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id="toc-Opposition_to_Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Opposition to Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Killing_of_disabled_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_disabled_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Killing of disabled people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_disabled_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusion_on_the_basis_of_race_or_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_on_the_basis_of_race_or_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Exclusion on the basis of race or nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_on_the_basis_of_race_or_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_conversions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_conversions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Forced conversions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_conversions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ecclesiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Mariology</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ecclesiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Laity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the theological concept, see <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: gold;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mystici Corporis Christi</i></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'The Mystical Body of Christ'</small><br /><small> <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">Encyclical</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope <span class="nowrap">Pius XII</span></a></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pope Pius XII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/75px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/113px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/150px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1297" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Signature date </span></th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">On the Mystical Body of Christ and the Church</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number</th><td class="infobox-data">4 of 41 of the pontificate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html">In Latin</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html">In English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">AAS</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data">35 (7):193-248</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px"><div style="float: left;">← <i><a href="/wiki/Saeculo_exeunte" title="Saeculo exeunte">Saeculo exeunte</a></i></div> <div style="float: right;"><i><a href="/wiki/Divino_Afflante_Spiritu" class="mw-redirect" title="Divino Afflante Spiritu">Divino Afflante Spiritu</a></i> →</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Mystici Corporis Christi</b></i> <i>(The Mystical Body of Christ</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Papal_encyclical" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal encyclical">encyclical</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> on 29 June 1943 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Its main topic is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mystical_Body_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical Body of Christ">Mystical Body of Christ</a>. </p><p>The encyclical is remembered for its statement that the Mystical Body of Christ is the Catholic Church. According to <i>Mystici corporis</i>, to be truly a member of the mystical body, one must be a member of the Catholic Church. Non-Catholics who erred in <a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">good faith</a> could be unsuspectingly united to the mystical body by an unconscious desire and longing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Avery Dulles</a>, <i>Mystici Corporis</i> was "the most comprehensive official Catholic pronouncement <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">on the Church</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary writer <a href="/wiki/Sebastiaan_Tromp" title="Sebastiaan Tromp">Sebastiaan Tromp</a> drew mainly on the first schema of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican I">Vatican I</a> and on the encyclicals of <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It de-emphasized <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal jurisdiction</a>, but insisted on the <a href="/wiki/Church_visible" title="Church visible">visibility of the church</a> and warned against an excessively <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> understanding of the union between <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XII_with_stole.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pius_XII_with_stole.png/220px-Pius_XII_with_stole.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pius_XII_with_stole.png/330px-Pius_XII_with_stole.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pius_XII_with_stole.png/440px-Pius_XII_with_stole.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Pope Pius XII</figcaption></figure><p>The encyclical builds on a theological development in the 1920s and 1930s in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, which all re-discovered the <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Pauline</a> concept of the <a href="/wiki/Mystical_Body_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical Body of Christ">Mystical Body of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Mersch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emile Mersch (page does not exist)">Emile Mersch</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> had warned of some false mysticisms being advanced with regard to the mystical body, and his history of this topic was seen as influencing the encyclical.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 January 1943, five months before the promulgation of <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gr%C3%B6ber" title="Conrad Gröber">Conrad Gröber</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a> promulgated a letter in which he addressed the <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetic</a> tendencies of some mystical body theology (tendencies to separate the <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritual and the material elements</a> in man). Timothy Gabrielli saw Pius' emphasis on the church as a <a href="/wiki/Societas_perfecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Societas perfecta">perfect society</a> on earth as an attempt to save the mystical body theology, with its many theological, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral</a>, and spiritual benefits, from the danger of docetism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_laity">Role of the laity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of the laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The encyclical teaches that both <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">laypeople</a> and the leadership have a role to play in the Catholic Church. Lay people are at the forefront of the Church, and have to be aware of 'being the Church', not just 'belonging to the Church'. