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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Causality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goodness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Goodness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existence_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existence_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Existence of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existence_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>View of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anthropology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Free will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_with_Jewish_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_with_Jewish_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Connection with Jewish thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_with_Jewish_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Scholarly perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scholarly_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scholarly perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-René_Descartes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#René_Descartes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>René Descartes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-René_Descartes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G._K._Chesterton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G._K._Chesterton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>G. K. Chesterton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G._K._Chesterton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Thomistic_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Thomistic_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>First Thomistic School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Thomistic_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1325_to_the_Council_of_Trent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1325_to_the_Council_of_Trent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>1325 to the Council of Trent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1325_to_the_Council_of_Trent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Trent_to_Aeterni_Patris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Trent_to_Aeterni_Patris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Council of Trent to <i>Aeterni Patris</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Trent_to_Aeterni_Patris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeterni_Patris_to_Vatican_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeterni_Patris_to_Vatican_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span><i>Aeterni Patris</i> to Vatican II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeterni_Patris_to_Vatican_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_schools_and_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_schools_and_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Recent schools and interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_schools_and_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent schools and interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_schools_and_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neo-Scholastic_Thomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Scholastic_Thomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Neo-Scholastic Thomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Scholastic_Thomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cracow_Circle_Thomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cracow_Circle_Thomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Cracow Circle Thomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cracow_Circle_Thomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existential_Thomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existential_Thomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Existential Thomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existential_Thomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_Forest_Thomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_Forest_Thomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>River Forest Thomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_Forest_Thomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcendental_Thomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcendental_Thomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Transcendental Thomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcendental_Thomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lublin_Thomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lublin_Thomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Lublin Thomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lublin_Thomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytical_Thomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytical_Thomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Analytical Thomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytical_Thomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-24_Thomistic_theses_of_Pius_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#24_Thomistic_theses_of_Pius_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>24 Thomistic theses of Pius X</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-24_Thomistic_theses_of_Pius_X-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 24 Thomistic theses of Pius X subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-24_Thomistic_theses_of_Pius_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="توماوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թովմայականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թովմայականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismu" title="Tomismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tomismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تومیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تومیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomisme" title="Tomisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tomisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismus" title="Tomismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tomismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomistiaeth" title="Tomistiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tomistiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomisme" title="Thomisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomismus" title="Thomismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomism" title="Tomism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tomism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Θωμισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θωμισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismo" title="Tomismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tomismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismo" title="Tomismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tomismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismo" title="Tomismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tomismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تومیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تومیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomisme" title="Thomisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%AF%B8%EC%A6%98" title="토미즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토미즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Թոմիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizam" title="Tomizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tomizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomisme" title="Thomisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomismo" title="Thomismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thomismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismo" title="Tomismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tomismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="תומיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="თომიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თომიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Томизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Томизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Томизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomismus" title="Thomismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizmas" title="Tomizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tomizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomisme" title="Tomisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tomisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizmus" title="Tomizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tomizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4misma" title="Tômisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tômisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="തോമിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomisme" title="Thomisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="トマス主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomisme" title="Thomisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoum%C3%AAme" title="Thoumême – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Thoumême" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizm" title="Tomizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tomizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਥੌਮਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥੌਮਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ټاميزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټاميزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizm" title="Tomizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tomizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismo" title="Tomismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tomismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomism" title="Tomism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tomism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Томизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizmi" title="Tomizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tomizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizmus" title="Tomizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tomizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Томизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomizam" title="Tomizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tomizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomismi" title="Tomismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tomismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Томізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomism" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double BurlyWood;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Aquinas" title="Category:Thomas Aquinas">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino,_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/180px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/270px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/360px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="5488" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus essendi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Primum Movens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_sacramental_theology" title="Thomistic sacramental theology">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">Correspondence theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form"><span class="wrap">Substantial form</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect"><span class="wrap">Principle of double effect</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Aristotelian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">Concupiscence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_finality" title="Intrinsic finality">Intrinsic finality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of works by Thomas Aquinas">Works</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Errores_Graecorum" title="Contra Errores Graecorum">Contra Errores Graecorum</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">Commentaries on Aristotle</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_Disputatae_de_Veritate" title="Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate">Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catena_aurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Catena aurea">Catena aurea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Hymns and prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoro_te_devote" title="Adoro te devote">Adoro te devote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_ineffabilis" title="Creator ineffabilis">Creator ineffabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauda_Sion" title="Lauda Sion">Lauda Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_sacrum_convivium" title="O sacrum convivium">O sacrum convivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_corporis_mysterium" title="Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium">Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo" title="Tantum ergo">Tantum ergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacris_solemniis" title="Sacris solemniis">Sacris solemniis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panis_angelicus" title="Panis angelicus">Panis angelicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbum_supernum_prodiens" title="Verbum supernum prodiens">Verbum supernum prodiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_salutaris_hostia" title="O salutaris hostia">O salutaris hostia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Influences</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">St. Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">St. Albertus Magnus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thomist_writers_(13th%E2%80%9318th_centuries)" title="List of Thomist writers (13th–18th centuries)">Classical Thomists</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantimpr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Cantimpré">Cantimpré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_St_Cher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh of St Cher">Saint-Cher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Penyafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_de_Lessines" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles de Lessines">Lessines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_de_Piperno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald de Piperno">Piperno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">Moerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Marti">Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Trilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Trilia">Trilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Hotun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard of Hotun">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_of_Apolda" title="Dietrich of Apolda">Apolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Sutton" title="Thomas of Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Auvergne" title="Peter of Auvergne">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Winterburn" title="Walter of Winterburn">Winterburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gidius_Colonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ægidius Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Paris_(inquisitor)" title="William of Paris (inquisitor)">Ymbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Bologna" title="Gerard of Bologna">di Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Lucca" title="Ptolemy of Lucca">Fiadoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Guidonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Guidonis">Guidonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalis_Hervieus" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalis Hervieus">Nédellec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Palude" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus de Palude">Paludanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bradwardin">Bradwardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holkott" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Holkott">Holkott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Naples_(14th_century)" title="John of Naples (14th century)">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bromyard" title="John Bromyard">Bromyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Kydones" title="Demetrios Kydones">Kydones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eymerich" title="Nicholas Eymerich">Eymerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Calecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Calecas">Calecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dominici" title="John Dominici">Dominici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Gorkum" title="Henry of Gorkum">Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sabunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Sabunde">Sabunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_of_Flanders" title="Dominic of Flanders">de Flandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_of_Florence" title="Antoninus of Florence">Pierozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Torquemada_(cardinal)" title="Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)">Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarion" title="Bessarion">Bessarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanus_de_Rupe" title="Alanus de Rupe">de Rupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bergamo" title="Peter of Bergamo">Almadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_de_Mirabilibus" title="Nicolaus de Mirabilibus">Mirabilibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Savonarola" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Savonarola">Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Faber">Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_of_Gostynin" title="Jakub of Gostynin">Gostynin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="John of Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tetzel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tetzel">Tetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Deza" title="Diego de Deza">Deza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mazzolini" title="Sylvester Mazzolini">Mazzolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Silvestro_di_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Silvestro di Ferrara">di Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Vio_Cajetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Vio Cajetan">Gaetanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Koellin" title="Conrad Koellin">Koellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santes_Pagnino" title="Santes Pagnino">Pagnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Catherinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosius Catherinus">Catherinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ory" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Ory">Ory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Cano" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Pelargus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Pelargus">Pelargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtus_of_Siena" title="Sixtus of Siena">Senensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Faber" title="Johann Faber">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldonatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldonatus">Maldonatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Granada" title="Louis of Granada">de Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Braga" title="Bartholomew of Braga">Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_B%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Domingo Báñez">Báñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafino_Porrecta" title="Serafino Porrecta">Porrecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Davy_Duperron" title="Jacques Davy Duperron">Duperron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Medices" title="Hieronymus Medices">Medices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lessius">Lessius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Becanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Becanus">Verbeeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvenda">Malvenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Lemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Lemos">Lemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Alvarez_(theologian)" title="Diego Alvarez (theologian)">Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Anthony of the Mother of God">Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthew_Rispoli" title="John Matthew Rispoli">Rispoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Riccardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Riccardi">Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Gravina" title="Dominic Gravina">Gravina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">Poinsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Ripalda" title="Juan Martínez de Ripalda">Ripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Molinier" title="Étienne de Molinier">Molinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Torres" title="Cristóbal de Torres">Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Vallgornera" title="Thomas de Vallgornera">Vallgornera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_Pallavicino" title="Francesco Sforza Pallavicino">Pallavicino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicola%C3%AF" title="Jean Nicolaï">Nicolaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lynch" title="Dominic Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Ferre" title="Vicente Ferre">Ferre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gonet" title="Jean Baptiste Gonet">Gonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bancel_(theologian)" title="Louis Bancel (theologian)">Bancel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9tif" class="mw-redirect" title="Quétif">Quétif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Massouli%C3%A9" title="Antoine Massoulié">Massoulié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalis_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalis Alexander">Alexandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacintha_Serry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacintha Serry">Serry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Plessis_d%27Argentr%C3%A9" title="Charles du Plessis d'Argentré">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Louis_Gotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Louis Gotti">Gotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Leocata" title="Jerome Leocata">Leocata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniello_Concina" title="Daniello Concina">Concina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rubeis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rubeis">De Rubeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Burgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Burgo">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Boxadors" title="Juan Tomás de Boxadors">de Boxadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamachi">Mamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maria_Gazzaniga" title="Pietro Maria Gazzaniga">Gazzaniga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_A._Aertsen" title="Jan A. Aertsen">Aertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimio_de_Anqu%C3%ADn" title="Nimio de Anquín">Anquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Arintero" title="Juan González Arintero">Arintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bouquillon" title="Thomas Bouquillon">Bouquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bourke" title="Vernon Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Canals_Vidal" title="Francisco Canals Vidal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coffey" title="Peter Coffey">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerich_Coreth" title="Emerich Coreth">Coreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Daujat" title="Jean Daujat">Daujat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_De_Wulf" title="Maurice De Wulf">De Wulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Fabro" title="Cornelio Fabro">Fabro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.R._Fairweather" title="E.R. Fairweather">Fairweather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Farrer" title="Austin Farrer">Farrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gardet" title="Louis Gardet">Gardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Gauthier" title="René-Antoine Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Grenier" title="Henri Grenier">Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._B._Hawkins" title="D. J. B. Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Carl_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Friedrich-Carl Henckel von Donnersmarck">von Donnersmarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Henle" title="Robert J. Henle">Henle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Hugon" title="Édouard Hugon">Hugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ryosuke_Inagaki" title="Bernard Ryosuke Inagaki">Inagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Jolivet" title="Régis Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kleutgen" title="Joseph Kleutgen">Kleutgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._X._Knasas" title="John F. X. Knasas">Knasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Komar" title="Milan Komar">Komar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Koninck" title="Charles De Koninck">Koninck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Albert_Kr%C4%85piec" title="Mieczysław Albert Krąpiec">Krąpiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Lira" title="Osvaldo Lira">Lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Marshall" title="Taylor Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lionel_Mascall" title="Eric Lionel Mascall">Mascall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McInerny" title="Ralph McInerny">McInerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mill%C3%A1n-Puelles" title="Antonio Millán-Puelles">Millán-Puelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Pace" title="Dominic Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Charles_Pegis" title="Anton Charles Pegis">Pegis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Piolanti" title="Antonio Piolanti">Piolanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Pirotta" title="Angelo Pirotta">Pirotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mar%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Dulanto" title="Santiago María Ramírez Ruíz de Dulanto">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_R%C3%A9gis" title="Louis-Marie Régis">Régis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Ripperger" title="Chad Ripperger">Ripperger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Russo" title="Nicholas Russo">Russo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Ryan" title="Columba Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Sertillanges" title="Antonin Sertillanges">Sertillanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Simon_(philosopher)" title="Yves Simon (philosopher)">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Smith" title="Wolfgang Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)" title="Kōtarō Tanaka (judge)">Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Torre" title="Joseph de Torre">Torre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_U%C5%A1eni%C4%8Dnik" title="Aleš Ušeničnik">Ušeničnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_White" title="Thomas Joseph White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wilhelmsen" title="Frederick Wilhelmsen">Wilhelmsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Wippel" title="John F. Wippel">Wippel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Woodbury" title="Austin Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Zigliara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Canonization of Thomas Aquinas">Canonization of Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis" title="Congregatio de Auxiliis">Congregatio de Auxiliis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris" title="Aeterni Patris">Æterni Patris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Editio_Leonina" title="Editio Leonina">Editio Leonina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Universities_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas">ICUSTA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scholarship</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas_(journal)" title="Aquinas (journal)">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciencia_Tomista" title="Ciencia Tomista">Ciencia Tomista</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_for_the_Study_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="European Journal for the Study of Thomas Aquinas">EJSTA</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Thomisticus" title="Index Thomisticus">Index Thomisticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_et_Vetera" title="Nova et Vetera">Nova et Vetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_thomiste" title="Revue thomiste">Revue thomiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Aquinas" title="The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas">The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Aquinas" title="The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas">The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thomist" title="The Thomist">The Thomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_Dictionary" title="Thomas Aquinas Dictionary">Thomas Aquinas Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1476_Altarpiece" title="1476 Altarpiece">1476 Altarpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carafa_Chapel" title="Carafa Chapel">Carafa Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Madonna,_Saint_Dominic_and_Thomas_Aquinas,_Charles_Bridge" title="Statues of Madonna, Saint Dominic and Thomas Aquinas, Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortona_Triptych" title="Cortona Triptych">Cortona Triptych</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enthroned_Madonna_and_Child_with_Saints" title="Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints">Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesole_Altarpiece" title="Fiesole Altarpiece">Fiesole Altarpiece</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_Dominic_and_St_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Madonna and Child with St Dominic and St Thomas Aquinas">Madonna and Child with<br />St Dominic and St Thomas Aquinas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_Martire_Triptych" title="San Pietro Martire Triptych">San Pietro Martire Triptych</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas">The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_Fray_Lauterio" title="The Vision of Fray Lauterio">The Vision of Fray Lauterio</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg/220px-Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg/330px-Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg/440px-Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1225</span>–1274)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomism</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> school which arose as a legacy of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of works by Thomas Aquinas">work</a> and thought of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (1225–1274), the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> philosopher, theologian, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_church#Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of the church">Doctor of the Church</a>. </p><p>In philosophy, Thomas's disputed questions and commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> are perhaps his best-known works. In theology, his <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> is amongst the most influential documents in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy#Theology" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval theology</a> and continues to be the central point of reference for the philosophy and theology of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. In the 1914 <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <i>Doctoris Angelici</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> cautioned that the teachings of the Church cannot be understood without the basic philosophical underpinnings of Thomas's major theses:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The capital theses in the philosophy of St. Thomas are not to be placed in the category of opinions capable of being debated one way or another, but are to be considered as the foundations upon which the whole science of natural and divine things is based; if such principles are once removed or in any way impaired, it must necessarily follow that students of the sacred sciences will ultimately fail to perceive so much as the meaning of the words in which the dogmas of divine revelation are proposed by the magistracy of the Church.</p></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scholasticism" title="Category:Scholasticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.4em; font-size:120%; line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval-university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg/100px-Medieval-university.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg/150px-Medieval-university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Grammatica" title="Summa Grammatica">Summa Grammatica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sum_of_Logic" title="Sum of Logic">Summa logicae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus#Work" title="Duns Scotus">Opus Oxoniense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libri_Quattuor_Sententiarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Libri Quattuor Sententiarum">Libri Quattuor Sententiarum</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Precursors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> ("Doctor Marianus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> ("Doctor Scholasticus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a> ("The Master")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> ("The Commentator")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> ("Rabbi Moses")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> ("Doctor Universalis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> ("Doctor Angelicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> ("Doctor Seraphicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> ("Doctor Subtilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> ("Doctor Invincibilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a> ("Doctor Eximius")</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_scholasticism" title="Protestant scholasticism">Protestant scholasticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Problem of universals</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscholastic_writing" title="Protoscholastic writing">Protoscholastic writing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scholasticism" title="Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scholasticism" title="Template talk:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> held and practiced the principle that <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> is to be accepted no matter where it is found. His doctrines drew from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman philosophy">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a> philosophers. Specifically, he was a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realist</a> (i.e. unlike <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">skeptics</a>, he believed that the world can be known as it is).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often affirmed <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s views with independent arguments, and largely followed <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> terminology and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. He wrote comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">commentaries on Aristotle</a>, and respectfully referred to him simply as "the Philosopher".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also adhered to some <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonic</a> principles, for example that "it is absolutely true that there is first something which is essentially being and essentially good, which we call God, [...] [and that] everything can be called good and a being, inasmuch as it <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms"><i>participates</i> in it by way of a certain assimilation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquinas says that the fundamental <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axioms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_non-contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of non-contradiction">principle of non-contradiction</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_causality" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of causality">principle of causality</a>. Therefore, any <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> that does not contradict these two laws could theoretically exist,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even if said being were <a href="/wiki/Incorporeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporeal">incorporeal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predication">Predication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Predication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity of being</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analogia_entis" title="Analogia entis">Analogia entis</a></div> <p>Aquinas noted three forms of descriptive language when <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicating</a>: univocal, <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">equivocal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Univocality</b> is the use of a descriptor in the same sense when applied to two objects or groups of objects. For instance, when the word "milk" is applied both to milk produced by cows and by any other female mammal.</li> <li><b>Analogy</b> occurs when a descriptor changes some but not all of its meaning. For example, the word "healthy" is analogical in that it applies both to a person or animal which enjoys good health and to some food or drink which promotes health.</li> <li><b>Equivocation</b> is the complete change in meaning of the descriptor and is an <a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">informal fallacy</a>, for example when the word "bank" is applied to river banks and financial banks. Modern philosophers call it <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>.</li></ul> <p>Further, the usage of "<a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definition</a>" that Aquinas gives is the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of the being, plus a difference that sets it apart from the genus itself. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> definition of "man" is "<a href="/wiki/Rational_animal" title="Rational animal">rational animal</a>"; its genus being animal, and what sets apart man from other animals is his <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rationalanimal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rationalanimal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Being">Being</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Being#Thomistic_analogical_predication_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">Being § Thomistic analogical predication of being</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[E]xistence is twofold: one is essential existence or the <b><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substantial</a></b> existence of a thing, for example man exists, and this is existence <i>simpliciter</i>. The other is <b><a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accidental</a></b> existence, for example man is white, and this is existence <i>secundum quid</i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DePrincNaturae.htm"><i>De Principiis Naturæ</i>, 1.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Thomist philosophy, the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> is "that which is", a principle with two parts: "that which" refers to its <i><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">quiddity</a></i> (literally "whatness"), and "is" refers to its <i>esse</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> "to be").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Quiddity</i> means an <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">form</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a> which may or may not exist; whereas <i>esse</i> refers to existence or reality. That is, a being is "an essence that exists."<sup id="cite_ref-definitionofbeing_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definitionofbeing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being is divided in two ways: that which is <i>in itself</i> (<a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substances</a>), and that which is <i>in another</i> (<a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accidents</a>). Substances are things which exist <i>per se</i> or in their own right. Accidents are qualities that apply to other things, such as shape or color: "[A]ccidents must include in their definition a subject which is outside their genus."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they only exist in other things, Aquinas holds that <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> is primarily the study of substances, as they are the primary mode of being.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> pinpoints Aquinas' definition of <i>quiddity</i> as "that which is expressed by its definition."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>quiddity</i> or <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">form</a> of a thing is what makes the object what it is: "[T]hrough the form, which is the <a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">actuality</a> of matter, matter becomes something actual and something individual",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also, "the form causes matter to be."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it consists of two parts: "prime matter" (matter without form),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">substantial form</a>, which is what causes a substance to have its characteristics. For instance, an animal can be said to be a being whose matter is its body, and whose <a href="/wiki/Soul#Thomas_Aquinas" title="Soul">soul</a><sup id="cite_ref-soul_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soul-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is its substantial form.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these constitute its <i>quiddity</i>/essence. </p><p>All real things have the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentals" title="Transcendentals">transcendental properties of being</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unity" class="extiw" title="wikt:unity">oneness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, goodness (that is, all things have a <a href="/wiki/Final_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Final cause">final cause</a> and therefore a <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">purpose</a>), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causality">Causality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristotle categorized causality into <a href="/wiki/Four_causes" title="Four causes">four subsets</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i>, which is an integral part of Thomism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In one sense the term cause means (a) that from which, as something intrinsic, a thing comes to be, as the bronze of a statue and the silver of a goblet, and the genera of these. In another sense it means (b) the form and pattern of a thing, i.e., the intelligible expression of the <i>quiddity</i> and its genera (for example, the ratio of 2:1 and number in general are the cause of an octave chord) and the parts which are included in the intelligible expression. Again, (c) that from which the first beginning of change or of rest comes is a cause; for example, an adviser is a cause, and a father is the cause of a child, and in general a maker is a cause of the thing made, and a changer a cause of the thing changed. Further, a thing is a cause (d) inasmuch as it is an end, i.e., that for the sake of which something is done; for example, health is the cause of walking. For if we are asked why someone took a walk, we answer, "in order to be healthy"; and in saying this we think we have given the cause. And whatever occurs on the way to the end under the motion of something else is also a cause. For example, reducing, purging, drugs and instruments are causes of health; for all of these exist for the sake of the end, although they differ from each other inasmuch as some are instruments and others are processes."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Metaphysics5.htm#2">Metaphysics 1013a, trans. John P. Rowan, Chicago, 1961</a></cite></div></blockquote> <dl><dd><ul><li>(a) refers to the <b>material cause</b>, what a being's matter consists of (if applicable).</li> <li>(b) refers to the <b>formal cause</b>, what a being's essence is.</li> <li>(c) refers to the <b>efficient cause</b>, what brings about the beginning of, or change to, a being.</li> <li>(d) refers to the <b>final cause</b>, what a being's purpose is.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Unlike many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greeks</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>, who thought that an <a href="/wiki/Infinite_regress" title="Infinite regress">infinite regress</a> of causality is possible (and thus held that the universe is uncaused), Aquinas argues that an infinite chain never accomplishes its objective and is thus impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, a <a href="/wiki/First_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="First cause">first cause</a> is necessary for the existence of anything to be possible. Further, the First Cause must continuously be in action (similar to how there must always be a first chain in a <a href="/wiki/Chain-link_fencing" title="Chain-link fencing">chain link</a>), otherwise the series collapses:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">The Philosopher</a> says (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Metaphysics2.htm#4"><i>Metaph</i>. ii, 2</a>) that "to suppose a thing to be indefinite is to deny that it is good." But the good is that which has the nature of an end. Therefore it is contrary to the nature of an end to proceed indefinitely. Therefore it is necessary to fix one last end.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2001.htm#article4"><i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.1, art.4.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Thus, both Aristotle and Aquinas conclude that there must be an uncaused Primary Mover,<sup id="cite_ref-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because an infinite regress is impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the First Cause does not necessarily have to be temporally the first. Thus, the question of whether or not the universe can be imagined as eternal was fiercely debated in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210%E2%80%931277" title="Condemnations of 1210–1277">University of Paris's condemnation of 1270</a> denounced the belief that the world is eternal. Aquinas' intellectual rival, <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, held that the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">temporality</a> of the universe is demonstrable by reason.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas' position was that the temporality of the world is an article of faith, and not demonstrable by reason; one could reasonably conclude either that the universe is temporal or that it is eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goodness">Goodness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Goodness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per the <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas defines "<a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">the good</a>" as what all things strive for. E.g., a cutting knife is said to be good if it is effective at its function, cutting. As all things have a function/<a href="/wiki/Final_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Final cause">final cause</a>, all real things are good. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> is nothing but <i><a href="/wiki/Privatio_boni" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatio boni">privatio boni</a></i>, or "lack of good", as <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> defined it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">Dionysius</a> says (Div. Nom. iv), 'Evil is neither a being nor a good.' I answer that, one opposite is known through the other, as darkness is known through light. Hence also what evil is must be known from the nature of good. Now, we have said above that good is everything appetible; and thus, since every nature desires its own being and its own perfection, it must be said also that the being and the perfection of any nature is good. Hence it cannot be that evil signifies being, or any form or nature. Therefore it must be that by the name of evil is signified the absence of good. And this is what is meant by saying that 'evil is neither a being nor a good.' For since being, as such, is good, the absence of one implies the absence of the other.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1048.htm#article1"><i>Summa</i>, I, Q.48, art.1.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Commentating on the aforementioned, Aquinas says that "there is no problem from the fact that some men desire evil. For they desire evil only under the aspect of good, that is, insofar as they think it good. Hence their intention primarily aims at the good and only incidentally touches on the evil."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As God is the ultimate end of all things,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God is by essence goodness itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Godisgood_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godisgood-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, since love is "to wish the good of another",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> true love in Thomism is to lead another to God. Hence why <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> says, "Whoever is without love does not know God, for God is love."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-God_is_love_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-God_is_love-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existence_of_God">Existence of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Existence of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quinquae_viae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquae viae">Quinquae viae</a></div> <p>Thomas Aquinas holds that the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">demonstrated</a> by reason,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view that is taught by the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>quinque viae</i> (Latin: <b>five ways</b>) found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm#article3">I, Q.2, art.3</a>) are five possible ways of demonstrating the existence of God,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which today are categorized as: </p> <dl><dd>1. <i>Argumentum ex motu</i>, or the argument of the <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">unmoved mover</a>;</dd> <dd>2. <i>Argumentum ex ratione causae efficientis</i>, or the argument of the <a href="/wiki/First_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="First cause">first cause</a>;</dd> <dd>3. <i>Argumentum ex contingentia</i>, or the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary being">argument from contingency</a>;</dd> <dd>4. <i>Argumentum ex gradu</i>, or the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">argument from degree</a>; and</dd> <dd>5. <i>Argumentum ex fine</i>, or the <a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">teleological argument</a>.</dd></dl> <p>Despite this, Aquinas also thought that <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries" title="Sacred mysteries">sacred mysteries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/The_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trinity">the Trinity</a> could only be obtained through <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>; though these truths cannot contradict reason: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The existence of God and other like truths about God, which can be known by natural reason, are not articles of faith, but are preambles to the articles; for faith presupposes natural knowledge, even as grace presupposes nature, and perfection supposes something that can be perfected. Nevertheless, there is nothing to prevent a man, who cannot grasp a proof, accepting, as a matter of faith, something which in itself is capable of being scientifically known and demonstrated.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm#article2"><i>Summa</i>, I, Q.2, art.2.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Aquinas responds to the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a> by saying that God allows evil to exist so that good may come of it<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for goodness done out of free will is superior than goodness done from biological imperative), but does not personally cause evil Himself.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="View_of_God">View of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: View of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Analogia_entis" title="Analogia entis">Analogia entis</a></div> <p>Aquinas articulated and defended, both as a philosopher and a theologian, the orthodox Christian <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">view of God</a>. God is the sole being whose <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> is the same as His <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a>: "what subsists in God is His existence."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hence why God names himself "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/bible/exo003.htm">Exodus 3:14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Consequently, God cannot be a body (that is, He cannot be composed of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cannot have any <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accidents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and He must be <a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">simple</a> (that is, not separated into parts; <a href="/wiki/The_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trinity">the Trinity</a> is one <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a> in three persons).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, He is <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">goodness</a> itself,<sup id="cite_ref-Godisgood_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godisgood-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perfection" title="Perfection">perfect</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> omniscient,<sup id="cite_ref-omniscience_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniscience-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> happiness itself,<sup id="cite_ref-Godishappiness_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godishappiness-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knowledge itself,<sup id="cite_ref-Godisknowledge_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godisknowledge-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">love</a> itself,<sup id="cite_ref-God_is_love_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-God_is_love-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omnipresent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipresent">omnipresent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">immutable</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summing up these properties, Aquinas offers the term <i><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">actus purus</a></i> (Latin: "pure actuality"). </p><p>Aquinas held that not only does God have <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> of everything,<sup id="cite_ref-omniscience_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniscience-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that God has "the most perfect knowledge", and that it is also true to say that God "is" His understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-Godisknowledge_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godisknowledge-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquinas also understands God as the transcendent cause of the universe, the "first Cause of all things, exceeding all things caused by Him", the source of all creaturely being and the cause of every other cause.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, God's causality is not like the causality of any other causes (all other causes are "secondary causes"), because He is the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendent source</a> of all being, causing and sustaining every other existing thing at every instant. Consequently, God's causality is never in competition with the causality of creatures; rather, God even causes some things through the causality of creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquinas was an advocate of the "analogical way", which says that because God is infinite, people can only speak of God by <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a>, for some of the aspects of the divine nature are hidden (<i><a href="/wiki/Deus_absconditus" title="Deus absconditus">Deus absconditus</a></i>) and others revealed (<i><a href="/wiki/Deus_revelatus_(Christian_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deus revelatus (Christian theology)">Deus revelatus</a></i>) to finite human minds. Thomist philosophy holds that we can know <i>about</i> God through his creation (general revelation), but only in an analogous manner.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, we can speak of God's goodness only by understanding that goodness as applied to humans is similar to, but not identical with, the goodness of God. Further, he argues that <a href="/wiki/Sacred_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred scripture">sacred scripture</a> employs <a href="/wiki/Figurative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Figurative language">figurative language</a>: "Now it is natural to man to attain to intellectual truths through sensible objects, because all our knowledge originates from sense. Hence in Holy Writ, spiritual truths are fittingly taught under the <i>likeness</i> of material things."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to demonstrate God's creative power, Aquinas says: "If a being participates, to a certain degree, in an 'accident,' this accidental property must have been communicated to it by a cause which possesses it essentially. Thus iron becomes incandescent by the action of fire. Now, God is His own power which subsists by itself. The being which subsists by itself is necessarily one."<sup id="cite_ref-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SummaTheologiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/220px-SummaTheologiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/330px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/440px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologi%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiæ">Summa Theologiæ</a></i>, Pars secunda, prima pars. (copy by Peter Schöffer, 1471)</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to agreeing with the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> definition of man as "the <a href="/wiki/Rational_animal" title="Rational animal">rational animal</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-rationalanimal_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rationalanimal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas also held various other beliefs about the <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a> of man. For instance, as the <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>) of all men are the same,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the definition of being is "an essence that exists",<sup id="cite_ref-definitionofbeing_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definitionofbeing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> humans that are real therefore only differ by their <a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">specific qualities</a>. More generally speaking, all beings of the same <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> have the same essence, and so long as they exist, only differ by <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accidents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">substantial form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soul">Soul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomists define the soul as the substantial form of living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, plants have "vegetative souls", animals have "sensitive souls",<sup id="cite_ref-soul_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soul-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while human beings alone have "intellectual" – rational and immortal – souls.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For Aristotle, the soul is one, but endowed with five groups of faculties (<i>dunámeis</i>): (1) the "vegetative" faculty (<i>threptikón</i>), concerned with the maintenance and development of organic life; (2) the appetite (<i>oretikón</i>), or the tendency to any good; (3) the faculty of sense perception (<i>aisthetikón</i>); (4) the "locomotive" faculty (<i>kinetikón</i>), which presides over the various bodily movements; and (5) reason (<i>dianoetikón</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastics</a> generally follow Aristotle's classification. For them body and soul are united in one complete substance. The soul is the <i>forma substantialis</i>, the vital principle, the source of all activities. Hence their science of the soul deals with functions which nowadays belong to the provinces of biology and physiology. [...] The nature of the mind and its relations to the organism are questions that belong to philosophy or metaphysics.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05749a.htm">Dubray, C. (1909). Faculties of the Soul. In <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved May 29, 2010 from New Advent.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The appetite of man has two parts, rational and irrational. The rational part is called the will, and the irrational part is called passion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquinas affirms Aristotle's definition of happiness as "an operation according to perfect <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "happiness is called man's supreme good, because it is the attainment or enjoyment of the supreme good."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas defines virtue as a good habit, which is a good quality of a person demonstrated by his actions and reactions over a substantial period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As we have said above (Article 1), virtue implies a perfection of power: wherefore the virtue of a thing is fixed by the limit of its power (De Coelo i). Now the limit of any power must needs be good: for all evil implies defect; wherefore Dionysius says (Div. Hom. ii) that every evil is a weakness. And for this reason the virtue of a thing must be regarded in reference to good. Therefore human virtue which is an operative habit, is a good habit, productive of good works.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2055.htm#article3"><i>Summa</i>, I-II, Q.55, art.3.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Aquinas ascertained the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">cardinal virtues</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">prudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">fortitude</a>. The cardinal virtues are natural and revealed in nature, and they are binding on everyone. There are, however, three <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a>: <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a> (which is used interchangeably with love in the sense of <i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a></i>). These are <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> and are distinct from other virtues in their object, namely, God.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic theology">Roman Catholic theology</a>, Aquinas argues that humans can neither wish nor do <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good</a> without <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Grace in Christianity">divine grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "doing good" here refers to doing good per se: man <i>can</i> do, moved by God even then but "only" in the sense in which even his nature depends on God's moving, things that happen to be good in some respect, and are not sinful, though if he has not grace, it will be without merit, and he will not succeed in it all the time. Therefore, happiness is attained through the perseverance of virtue given by the Grace of God,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is not fully attained on earth;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only at the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, man cannot attain true happiness without God.<sup id="cite_ref-Godishappiness_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godishappiness-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> (used synonymously with the word "passion" in this context), which, following <a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">John Damascene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas defines as "a movement of the sensitive appetite when we imagine good or evil", Thomism repudiates both the <a href="/wiki/Epicurean" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurean">Epicurean</a> view that happiness consists in <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> (sensual experiences that invoke positive emotion),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> view that emotions are vices by nature.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas takes a moderate view of emotion, quoting Augustine: "They are evil if our love is evil; good if our love is good."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most emotions are morally neutral, some are inherently virtuous (e.g. pity)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some are inherently vicious (e.g. envy).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomist ethics hold that it is necessary to observe both <a href="/wiki/Attendant_circumstance" title="Attendant circumstance">circumstances</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intention</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to determine an action's <a href="/wiki/Moral_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral value">moral value</a>, and therefore Aquinas cannot be said to be strictly either a <a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">deontologicalist</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialist</a>. Rather, he would say that an action is morally good if it fulfills God's antecedent will.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of note is the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">principle of double effect</a>, formulated in the <i>Summa</i>, II-II, Q.64, art.7, which is a justification of <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>. Previously experiencing difficulties in the world of <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a>, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Just_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War">Just War</a> was expounded by Aquinas with this principle. He says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In order for a war to be just, three things are necessary. First, the authority of the sovereign by whose command the war is to be waged... Secondly, a <a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">just cause is required</a>, namely that those who are attacked, should be attacked because they deserve it on account of some fault... Thirdly, it is necessary that the belligerents should have a rightful intention, so that they intend the advancement of good, or the avoidance of evil...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3040.htm#article1"><i>Summa</i>, II-II, Q.40, art.1.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></div> <p>Thomism recognizes four different species of law, which he defines as "an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated":<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Eternal law, which is "the type of Divine Wisdom, as directing all actions and movements;"<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a>, "whereby each one knows, and is conscious of, what is good and what is evil", which is the rational being's participation in the eternal law;<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Human or temporal law, laws made by humans by necessity;<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">moral imperatives</a> specifically given through <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The development of natural law is one of the most influential parts of Thomist philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas says that "[the law of nature] is nothing other than the light of the intellect planted in us by God, by which we know what should be done and what should be avoided. God gave this light and this law in creation... For no one is ignorant that what he would not like to be done to himself he should not do to others, and similar norms."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquinas argues that the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a> was divine, though rightfully only given to the Jews before <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of Jesus">Christ</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">replaces the Old Covenant</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is meant for all humans.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will">Free will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquinas argues that <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">there is no contradiction</a> between God's <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providence</a> and human <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... just as by moving natural causes [God] does not prevent their acts being natural, so by moving voluntary causes He does not deprive their actions of being voluntary: but rather is He the cause of this very thing in them; for He operates in each thing according to its own nature.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1083.htm#article1"><i>Summa</i>, I., Q.83, art.1.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Aquinas argues that God offers man both a prevenient grace to enable him to perform supernaturally good works, and cooperative grace within the same. The relation of prevenient grace to voluntariness has been the subject of further debate; the position known here as "Thomist" was originated by <a href="/wiki/Domingo_B%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Domingo Báñez">Domingo Báñez</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and says that God gives an additional grace (the "efficient grace") to the <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestined</a> which makes them accept, while <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> held that God distributes grace according to a middle knowledge, and man can accept it without a different grace. <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a> is a school that is part of Thomism in the general sense (it originated in commentaries to Aquinas), yet it must be borne in mind that, here, Thomism and Molinism oppose each other. (The question has been declared undecided by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Whatever is in our <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a> must have previously been in the <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">senses</a>."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">peripatetic axiom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Aquinas preceded the existence of the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, which began among modern thinkers whose positions, following in the wake of Descartes, are fundamentally opposed to Aquinas'. Nonetheless, a Thomistic theory of knowledge can be derived from a mixture of Aquinas' logical, psychological, metaphysical, and even Theological doctrines. Aquinas' thought is an instance of the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">correspondence theory of truth</a>, which says that something is <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">true</a> "when it conforms to the external reality."