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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawak_ni_Kristo" title="Hawak ni Kristo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hawak ni Kristo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_m%C3%ADstic_de_Jesucrist" title="Cos místic de Jesucrist – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cos místic de Jesucrist" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%9Blo_Kristovo" title="Tělo Kristovo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tělo Kristovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leib_Christi" title="Leib Christi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leib Christi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Mysticum" title="Corpus Mysticum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corpus Mysticum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="بدن عیسی مسیح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدن عیسی مسیح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_du_Christ" title="Corps du Christ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corps du Christ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%AA%B8" title="그리스도의 몸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스도의 몸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijelo_Kristovo" title="Tijelo Kristovo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tijelo Kristovo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuh_Kristus" title="Tubuh Kristus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tubuh Kristus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwili_wa_Kristo" title="Mwili wa Kristo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwili wa Kristo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="جسد المسيح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جسد المسيح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichaam_van_Christus" title="Lichaam van Christus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichaam van Christus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_legeme" title="Kristi legeme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristi legeme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia%C5%82o_Chrystusa" title="Ciało Chrystusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciało Chrystusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Mysticum" title="Corpus Mysticum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corpus Mysticum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_lekamen" title="Kristi lekamen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristi lekamen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katawan_ni_Kristo" title="Katawan ni Kristo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katawan ni Kristo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93" title="基督的身体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mystical_Body_of_Christ&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical Body of Christ">Mystical Body of Christ</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical phrase</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Biblical phrase and the theological concept. For the Christian feast, see <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi (feast)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Corpus Christi (disambiguation)">Corpus Christi</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mystical Body of Christ" redirects here. For the papal encyclical of Pius XII, see <a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Poussin_-_The_Institution_of_the_Eucharist_-_WGA18310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nicolas_Poussin_-_The_Institution_of_the_Eucharist_-_WGA18310.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_The_Institution_of_the_Eucharist_-_WGA18310.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nicolas_Poussin_-_The_Institution_of_the_Eucharist_-_WGA18310.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_The_Institution_of_the_Eucharist_-_WGA18310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nicolas_Poussin_-_The_Institution_of_the_Eucharist_-_WGA18310.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_The_Institution_of_the_Eucharist_-_WGA18310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Institution of the Eucharist</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, 1640</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, the term <b>Body of Christ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Corpus Christi</i>) has two main but separate meanings: it may refer to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>'s words over the bread at the celebration of the Jewish feast of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> that "This is my body" in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#22:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 22:19–20</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>), or it may refer to all individuals who are "in Christ" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#12:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 12:12–14</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>). </p><p>As used by <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> "Body of Christ" refers to all individuals who "heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation, believed in him, were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#1:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Ephesians 1:13</a>), "are being built together into a dwelling place for God by the Spirit" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#2:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Ephesians 2:22</a>), are "joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#4:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Ephesians 4:16</a>). </p><p>There are significant differences in how Christians understand the term as used by Christ at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and as developed in Christian theology of the Eucharist. For some it may be symbolic, for others it becomes a more literal or mystical understanding. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a> the use of the phrase "mystical body" distinguishes the mystical body of Christ, i.e. the Church, from the physical body of Christ, and from a "moral body" such as any club with a common purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, the term "mystical body of Christ" is also applied to the Eastern Orthodox Church in the sense that "mystical union with Christ is a reality in his Church".