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishops</a> are responsible for providing leadership for all the faithful. Together, they are the Church and work for the good of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostles_and_bishops">Apostles and bishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apostles and bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The encyclical states that <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, while still on earth, instructed by precept, counsel and warnings "in words that shall never pass away, and will be spirit and life" to all men of all times.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He conferred a triple power on <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">his Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">their successors</a>, to teach, to govern, to lead men to holiness, making this power, defined by special ordinances, rights and obligations, the fundamental law of the whole Church.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God governs directly and guides personally the Church which He founded. Pius XII quoted <a href="/wiki/Proverbs_21" title="Proverbs 21">Proverbs 21</a>:1, noting that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> reigns within the minds and hearts of men, and bends and subjects their wills to His good pleasure, even when rebellious.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mystici Corporis</i> requests the faithful to love their Church and to always see Christ in her, especially in the old and sick members. They must accustom themselves "to see Christ Himself in the Church. For it is Christ who lives in His Church, and through her, teaches, governs, and sanctifies; it is Christ also who manifests Himself differently in different members of His society".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Nazism">Opposition to Nazism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposition to Nazism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Catholic Church and Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></div> <p>Pius XII wrote: "The Church of God […] is despised and hated maliciously by those who shut their eyes to the light of Christian wisdom and miserably return to the teachings, customs and practices of ancient <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>". He quoted the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">book of Wisdom</a> to the effect that "a most severe judgment shall be for them that bear rule. […] The mighty shall be mightily tormented […] A greater punishment is ready for the more mighty".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ronald Rychlak has described the encyclical as "an obvious attack on the theoretical basis of <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Killing_of_disabled_people">Killing of disabled people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Killing of disabled people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius' statement of "profound grief" at the death of "the deformed, the insane, and those suffering from hereditary disease […] as though they were a useless burden to Society"<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a condemnation of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Nazi euthanasia program</a>, under which disabled Germans were being removed from care facilities and murdered by the state as "life unworthy of life".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_on_the_basis_of_race_or_nationality">Exclusion on the basis of race or nationality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exclusion on the basis of race or nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exsul_Familia" title="Exsul Familia">Exsul Familia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_race" title="Catholic Church and race">Catholic Church and race</a></div> <p>Pius XII appealed to "Catholics the world over" to "look to the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar of Jesus Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a> as the loving Father of them all, who […] takes upon himself with all his strength the defense of truth, justice and charity". He explained: "Our paternal love embraces all peoples, whatever their nationality or race". Christ, by his blood, made the Jews and Gentiles one "breaking down the middle wall of partition […] in his flesh by which the two peoples were divided". He noted that <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">among the first people to adore Jesus</a>. Pius then made an appeal for all to "follow our peaceful King [Jesus Christ] who taught us to love not only those who are of a different nation or race, but even our enemies".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_conversions">Forced conversions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forced conversions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i> strongly condemned the <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced conversions">forced conversions</a> to Catholicism that were then occurring in <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Croatia">Fascist Croatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church membership and conversions must be voluntary. Regarding conversions, it states: "We recognize that this must be done of their own free will; for no one believes unless he wills to believe. Hence they are most certainly not genuine Christians who against their belief are forced to go into a church, to approach the altar and to receive the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">Sacraments</a>; for the 'faith without which it is impossible to please God' is an entirely free 'submission of intellect and will.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecclesiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincible_and_invincible_ignorance" title="Vincible and invincible ignorance">Vincible and invincible ignorance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> is one of the focus of the encylical. </p><p>The encyclical defines the "<a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">true Church</a> of Jesus Christ" and the "Mystical Body of Christ" as "the <a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic</a> and Roman Church".