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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaka_K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D" title="Tanaka Kōtarō – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanaka Kōtarō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%82%98%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%A0%ED%83%80%EB%A1%9C" title="다나카 고타로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다나카 고타로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%89)" title="كوتارو تاناكا (قاضى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوتارو تاناكا (قاضى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Tanaka_(jurist)" title="Kotaro Tanaka (jurist) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kotaro Tanaka (jurist)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E8%80%95%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E" title="田中耕太郎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="田中耕太郎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Танака, Котаро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танака, Котаро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Танака Котаро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Танака Котаро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E8%80%95%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E" title="田中耕太郎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="田中耕太郎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Kōtarō Tanaka</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">田中耕太郎</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TANAKA_Kotaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/TANAKA_Kotaro.jpg/220px-TANAKA_Kotaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/TANAKA_Kotaro.jpg/330px-TANAKA_Kotaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/TANAKA_Kotaro.jpg/440px-TANAKA_Kotaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1357" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, 1955</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Japan">Chief Justice of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 3, 1950 – October 25, 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tadahiko_Mibuchi" title="Tadahiko Mibuchi">Tadahiko Mibuchi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kisaburo_Yokota" title="Kisaburo Yokota">Kisaburo Yokota</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Minister of Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 22, 1946 – January 31, 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoshishige_Abe" title="Yoshishige Abe">Yoshishige Abe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seiichiro_Takahashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seiichiro Takahashi (page does not exist)">Seiichiro Takahashi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-10-25</span>)</span>October 25, 1890<br /><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">March 1, 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-03-01)</span> (aged 83)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mineko Matsumoto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dji_Matsumoto" title="Jōji Matsumoto">Jōji Matsumoto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(father-in-law)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">Tokyo Imperial University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kōtarō Tanaka</b> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">田中耕太郎</span></span>; 25 October 1890 – 1 March 1974) was a Japanese jurist, professor of law and politician who served as the last <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education">Minister of Education</a> of the Empire of Japan and the second postwar <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Japan">Chief Justice of Japan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanaka was born in <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, the eldest son of judge Tanaka Hideo, who had been born in <a href="/wiki/Takeo,_Saga" title="Takeo, Saga">Takeo, Saga</a>, in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Saga_Prefecture" title="Saga Prefecture">Saga Prefecture</a>. After completing secondary school in Niigata, he completed high school in Fukuoka and went on to the Imperial Naval Academy. In 1914, he enrolled at Tokyo Imperial University and passed the advanced civil service examinations. He graduated the following year with honours, and was awarded a silver watch from the <a href="/wiki/Taisho_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisho Emperor">Taisho Emperor</a>. He then worked at the Home Ministry until 1917, when he was appointed an assistant professor at Tokyo Imperial University. </p><p>Following studies in Europe and the United States, he was promoted to full professor of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a> at the university in 1923. The following year, he married Matsumoto Mineko, a devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> who converted him to Catholicism. He was baptized in April 1926 by Fr. William Hoffman, the first president of <a href="/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>. Subsequently, Tanaka endeavoured to discover positive meanings in national laws, which until then had been regarded as a necessary evil, also working on a "theory of world law." He received his Juris Doctor in 1929 and became dean of the faculty of law at Tokyo Imperial University. In 1941, he was elected as an imperial academician (predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy" title="Japan Academy">Japan Academy</a>). </p><p>In the final months of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Tanaka joined a group of Japanese intellectuals that sought peace with the Allies in opposition to Japan's militarist government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliamentarian">Parliamentarian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parliamentarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1945, Tanaka became the Director of Education in the Ministry of Education, and joined the first Yoshida cabinet the following May as the last <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education">Minister of Education</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a> in June of same year, shortly before its abolition. In 1947, he stood for election to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a> and won. Among the signatories of the new <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Constitution">Japanese Constitution</a>, he was instrumental in drafting the Basic Education Law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_Justice_of_Japan">Chief Justice of Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chief Justice of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After resigning his seat in 1950, Tanaka was appointed Chief Justice of Japan, serving until 1960. He was the first Christian to hold this position, and drew upon his international legal training to interpret the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japanese Constitution</a>. In 1950, during the first year of his term, he led a Japanese judicial delegation that visited the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanaka was a friend of U.S. ambassador <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur_II" title="Douglas MacArthur II">Douglas MacArthur II</a>. This friendship led to controversy after Tanaka presided over the Supreme Court's December 1959 decision in the "<a href="/wiki/Sunagawa_Struggle" title="Sunagawa Struggle">Sunagawa Case</a>," which ruled that <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution</a> did not preclude Japan from taking certain defensive measures, and enabled the ongoing <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">United States military presence in Japan</a> by refusing to clearly declare it constitutional or unconstitutional. It was later learned from declassified American diplomatic cables that Tanaka met with MacArthur several times to discuss the trial prior to issuing the ruling; the cables also indicated that Tanaka pressured his fellow justices to follow his position.