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eucharist_and_real_presence">Eucharist and real presence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Eucharist and real presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A belief in the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a> is taught in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a>, though each tradition teaches a unique view of the doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Losch2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Losch2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKim1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKim1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelikoGros2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts at mutual understanding of the range of beliefs by these Churches led in the 1980s to consultations on <i><a href="/wiki/Baptism,_Eucharist_and_Ministry" title="Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry">Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist in the Catholic Church</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Devotions_to_Jesus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Devotions_to_Jesus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Devotions_to_Jesus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While teaching that in the bread consecrated in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> there is absolutely no change open to the senses or to scientific investigation, the Catholic Church supports the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real presence">real presence</a>, i.e. that the reality of the bread is changed into that of the body of Christ. The Church teachings refer to this change as one of the "<a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rejects the Lollard doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">consubstantiation</a>", which suggests that the substance or reality of the bread remains after the consecration, instead of being converted or changed into that of the body of Christ. At the same time, the Church holds that all that can be examined either directly or by scientific investigation – what in <a href="/wiki/Aristotelean_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelean philosophy">Aristotelean philosophy</a> are called the "<a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accidents</a>" (as opposed to the reality) – remains quite unchanged. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, the priest or other minister who gives the consecrated <a href="/wiki/Host_(Holy_Communion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Host (Holy Communion)">host</a> to a communicant says: "The body of Christ". </p><p>Since the consecrated bread is believed to be the body of Christ and sacred, what remains of the host after celebration of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">church tabernacle</a>. This is primarily for the purpose of taking Communion to the sick, but also to serve as a focal point for private devotion and prayer. On appropriate occasions, there may be public <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a>. </p><p>Christ also associated himself with the poor of the world and this is also called the Body of Christ. "If we truly wish to encounter Christ, we have to touch his body in the suffering bodies of the poor, as a response to the sacramental communion bestowed in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. The Body of Christ, broken in the sacred liturgy, can be seen, through charity and sharing, in the faces and persons of the most vulnerable of our brothers and sisters", said <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> on launching the <a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_the_Poor" title="World Day of the Poor">World Day of the Poor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> also believes that the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine become the actual body and <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">blood of Christ</a>. It has authoritatively used the term "<a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a>" to describe this change, as in <i>The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church</i> (Catechism of St. Filaret of Moscow)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the decrees of the 1672 <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> reasoned that because divinity involves <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a>, the body of Christ can be present in the Eucharist because of its participation in the divine nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans676_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans676-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In current <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> teachings, the Body of Christ is used in a somewhat similar form to the Catholic teachings, but the Lutherans reject the Catholic teaching of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, instead teaching the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">sacramental union</a>. For the Lutheran, the Body of Christ is the formal title of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a>, as seen in the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moravianism">Moravianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Moravianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Zinzendorf" title="Nicolaus Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Zinzendorf</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, stated that Holy Communion is the "most intimate of all connection with the person of the Saviour."<sup id="cite_ref-Knouse2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knouse2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moravian Church adheres to a view known as the "sacramental presence",<sup id="cite_ref-Atwood2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atwood2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teaching that in the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelikoGros2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelikoGros2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformed_Christianity">Reformed Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformed Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper in Reformed theology</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Churches">Reformed Churches</a>, which include the Continental Reformed, Reformed Anglican, Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Reformed Baptist traditions, teach the pneumatic presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper—that Christ is really spiritually present in the sacrament of Holy Communion.<sup id="cite_ref-McKim1998_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKim1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congregationalist theologian Alfred Ernest Garvie explicated the Congregationalist belief regarding the pneumatic presence in <i>The Holy Catholic Church from the Congregational Point of View</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Garvie1920_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garvie1920-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is really present at the Lord's Supper without any such limitation to the element unless we are prepared to maintain that the material is more real than the spiritual. It is the whole Christ who presents Himself to faith, so that the believer has communion with Him.