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It states that the only ones who can be considered as "members of the Church" are those "who have been <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> and profess the <a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">true faith</a>, and who have not […] separate[d] themselves from the unity of the Body, or been <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication in the Catholic Church">excluded by legitimate authority</a> for grave faults committed".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical also states that the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">heresy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schism</a>, by their "own nature", "sever a man from the Body of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for "those who do not belong to the visible Body of the Catholic Church, […] even though by an unconscious desire and longing they have a certain relationship with the Mystical Body of the <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">Redeemer</a>, they still remain deprived of those many heavenly gifts and helps which can only be enjoyed in the Catholic Church".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The encyclical rejects two views on the Church:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A <a href="/wiki/Rationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalistic">rationalistic</a> or purely <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> understanding of the Church, according to which the Church is merely a human organization with structures and activities. The encyclical states that the <a href="/wiki/Visible_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible Church">visible Church</a> and its structures do exist but the Church is more, she is guided by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>: "Although the juridical principles, on which the Church rests and is established, derive from the divine constitution given to it by Christ and contribute to the attaining of its <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> end, nevertheless that which lifts the Society of Christians far above the whole <a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">natural order</a> is the Spirit of <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">our Redeemer</a> who penetrates and fills every part of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An exclusively <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> understanding of the Church is mistaken as well, because a mystical 'Christ in us' union would <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deify</a> its members and mean that the acts of Christians are simultaneously the acts of Christ. The theological concept <i>una mystica persona</i> ("one mystical person") refers not to an individual relation but to the unity of Christ with the Church and the unity of its members with him in the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariology">Mariology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mariology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of Pope Pius XII">Mariology of Pope Pius XII</a></div> <p>The encyclical concludes with a summary of the <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">mariology</a> of the Pope. The 1854 dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> defined that the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> was conceived without <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">mother of God</a> and of all humans. Pope Pius XII built on this in <i>Mystici Corporis</i> : Mary, "whose sinless soul was filled with the divine spirit of Jesus Christ above all other created souls, who 'in the name of the whole human race' gave her consent 'for a spiritual marriage between the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a> and human nature<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". It adds: "she who, according to the flesh, was the mother of our Head [Jesus Christ], through the added title of pain and glory became, according to the Spirit, the mother of all His members. It was through her powerful prayers obtained that the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">our Divine Redeemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">already given on the Cross</a>, should be bestowed, accompanied by miraculous gifts, on the <a href="/wiki/Pentecost##New_Testament" title="Pentecost">newly founded Church at Pentecost</a>; and finally, bearing with courage and confidence the tremendous burden of her sorrows and desolation, she, truly the Queen of <a href="/wiki/Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs">Martyrs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-EMCC-110_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCC-110-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Father">Early Church Fathers</a> tended to contrast <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>'s disobedience with Mary's acceptance at the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, Pius looked rather to her presence at <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> where "she, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Eve">second Eve</a>, who, free from all sin, <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original</a> or personal, and always more intimately united with her Son, offered Him on Golgotha to the Eternal Father for all the children of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, sin-stained by <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">his unhappy fall</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Mystici_Corporis_Christi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mystici_Corporis_Christi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius viewed her compassion there as the basis for her role in humanity's <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)#Christianity" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the Mother of God was born as the "second Eve", the Church was born as the "<a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">new Eve</a>". Pius XII repeated that, according to "unanimous teaching" of the Church Fathers and the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium of Christ</a>, the "Church was born from the side of our <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">Savior</a> on the Cross like a new Eve, mother of all the living".