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, any being that <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">exists</a> can be said to be true insofar that it participates in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/De_anima" class="mw-redirect" title="De anima">De anima</a></i> (<i>On the Soul</i>) divides the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> into three parts: <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellection</a>. When one perceives an object, his mind composites a sense-image. When he <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">remembers</a> the object he previously sensed, he is imagining its <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">form</a> (the image of the imagination is often translated as "phantasm"). When he extracts information from this phantasm, he is using his intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, all human knowledge concerning <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">properties</a>) are derived from the phantasm ("the received is in the receiver according to the mode of the receiver"<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which itself is a recollection of an experience. Concerning the question of "Whether the intellect can actually understand through the intelligible species of which it is possessed, without turning to the phantasms?" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, Aquinas quotes Aristotle in the <i>sed contra</i>: "the soul understands nothing without a phantasm."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the peripatetic axiom. (Another theorem to be drawn from this is that <a href="/wiki/Error" title="Error">error</a> is a result of drawing false conclusions based on our sensations.)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquinas' <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological theory</a> would later be classified as <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, for holding that sensations are a necessary step in acquiring knowledge, and that <a href="/wiki/Deductive_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deductive logic">deductions</a> cannot be made from <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">pure reason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquinas shifted <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> away from <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a> and towards <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. The ensuing school of thought, through its influence on Catholicism and the ethics of the Catholic school, is one of the most influential philosophies of all time, also significant due to the number of people living by its teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg/200px-Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg/300px-Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg/400px-Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption> Triumph of St Thomas Aquinas, <a href="/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli" title="Benozzo Gozzoli">Benozzo Gozzoli</a>,1471. Louvre, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Before Aquinas' death, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tempier" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Tempier">Stephen Tempier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Paris">Bishop of Paris</a>, forbade certain positions associated with Aquinas (especially his denial of both universal <i><a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">hylomorphism</a></i> and a plurality of <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">substantial forms</a> in a single substance) to be taught in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Faculty of Arts at Paris</a>. Through the influence of traditional Augustinian theologians, some theses of Aquinas were <a href="/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210%E2%80%931277" title="Condemnations of 1210–1277">condemned in 1277</a> by the ecclesiastical authorities of Paris and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> (the most important theological schools in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a> opposed the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Dominican</a> Aquinas, while the Dominicans institutionally took up the defense of his work (1286), and thereafter adopted it as an official philosophy of the order to be taught in their <i>studia</i>. Early opponents of Aquinas include <a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Mare" title="William de la Mare">William de la Mare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Jon Duns Scotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early and noteworthy defenders of Aquinas were his former teacher <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, the ill-fated Richard Knapwell, <a href="/wiki/William_Macclesfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="William Macclesfeld">William Macclesfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Lessines" title="Giles of Lessines">Giles of Lessines</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Quidort" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Quidort">John of Quidort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Auvergne" title="Bernard of Auvergne">Bernard of Auvergne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Sutton" title="Thomas of Sutton">Thomas of Sutton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of Aquinas in 1323 led to a revocation of the condemnation of 1277. Later, Aquinas and his school would find a formidable opponent in the <i>via moderna</i>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> and his adherents. </p><p>Thomism remained a doctrine held principally by Dominican theologians, such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Capreolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Capreolo">Giovanni Capreolo</a> (1380–1444) or <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Tommaso de Vio</a> (1468–1534). Eventually, in the 16th century, Thomism found a stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, through for example the Dominicans <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> (particularly noteworthy for his work in natural law theory), <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Domingo de Soto</a> (notable for his work on economic theory), <a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">John of St. Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domingo_B%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Domingo Báñez">Domingo Báñez</a>; the Carmelites of Salamanca (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salmanticenses</a>); and even, in a way, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a>. </p><p>The modern period brought considerable difficulty for Thomism.<sup id="cite_ref-decline_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> attempted a Thomistic revival, particularly with his 1879 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris" title="Aeterni Patris">Aeterni Patris</a></i> and his establishment of the Leonine Commission, established to produce critical editions of Aquinas' <i>opera omnia</i>. This encyclical served as the impetus for the rise of Neothomism, which brought an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic">ethical</a> parts of Thomism, as well as a large part of its views on life, humans, and theology, are found in the various schools of <a href="/wiki/Neothomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neothomism">Neothomism</a>. Neothomism held sway as the dominant philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, which seemed, in the eyes of <i><a href="/wiki/Homiletic_and_Pastoral_Review" title="Homiletic and Pastoral Review">Homiletic and Pastoral Review</a></i> writer Fr. Brian Van Hove, SJ, to confirm the significance of <a href="/wiki/Ressourcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressourcement">Ressourcement</a> theology.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomism remains a school of philosophy today, and influential in Catholicism, though "The Church has no philosophy of her own nor does she canonize any one particular philosophy in preference to others."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the cognitive neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Freeman_(neuroscientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter J. Freeman (neuroscientist)">Walter Freeman</a> proposes that Thomism is the philosophical system explaining cognition that is most compatible with <a href="/wiki/Neurodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodynamics">neurodynamics</a>, in a 2008 article in the journal <i>Mind and Matter</i> entitled "Nonlinear Brain Dynamics and Intention According to Aquinas." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_with_Jewish_thought">Connection with Jewish thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Connection with Jewish thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquinas did not disdain to draw upon <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophical</a> sources. His main work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, shows a profound knowledge not only of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Avicebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicebron">Avicebron</a> (Ibn Gabirol), whose name he mentions, but also of most Jewish philosophical works then existing. </p><p>Aquinas pronounces himself energetically<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the hypothesis of the eternity of the world, in agreement with both <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology">Jewish theology</a>. But as this theory is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, he seeks to demonstrate that the latter did not express himself categorically on this subject. "The argument", said he, "which Aristotle presents to support this thesis is not properly called a demonstration, but is only a reply to the theories of those ancients who supposed that this world had a beginning and who gave only impossible proofs. There are three reasons for believing that Aristotle himself attached only a relative value to this reasoning..."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this, Aquinas paraphrases <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a></i>, where those reasons are given.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_perspectives">Scholarly perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scholarly perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Individual_thinkers"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="René_Descartes"><span id="Ren.C3.A9_Descartes"></span>René Descartes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: René Descartes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomism began to decline in popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">modern period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-decline_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>' works <i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method">Discourse on the Method</a></i> in 1637 and <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> in 1641. The <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">mind–body dualism</a> and the fallibility of the senses<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (December 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> implicitly contradicted <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But, meanwhile, I feel greatly astonished when I observe [the weakness of my mind, and] its proneness to error. For although, without at all giving expression to what I think, I consider all this in my own mind, words yet occasionally impede my progress, and I am almost led into error by the terms of ordinary language. We say, for example, that we see the same wax when it is before us, and not that we judge it to be the same from its retaining the same color and figure: whence I should forthwith be disposed to conclude that the wax is known by the act of sight, and not by the intuition of the mind alone, were it not for the analogous instance of human beings passing on in the street below, as observed from a window. In this case I do not fail to say that I see the men themselves, just as I say that I see the wax; and yet what do I see from the window beyond hats and cloaks that might cover artificial machines, whose motions might be determined by springs? But I judge that there are human beings from these appearances, and thus I comprehend, by the faculty of judgment alone which is in the mind, what I believed I saw with my eyes.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy/Meditation_II" class="extiw" title="s:Meditations on First Philosophy/Meditation II"><i>Meditations on First Philosophy</i>, Med. II, §13.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G._K._Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: G. K. Chesterton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In describing Thomism as a philosophy of common sense, <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Since the modern world began in the sixteenth century, nobody's system of philosophy has really corresponded to everybody's sense of reality; to what, if left to themselves, common men would call common sense. Each started with a paradox; a peculiar point of view demanding the sacrifice of what they would call a sane point of view. That is the one thing common to <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergson">Bergson</a>, to <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>. A man had to believe something that no normal man would believe, if it were suddenly propounded to his simplicity; as that law is above right, or right is outside reason, or things are only as we think them, or everything is relative to a reality that is not there. The modern philosopher claims, like a sort of confidence man, that if we will grant him this, the rest will be easy; he will straighten out the world, if he is allowed to give this one twist to the mind... </p><p> Against all this the philosophy of St. Thomas stands founded on the universal common conviction that eggs are eggs. The Hegelian may say that an egg is really a hen, because it is a part of an endless process of Becoming; the Berkelian may hold that <a href="/wiki/Poached_egg" title="Poached egg">poached eggs</a> only exist as a dream exists, since it is quite as easy to call the dream the cause of the eggs as the eggs the cause of the dream; the Pragmatist may believe that we get the best out of scrambled eggs by forgetting that they ever were eggs, and only remembering the scramble. But no pupil of St. Thomas needs to addle his brains in order adequately to addle his eggs; to put his head at any peculiar angle in looking at eggs, or squinting at eggs, or winking the other eye in order to see a new simplification of eggs. The Thomist stands in the broad daylight of the brotherhood of men, in their common consciousness that eggs are not hens or dreams or mere practical assumptions; but things attested by the Authority of the Senses, which is from God.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chesterton, <i>St. Thomas Aquinas</i>, p. 147.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>J. A. Weisheipl emphasizes that within the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> the history of Thomism has been continuous since the time of Aquinas: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thomism was always alive in the Dominican Order, small as it was after the ravages of the Reformation, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic occupation. Repeated legislation of the General Chapters, beginning after the death of St. Thomas, as well as the Constitutions of the Order, required all Dominicans to teach the doctrine of St. Thomas both in philosophy and in theology.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An idea of the longstanding historic continuity of Dominican Thomism may be derived from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas">list of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas</a>. </p><p>Outside the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>, Thomism has had varying fortunes leading some to periodize it historically or thematically. Weisheipl distinguishes "wide" Thomism, which includes those who claim to follow the spirit and basic insights of Aquinas and manifest an evident dependence on his texts, from "eclectic" Thomism which includes those with a willingness to allow the influence of other philosophical and theological systems in order to relativize the principles and conclusions of traditional Thomism. <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Haldane">John Haldane</a> gives an historic division of Thomism including 1) the period of Aquinas and his first followers from the 13th to 15th centuries, a second Thomism from the 16th to 18th centuries, and a Neo-Thomism from the 19th to 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One might justifiably articulate other historical divisions on the basis of shifts in perspective on Aquinas' work including the period immediately following Aquinas' canonization in 1325, the period following the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, and the period after the Second Vatican Council. Romanus Cessario thinks it better not to identify intervals of time or periods within the larger history of Thomism because Thomists have addressed such a broad variety of issues and in too many geographical areas to permit such divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Thomistic_School">First Thomistic School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: First Thomistic School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first period of Thomism stretches from Aquinas' teaching activity beginning in 1256 at Paris to Cologne, Orvieto, Viterbo, Rome, and Naples until his canonization in 1325. In this period his doctrines "were both attacked and defended" as for example after his death (1274) the condemnations of 1277, 1284 and 1286 were counteracted by the General Chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> and other disciples who came to Aquinas' defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Roensch1964_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roensch1964-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1325_to_the_Council_of_Trent">1325 to the Council of Trent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1325 to the Council of Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Aquinas' canonisation, commentaries on Aquinas increased, especially at Cologne which had previously been a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert the Great's</a> thought. Henry of Gorkum (1386-1431) wrote what may well be the earliest commentary on the Summa Theologiae, followed in due course by his student <a href="/wiki/Denis_the_Carthusian" title="Denis the Carthusian">Denis the Carthusian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Trent_to_Aeterni_Patris">Council of Trent to <i>Aeterni Patris</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Council of Trent to Aeterni Patris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Responding to prevailing philosophical rationalism during the Enlightenment Salvatore Roselli, professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, the future <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a> in Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-Leon2013_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon2013-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published a six volume <i>Summa philosophica</i> (1777) giving an Aristotelian interpretation of Aquinas validating the senses as a source of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While teaching at the College Roselli is considered to have laid the foundation for Neothomism in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian J.A. Weisheipl in the late 18th and early 19th centuries "everyone who had anything to do with the revival of Thomism in Italy, Spain and France was directly influenced by Roselli’s monumental work.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeterni_Patris_to_Vatican_II"><i>Aeterni Patris</i> to Vatican II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aeterni Patris to Vatican II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></div> <p>The Thomist revival that began in the mid-19th century, sometimes called "neo-scholasticism" or "neo-Thomism", can be traced to figures such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Angelicum</a></i> professor <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kleutgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Kleutgen">Josef Kleutgen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a>. This movement received impetus from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris" title="Aeterni Patris">Aeterni Patris</a></i> of 1879. Generally the revival accepts the interpretative tradition of Aquinas' great commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Capr%C3%A9olus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Capréolus">Capréolus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">John of St. Thomas</a>. Its focus, however, is less exegetical and more concerned with carrying out the program of deploying a rigorously worked out system of Thomistic metaphysics in a wholesale critique of modern philosophy. Other seminal figures in the early part of the century include <a href="/wiki/Martin_Grabmann" title="Martin Grabmann">Martin Grabmann</a> (1875-1949) and Amato Masnovo (1880-1955). The movement's core philosophical commitments are summarized in "Twenty-Four Thomistic Theses" approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feser_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feser-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of the twentieth century <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Angelicum</a></i> professors <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Hugon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Hugon">Edouard Hugon</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a> among others, carried on Leo's call for a Thomist revival. Their approach is reflected in many of the manuals<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and textbooks widely in use in Roman Catholic colleges and seminaries before <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> took place from 1962 to 1965 <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Fabro" title="Cornelio Fabro">Cornelio Fabro</a> was already able to write in 1949 that the century of revival with its urgency to provide a synthetic systematization and defense of Aquinas' thought was coming to an end. Fabro looked forward to a more constructive period in which the original context of Aquinas' thought would be explored.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_schools_and_interpretations">Recent schools and interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Recent schools and interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A summary of some recent and current schools and interpretations of Thomism can be found, among other places, in <i>La Metafisica di san Tommaso d'Aquino e i suoi interpreti</i> (2002), by Battista Mondin, <i>Being and Some 20th Century Thomists</i> (2003), by <a href="/wiki/John_F._X._Knasas" title="John F. X. Knasas">John F. X. Knasas</a> as well as in the writing of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Scholastic_Thomism">Neo-Scholastic Thomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Neo-Scholastic Thomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neo-Scholastic_Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Scholastic Thomism">Neo-Scholastic Thomism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifies with the philosophical and theological tradition stretching back to the time of St. Thomas. In the nineteenth century authors such as <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a> focused not only on exegesis of the historical Aquinas but also on the articulation of a rigorous system of orthodox Thomism to be used as an instrument of critique of contemporary thought. </p><p>Due to its suspicion of attempts to harmonize Aquinas with non-Thomistic categories and assumptions, Neo-Scholastic Thomism has sometimes been called "<a href="/wiki/Strict_observance_Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strict observance Thomism">strict observance Thomism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A discussion of recent and current Neo-Scholastic Thomism can be found in <i>La Metafisica di san Tommaso d'Aquino e i suoi interpreti</i> (2002) by Battista Mondin, which includes such figures as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Grabmann" title="Martin Grabmann">Martin Grabmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a>, Sofia Vanni Rovighi (1908–1990),<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Fabro" title="Cornelio Fabro">Cornelio Fabro</a> (1911–1995), Carlo Giacon (1900–1984),<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_T%C3%BDn" title="Tomáš Týn">Tomáš Týn</a> (1950–1990), Abelardo Lobato (1925–2012), Leo Elders (1926–2019) and <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia_Giovanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventimiglia Giovanni">Giovanni Ventimiglia</a> (b. 1964) among others. Fabro in particular emphasizes Aquinas' originality, especially with respect to the <i>actus essendi</i> or act of existence of finite beings by participating in being itself. Other scholars such as those involved with the "Progetto Tommaso"<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seek to establish an objective and universal reading of Aquinas' texts.