<sup id="cite_ref-Garvie1920_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garvie1920-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methodists teach the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a>, but maintain that the way He is made present to be a Holy Mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Discipline</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> thus teaches:<sup id="cite_ref-Oden2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oden2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Lord's Supper is a sacrament of our redemption by Christ's death. To those who rightly, worthily, and with faith receive it, the bread which we break is a partaking of the body of Christ; and likewise the cup of blessing is a partaking of the blood of Christ. The supper is also a sign of the love and unity that Christians have among themselves. Christ, according to his promise, is really present in the sacrament. –<i>Discipline</i>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oden2008_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oden2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Church">The Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism_2">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_Christian" title="Anonymous Christian">Anonymous Christian</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challoner_Douai_Bible_(1749).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Challoner_Douai_Bible_%281749%29.jpg/180px-Challoner_Douai_Bible_%281749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Challoner_Douai_Bible_%281749%29.jpg/270px-Challoner_Douai_Bible_%281749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Challoner_Douai_Bible_%281749%29.jpg/360px-Challoner_Douai_Bible_%281749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Douai_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Douai Bible">Douai Bible</a>, 1749</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the members of that one body, being many, are one body: so also is Christ. For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. For the body is not one member, but many.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#12:12" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 12:12–14</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The first meaning that Catholics attach to the expression "Body of Christ" is the Catholic Church. The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> quotes with approval, as "summing up the faith of the holy doctors and the good sense of the believer", the reply of Saint <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> to her judges: "About Jesus Christ and the Church, I simply know they're just one thing, and we shouldn't complicate the matter." In the same passage, it also quotes <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a>: "Let us rejoice then and give thanks that we have become not only Christians, but Christ himself. Do you understand and grasp, brethren, God's grace toward us? Marvel and rejoice: we have become Christ. For if he is the head, we are the members; he and we together are the whole man.... the fullness of Christ then is the head and the members. But what does 'head and members' mean? Christ and the Church." In light of all this, the Catholic Church calls itself the "universal sacrament of salvation" for the whole world, as it dispenses the sacraments which give the grace of Christ to the recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saint <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> spoke of this unity of Christians with Christ, referred to in the New Testament also in images such as that of the vine and the branches,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in terms of a single body that has Christ as its head in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2012:5&version=nrsv">Romans 12:5</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2012:12–27&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 12:12–27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%203:6&version=nrsv">Ephesians 3:6</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%205:23&version=nrsv">5:23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:18&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:18</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:24&version=nrsv">1:24</a>. </p><p>According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, "the comparison of the Church with the body casts light on the intimate bond between Christ and his Church. Not only is she gathered around him; she is united in him, in his body. Three aspects of the Church as the Body of Christ are to be more specifically noted: the unity of all her members with each other as a result of their union with Christ; Christ as head of the Body; and the Church as bride of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catechism spells out the significance of each of these three aspects. </p><p>To distinguish the Body of Christ in this sense from his physical body, the term "Mystical Body of Christ" is often used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This term was used as the first words, and so as the title, of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. In that document, Pope Pius XII in 1943 states, "the mystical Body of Christ... is the Catholic Church."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1964 the Catholic bishops gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, while acknowledging that "full incorporation" in the Church required union with the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Pontiff">Sovereign Pontiff</a>, described various degrees of being "conjoined" or "related" to the Church including all persons of good will,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was not something new.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council's decree on Ecumenism stated that "all who have been justified by faith in Baptism are members of Christ's body" (3)<i><b>.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, those who do not present an obstacle ("obex") to the reality of the Sacrament taking place, such as formal <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> or formal <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy_2">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Orthodox Church considers itself to be the body of Christ <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> speaks about in his letters. It considers itself to be sinless, since it is the body of Christ, but that its members are "fallible and sinful."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also believed in Eastern Orthodoxy that the Eastern Orthodox Church is the "mystical body of Christ", in the sense that "mystical union with Christ is a reality in his Church".