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tokyo District Court upheld the Supreme Court's decision in 2016, refusing to allow a retrial.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanaka wrote the 1957 Supreme Court decision that banned the book <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a></i> in Japan on the basis that it offended public standards of decency.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Court_of_Justice">International Court of Justice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International Court of Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, Tanaka was appointed as a jurist on the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> at the Hague. During his time on the court, he participated in eight contentious cases and appended two joint declarations, two separate opinions and two dissenting opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanaka is today most remembered for his dissenting opinion in 1966 regarding the <a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South West Africa</a> cases, in which he supported the applicants' argument (rejected by the broader Court) that international legal norms prohibited the South African practice of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. Tanaka concluded that UN member states had "the legal obligation to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms." Writing in 1996, A.P. Vijapur described Tanaka's dissenting opinion as "probably the best exposition of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality</a> in existing literature."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanaka died in 1974 at St. Mary's Hospital in Tokyo, aged 83. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Culture" title="Order of Culture">Order of Culture</a> (3 November 1960)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (29 April 1964)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (29 April 1970)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a> (3 March 1974; posthumous)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_precedence">Order of precedence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Order of precedence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Senior second rank (3 March 1974; posthumous)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Order_of_Merit_for_Culture_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art">Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art</a> (1958)</li> <li>Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of the Federal Republic of Germany (1960)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/02/archives/kotaro-tanaka-japanese-jurist-exhead-of-supreme-court-diesserved-at.html">"Kotaro Tanaka, Japanese Jurist"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1974-03-02. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kotaro+Tanaka%2C+Japanese+Jurist&rft.date=1974-03-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F03%2F02%2Farchives%2Fkotaro-tanaka-japanese-jurist-exhead-of-supreme-court-diesserved-at.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D+Tanaka+%28judge%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/05/30/abe-looks-through-legal-loophole-for-collective-self-defence/">"Abe looks through legal loophole for collective self-defence"</a>. <i>East Asia Forum</i>. 2014-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=Abe+looks+through+legal+loophole+for+collective+self-defence&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasiaforum.org%2F2014%2F05%2F30%2Fabe-looks-through-legal-loophole-for-collective-self-defence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D+Tanaka+%28judge%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirano2016" class="citation news cs1">Hirano, Keiji (2016-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/02/national/politics-diplomacy/1957-sunagawa-base-incident-puts-spotlight-new-security-laws/">"1957 Sunagawa base incident puts spotlight on new security laws"</a>. <i>The Japan Times Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763">0447-5763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=1957+Sunagawa+base+incident+puts+spotlight+on+new+security+laws&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft.issn=0447-5763&rft.aulast=Hirano&rft.aufirst=Keiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F02%2Fnational%2Fpolitics-diplomacy%2F1957-sunagawa-base-incident-puts-spotlight-new-security-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D+Tanaka+%28judge%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160308/p2a/00m/0na/014000c">"Court rejects request for retrial over 1957 U.S. base trespassing incident"</a>. <i>Mainichi Daily News</i>. 2016-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mainichi+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Court+rejects+request+for+retrial+over+1957+U.S.+base+trespassing+incident&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmainichi.jp%2Fenglish%2Farticles%2F20160308%2Fp2a%2F00m%2F0na%2F014000c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D+Tanaka+%28judge%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedi2007" class="citation book cs1">Bedi, Shiv R.S. (2007). "Judge Tanaka and the Development of Human Rights Law". <i>The Development of Human Rights Law by the Judges of the International Court of Justice</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847313430" title="Special:BookSources/9781847313430"><bdi>9781847313430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judge+Tanaka+and+the+Development+of+Human+Rights+Law&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Human+Rights+Law+by+the+Judges+of+the+International+Court+of+Justice&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781847313430&rft.aulast=Bedi&rft.aufirst=Shiv+R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D+Tanaka+%28judge%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/138702497">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82146381">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00081674">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p158566025">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201401837">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273734905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00778087?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/178832820">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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