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cracow_Circle_Thomism">Cracow Circle Thomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cracow Circle Thomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Cracow Circle Thomism</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (named after <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>) has been called "the most significant expression of Catholic thought between the two World Wars."<sup id="cite_ref-segr-did2.fmag.unict.it_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segr-did2.fmag.unict.it-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Circle was founded by a group of philosophers and theologians that in distinction to more traditional Neo-Scholastic Thomism embraced modern formal logic as an analytical tool for traditional Thomist philosophy and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-segr-did2.fmag.unict.it_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segr-did2.fmag.unict.it-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by the logical clarity of Aquinas, members of the Circle held both philosophy and theology to contain "propositions with truth-values…a structured body of propositions connected in meaning and subject matter, and linked by logical relations of compatibility and incompatibility, entailment etc." "The Cracow Circle set about investigating and where possible improving this logical structure with the most advanced logical tools available at the time, namely those of modern mathematical logic, then called 'logistic'."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existential_Thomism">Existential Thomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Existential Thomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a> (1884–1978), the key proponent of <b>existential Thomism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tended to emphasize the importance of historical exegesis but also to deemphasize Aquinas's continuity with the Aristotelian tradition, and like <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Fabro" title="Cornelio Fabro">Cornelio Fabro</a> of the Neo-scholastic school, to highlight the originality of Aquinas's doctrine of being as existence. He was also critical of the Neo-Scholastics' focus on the tradition of the commentators, and given what he regarded as their insufficient emphasis on being or existence accused them of "<a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a>" (to allude to the other half of Aquinas's distinction between being and essence). Gilson's reading of Aquinas as putting forward a distinctively "Christian philosophy" tended, at least in the view of his critics, to blur Aquinas's distinction between philosophy and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> (1882–1973) introduced into Thomistic metaphysics the notion that philosophical reflection begins with an "intuition of being", and in ethics and social philosophy sought to harmonize Thomism with <a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a> and pluralistic democracy. Though "existential Thomism" was sometimes presented as a counterpoint to modern <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, the main reason for the label is the emphasis this approach puts on Aquinas's doctrine of existence. Other proponents include <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Owens_(Redemptorist)" title="Joseph Owens (Redemptorist)">Joseph Owens</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.R._Fairweather" title="E.R. Fairweather">Eugene Fairweather</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._X._Knasas" title="John F. X. Knasas">John F. X. Knasas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_Forest_Thomism">River Forest Thomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: River Forest Thomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <b>River Forest Thomism</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (named after <a href="/wiki/River_Forest,_Illinois" title="River Forest, Illinois">River Forest, Illinois</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> are <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologically</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, preferably called <a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">metascience</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach emphasizes the Aristotelian foundations of Aquinas's philosophy, and in particular the idea that the construction of a sound metaphysics must be preceded by a sound understanding of natural science, as interpreted in light of an Aristotelian philosophy of nature. Accordingly, it is keen to show that modern physical science can and should be given such an interpretation. <a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Koninck" title="Charles De Koninck">Charles De Koninck</a>, Raymond Jude Nogar, James A. Weisheipl,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William A. Wallace,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Benedict Ashley</a>, are among its representatives. It is sometimes called "<b>Laval Thomism</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Laval" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Laval">University of Laval</a> in Quebec, where De Koninck was a professor. The alternative label "River Forest Thomism" derives from a suburb of Chicago, the location of the Albertus Magnus Lyceum for Natural Science,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose members have been associated with this approach. It is also sometimes called "<b>Aristotelian Thomism</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to highlight its contrast with Gilson's brand of existential Thomism) though since Neo-Scholastic Thomism also emphasizes Aquinas's continuity with Aristotle, this label seems a bit too proprietary. (There are writers, like the contemporary Thomist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_McInerny" title="Ralph McInerny">Ralph McInerny</a> who have exhibited both Neo-Scholastic and Laval/River Forest influences, and the approaches are not necessarily incompatible.)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcendental_Thomism">Transcendental Thomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transcendental Thomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the first three schools mentioned above, <b>transcendental Thomism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a> (1878–1944), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> (1904–84), and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a> (1904–84), does not oppose modern philosophy wholesale, but seeks to reconcile Thomism with a <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> subject-centered approach to knowledge in general, and <a href="/wiki/Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantian">Kantian</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental philosophy">transcendental philosophy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (December 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> in particular. To Feser, "It seems fair to say that most Thomists otherwise tolerant of diverse approaches to Aquinas's thought tend to regard transcendental Thomism as having conceded too much to modern philosophy genuinely to count as a variety of Thomism, strictly speaking, and this school of thought has in any event been far more influential among theologians than among philosophers."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lublin_Thomism">Lublin Thomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lublin Thomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Lublin Thomism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which derives its name from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Lublin">Catholic University of Lublin</a> in Poland where it is centered, is also sometimes called "<b>phenomenological Thomism</b>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like transcendental Thomism, it seeks to combine Thomism with certain elements of modern philosophy. In particular, it seeks to make use of the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a> method of philosophical analysis associated with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical personalism">ethical personalism</a> of writers like <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a> in articulating the Thomist conception of the human person. Its best-known proponent is <a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojtyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyla">Karol Wojtyla</a> (1920–2005), who went on to become Pope John Paul II.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, unlike transcendental Thomism, the metaphysics of Lublin Thomism places priority on existence (as opposed to essence), making it an existential Thomism that demonstrates consonance with the Thomism of Étienne Gilson. The phenomenological concerns of the Lublin school are not metaphysical in nature as this would constitute <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>. Rather, they are considerations which are brought into relation with central positions of the school, such as when dealing with modern science, its epistemological value, and its relation to metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaroszynski_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaroszynski-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytical_Thomism">Analytical Thomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Analytical Thomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described by <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Haldane">John Haldane</a>, its key proponent, as "a broad philosophical approach that brings into mutual relationship the styles and preoccupations of recent English-speaking philosophy and the concepts and concerns shared by Aquinas and his followers" (from the article on "analytical Thomism" in <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>, edited by Ted Honderich). By "recent English-speaking philosophy" Haldane means the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical philosophy">analytical tradition</a> founded by thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>, which tends to dominate academic philosophy in the English-speaking world. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Anscombe">Elizabeth Anscombe</a> (1919–2001) and her husband <a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a> are sometimes considered the first "analytical Thomists", though (like most writers to whom this label has been applied) they did not describe themselves in these terms, and as Haldane's somewhat vague expression "mutual relationship" indicates, there does not seem to be any set of doctrines held in common by all analytical Thomists. What they do have in common seems to be that they are philosophers trained in the analytic tradition who happen to be interested in Aquinas in some way; and the character of their "analytical Thomism" is determined by whether it tends to stress the "analytical" side of analytical Thomism, or the "Thomism" side, or, alternatively, attempts to emphasize both sides equally.<sup id="cite_ref-Feser2_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feser2-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="24_Thomistic_theses_of_Pius_X">24 Thomistic theses of Pius X</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 24 Thomistic theses of Pius X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the decree <i>Postquam sanctissimus</i> of 27 July 1914, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> stated that 24 theses formulated by "teachers from various institutions [...] clearly contain the principles and more important thoughts" of Aquinas.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontology">Ontology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">Non-physical entity</a></div> <ol><li>Potency and Act divide being in such a way that whatever is, is either <a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">pure act</a>, or of necessity it is composed of potency and <a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">act as primary</a> and intrinsic principles.</li> <li>Since act is perfection, it is not limited except through a potency which itself is a capacity for perfection. Hence in any order in which an act is pure act, it will only exist, in that order, as a unique and unlimited act. But whenever it is finite and manifold, it has entered into a true composition with potency.</li> <li>Consequently, the one God, unique and simple, alone subsists in absolute being. All other things that participate in being have a nature whereby their being is restricted; they are constituted of essence and being, as really distinct principles.</li> <li>A thing is called a being because of "esse". God and creature are not called beings univocally, nor wholly equivocally, but analogically, by an analogy both of attribution and of proportionality.</li> <li>In every creature there is also a real composition of the subsisting subject and of added secondary forms, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Accidental_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Accidental property">accidental</a> forms. Such composition cannot be understood unless being is really received in an essence distinct from it.</li> <li>Besides the absolute accidents there is also the relative accident, relation. Although by reason of its own character relation does not signify anything inhering in another, it nevertheless often has a cause in things, and hence a real entity distinct from the subject.</li> <li>A spiritual creature is wholly simple in its essence. Yet there is still a twofold composition in the spiritual creature, namely, that of the essence with being, and that of the substance with accidents.</li> <li>However, the corporeal creature is composed of act and potency even in its very essence. These act and potency in the order of essence are designated by the names <i>form</i> and <i>matter</i> respectively.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_(metaphysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology (metaphysics)">Cosmology</a></div> <ol><li>Neither the matter nor the form have being of themselves, nor are they produced or corrupted of themselves, nor are they included in any category otherwise than reductively, as substantial principles.</li> <li>Although extension in quantitative parts follows upon a corporeal nature, nevertheless it is not the same for a body to be a substance and for it to be quantified. For of itself substance is indivisible, not indeed as a point is indivisible, but as that which falls outside the order of dimensions is indivisible. But quantity, which gives the substance extension, really differs from the substance and is truly an accident.</li> <li>The principle of individuation, i.e., of numerical distinction of one individual from another with the same specific nature, is matter designated by quantity. Thus in pure spirits there cannot be more than one individual in the same specific nature.</li> <li>By virtue of a body's quantity itself, the body is circumscriptively in a place, and in one place alone circumscriptively, no matter what power might be brought to bear.</li> <li>Bodies are divided into two groups; for some are living and others are devoid of life. In the case of the living things, in order that there be in the same subject an essentially moving part and an essentially moved part, the substantial form, which is designated by the name soul, requires an organic disposition, i.e. heterogeneous parts.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div> <ol><li>Souls in the vegetative and sensitive orders cannot subsist of themselves, nor are they produced of themselves. Rather, they are no more than principles whereby the living thing exists and lives; and since they are wholly dependent upon matter, they are incidentally corrupted through the corruption of the composite.</li> <li>On the other hand, the human soul subsists of itself. When it can be infused into a sufficiently disposed subject, it is created by God. By its very nature, it is incorruptible and immortal.</li> <li>This rational soul is united to the body in such a manner that it is the only substantial form of the body. By virtue of his soul a man is a man, an animal, a living thing, a body, a substance and a being. Therefore, the soul gives man every essential degree of perfection; moreover, it gives the body a share in the act of being whereby it itself exists.</li> <li>From the human soul there naturally issue forth powers pertaining to two orders, the organic and the non-organic. The organic powers, among which are the senses, have the composite as their subject. The non-organic powers have the soul alone as their subject. Hence, the intellect is a power intrinsically independent of any bodily organ.</li> <li>Intellectuality necessarily follows upon immateriality, and furthermore, in such manner that the further the distance from matter, the higher the degree of intellectuality. Any being is the adequate object of understanding in general. But in the present state of union of soul and body, quantities abstracted from the material conditions of individuality are the proper object of the human intellect.</li> <li>Therefore, we receive knowledge from sensible things. But since sensible things are not actually intelligible, in addition to the intellect, which formally understands, an active power must be acknowledged in the soul, which power abstracts intelligible likeness or species from sense images in the imagination.</li> <li>Through these intelligible likenesses or species we directly know universals, i.e. the natures of things. We attain to singulars by our senses, and also by our intellect, when it beholds the sense images. But we ascend to knowledge of spiritual things by analogy.</li> <li>The will does not precede the intellect but follows upon it. The will necessarily desires that which is presented to it as a good in every respect satisfying the appetite. But it freely chooses among the many goods that are presented to it as desirable according to a changeable judgment or evaluation. Consequently, the choice follows the final practical judgment. But the will is the cause of it being the final one.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></div> <ol><li>We do not perceive by an immediate intuition that God exists, nor do we prove it <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i>. But we do prove it <i><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">a posteriori</a></i>, i.e., from the things that have been created, following an argument from the effects to the cause: namely, from things which are moved and cannot be the adequate source of their motion, to a first unmoved mover; from the production of the things in this world by causes subordinated to one another, to a first uncaused cause; from corruptible things which equally might be or not be, to an absolutely necessary being; from things which more or less are, live, and understand, according to degrees of being, living and understanding, to that which is maximally understanding, maximally living and maximally a being; finally, from the order of all things, to a <a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">separated intellect</a> which has ordered and organized things, and directs them to their end.</li> <li>The metaphysical motion of the Divine Essence is correctly expressed by saying that it is identified with the exercised actuality of its own being, or that it is subsistent being itself. And this is the reason for its infinite and unlimited perfection.</li> <li>By reason of the very purity of His being, God is distinguished from all finite beings. Hence it follows, in the first place, that the world could only have come from God by creation; secondly, that not even by way of a miracle can any finite nature be given creative power, which of itself directly attains the very being of any being; and finally, that no created agent can in any way influence the being of any effect unless it has itself been moved by the first Cause.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1277, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempier" title="Étienne Tempier">Étienne Tempier</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">bishop of Paris</a> who had condemned the studying of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian logic">Aristotelian logic</a> by Christian theologians in 1270, issued another more extensive condemnation. One aim of this condemnation was to clarify that God's absolute power transcended any principles of logic that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> might place on it.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, it contained a list of 219 propositions, including twenty Thomistic propositions, that the bishop had determined to violate the omnipotence of God. However Tempier's condemnation of Thomism was withdrawn after the <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Canonization of Thomas Aquinas">canonization of Thomas Aquinas</a>. </p><p>Thomism has also been criticised in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prochoros_Kydones" title="Prochoros Kydones">Prochoros Kydones</a>, a Greek scholar from the monastic brethren of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lavra" title="Great Lavra">Great Lavra</a> who <a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">opposed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">teachings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a> on the basis of Thomism, was condemned at a Patriarchal Synod of 1368 organised by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> <a href="/wiki/Philotheos_Kokkinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Philotheos Kokkinos">Philotheos Kokkinos</a>, where Thomism itself was also condemned.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking on the Thomistic interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Lossky</a> states </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Roman Catholicism rationalizes even the sacrament of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>: it interprets spiritual action as purely material and debases the sacrament to such an extent that it becomes in its view a kind of atomistic miracle. The Orthodox Church has no metaphysical theory of Transsubstantiation, and there is no need of such a theory. Christ is the Lord of the elements and it is in His power to do so that 'every thing, without in the least changing its physical substance' could become His Body. Christ's Body in the Eucharist is not physical flesh.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLossky1969">Lossky 1969</a>, p. 87<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLossky1969 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English" title="Against Henry, King of the English">Against Henry, King of the English</a></i>, Luther criticized a perceived use of the <a href="/wiki/Proof_by_assertion" title="Proof by assertion">proof by assertion</a> and a reliance on style over substance in the <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica#Structure" title="Summa Theologica">Thomist form of disputation</a>, which he alleged as being, "It seems so to me. I think so. I believe so." Luther also argued that the Thomist method led to shallowness among theological debates in England at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomism was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i> (1946). Neo-Thomism has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic modernists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrell</a> and by supporters of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church#Nature_of_theology" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church § Nature of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Davies_(philosopher)" title="Brian Davies (philosopher)">Brian Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Leftow" title="Brian Leftow">Brian Leftow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thomist_writers_(13th%E2%80%9318th_centuries)" title="List of Thomist writers (13th–18th centuries)">List of Thomist writers (13th–18th centuries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thomist" title="The Thomist">The Thomist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_sacramental_theology" title="Thomistic sacramental theology">Thomistic sacramental theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_Institute" title="Thomistic Institute">Thomistic Institute</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/doctoris.htm">"Doctoris Angelici"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110620/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/doctoris.