<sup id="cite_ref-Mystici_Corporis_Christi_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mystici_Corporis_Christi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mystici Corporis</i> did not receive much attention during the war years but became influential after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_relationships">Racial relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Racial relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the encyclical's comments on racial relationships were seen as a critique of any kind of prejudice against <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Catholic Church and Nazi Germany</a></div> <p>The encyclical was followed, on 26 September 1943, by an open condemnation in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">German Bishops</a> which, from every <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> of every German churches, denounced the killing of "innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped, incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages, and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of a foreign race or descent".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiology_2">Ecclesiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecclesiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i> is principally remembered for its statement that the <a href="/wiki/Mystical_Body_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical Body of Christ">Mystical Body of Christ</a> is identical with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, a position later reaffirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis" title="Humani generis">Humani generis</a></i> (1950) in response to dissension.<sup id="cite_ref-humanigeneris_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanigeneris-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Pius XII wrote the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i> which acknowledged that baptized Christians were members of the <a href="/wiki/Mystical_Body_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical Body of Christ">Mystical Body</a> and participated in <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">Christ's priestly office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a> argued that the term <i>ecclesia</i> ('church') concerned the people "called forth", the <a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a>, those over whom God reigns. "Body of Christ", then, would emphasize the special union with the <a href="/wiki/Risen_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Risen Christ">risen Christ</a> that came with the <a href="/wiki/New_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="New covenant">new covenant</a>. Congar was later denounced by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Holy Office</a> for describing the Church as essentially a <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">community in the Spirit</a>, a gathering of the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></div> <p>The Second Vatican Council would later define in <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i> that the Church <a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">subsists in (in Latin: <i>subsistit in</i>)</a> the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Paul VI's 1964 encyclical letter <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiam_Suam" title="Ecclesiam Suam">Ecclesiam Suam</a></i> quotes <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Consider, then, this splendid utterance of Our predecessor: <br />"The doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ, which is the Church, a doctrine revealed originally from the lips of the Redeemer Himself, and making manifest the inestimable boon of our most intimate union with so august a Head, has a surpassing splendor which commends it to the meditation of all who are moved by the divine Spirit, and with the light which it sheds on their minds, is a powerful stimulus to the salutary conduct which it enjoins."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laity">Laity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, Pius XII issued the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Provida_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Provida Mater Ecclesia">Provida Mater Ecclesia</a></i>, which allowed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">lay people</a> to form their own secular communities, and establish them within a newly established <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">canon law</a> framework.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII">List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">Church invisible</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiam_Suam" title="Ecclesiam Suam">Ecclesiam Suam</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-humanigeneris-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-humanigeneris_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">27. Some say they are not bound by the doctrine, explained in Our Encyclical Letter of a few years ago [<i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>], and based on the Sources of <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a>, which teaches that the Mystical Body of Christ and the Roman Catholic Church are one and the same thing. Some reduce to a meaningless formula the necessity of belonging to the true Church in order to gain <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">eternal salvation</a>. Others finally belittle the reasonable character of the credibility of Christian faith. <br /> 28. These and like errors, it is clear, have crept in among certain of Our sons who are deceived by imprudent zeal for souls or by false science. To them We are compelled with grief to repeat once again truths already well known, and to point out with solicitude clear errors and dangers of error.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDulles1989" class="citation journal cs1">Dulles, Avery (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004056398905000301">"A Half Century of Ecclesiology"</a>. <i>Theological Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 419–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056398905000301">10.1177/004056398905000301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5639">0040-5639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45707192">45707192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Half+Century+of+Ecclesiology&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419-442&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45707192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0040-5639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056398905000301&rft.aulast=Dulles&rft.aufirst=Avery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F004056398905000301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span> — pp. 420–431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, Francis (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004056390606700207">Quaestio Disputata: A response to Karl Becker, SJ, on the Meaning of Subsistit in</a>". <i>Theological Studies</i>. 