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<span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_dispersal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_dispersal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical dispersal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_dispersal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Cartesians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Cartesians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կարտեսականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարտեսականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartezian%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Karteziançılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karteziançılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianisme" title="Cartesianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartesianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianismus" title="Cartesianismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cartesianismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianismo" title="Cartesianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartesianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartesianismo" title="Kartesianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartesianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دکارت‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دکارت‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart%C3%A9sianisme" title="Cartésianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cartésianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="데카르트주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데카르트주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կարտեզիականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարտեզիականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="डेकार्टवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेकार्टवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartesianisme" title="Kartesianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartesianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianesimo" title="Cartesianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartesianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Картезианчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картезианчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartezianizmus" title="Kartezianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kartezianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="デカルト主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デカルト主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karteziychilik" title="Karteziychilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karteziychilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartezjanizm" title="Kartezjanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kartezjanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianismo" title="Cartesianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartesianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartezianism" title="Cartezianism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartezianism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Картезианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картезианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartesianizmi" title="Kartesianizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kartesianizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartezi%C3%A1nstvo" title="Karteziánstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karteziánstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartesiolaisuus" title="Kartesiolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kartesiolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cartesianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்டேசியனிசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்டேசியனிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Картезіанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картезіанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="笛卡尔主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="笛卡尔主义" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="Category:René Descartes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes,_bust,_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border,_(white_background_removed).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png/150px-Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png/225px-Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png/300px-Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="936" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Doubt and certainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_adequacy_principle" title="Causal adequacy principle">Causal adequacy principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">Analytic geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_circle" title="Cartesian circle">Cartesian circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folium_of_Descartes" title="Folium of Descartes">Folium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descartes%27_rule_of_signs" title="Descartes' rule of signs">Rule of signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_diver" title="Cartesian diver">Cartesian diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloonist_theory" title="Balloonist theory">Balloonist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_argument" title="Wax argument">Wax argument</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_substance" title="Mental substance">Res cogitans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_extensa" title="Res extensa">Res extensa</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Direction_of_the_Mind" title="Rules for the Direction of the Mind">Rules for the Direction of the Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Truth_by_Natural_Light" title="The Search for Truth by Natural Light">The Search for Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_(Descartes)" class="mw-redirect" title="The World (Descartes)">The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method">Discourse on the Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie" title="La Géométrie">La Géométrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Philosophy" title="Principles of Philosophy">Principles of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passions_of_the_Soul" title="Passions of the Soul">Passions of the Soul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cartesianism</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Poullain_de_la_Barre" title="François Poullain de la Barre">François Poullain de la Barre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaird1911414_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaird1911414-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Preface_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preface-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a>'s work influenced Descartes's <a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">cogito argument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there is similarity between Descartes's work and that of Scottish philosopher George Campbell's 1776 publication, titled <i>Philosophy of Rhetoric</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Meditations on First Philosophy</i> he writes, "[b]ut what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body. Sensation and the perception of reality are thought to be the source of untruth and illusions, with the only reliable truths to be had in the existence of a metaphysical mind. Such a mind can perhaps interact with a physical body, but it does not exist in the body, nor even in the same physical plane as the body. The question of how mind and body interact would be a persistent difficulty for Descartes and his followers, with different Cartesians providing different answers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this point Descartes wrote, "we should conclude from all this, that those things which we conceive clearly and distinctly as being diverse substances, as we regard mind and body to be, are really substances essentially distinct one from the other; and this is the conclusion of the Sixth Meditation."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, we can see that, while mind and body are indeed separate, because they can be separated from each other, but, Descartes postulates, the mind is a whole, inseparable from itself, while the body can become separated from itself to some extent, as in when one loses an arm or a leg. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontology">Ontology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descartes held that all existence consists in three distinct substances, each with its own essence:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>matter, possessing extension in three dimensions</li> <li>mind, possessing self-conscious thought</li> <li>God, possessing necessary existence</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descartes brought the question of how reliable knowledge may be obtained (<a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>) to the fore of philosophical enquiry. Many consider this to be Descartes' most lasting influence on the history of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartesianism is a form of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> because it holds that scientific knowledge can be derived <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posterior_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori and a posterior knowledge">a priori</a></i> from '<a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">innate ideas</a>' through <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a>. Thus Cartesianism is opposed to both Aristotelianism and <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, with their emphasis on sensory experience as the source of all knowledge of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Descartes, the faculty of deductive reason is supplied by God and may therefore be trusted because God would not deceive us.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_dispersal">Geographical dispersal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical dispersal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, where Descartes had lived for a long time, Cartesianism was a doctrine popular mainly among university professors and lecturers. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> the influence of this doctrine was not relevant and followers of Cartesianism in the German-speaking border regions between these countries (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Iatromathematicians" title="Iatromathematicians">iatromathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Yvo_Gaukes" title="Yvo Gaukes">Yvo Gaukes</a> from East Frisia) frequently chose to publish their works in the Netherlands. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, it was very popular, and gained influence also among <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Antoine Arnauld</a>, though there also, as in Italy, it became opposed by the Church. In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the doctrine failed to make inroads, probably since Descartes' works were placed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i> in 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, because of religious and other reasons, Cartesianism was not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though <a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a> was initially attracted to the doctrine, his own changing attitudes toward Descartes mirrored those of the country: "quick acceptance, serious examination with accumulating ambivalence, final rejection".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Roman Catholic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a>, Descartes eliminated the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angelic</a> and human minds, as if humans were angels inhabiting machines, a position that Maritain derided as "angelism".<sup id="cite_ref-Lokhorst_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lokhorst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>'s thought, angels are capable of an instantaneous knowledge that is not mediated by the human senses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Descartes, for his part, dismissed Aquinas's cogitations on the knowledge of angels as "inept".<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Maritain's interpretation is only one of many interpretations of Descartes' view about the relationship of body and soul, and some interpretations portray Descartes as instead, for example, a Scholastic-Aristotelian <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">hylomorphist</a> or even a covert materialist.<sup id="cite_ref-Lokhorst_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lokhorst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a> responded to Maritain by saying that if Descartes committed the sin of angelism it wasn't an "<a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>" but had been committed first by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">John Crowe Ransom</a> called Maritain's accusation of angelism a "phantasy".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to C. F. Fowler, Descartes explicitly denied an identity between human minds and the angels, but sometimes used language in a way that was vulnerable to the opposite interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Cartesians">Notable Cartesians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable Cartesians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principia_philosophiae.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Principia_philosophiae.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Principia_philosophiae.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><i>Principia philosophiae</i>, 1685</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Antoine Arnauld</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Balthasar Bekker</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campailla" title="Tommaso Campailla">Tommaso Campailla</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Clauberg" title="Johannes Clauberg">Johannes Clauberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Fardella" title="Michelangelo Fardella">Michelangelo Fardella</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Le_Grand" title="Antoine Le Grand">Antoine Le Grand</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adriaan Hereboord<sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Poullain_de_la_Barre" title="François Poullain de la Barre">François Poullain de la Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Pourchot" title="Edmond Pourchot">Edmond Pourchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Sylvain_R%C3%A9gis" title="Pierre-Sylvain Régis">Pierre-Sylvain Régis</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henricus_Regius" title="Henricus Regius">Henricus Regius</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rohault" title="Jacques Rohault">Jacques Rohault</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wittich" title="Christopher Wittich">Christopher Wittich</a><sup id="cite_ref-copleston_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copleston-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalism_(psychology)" title="Mentalism (psychology)">Mentalism (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulism" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulism">Simulism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaird1911414-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaird1911414_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaird1911">Caird 1911</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrosholz1991" class="citation book cs1">Grosholz, Emily (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EtAVLU1eIAC&pg=PA1"><i>Cartesian method and the problem of reduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-824250-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-824250-6"><bdi>0-19-824250-6</bdi></a>. <q>But contemporary debate has tended to...understand [Cartesian method] merely as the 'method of doubt'...I want to define Descartes's method in broader terms...to trace its impact on the domains of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartesian+method+and+the+problem+of+reduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-824250-6&rft.aulast=Grosholz&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EtAVLU1eIAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preface-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Preface_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDescartesTranslator_John_Veitch" class="citation web cs1">Descartes, René; Translator John Veitch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/principles/preface.htm">"Letter of the Author to the French Translator of the Principles of Philosophy serving for a preface"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+of+the+Author+to+the+French+Translator+of+the+Principles+of+Philosophy+serving+for+a+preface&rft.aulast=Descartes&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Translator+John+Veitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicallibrary.org%2Fdescartes%2Fprinciples%2Fpreface.