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern teachings, the "Body of Christ" is used by other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> to collectively describe believers in Christ, as opposed to only those who are members of the Catholic Church. In this sense, Christians are members of the universal body of Christ not because of identification with the institution of the Church, but through identification with Christ directly through faith. This theology is based on several passages in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2012:5&version=nrsv">Romans 12:5</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2012:12–27&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 12:12–27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%203:6&version=nrsv">Ephesians 3:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:15–16&version=nrsv">4:15–16</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%205:23&version=nrsv">5:23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:18&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:18</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:24&version=nrsv">1:24</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> is seen as the "head" of the body, which is the church, while the "members" of the body are seen as members of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a>. In this way, Protestantism defines the "Body of Christ" in a much broader way than does the Catholic Church. This has allowed for a broad base within Christianity to call themselves part of the "Body of Christ." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Blood of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Christ" title="Bride of Christ">Bride of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystici corporis Christi</a></i>, a papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII, sections 60–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10663a.htm">"Mystical Body of the Church"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-17</span></span> – via New Advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mystical+Body+of+the+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10663a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/the-canonical-tradition-of-the-orthodox-church">"The Canonical Tradition of the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <i>www.goarch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goarch.org&rft.atitle=The+Canonical+Tradition+of+the+Orthodox+Church+-+Theology+-+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Fthe-canonical-tradition-of-the-orthodox-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/an-introduction-to-orthodox-spirituality">"An Introduction to Orthodox Spirituality - Introduction to Orthodoxy Articles - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <i>www.goarch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goarch.org&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Orthodox+Spirituality+-+Introduction+to+Orthodoxy+Articles+-+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Fan-introduction-to-orthodox-spirituality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Losch2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Losch2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch2002" class="citation book cs1">Losch, Richard R. (1 May 2002). <i>A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802805218" title="Special:BookSources/9780802805218"><bdi>9780802805218</bdi></a>. <q>In the Roman Catholic Church the official explanation of how Christ is present is called transubstantiation. This is simply an explanation of <i>how</i>, not a statement <i>that</i>, he is present. Anglicans and Orthodox do not attempt to define how, but simply accept the mystery of his presence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+World+Religions+and+Christian+Traditions&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.isbn=9780802805218&rft.aulast=Losch&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal, Gregory S. (19 December 2014). <i>Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life</i>. WestBow Press. p. 111. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490860077" title="Special:BookSources/9781490860077">9781490860077</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKim1998-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKim1998_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKim1998_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim1998" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K. (1998). <i>Major Themes in the Reformed Tradition</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-104-6"><bdi>978-1-57910-104-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Westminster Confession emphatically declares that Christ is truly present in the elements and is truly received by those partaking, "yet not carnally and corporally, but spiritually" (chap. 31, par. 7). The insistence is that while Christ's presence is not physical in nature it is no less a real and vital presence, as if it were a physical presence. ... Those of us in the Reformed tradition are under strong obligation to honour the notion of the real presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Themes+in+the+Reformed+Tradition&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-104-6&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VelikoGros2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelikoGros2005" class="citation book cs1">Veliko, Lydia; Gros, Jeffrey (2005). <i>Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004</i>. Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574555578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574555578"><bdi>978-1574555578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Consensus+II%3A+Church+Dialogues+in+the+United+States%2C+1992%E2%80%932004&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Bishop%27s+Committee+for+Ecumenical+and+Interreligious+Affairs%2C+United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1574555578&rft.aulast=Veliko&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft.au=Gros%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211215226/http://history.hanover.edu/early/trent/ct13ce.htm">"History Department : Hanover College"</a>. <i>history.hanover.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.hanover.edu/early/trent/ct13ce.html">the original</a> on February 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.hanover.edu&rft.atitle=History+Department+%3A+Hanover+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Fearly%2Ftrent%2Fct13ce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElwee2017" class="citation web cs1">McElwee, Joshua J. (13 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/launching-world-day-poor-francis-says-no-christian-may-disregard-serving-them">"Launching World Day of the Poor, Francis says 'no Christian may disregard' serving them"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Launching+World+Day+of+the+Poor%2C+Francis+says+%27no+Christian+may+disregard%27+serving+them&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.aulast=McElwee&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fvatican%2Flaunching-world-day-poor-francis-says-no-christian-may-disregard-serving-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The bread and wine are changed, or <i>transubstantiated</i>, into the very Body of Christ, and into the very Blood of Christ" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">question 339</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the celebration (of the Eucharist) we believe the Lord Jesus Christ to be present, not typically, nor figuratively, nor by superabundant grace, as in the other Mysteries, nor by a bare presence, as some of the Fathers have said concerning Baptism, or by impanation, so that the Divinity of the Word is united to the set forth bread of the Eucharist hypostatically, as the followers of Luther most ignorantly and wretchedly suppose, but truly and really, so that after the consecration of the bread and of the wine, the bread is transmuted, <i>transubstantiated</i>, converted and transformed into the true Body Itself of the Lord, Which was born in Bethlehem of the ever-Virgin, was baptised in the Jordan, suffered, was buried, rose again, was received up, sitteth at the right hand of the God and Father, and is to come again in the clouds of Heaven; and the wine is converted and <i>transubstantiated</i> into the true Blood Itself of the Lord, Which as He hung upon the Cross, was poured out for the life of the world." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicity.elcore.net/ConfessionOfDositheus.html">Decree XVII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012149/http://catholicity.elcore.net/ConfessionOfDositheus.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hans676-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hans676_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i> by Hans Joachim Hillerbrand 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92472-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92472-3">0-415-92472-3</a> page 676</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knouse2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knouse2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnouse2008" class="citation book cs1">Knouse, Nola Reed (2008). <i>The Music of the Moravian Church in America</i>. University Rochester Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580462600" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580462600"><bdi>978-1580462600</bdi></a>. <q>Holy Communion, of course, is a central act of worship for all Christians, and it should come as no surprise that it was also highly esteemed in the Moravian Church. Zinzendorf referred to it as the "most intimate of all connection with the person of the Saviour." The real presence of Christ was thankfully received, though, typically, the Moravians refrained from delving too much into the precise way the Savior was sacramentally present</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+the+Moravian+Church+in+America&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1580462600&rft.aulast=Knouse&rft.aufirst=Nola+Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwood2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atwood2010_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2010" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Craig D. (1 November 2010). <i>Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem</i>. Penn State Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271047508" title="Special:BookSources/9780271047508"><bdi>9780271047508</bdi></a>. <q>In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a "sacramental presence."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+of+the+Cross%3A+Moravian+Piety+in+Colonial+Bethlehem&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=9780271047508&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Craig+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garvie1920-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garvie1920_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garvie1920_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvie1920" class="citation book cs1">Garvie, Alfred Ernest (1920). <i>The Holy Catholic Church from the Congregational Point of View, namely, the One Church in the Many Churches</i>. London: Faith Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Catholic+Church+from+the+Congregational+Point+of+View%2C+namely%2C+the+One+Church+in+the+Many+Churches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faith+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Garvie&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal2014" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Gregory S. (19 December 2014). <i>Grace Upon Grace</i>. WestBow Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490860060" title="Special:BookSources/9781490860060"><bdi>9781490860060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Upon+Grace&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft.isbn=9781490860060&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oden2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oden2008_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oden2008_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOden2008" class="citation book cs1">Oden, Thomas C. (2008). <i>Doctrinal Standards in the Wesleyan Tradition: Revised Edition</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687651115" title="Special:BookSources/9780687651115"><bdi>9780687651115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Standards+in+the+Wesleyan+Tradition%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780687651115&rft.aulast=Oden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225045654/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P28.HTM#-117">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P28.HTM#-117">the original</a> on December 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P28.HTM%23-117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2015:4–5&version=nrsv">John 15:4–5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html">"Mystici Corporis Christi (June 29, 1943) | PIUS XII"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Mystici+Corporis+Christi+%28June+29%2C+1943%29+%7C+PIUS+XII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Gentium#People_of_God_(Chapter_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumen Gentium">Vatican II Decree on the Church</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lumen Gentium</i>, Chapter 2, Footnote 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html">"Unitatis redintegratio"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Unitatis+redintegratio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrdzelidze2010" class="citation book cs1">Grdzelidze, Tamara (2010). "Church (Orthodox ecclesiology)". In McGuckin, John Anthony (ed.). <i>The encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</i>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78402-016-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78402-016-3"><bdi>978-1-78402-016-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858878990">858878990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+%28Orthodox+ecclesiology%29&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+Eastern+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.pages=126&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858878990&rft.isbn=978-1-78402-016-3&rft.aulast=Grdzelidze&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+of+Christ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_of_Christ&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yung_Suk_Kim" title="Yung Suk Kim">Kim, Yung Suk.</a> <i>Christ's Body in Corinth: The Politics of a Metaphor</i> (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-6285-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-6285-7">0-8006-6285-7</a></li> <li>Kim, Yung Suk <i>A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters</i> (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-793-0">978-1-60899-793-0</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian 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