67 (2): 395–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Cristologia in Italia 1930-1990, Sergio de Marchi, Piemme, 1994, P. Parente, De Verbo Incarnato, 1933, Hofmann, Der Kirchenbegriff des hl. Augustinus, München 1933, H. Käppeli, Zur Lehre des hl. Thomans von Aquin vom Corpus Christi Mysticum, Freiburg, 1931, E Mersch, Le Corps Mystique du Christ 2 Vol. Paris, 1936, A E Rawloson, Corpus Christi Mysticum, Berlin, 1931, Robinson, H Wheeler, The Cross of the Servant, London, 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Whole Christ: The Historical Development of the Doctrine of the Mystical Body in Scripture and Tradition</i>, Wipf & Stock Pub, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielli2017" class="citation web cs1">Gabrielli, Timothy R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litpress.org/Products/GetSample/B8397">"One in Christ"</a>. Liturgical Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+in+Christ&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gabrielli&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitpress.org%2FProducts%2FGetSample%2FB8397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Discourse, February 20, 1946:AAS 38 (1946) 149; quoted by John Paul II, CL 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. John VI, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici corporis Christi</i>, 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici corporis Christi</i>, 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRychlak2000" class="citation web cs1">Rychlak, Ronald (30 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicleague.org/a-response-to-the-vatican-and-the-holocaust-a-preliminary-report-by-the-international-catholic-jewish-commission/">"A Response to: The Vatican and the Holocaust, A Preliminary Report by the International Catholic-Jewish Commission"</a>. <i>Catholic League</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+League&rft.atitle=A+Response+to%3A+The+Vatican+and+the+Holocaust%2C+A+Preliminary+Report+by+the+International+Catholic-Jewish+Commission&rft.date=2000-03-30&rft.aulast=Rychlak&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicleague.org%2Fa-response-to-the-vatican-and-the-holocaust-a-preliminary-report-by-the-international-catholic-jewish-commission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/pius-xii-as-a-righteous-gentile-1896">"Pius XII as a Righteous Gentile | EWTN"</a>. <i>www.ewtn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Pius+XII+as+a+Righteous+Gentile+%7C+EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fpius-xii-as-a-righteous-gentile-1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). "5: The Beginning of the End — A New 'Time of Struggle' – IV". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0"><i>The Third Reich at War</i></a>. Internet Archive. Penguin Press. pp. 529–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-206-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-206-3"><bdi>978-1-59420-206-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+End+%E2%80%94+A+New+%27Time+of+Struggle%27+%E2%80%93+IV&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.pages=529-30&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-206-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichatwar00evan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2002/06/goldhagen-v-pius-xii">"Goldhagen v. Pius XII | Ronald J. Rychlak"</a>. <i>First Things</i>. June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Goldhagen+v.+Pius+XII+%7C+Ronald+J.+Rychlak&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2002%2F06%2Fgoldhagen-v-pius-xii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heribert Mühlen, <i>Una Mystica Persona</i>, München, 1967, p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sebastiaan_Tromp" title="Sebastiaan Tromp">Sebastiaan Tromp</a>, <i>Caput influit sensum et motum</i>, Gregorianum, 1958, pp. 353-366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMCC-110-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EMCC-110_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Enc. <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mystici_Corporis_Christi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mystici_Corporis_Christi_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mystici_Corporis_Christi_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html">"Mystici Corporis Christi (June 29, 1943) | PIUS XII"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Mystici+Corporis+Christi+%28June+29%2C+1943%29+%26%23124%3B+PIUS+XII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelly1998" class="citation book cs1">Jelly, Frederick M. (1998). "Chapter V: New Eve". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/madonnamaryincat0000jell_e1t9"><i>Madonna: Mary in the Catholic Tradition</i></a>. Internet Archive. Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-195-4"><bdi>978-1-57910-195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V%3A+New+Eve&rft.btitle=Madonna%3A+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Tradition&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Or.&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-195-4&rft.aulast=Jelly&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadonnamaryincat0000jell_e1t9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Fox, “Catholicism and Racism,” <i>Interracial Review</i> 17 (February 1944), 25; Catherine de Hueck Doherty, “The Baroness Jots It Down,” <i>Harlem Friendship House News</i> (April 1944), 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis.html">"Humani Generis (August 12, 1950) | PIUS XII"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Humani+Generis+%28August+12%2C+1950%29+%26%23124%3B+PIUS+XII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMystici+Corporis+Christi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Paul VI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html">Ecclesiam Suam</a>, paragraph 30, published on 6 August 1964, accessed on 15 August 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII, Apostolic Constitution <i>Provida Mater Ecclesia</i>, Vatican city, 1947</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystici_Corporis_Christi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en.html"><i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i> on the Vatican website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pope_Pius_XII" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pope_Pius_XII" title="Template:Pope Pius XII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pope_Pius_XII" title="Template talk:Pope Pius XII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pope_Pius_XII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pope Pius XII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pope_Pius_XII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> (1939–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo" title="Camerlengo">Camerlengo</a> (1935–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> (1930–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> (1930–1939)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Early