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctoris+Angelici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaritain.nd.edu%2Fjmc%2Fetext%2Fdoctoris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 25 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1085.htm#article2"><i>Summa</i>, I, Q.85, art.2.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405221811/https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1085.htm">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Some have asserted that our intellectual faculties know only the impression made on them; as, for example, that sense is cognizant only of the impression made on its own organ. According to this theory, the intellect understands only its own impression, namely, the intelligible species which it has received, so that this species is what is understood. This is, however, manifestly false for two reasons [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1084.htm#article7"><i>Summa Theologiæ</i>, Q.84, art.7.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029234148/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1084.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, where the <i>sed contra</i> is only a quote from Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/De_anima" class="mw-redirect" title="De anima">De anima</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1006.htm#article4">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.6, art.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204142644/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1006.htm#article4">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.6%2C+art.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1006.htm%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm"><i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 67–68.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Although everyone admits the simplicity of the First Cause, some try to introduce a composition of matter and form in the intelligences and in souls... But this is not in agreement with what philosophers commonly say, because they call them substances separated from matter, and prove them to be without all matter."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/ContraGentiles2.htm#91">"<i>Summa contra Gentiles</i>, II, chp. 91"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228235648/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/ContraGentiles2.htm#91">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa+contra+Gentiles%2C+II%2C+chp.+91&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FContraGentiles2.htm%2391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSproul,_R.C.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul" title="R. C. Sproul">Sproul, R.C.</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renewingyourmind0000spro/page/33"><i>Renewing Your Mind: Basic Christian Beliefs You Need to Know</i></a></span>. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renewingyourmind0000spro/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5815-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-5815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewing+Your+Mind%3A+Basic+Christian+Beliefs+You+Need+to+Know&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-5815-8&rft.au=Sproul%2C+R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenewingyourmind0000spro%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rationalanimal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rationalanimal_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rationalanimal_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm">"<i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 37"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ente+et+Essentia%2C+37&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FDeEnte%26Essentia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm"><i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 83.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "And this is why substances of this sort are said by some to be composed of "that by which it is" and "that which is", or as Boethius says, of "that which is" and "existence.""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-definitionofbeing-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-definitionofbeing_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-definitionofbeing_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article4"><i>Summa</i>, I, Q.3, art.4.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160402/http://newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm">Archived</a> 9 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Therefore, if the existence of a thing differs from its essence, this existence must be caused either by some exterior agent or by its essential principles."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm">"<i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 17"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ente+et+Essentia%2C+17&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FDeEnte%26Essentia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm">"<i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 110"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ente+et+Essentia%2C+110&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FDeEnte%26Essentia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> "And because accidents are not composed of matter and form, their genus cannot be taken from matter and their difference from form, as in the case of composed substances."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05543b.htm">"Aveling, Francis. "Essence and Existence." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 4 Nov. 2009"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 May 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011221713/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05543b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aveling%2C+Francis.+%22Essence+and+Existence.%22+The+Catholic+Encyclopedia.+Vol.+5.+New+York%3A+Robert+Appleton+Company%2C+1909.+4+Nov.+2009&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1909-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05543b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm">"<i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 18"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ente+et+Essentia%2C+18&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FDeEnte%26Essentia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1075.htm#article5"><i>Summa</i>, I, Q.75, art.5.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119083516/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1075.htm">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The meaning of this sentence can be altered depending on how the Latin word used in this sentence, "materiæ", is translated into English. An alternate rendering of this sentence is "The form causes matter <i>to be what it is</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm">"<i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 40"</a>. Dhspriory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219234241/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ente+et+Essentia%2C+40&rft.pub=Dhspriory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FDeEnte%26Essentia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soul-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soul_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soul_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Aristotelian and Thomist definition of the "soul" does not refer to spirit, but is perhaps better translated as "life force." Hence, plants have souls in the sense that they are living beings. The human soul is unique in that it has consciousness. Cf. <i><a href="/wiki/De_anima" class="mw-redirect" title="De anima">De anima</a></i>, Bk. I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm">"<i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 14"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ente+et+Essentia%2C+14&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FDeEnte%26Essentia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DePrincNaturae.htm"><i>De Principiis Naturæ</i>, 5.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916155648/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DePrincNaturae.htm">Archived</a> 16 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "But, just as everything which is in potency can be called matter, so also everything from which something has existence whether that existence be substantial or accidental, can be called form; for example man, since he is white in potency, becomes actually white through whiteness, and sperm, since it is man in potency, becomes actually man through the soul."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/QDdeVer1.htm">"<i>De veritate</i>, Q.1"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090424063600/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/QDdeVer1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+veritate%2C+Q.1&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FQDdeVer1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm#article3"><i>Summa</i>, I, Q.2, art.3.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428053715/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm">Archived</a> 28 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The third way is taken from possibility and necessity, and runs thus..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summa,_I,_Q.44,_art.1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1044.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.44, art.1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105100607/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1044.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.44%2C+art.1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1044.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Metaphysics5.htm">"St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on the <i>Metaphysics</i>, Bk. V, 1015a 20-1015b 15, §840"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Thomas+Aquinas%27s+commentary+on+the+Metaphysics%2C+Bk.+V%2C+1015a+20-1015b+15%2C+%C2%A7840&rft.pub=Dhspriory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FMetaphysics5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Metaphysics2.htm#3">"St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on the Metaphysics, Bk. II, 994a 11-994b 9"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Thomas+Aquinas%27s+commentary+on+the+Metaphysics%2C+Bk.+II%2C+994a+11-994b+9&rft.pub=Dhspriory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FMetaphysics2.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles2.htm#15">"<i>Summa contra Gentiles</i>, II, chp.15"</a>. <i>dhspriory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903045031/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles2.htm#15">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dhspriory.org&rft.atitle=Summa+contra+Gentiles%2C+II%2C+chp.15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FContraGentiles2.htm%2315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2001.htm#article4">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.1, art.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105095827/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2001.htm#article4">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.1%2C+art.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2001.htm%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Richard. "Bonaventure and the Arguments for the Impossibility of an Infinite Temporal Regression", <i>American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly</i> 70, no. 3 (Summer 1996): pp. 361–380. Poiesis: Philosophy Online, EBSCOhost (Retrieved 13 April 2010): 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1046.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.46, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160407/http://newadvent.org/summa/1046.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.46%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1046.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeEternitateMundi.htm">"<i>De aeternitate mundi</i>"</a>. Dhspriory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204111751/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeEternitateMundi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+aeternitate+mundi&rft.pub=Dhspriory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FDeEternitateMundi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Ethics1.htm">"<i>Nicomachean Ethics</i>, Bk. I, Chp. I, 1094a4"</a>. Dhspriory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001211100/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Ethics1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicomachean+Ethics%2C+Bk.+I%2C+Chp.+I%2C+1094a4&rft.pub=Dhspriory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FEthics1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1302.htm"><i>Enchridion</i>, chp. 11.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109103333/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1302.htm">Archived</a> 9 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Ethics1.htm#1">"St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on the <i>Nicomachean Ethics</i>, Bk. I, Lec. I, §10"</a>. Dhspriory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001211100/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Ethics1.htm#1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Thomas+Aquinas%27s+commentary+on+the+Nicomachean+Ethics%2C+Bk.+I%2C+Lec.+I%2C+%C2%A710&rft.pub=Dhspriory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FEthics1.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles3a.htm#18">"<i>Summa Contra Gentiles</i>, III, Q.18"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa+Contra+Gentiles%2C+III%2C+Q.18&rft.pub=Dhspriory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FContraGentiles3a.htm%2318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godisgood-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godisgood_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godisgood_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1006.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I., Q.6., art.2 & 3"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204142644/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1006.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I.%2C+Q.6.%2C+art.2+%26+3&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2026.htm#article4">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.26, art.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109213721/http://newadvent.org/summa/2026.htm#article4">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.26%2C+art.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2026.htm%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1john/1john4.htm">"1 John 4:8"</a>. Usccb.org. 13 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110731155725/http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1john/1john4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+John+4%3A8&rft.pub=Usccb.org&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fnab%2Fbible%2F1john%2F1john4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-God_is_love-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-God_is_love_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-God_is_love_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1020.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.20, art.1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115172453/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1020.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.20%2C+art.1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1020.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428053715/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c1.htm">CCC 34.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926223727/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c1.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aquinas offers more metaphysical explanations for the existence of God in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm">De Ente et Essentia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> and elsewhere, though the <i>Quinquae viae</i> are the most well-known and most commonly analyzed among these.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles3a.htm#10"><i>Summa Contra Gentiles</i>, Bk. III, Q.10.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007222742/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles3a.htm">Archived</a> 7 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Thus, it is... that evil is only caused by good accidentally."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1049.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.49, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109155603/http://newadvent.org/summa/1049.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.49%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1049.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.3, art.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160402/http://newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.3%2C+art.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1013.htm#article11">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.13, art.11"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120065531/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1013.htm#article11">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.13%2C+art.11&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1013.htm%23article11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.13, art. 1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160402/http://newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.13%2C+art.+1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1003.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article6">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.13, art. 6"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160402/http://newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article6">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.13%2C+art.+6&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1003.htm%23article6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article7">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.13, art. 7"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160402/http://newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article7">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.13%2C+art.+7&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1003.htm%23article7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1004.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I., Q.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109155637/http://newadvent.org/summa/1004.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I.%2C+Q.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1007.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I., Q.7"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109163652/http://newadvent.org/summa/1007.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I.%2C+Q.7&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1025.htm#article3">"<i>Summa</i>, I., Q.25, art.3"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121213839/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1025.htm#article3">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I.%2C+Q.25%2C+art.3&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1025.htm%23article3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omniscience-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omniscience_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omniscience_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1014.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.14, arts. 5, 6, & 9"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162047/http://newadvent.org/summa/1014.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.14%2C+arts.+5%2C+6%2C+%26+9&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godishappiness-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godishappiness_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godishappiness_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2003.htm#article1"><i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.3, art.1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312035235/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2003.htm">Archived</a> 12 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "God is happiness by His Essence."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godisknowledge-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godisknowledge_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godisknowledge_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1014.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.14, art. 4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162047/http://newadvent.org/summa/1014.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.14%2C+art.+4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1008.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I., Q.8"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109163509/http://newadvent.org/summa/1008.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I.%2C+Q.8&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1009.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, I., Q.9"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109161542/http://newadvent.org/summa/1009.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I.%2C+Q.9&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1010.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, I., Q.10, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084320/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1010.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I.%2C+Q.10%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1010.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summa Theologiae I, Q. 12, art. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summa Contra Gentiles III, chap. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/ContraGentiles1.htm#30"><i>Summa contra Gentiles</i>, Bk. I, chp. 30.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228055614/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/ContraGentiles1.htm">Archived</a> 28 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "For we cannot grasp what God is, but only what He is not and how other things are related to Him, as is clear from what we said above."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1001.htm#article9">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.1, art.9"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123045429/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1001.htm#article9">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.1%2C+art.9&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1001.htm%23article9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm"><i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 24.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "It is clear, therefore, that the essence of man and the essence of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> do not differ, except as the non-designated from the designated. Whence <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">the Commentator</a> says in his considerations on the seventh book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> that "Socrates is nothing other than animality and rationality, which are his <i><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">quiddity</a></i>.""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte&Essentia.htm"><i>De Ente et Essentia</i>, 33.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126104033/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeEnte%26Essentia.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The difference, on the contrary, is a name taken from a determinate form, and taken in a determinate way, i.e. as not including a determinate matter in its meaning. This is clear, for example, when we say animated, i.e., that which has a soul; for what it is, whether a body or something other, is not expressed. Whence <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sīnā</a> says that the genus is not understood in the difference as a part of its essence, but only as something outside its essence, as the subject also is understood in its properties. And this is why the genus is not predicated essentially of the difference, as the Philosopher says in the third book of the Metaphysics and in the fourth book of the Topics, but only in the way in which a subject is predicated of its property."