Lead Poisoning Among Arab American and African American Children in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, Michigan","created_at":"2016-01-27T04:59:35.234-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20927820/Lead_Poisoning_Among_Arab_American_and_African_American_Children_in_the_Detroit_Metropolitan_Area_Michigan?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_20927820","summary":"This study explored the hypothesis that acculturation is a risk factor for childhood lead poisoning in the Detroit area of Michigan. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were determined in 429 Arab American and African American children, aged 6 months to 15 years, who were receiving well-child examination in three Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) clinics in the city. Mean BLL was 3.8 ± 2.3 lg/dL (range: 1-18 lg/dL) and 3.3% of the children tested had blood lead values above the 10 lg/dL level of concern. Neither the age of the dwelling units nor ethnicity of the child was significantly associated with the BLL. Multivariable analyses instead identified a number of acculturation-related factors that are associated with elevation in blood lead including paternal education,","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41632641,"asset_id":20927820,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":12402,"name":"Ethnic minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_minorities?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true},{"id":41482,"name":"Multivariate Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multivariate_Analysis?f_ri=147995"},{"id":54259,"name":"Cities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cities?f_ri=147995"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=147995"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=147995"},{"id":68342,"name":"African American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American?f_ri=147995"},{"id":70596,"name":"Minority Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Groups?f_ri=147995"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=147995"},{"id":125564,"name":"Statistical 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61782503" data-work_id="61782503" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61782503/Exposure_of_U_S_Children_to_Residential_Dust_Lead_1999_2004_II_The_Contribution_of_Lead_Contaminated_Dust_to_Children_s_Blood_Lead_Levels">Exposure of U.S. Children to Residential Dust Lead, 1999–2004: II. The Contribution of Lead-Contaminated Dust to Children’s Blood Lead Levels</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">wipe samples and housing-related questionnaire data relevant to lead exposure from the homes of children 1-5 years of age. Blood samples from these children were collected at NHANES mobile examination centers and were analyzed for lead... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61782503" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">wipe samples and housing-related questionnaire data relevant to lead exposure from the homes of children 1-5 years of age. Blood samples from these children were collected at NHANES mobile examination centers and were analyzed for lead and other parameters. We examined the relationship between PbB in children and PbD on floors and windowsills and estimated PbB across the range of floor PbD in this nationally representative cross-sectional sample of children 1-5 years of age. This marks the first time that nationally representative data on environmental and biologic measurements for lead have been obtained in a single integrated survey. A companion article in this issue presents the predictors of residential PbD (Gaitens et al 2009). Methods Study population. We analyzed data from three waves of NHANES (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004). NHANES is a nationally representative cross-sectional household survey that uses a complex, stratified, multistage probability sampling design to track the health of the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population. It has been a primary source of information about the national distribution of children's PbB. Details of the NHANES protocol and all testing procedures are available elsewhere (NCHS 2006a, 2006b, 2006c). Our data set included 2,155 children 12 to 60 months of age with measured PbB. Only children living in housing built before 1978, when the United States banned the use of lead in residential paint, were included</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61782503" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12ec35577ef56d25eb225d81c7147675" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74733268,"asset_id":61782503,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74733268/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="76010818" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterAshley2">Peter Ashley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="76010818" type="text/json">{"id":76010818,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Ashley","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeterAshley2","display_name":"Peter Ashley","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterAshley2?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61782503 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61782503"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61782503, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61782503", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61782503]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61782503").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61782503").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61782503"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography">Demography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="310" type="text/json">{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7403" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Health">Environmental Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7403" type="text/json">{"id":7403,"name":"Environmental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Health?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9521" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing">Housing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9521" type="text/json">{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56503" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_Model">Linear Model</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="56503" type="text/json">{"id":56503,"name":"Linear Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_Model?f_ri=147995","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61782503]'), work: {"id":61782503,"title":"Exposure of U.S. Children to Residential Dust Lead, 1999–2004: II. The Contribution of Lead-Contaminated Dust to Children’s Blood Lead Levels","created_at":"2021-11-16T07:00:52.844-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61782503/Exposure_of_U_S_Children_to_Residential_Dust_Lead_1999_2004_II_The_Contribution_of_Lead_Contaminated_Dust_to_Children_s_Blood_Lead_Levels?f_ri=147995","dom_id":"work_61782503","summary":"wipe samples and housing-related questionnaire data relevant to lead exposure from the homes of children 1-5 years of age. Blood samples from these children were collected at NHANES mobile examination centers and were analyzed for lead and other parameters. We examined the relationship between PbB in children and PbD on floors and windowsills and estimated PbB across the range of floor PbD in this nationally representative cross-sectional sample of children 1-5 years of age. This marks the first time that nationally representative data on environmental and biologic measurements for lead have been obtained in a single integrated survey. A companion article in this issue presents the predictors of residential PbD (Gaitens et al 2009). Methods Study population. We analyzed data from three waves of NHANES (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004). NHANES is a nationally representative cross-sectional household survey that uses a complex, stratified, multistage probability sampling design to track the health of the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population. It has been a primary source of information about the national distribution of children's PbB. Details of the NHANES protocol and all testing procedures are available elsewhere (NCHS 2006a, 2006b, 2006c). Our data set included 2,155 children 12 to 60 months of age with measured PbB. 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Lead levels in blood were correlated with progress of the moose hunting season. Based on analyses of tracking data, we found that even sublethal lead concentrations in blood (25 ppb, wet weight), can likely negatively affect movement behavior (flight height and movement rate) of free-ranging scavenging Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Lead levels in liver of recovered post-mortem analyzed eagles suggested that sublethal exposure increases the risk of mortality in eagles. Such adverse effects on animals are probably common worldwide and across species, where game hunting with lead-based ammunition is widespread. Our study highlights lead exposure as a considerably more serious threat to wildlife conservation than previously realized and suggests implementation of bans of lead ammunition for hunting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32911634" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="efbd48e32f1999d57d9f523fd67569b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53048119,"asset_id":32911634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53048119/download_file?st=MTc0MDA2ODMxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1751369" href="https://slu-se.academia.edu/NSingh">Navinder Singh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1751369" type="text/json">{"id":1751369,"first_name":"Navinder","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"slu-se","page_name":"NSingh","display_name":"Navinder Singh","profile_url":"https://slu-se.academia.edu/NSingh?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1751369/601030/1376256/s65_navinder.singh.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-32911634">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-32911634"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnHelander">Björn Helander</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-32911634'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-32911634').html(); 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Lead levels in blood were correlated with progress of the moose hunting season. Based on analyses of tracking data, we found that even sublethal lead concentrations in blood (25 ppb, wet weight), can likely negatively affect movement behavior (flight height and movement rate) of free-ranging scavenging Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Lead levels in liver of recovered post-mortem analyzed eagles suggested that sublethal exposure increases the risk of mortality in eagles. Such adverse effects on animals are probably common worldwide and across species, where game hunting with lead-based ammunition is widespread. Our study highlights lead exposure as a considerably more serious threat to wildlife conservation than previously realized and suggests implementation of bans of lead ammunition for hunting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53048119,"asset_id":32911634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1751369,"first_name":"Navinder","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"slu-se","page_name":"NSingh","display_name":"Navinder Singh","profile_url":"https://slu-se.academia.edu/NSingh?f_ri=147995","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1751369/601030/1376256/s65_navinder.singh.jpg"},{"id":28813560,"first_name":"Björn","last_name":"Helander","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BjörnHelander","display_name":"Björn Helander","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnHelander?f_ri=147995","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation 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