life of Pope Pius XII">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunciature_of_Eugenio_Pacelli" title="Nunciature of Eugenio Pacelli">Nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli%27s_1936_visit_to_the_United_States" title="Eugenio Pacelli's 1936 visit to the United States">US visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1939">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_years_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Late years of Pope Pius XII">Later years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Pope Pius XII">Illness and death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Pope Pius XII">Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Canonization of Pope Pius XII">Canonization</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/75px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/113px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/150px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Encyclicals in<br />chronological<br />order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Summi_Pontificatus" title="Summi Pontificatus">Summi Pontificatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sertum_laetitiae" title="Sertum laetitiae">Sertum laetitiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculo_exeunte" title="Saeculo exeunte">Saeculo exeunte</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientalis_Ecclesiae" title="Orientalis Ecclesiae">Orientalis Ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communium_interpretes_dolorum" title="Communium interpretes dolorum">Communium interpretes dolorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientales_omnes_Ecclesias" title="Orientales omnes Ecclesias">Orientales omnes Ecclesias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quemadmodum" title="Quemadmodum">Quemadmodum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Deiparae Virginis Mariae">Deiparae Virginis Mariae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_radiatur" title="Fulgens radiatur">Fulgens radiatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Optatissima_pax" title="Optatissima pax">Optatissima pax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auspicia_quaedam" title="Auspicia quaedam">Auspicia quaedam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_multiplicibus_curis" title="In multiplicibus curis">In multiplicibus curis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_nostri_cruciatus" title="Redemptoris nostri cruciatus">Redemptoris nostri cruciatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anni_sacri" title="Anni sacri">Anni sacri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summi_maeroris" title="Summi maeroris">Summi maeroris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis" title="Humani generis">Humani generis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirabile_illud" title="Mirabile illud">Mirabile illud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelii_praecones" title="Evangelii praecones">Evangelii praecones</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sempiternus_Rex_Christus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sempiternus Rex Christus">Sempiternus Rex Christus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingruentium_malorum" title="Ingruentium malorum">Ingruentium malorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientales_Ecclesias" title="Orientales Ecclesias">Orientales Ecclesias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Mellifluus" title="Doctor Mellifluus">Doctor Mellifluus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacra_virginitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacra virginitas (page does not exist)">Sacra virginitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiae_fastos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiae fastos (page does not exist)">Ecclesiae fastos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Sinarum_gentem" title="Ad Sinarum gentem">Ad Sinarum gentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_sacrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicae sacrae">Musicae sacrae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haurietis_aquas" title="Haurietis aquas">Haurietis aquas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luctuosissimi_eventus" title="Luctuosissimi eventus">Luctuosissimi eventus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laetamur_admodum" title="Laetamur admodum">Laetamur admodum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datis_nuperrime" title="Datis nuperrime">Datis nuperrime</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fidei_donum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei donum">Fidei donum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invicti_athletae" title="Invicti athletae">Invicti athletae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_p%C3%A8lerinage_de_Lourdes" title="Le pèlerinage de Lourdes">Le pèlerinage de Lourdes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_prorsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miranda prorsus (page does not exist)">Miranda prorsus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Apostolorum_principis" title="Ad Apostolorum principis">Ad Apostolorum principis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meminisse_iuvat" title="Meminisse iuvat">Meminisse iuvat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_statements_of_Pope_Pius_XII_on_the_Holocaust" title="Public statements of Pope Pius XII on the Holocaust">statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Jews_to_Catholicism_during_the_Holocaust" title="Conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust">conversion of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany">Persecution of Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII and the German Resistance">German Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_euthanasia_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Nazi euthanasia and the Catholic Church">Nazi euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Roman_razzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia">Roman razzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_of_occupied_dioceses_during_World_War_II" title="Reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II">Occupied dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_clergy_involvement_with_the_Usta%C5%A1e" title="Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše">Ustaše involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Jewish orphans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Commissione_di_Assistenza" title="Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza">Pontifical