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeAnima.htm">St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on <i>De anima</i>, Bk. I, 402a1–403b2, §1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404042737/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeAnima.htm">Archived</a> 4 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Now living beings taken all together form a certain class of being; hence in studying them the first thing to do is to consider what living things have in common, and afterwards what each has peculiar to itself. What they have in common is a life-principle or soul; in this they are all alike. In conveying knowledge, therefore, about living things one must first convey it about the soul as that which is common to them all. Thus when Aristotle sets out to treat of living things, he begins with the soul; after which, in subsequent books, he defines the properties of particular living beings."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1075.htm#article6">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.75, art.6"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119083516/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1075.htm#article6">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.75%2C+art.6&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1075.htm%23article6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2003.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.3, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109063700/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2003.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.3%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2003.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/Ethics1.htm#10">St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on <i>Nicomachean Ethics</i>, Lec. 10, §130.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060713/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/Ethics1.htm">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Aquinas further says that "it is clear that happiness is a virtue-oriented activity proper to man in a complete life."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2003.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.3, art.1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109063700/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2003.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.3%2C+art.1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2003.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1994" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Jean (1994). <i>The Recovery of Virtue</i>. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 109–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recovery+of+Virtue&rft.place=London&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2062.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.62, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109214542/http://newadvent.org/summa/2062.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.62%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2062.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2109.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.109, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113214919/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2109.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.109%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2109.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2109.htm#article10">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q. 109, art.10"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113214919/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2109.htm#article10">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.+109%2C+art.10&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2109.htm%23article10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2005.htm#article3"><i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.5, art.3.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021152708/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2005.htm">Archived</a> 21 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "First, from the general notion of happiness. For since happiness is a "perfect and sufficient good", it excludes every evil, and fulfils every desire. But in this life every evil cannot be excluded."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2005.htm#article1"><i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.5, art.1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021152708/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2005.htm">Archived</a> 21 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Happiness is the attainment of the Perfect Good... And therefore man can attain Happiness. This can be proved again from the fact that man is capable of seeing God, [which] man's perfect Happiness consists."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5093.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, supp., Q.93, art.1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115002919/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5093.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+supp.%2C+Q.93%2C+art.1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F5093.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2005.htm#article5">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.5, art.5"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109213956/http://newadvent.org/summa/2005.htm#article5">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.5%2C+art.5&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2005.htm%23article5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2022.htm#article3">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.22, art.3"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109221323/http://newadvent.org/summa/2022.htm#article3">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.22%2C+art.3&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2022.htm%23article3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2034.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.34., art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084650/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2034.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.34.%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2034.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2002.htm#article6">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.2, art.6"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204143359/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2002.htm#article6">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.2%2C+art.6&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2002.htm%23article6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2024.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.24, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109215138/http://newadvent.org/summa/2024.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.24%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2024.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2024.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.24, art.1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109215138/http://newadvent.org/summa/2024.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.24%2C+art.1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2024.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2024.htm#article4">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.24, art.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109215138/http://newadvent.org/summa/2024.htm#article4">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.24%2C+art.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2024.htm%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3036.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, II-II, Q.36"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110162024/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3036.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-II%2C+Q.36&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F3036.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2018.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.18, art.3 & 10"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110152607/http://newadvent.org/summa/2018.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.18%2C+art.3+%26+10&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2019.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.19, art.1 & 2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103035315/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2019.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.19%2C+art.1+%26+2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2019.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/QDdeVer23.htm#7">"<i>De veritate</i>, Q. 23, art.7"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503051728/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/QDdeVer23.htm#7">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+veritate%2C+Q.+23%2C+art.7&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FQDdeVer23.htm%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2090.htm#article4">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.90, art.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102163652/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2090.htm#article4">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.90%2C+art.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2090.htm%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2093.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.93, art. 1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109212726/http://newadvent.org/summa/2093.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.93%2C+art.+1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2093.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> cites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/bible/rom002.htm">Romans 2:14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029200412/http://www.newadvent.org/bible/rom002.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> authoritatively on the definition of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2091.htm#article2"><i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.91, art.2.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704182120/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2091.htm">Archived</a> 4 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2095.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.95, art.1"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109214550/http://newadvent.org/summa/2095.htm#article1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.95%2C+art.1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2095.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2091.htm#article4"><i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.91, art.4.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704182120/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2091.htm">Archived</a> 4 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "By the natural law the eternal law is participated proportionately to the capacity of human nature. But to his supernatural end man needs to be directed in a yet higher way. Hence the additional law given by God, whereby man shares more perfectly in the eternal law."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_06081993_veritatis-splendor_en.html"><i>Veritatis splendor</i>, 12.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027082206/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_06081993_veritatis-splendor_en.html">Archived</a> 27 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/TenCommandments.htm#0">"St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on the Ten Commandments, prologue, sec. 'A fourfold law'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915183817/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/TenCommandments.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Thomas+Aquinas%27s+commentary+on+the+Ten+Commandments%2C+prologue%2C+sec.+%27A+fourfold+law%27&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FTenCommandments.htm%230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2098.htm">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.98, art.1 & 4–5"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109221104/http://newadvent.org/summa/2098.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.98%2C+art.1+%26+4%E2%80%935&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2098.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2107.htm#article2">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.107, art.2"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109213057/http://newadvent.org/summa/2107.htm#article2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.107%2C+art.2&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2107.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2106.htm#article4">"<i>Summa</i>, II-I, Q.106, art.4"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507202946/http://newadvent.org/summa/2106.htm#article4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+II-I%2C+Q.106%2C+art.4&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2106.htm%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ott" title="Ludwig Ott">Ludwig Ott</a>, Grundriss der Dogmatik, nova & vetera, Bonn 2005, IV/I § 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/QDdeVer2.htm#3">"<i>De veritate</i>, Q.2, art.3, answer 19"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503051708/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/QDdeVer2.htm#3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106040340/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1016.htm#article6">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.16%2C+art.6&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1016.htm%23article6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeAnima.htm#212">"<i>De anima</i>, Bk. II, Chp. V, 417b18–418a25"</a>. Op-stjoseph.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107031219/http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeAnima.htm#212">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+anima%2C+Bk.+II%2C+Chp.+V%2C+417b18%E2%80%93418a25&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FDeAnima.htm%23212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1084.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.84, art.1"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.84%2C+art.7&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1084.htm%23article7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op-stjoseph.org/Students/study/thomas/DeAnima.htm#37">"St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on <i>De anima</i>, §688"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Thomas+Aquinas%27s+commentary+on+De+anima%2C+%C2%A7688&rft.pub=Op-stjoseph.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op-stjoseph.org%2FStudents%2Fstudy%2Fthomas%2FDeAnima.htm%2337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1084.htm#article8">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.84, art.8"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.84%2C+art.8&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1084.htm%23article8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW_Julian_Korab-Karpowicz2015" class="citation book cs1">W Julian Korab-Karpowicz (2015). <i>On the History of Political Philosophy: Great Political Thinkers from Thucydides to Locke</i>. Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317346012" title="Special:BookSources/9781317346012"><bdi>9781317346012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+History+of+Political+Philosophy%3A+Great+Political+Thinkers+from+Thucydides+to+Locke&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317346012&rft.au=W+Julian+Korab-Karpowicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCessarioO._P.2005" class="citation book cs1">Cessario, Romanus; O. P., Romanus (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorythom00cess"><i>A Short History of Thomism</i></a></span>. CUA Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorythom00cess/page/n55">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813213866" title="Special:BookSources/9780813213866"><bdi>9780813213866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Thomism&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780813213866&rft.aulast=Cessario&rft.aufirst=Romanus&rft.au=O.+P.%2C+Romanus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistorythom00cess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-de-la-Mare">"William De La Mare | English Philosopher, Medieval Scholar & Theologian | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=William+De+La+Mare+%26%23124%3B+English+Philosopher%2C+Medieval+Scholar+%26+Theologian+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWilliam-de-la-Mare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinson1995" class="citation book cs1">Hinson, E. 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Early Thomistic School. Dubuque, IA: Priory Press, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095501926">"Bernard of Auvergne"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095501926">10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095501926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Bernard+of+Auvergne&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095501926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095501926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/gsas/phil/klima/TS.htm">"Gyula Klima, <i>Thomas of Sutton on the Nature of the Intellective Soul and the Thomistic Theory of Being</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gyula+Klima%2C+Thomas+of+Sutton+on+the+Nature+of+the+Intellective+Soul+and+the+Thomistic+Theory+of+Being&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fgsas%2Fphil%2Fklima%2FTS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decline-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decline_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decline_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kennedy, Daniel (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Thomism">"Thomism" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> "Gradually, however, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there came a decline in the study of the works of the great Scholastics."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hprweb.com/2013/12/looking-back-at-humani-generis/">"Looking Back at "Humani Generis"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Homiletic_%26_Pastoral_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Homiletic & Pastoral Review">Homiletic & Pastoral Review</a></i>. 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homiletic+%26+Pastoral+Review&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+%22Humani+Generis%22&rft.date=2013-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hprweb.com%2F2013%2F12%2Flooking-back-at-humani-generis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II" class="citation web cs1">John Paul II. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_15101998_fides-et-ratio_en.html">"<i>Fides et ratio</i>, 49"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126183043/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_15101998_fides-et-ratio_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fides+et+ratio%2C+49&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.au=John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_15101998_fides-et-ratio_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article7">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.3, art. 7"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160402/http://newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article7">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.3%2C+art.+7&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1003.htm%23article7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222131511/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/104601.htm#article1">"<i>Summa</i>, I, Q.46., art.1"</a>. Newadvent.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/104601.htm#article1">the original</a> on 22 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa%2C+I%2C+Q.46.%2C+art.1&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F104601.htm%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(Friedlander)" class="extiw" title="s:The Guide for the Perplexed (Friedlander)">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i>, (I:2,15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927202339/http://domcentral.org/blog/the-revival-of-thomism-an-historical-survey-weisheipl/">"The Dominican Friars of the Province of St. Albert the Great » "The Revival of Thomism: An Historical Survey" (James Weisheipl)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domcentral.org/blog/the-revival-of-thomism-an-historical-survey-weisheipl/">the original</a> on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dominican+Friars+of+the+Province+of+St.+Albert+the+Great+%C2%BB+%22The+Revival+of+Thomism%3A+An+Historical+Survey%22+%28James+Weisheipl%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomcentral.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-revival-of-thomism-an-historical-survey-weisheipl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> "The Revival of Thomism: An Historical Survey, ” James Weisheipl, 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Haldane, 1998. "Thomism". In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved 18 August 2013, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/N067">http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/N067</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Short History of Thomism</i>, Catholic University of America Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roensch1964-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roensch1964_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_J._Roensch1964" class="citation book cs1">Frederick J. Roensch (1 January 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v0lDAAAAIAAJ"><i>Early Thomistic school</i></a>. Priory Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780840120410" title="Special:BookSources/9780840120410"><bdi>9780840120410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Thomistic+school&rft.pub=Priory+Press&rft.date=1964-01-01&rft.isbn=9780840120410&rft.au=Frederick+J.+Roensch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0lDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham2012" class="citation web cs1">Upham, Christopher (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326093.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195326093-e-39">"The Influence of Aquinas"</a>. <i>Oxford Handbooks</i>. Oxford 2012. pp. 511–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195326093.013.0039">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326093.013.0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195326093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195326093"><bdi>978-0195326093</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Aquinas&rft.pages=511-532&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195326093.013.0039&rft.isbn=978-0195326093&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195326093.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780195326093-e-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leon2013-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leon2013_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_M._Leon2013" class="citation book cs1">Sharon M. Leon (5 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BDmuuAe3gcC&pg=PA21"><i>An Image of God: The Catholic Struggle with Eugenics</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03898-8"><bdi>978-0-226-03898-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Image+of+God%3A+The+Catholic+Struggle+with+Eugenics&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03898-8&rft.au=Sharon+M.+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BDmuuAe3gcC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.saintwiki.com/index.php?title=Hinnebusch/The_Dominicans:_A_Short_History/Chapter_IX">http://www.saintwiki.com/index.php?title=Hinnebusch/The_Dominicans:_A_Short_History/Chapter_IX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120036/http://www.saintwiki.com/index.php?title=Hinnebusch%2FThe_Dominicans%3A_A_Short_History%2FChapter_IX">Archived</a> 17 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 30 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3407709691/roselli-salvatore-maria.html">"Roselli, Salvatore Maria - New Catholic Encyclopedia | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117181442/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3407709691/roselli-salvatore-maria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roselli%2C+Salvatore+Maria+-+New+Catholic+Encyclopedia+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farticle-1G2-3407709691%2Froselli-salvatore-maria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span>, <i>Roselli, Salvatore Maria</i>, New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2003, Roensch, F. J.: "...he furnished the basis for the Thomistic reconstruction of the 19th century; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholasticon.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Database/Scholastiques_fr.php?ID=1101">"Roselli, Salvatore Maria - Scholasticon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208161010/http://scholasticon.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Database/Scholastiques_fr.php?ID=1101">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roselli%2C+Salvatore+Maria+-+Scholasticon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholasticon.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr%2FDatabase%2FScholastiques_fr.php%3FID%3D1101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 7 August 2015; <i>Scholasticon</i> calls Roselli "l'un des principaux ancêtres du néo-thomisme du XIXe siècle. Accessed 28 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Revival of Thomism: An Historical Survey", James Weisheipl, 1962 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927202339/http://domcentral.org/blog/the-revival-of-thomism-an-historical-survey-weisheipl/">"The Dominican Friars of the Province of St. Albert the Great » "The Revival of Thomism: An Historical Survey" (James Weisheipl)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domcentral.org/blog/the-revival-of-thomism-an-historical-survey-weisheipl/">the original</a> on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dominican+Friars+of+the+Province+of+St.+Albert+the+Great+%C2%BB+%22The+Revival+of+Thomism%3A+An+Historical+Survey%22+%28James+Weisheipl%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomcentral.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-revival-of-thomism-an-historical-survey-weisheipl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 30 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feser-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feser_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeser,_Edward2009" class="citation web cs1">Feser, Edward (15 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2009/10/thomistic-tradition-part-i.html">"The Thomistic tradition (Part 1)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129133527/http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2009/10/thomistic-tradition-part-i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thomistic+tradition+%28Part+1%29&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.au=Feser%2C+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedwardfeser.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fthomistic-tradition-part-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., Thomas Aquinas (1952), edd., Walter Farrell, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Master of Sacred Theology">STM</a>, and Martin J. Healy, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Doctor of Sacred Theology">STD</a>, <i>My Way of Life: Pocket Edition of St. Thomas—The Summa Simplified for Everyone</i>, Brooklyn, NY: Confraternity of the Precious Blood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La nozione Metafisica di Participazione</i>, Cornelio Fabro, Preface to the second edition, 5; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/90016006/Fabro-La-Nozione-Metafisica-Di-Partecipazione">https://www.scribd.com/doc/90016006/Fabro-La-Nozione-Metafisica-Di-Partecipazione</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Accessed 30 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Feser2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> (15 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2009/10/thomistic-tradition-part-i.html">"The Thomistic tradition, Part I"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129133527/http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2009/10/thomistic-tradition-part-i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thomistic+tradition%2C+Part+I&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.au=Edward+Feser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedwardfeser.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fthomistic-tradition-part-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 27 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sofia-vanni-rovighi_(Dizionario-di-filosofia)/">"Vanni Rovighi, Sofia in "Dizionario di filosofia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004001024/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sofia-vanni-rovighi_(Dizionario-di-filosofia)/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanni+Rovighi%2C+Sofia+in+%22Dizionario+di+filosofia%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fsofia-vanni-rovighi_%28Dizionario-di-filosofia%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 17 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-giacon_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">"GIACON, Carlo in "Dizionario Biografico"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004001026/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-giacon_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GIACON%2C+Carlo+in+%22Dizionario+Biografico%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fcarlo-giacon_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 9 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istitutotomistico.it/risorse/testi_arca.htm">"Istituto Filosofico di Studi Tomistici"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927140929/http://www.istitutotomistico.it/risorse/testi_arca.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istituto+Filosofico+di+Studi+Tomistici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istitutotomistico.it%2Frisorse%2Ftesti_arca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 5 Sept. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Raffaele Rizzello’s "Il Progetto Tommaso", in <i>Vita quaerens intellectum</i>, eds. Giacomo Grasso and Stefano Serafini, Millennium Romae, Rome 1999, pp. 157–161. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013141/http://www.phmae.it/rec35.htm">"S. Serafini - G. Grasso - Vita quaerens intellectum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phmae.it/rec35.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+Serafini+-+G.+Grasso+-+Vita+quaerens+intellectum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phmae.it%2Frec35.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 5 Sept. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-segr-did2.fmag.unict.it-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segr-did2.fmag.unict.it_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segr-did2.fmag.unict.it_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://segr-did2.fmag.unict.it/~polphil/polphil/Cracow/Cracow.html">"The Cracow Circle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313094322/http://segr-did2.fmag.unict.it/~polphil/polphil/Cracow/Cracow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cracow+Circle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsegr-did2.fmag.unict.it%2F~polphil%2Fpolphil%2FCracow%2FCracow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 15 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bocheński and Balance: System and History in Analytic Philosophy", Peter Simons, <i>Studies in East European Thought</i> 55 (2003), 281–297, Reprinted in: Edgar Morscher, Otto Neumaier and Peter Simons, <i>Ein Philosoph mit "Bodenhaftung": Zu Leben und Werk von Joseph M. Bocheński</i>. St.Augustin: Academia, 2011, 61–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilson wrote about the topic of <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">faith and reason</a> in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/gilson/">chapter of his book <i>Le Thomisme</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082527/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/gilson/">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairweather1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E.R._Fairweather" title="E.R. Fairweather">Fairweather, E.R.</a> (1952). "The Mystery of New Being". <i><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Theological_Review" title="Anglican Theological Review">Anglican Theological Review</a></i>. <b>34</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+New+Being&rft.volume=34&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Fairweather&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouse2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.D._Crouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.D. Crouse (page does not exist)">Crouse, Robert D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/215266116">"In Memoriam Eugene Rathbone Fairweather"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Theological_Review" title="Anglican Theological Review">Anglican Theological Review</a></i>. <b>85</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3286">0003-3286</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/215266116">215266116</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam+Eugene+Rathbone+Fairweather&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0003-3286&rft.aulast=Crouse&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F215266116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/canada/erfairweather/reynolds2004.html">"A Celebration of Eugene Rathbone Fairweather"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Canterbury" title="Project Canterbury">Project Canterbury</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Canterbury&rft.atitle=A+Celebration+of+Eugene+Rathbone+Fairweather&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fcanada%2Ferfairweather%2Freynolds2004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/riverforest/">The natural sciences are epistemologically first.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605084141/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/riverforest/">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" contains an excerpt from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_Ashley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Benedict Ashley</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://undpress.nd.edu/book/P01080"><i>The Way toward Wisdom: An Interdisciplinary and Contextual Introduction to Metaphysics</i></a>. Houston: University of Notre Dame Press for the Center of Thomistic Studies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609421317">609421317</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404122319/http://undpress.nd.edu/book/P01080">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+toward+Wisdom%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+and+Contextual+Introduction+to+Metaphysics&rft.place=Houston&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press+for+the+Center+of+Thomistic+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609421317&rft.au=Benedict+Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fundpress.nd.edu%2Fbook%2FP01080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span> comparing this chief thesis of River Forest Thomism to the objections from Lawrence Dewan, O.P.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Weisheipl, James Patrick Athanasius", in <i>The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers</i>(2005), New York: Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeser2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser, Edward</a> (2 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2015/03/william-wallace-op-1918-2015.html">"William Wallace, OP (1918-2015)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Wallace%2C+OP+%281918-2015%29&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.aulast=Feser&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedwardfeser.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F03%2Fwilliam-wallace-op-1918-2015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a River Forest Dominican Collection at the <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> Center, at the University of Notre Dame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://maritain.nd.edu">http://maritain.nd.edu</a> . Accessed 2020 April 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an excellent introduction to River Forest Thomism, see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_Ashley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Benedict Ashley</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://undpress.nd.edu/book/P01080"><i>The Way toward Wisdom: An Interdisciplinary and Contextual Introduction to Metaphysics</i></a>. Houston: University of Notre Dame Press for the Center of Thomistic Studies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609421317">609421317</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404122319/http://undpress.nd.edu/book/P01080">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+toward+Wisdom%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+and+Contextual+Introduction+to+Metaphysics&rft.place=Houston&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press+for+the+Center+of+Thomistic+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609421317&rft.au=Benedict+Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fundpress.nd.edu%2Fbook%2FP01080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_AshleyRaymond_James_Long1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Benedict Ashley</a>; Raymond James Long (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1inXI59EQkC&pg=PA1">"The River Forest School and the Philosophy of Nature Today"</a>. <i>Philosophy and the God of Abraham: essays in memory of James A. Weisheipl, OP</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888448125" title="Special:BookSources/9780888448125"><bdi>9780888448125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+River+Forest+School+and+the+Philosophy+of+Nature+Today&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+the+God+of+Abraham%3A+essays+in+memory+of+James+A.+Weisheipl%2C+OP&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780888448125&rft.au=Benedict+Ashley&rft.au=Raymond+James+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1inXI59EQkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jaroszynski-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaroszynski_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310194904/http://www.hyoomik.com/lublin/jarosz1.html">"A Brief Overview of Lublin Thomism"</a>. Hyoomik.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyoomik.com/lublin/jarosz1.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Overview+of+Lublin+Thomism&rft.pub=Hyoomik.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyoomik.com%2Flublin%2Fjarosz1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feser2-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feser2_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Feser2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> (18 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2009/10/thomistic-tradition-part-ii.html">"The Thomistic tradition, Part II"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129012252/http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2009/10/thomistic-tradition-part-ii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thomistic+tradition%2C+Part+II&rft.date=2009-10-18&rft.au=Edward+Feser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedwardfeser.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fthomistic-tradition-part-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Analytical_Thomism_Intro.pdf">The introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526201136/https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Analytical_Thomism_Intro.pdf">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61211285">Paterson & Pugh's book on Analytical Thomism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404000911/http://www.worldcat.org/title/analytical-thomism-traditions-in-dialogue/oclc/61211285">Archived</a> 4 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is available gratis online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaxxine.com/hyoomik/aquinas/theses.eht"><i>Postquam sanctissimus</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810225643/http://www.vaxxine.com/hyoomik/aquinas/theses.eht">Archived</a> 10 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Latin with English translation See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/24Thomisticpart2.htm">P. Lumbreras's commentary on the 24 Thomistic Theses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055456/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/24Thomisticpart2.htm">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Edward (1996). <i>The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56762-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56762-9"><bdi>0-521-56762-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Modern+Science+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Their+Religious%2C+Institutional%2C+and+Intellectual+Contexts&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56762-9&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2022" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Norman (1 September 2022). <i>Gregory Palamas: The Hesychast Controversy and the Debate with Islam</i>. Liverpool University Press. pp. 413–415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1802077476" title="Special:BookSources/978-1802077476"><bdi>978-1802077476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+Palamas%3A+The+Hesychast+Controversy+and+the+Debate+with+Islam&rft.pages=413-415&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1802077476&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/lutherania/against_henry.html">Martin Luther against Henry King of England</a> translated by the Rev. E. S. Buchanan, M.A., BSc New York: Charles A. Swift, 1928</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/theology/reality.htm"><i>Reality: A Synthesis of Thomistic Thought</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrigou-Lagrange2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://216.27.62.241/shop/réginald-garrigou-lagrange-op/the-essence-topicality-of-thomism/hardcover/product-21199740.html"><i>The Essence & Topicality of Thomism</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781304416186" title="Special:BookSources/9781304416186"><bdi>9781304416186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+%26+Topicality+of+Thomism&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781304416186&rft.aulast=Garrigou-Lagrange&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9ginald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F216.27.62.241%2Fshop%2Fr%C3%A9ginald-garrigou-lagrange-op%2Fthe-essence-topicality-of-thomism%2Fhardcover%2Fproduct-21199740.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/modernthomisticp01phil" class="extiw" title="iarchive:modernthomisticp01phil"><i>Modern Thomistic Philosophy</i></a> by Richard Percival Phillips, an introduction on the Thomistic philosophy of nature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Analytical_Thomism_Intro.pdf">Introductory chapter by Craig Paterson and Matthew Pugh on the development of Thomism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217171955/http://www.vaxxine.com/hyoomik/aquinas/theses.eht">The XXIV Theses of Thomistic Philosophy</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholastic.us.to/24Thomisticpart2.htm">commentary by P. Lumbreras, O.P.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/">Corpus Thomisticum</a> – Aquina's complete works</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003223/http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/bt/index.html">Bibliographia Thomistica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apronus.com/theology/thomas-aquinas-emulator">Thomas Aquinas Emulator Project</a>, research into the use of generative AI to emulate Thomas Aquinas for an interactive engagement with Thomism</li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Amerindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" 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title="Category:Philosophy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Aquinas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Aquinas" title="Template:Thomas Aquinas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Disputatae de Veritate">Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/60px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/90px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_corporis_mysterium" title="Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium">Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo" title="Tantum ergo">Tantum ergo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacris_solemniis" title="Sacris solemniis">Sacris solemniis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panis_angelicus" title="Panis angelicus">Panis angelicus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbum_supernum_prodiens" title="Verbum supernum prodiens">Verbum supernum prodiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_salutaris_hostia" title="O salutaris hostia">O salutaris hostia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_Essendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Actus Essendi">Actus Essendi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_sacramental_theology" title="Thomistic sacramental theology">View on the Sacraments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Canonization of Thomas Aquinas">Canonization of Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editio_Leonina" title="Editio Leonina">Editio Leonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_Dictionary" title="Thomas Aquinas Dictionary">Thomas Aquinas Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of works by Thomas Aquinas">List of works by Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_named_after_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of institutions named after Thomas Aquinas">Institutional namesakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Universities_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas">International Council of Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas_(Lipo_Memmi)" title="Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Lipo Memmi)">Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i> (1323 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas">The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i> (1631 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_St._Thomas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Temptation of St. Thomas (Velázquez)">Temptation of St. Thomas</a></i> (1632 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" 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href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a 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title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a 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being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protestantism#Other_Protestants" title="Protestantism">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Union of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Scranton" title="Union of Scranton">Union of Scranton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Independent_Catholic_denominations" title="List of Independent Catholic denominations">List of Independent Catholic denominations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin (or Roman) cross"><img alt="Latin (or Roman) cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/113px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/150px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> (1054)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378-1417)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a> (15th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> (16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism#History" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History of Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism#Theology" title="Protestantism">Protestant theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>*The Catholic Church also comprises the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-17T20:56:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T21:11:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4a\/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg","headline":"philosophical school based on the work of Thomas Aquinas"}</script> </body> </html>