Relief Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII%27s_1942_Christmas_address" title="Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address">1942 Christmas address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_plot_to_kidnap_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Alleged plot to kidnap Pope Pius XII">Alleged kidnapping plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Yad_Vashem" title="Pope Pius XII and Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Bombing of Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Foreign relations of Pope Pius XII">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_foreign_relations_after_World_War_II" title="Pope Pius XII foreign relations after World War II">Post–World War II</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_China" title="Pope Pius XII and China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XII and Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Russia" title="Pope Pius XII and Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Theology of Pope Pius XII">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Social teachings of Pope Pius XII">Social teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of Pope Pius XII">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Judaism" title="Pope Pius XII and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_reforms_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">Eastern canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Pius_XII" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XII">Canonizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatifications_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Beatifications of Pope Pius XII">Beatifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Fátima and Balazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_apostolic_constitutions_and_bulls" title="Pope Pius XII apostolic constitutions and bulls">Apostolic constitutions and bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII">Encyclicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_apostolic_writings" title="Pope Pius XII apostolic writings">Apostolic writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium_of_Pius_XII" title="Magisterium of Pius XII">Magisterium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Appointments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Tisserant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Maglione" title="Luigi Maglione">Maglione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Montini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Tardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Orsenigo" title="Cesare Orsenigo">Orsenigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloisius_Joseph_Muench" title="Aloisius Joseph Muench">Muench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XII" title="Cardinals created by Pius XII">Cardinals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_Pius_XII_advisers" title="Category:Pope Pius XII advisers">Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Bea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Galeazzi-Lisi" title="Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi">Galeazzi-Lisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Kaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascalina_Lehnert" title="Pascalina Lehnert">Lehnert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leiber" title="Robert Leiber">Leiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Nogara" title="Bernardino Nogara">Nogara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimondo_Spiazzi" title="Raimondo Spiazzi">Spiazzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Works on Pius XII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deputy" title="The Deputy">The Deputy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Popes_and_the_Jews" title="Three Popes and the Jews">Three Popes and the Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actes_et_documents_du_Saint_Si%C3%A8ge_relatifs_%C3%A0_la_Seconde_Guerre_Mondiale" title="Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale">Actes et documents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Pope" title="Hitler's Pope">Hitler's Pope</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic-Jewish_Historical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission">International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_His_Very_Windows" title="Under His Very Windows">Under His Very Windows</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Hitler%27s_Pope" title="The Myth of Hitler's Pope">The Myth of Hitler's Pope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII,_The_Holocaust,_and_the_Cold_War" title="Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War">Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pope%27s_Jews" title="The Pope's Jews">The Pope's Jews</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liturgical_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liturgical_Movement" title="Template:Liturgical Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Liturgical_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Liturgical Movement (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liturgical_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Movement" title="Liturgical Movement">Liturgical Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass in the Catholic Church</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">Lex orandi, lex credendi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solesmes_Congregation" title="Solesmes Congregation">French Benedictine Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Annunciation" title="Congregation of the Annunciation">Belgian Benedictine Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_of_Rites" title="Sacred Congregation of Rites">Sacred Congregation of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_reforms_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII">Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_concilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrosanctum concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_Council_for_the_Implementation_of_the_Constitution_on_the_Sacred_Liturgy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of members of the Council for the Implementation of the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (page does not exist)"><i>Consilium</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviani_Intervention" title="Ottaviani Intervention">Ottaviani Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1979)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Gu%C3%A9ranger" title="Prosper Guéranger">Prosper Guéranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Marmion" title="Columba Marmion">Columba Marmion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Cabrol" title="Fernand Cabrol">Fernand Cabrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Batiffol" title="Pierre Batiffol">Pierre Batiffol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Beauduin" title="Lambert Beauduin">Lambert Beauduin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne" title="Jacques Paul Migne">Jacques Paul Migne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue" title="Adrian Fortescue">Adrian Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Jean_Festugi%C3%A8re" title="André-Jean Festugière">André-Jean Festugière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Lefebvre" title="Gaspar Lefebvre">Gaspar Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bishop" title="Edmund Bishop">Edmund Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Gr%C3%A9a" class="extiw" title="fr:Adrien Gréa">Adrien Gréa</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Caloen" class="extiw" title="nl:Gerard van Caloen">Gerard van Caloen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_la_Taille" title="Maurice de la Taille">Maurice de la Taille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Bevilacqua" title="Giulio Bevilacqua">Giulio Bevilacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bouyer" title="Louis Bouyer">Louis Bouyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Bugnini" title="Annibale Bugnini">Annibale Bugnini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Carroll" title="Thomas J. Carroll">Thomas J. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_Casel" class="extiw" title="de:Odo Casel">Odo Casel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doncoeur" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Doncoeur">Paul Doncoeur</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Fleury" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexandre Fleury">Alexandre Fleury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benno_Gut" title="Benno Gut">Benno Gut</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Gy" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Marie Gy">Pierre-Marie Gy</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_H%C3%A4nggi" class="extiw" title="de:Anton Hänggi">Anton Hänggi</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildefons_Herwegen" class="extiw" title="de:Ildefons Herwegen">Ildefons Herwegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynold_Henry_Hillenbrand" title="Reynold Henry Hillenbrand">Reynold Henry Hillenbrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Andreas_Jungmann" title="Josef Andreas Jungmann">Josef Andreas Jungmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Jasper" title="Ronald Jasper">Ronald Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jounel" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Jounel">Pierre Jounel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Lercaro" title="Giacomo Lercaro">Giacomo Lercaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Nocent" title="Adrien Nocent">Adrien Nocent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Parsch" title="Pius Parsch">Pius Parsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Pinsk" title="Johannes Pinsk">Johannes Pinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._Reinhold" title="H. A. Reinhold">H. A. Reinhold</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Righetti" class="extiw" title="it:Mario Righetti">Mario Righetti</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schnitzler" class="extiw" title="de:Theodor Schnitzler">Theodor Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massey_H._Shepherd" title="Massey H. Shepherd">Massey H. Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Thurian" title="Max Thurian">Max Thurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luise_Thurmair" title="Maria Luise Thurmair">Maria Luise Thurmair</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Wagner_(Theologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Wagner (Theologe)">Johannes Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Vagaggini" class="extiw" title="it:Cipriano Vagaggini">Cirpirano Vagaggini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Benedictine-<br />establishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solesmes_Abbey" title="Solesmes Abbey">Solesmes Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_Archabbey" title="Beuron Archabbey">Beuron Archabbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maredsous_Abbey" title="Maredsous Abbey">Maredsous Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keizersberg_Abbey" title="Keizersberg Abbey">Mont César Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Laach_Abbey" title="Maria Laach Abbey">Maria Laach Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselmianum" title="Anselmianum">Pontifical Athenaeum of Saint Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Abbey,_Collegeville" title="Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville">Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Papal<br />documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tra_le_sollecitudini" title="Tra le sollecitudini">Tra le sollecitudini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quam_singulari" title="Quam singulari">Quam singulari</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_cotidianis_precibus" title="In cotidianis precibus">In cotidianis precibus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pollen" title="Francis Pollen">Francis Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillespie,_Kidd_%26_Coia" title="Gillespie, Kidd & Coia">Gillespie, Kidd & Coia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Goalen" title="Gerard Goalen">Gerard Goalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Williams_(architect)" title="Desmond Williams (architect)">Desmond Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Winkley" title="Austin Winkley">Austin Winkley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaftsmesse" class="extiw" title="de:Gemeinschaftsmesse">Dialogue mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_altar" title="People's altar">People's altar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_populum" title="Versus populum">Versus populum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevetogne_Abbey" title="Chevetogne Abbey">Amay Priory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Singmesse" title="Deutsche Singmesse">Deutsche Singmesse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klosterneuburg_Monastery" title="Klosterneuburg Monastery">Klosterneuburg Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malines_Congresses" title="Malines Congresses">Malines Congresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglican%E2%80%93Roman_Catholic_dialogue" title="Anglican–Roman Catholic dialogue">Anglican–Roman Catholic dialogue</a> & <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span 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