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteup2018" class="citation cs2">Steup, Matthias (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922020749/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/epistemology/">"Epistemology"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/epistemology/">the original</a> on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epistemology&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2018&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Steup&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2018%2Fentries%2Fepistemology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenn2002" class="citation book cs1">Menn, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NVZhdDa_xXwC&pg=PA4"><i>Descartes and Augustine</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521012848" title="Special:BookSources/0521012848"><bdi>0521012848</bdi></a>. <q>On the face of it, Descartes' philosophy bears many resemblances to the thought of Augustine. Indeed, we know of several people who within Descartes' lifetime were sufficiently struck by these resemblances to call them to Descartes' attention...<i>First, in order that we may begin with the things which are most manifest, I ask you whether you yourself exist. Are you afraid that you will be deceived in this questioning, seeing that you certainly cannot be deceived if you do not exist?</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes+and+Augustine&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521012848&rft.aulast=Menn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNVZhdDa_xXwC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b010mvcp">"BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Cogito Ergo Sum"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cartesianism+%7C+philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCartesianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRee1991" class="citation book cs1">Ree, Jonathan (1991). <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers</i>. London: Routledge. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415078830" title="Special:BookSources/0415078830"><bdi>0415078830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Western+Philosophy+and+Philosophers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0415078830&rft.aulast=Ree&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRee1991" class="citation book cs1">Ree, Jonathan (1991). <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers</i>. 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Continuum International. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6898-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-6898-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Philosophy%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6898-7&rft.aulast=Copleston&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtDGtgARkzMC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennonJohn_M._NicholasJohn_Whitney_Davis1982" class="citation book cs1">Lennon, Thomas M.; John M. 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In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Descartes+and+the+Pineal+Gland%2C+%C2%A7+2.4%3A+Body+and+Soul&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Lokhorst&rft.aufirst=Gert-Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpineal-gland%2F%23BodySoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2021" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Courtney Guest (14 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicreads.com/2021/10/14/three-reformers-luther-descartes-rousseau-by-jacques-maritain/">"<i>Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau</i> by Jacques Maritain: a Review"</a>. <i>catholicreads.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholicreads.com&rft.atitle=Three+Reformers%3A+Luther%2C+Descartes%2C+Rousseau+by+Jacques+Maritain%3A+a+Review&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Courtney+Guest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicreads.com%2F2021%2F10%2F14%2Fthree-reformers-luther-descartes-rousseau-by-jacques-maritain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1999" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, C. F. (1999). <i>Descartes on the Human Soul: Philosophy and the Demands of Christian Doctrine</i>. Archives internationales d'histoire des idées. Vol. 60. Dordrecht; Boston: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>. pp. 156–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-4804-7">10.1007/978-94-011-4804-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792354737" title="Special:BookSources/0792354737"><bdi>0792354737</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40043673">40043673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes+on+the+Human+Soul%3A+Philosophy+and+the+Demands+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=Dordrecht%3B+Boston&rft.series=Archives+internationales+d%27histoire+des+id%C3%A9es&rft.pages=156-160&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40043673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-4804-7&rft.isbn=0792354737&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRansom1946" class="citation journal cs1">Ransom, John Crowe (January 1946). "Descartes's Angels: <i>The Dream of Descartes</i> by Jacques Maritain". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sewanee_Review" title="The Sewanee Review">The Sewanee Review</a></i>. <b>54</b> (1): 153–156 (155). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27537665">27537665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sewanee+Review&rft.atitle=Descartes%27s+Angels%3A+The+Dream+of+Descartes+by+Jacques+Maritain&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-156+%28155%29&rft.date=1946-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27537665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ransom&rft.aufirst=John+Crowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cristofolini, Paul; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tommaso-campailla_%28Dizionario_Biografico%29/&prev=search">Campailla, Thomas</a>" in <i>Biographical Dictionary of Italians</i> - Volume 17 (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-della-enciclopedia-italiana/">Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2015</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Francisque Bouillier, <i>Histoire de la philosophie cartésienne</i> (2 volumes) Paris: Durand 1854 (reprint: BiblioBazaar 2010).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaird1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Caird" title="Edward Caird">Caird, Edward</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cartesianism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cartesianism">"Cartesianism" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–426.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cartesianism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=414-426&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Caird&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span> This contains a long review of the principles of Cartesian philosophy.</li> <li>Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis, <i>Descartes et le cartésianisme hollandais. Études et documents</i> Paris: PUF 1951.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrodMarr2020" class="citation book cs1">Garrod, Raphaële; Marr, Alexander, eds. (2020). <i>Descartes and the "Ingenium": The Embodied Soul in Cartesianism</i>. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History. Vol. 323. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43761-6"><bdi>978-90-04-43761-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-8607">0920-8607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes+and+the+%22Ingenium%22%3A+The+Embodied+Soul+in+Cartesianism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill%27s+Studies+in+Intellectual+History&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0920-8607&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43761-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartesianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tad M. Schmaltz (ed.), <i>Receptions of Descartes. Cartesianism and Anti-Cartesianism in Early Modern Europe</i> New York: Routledge 2005.</li> <li>Richard A. Watson, <i>The Downfall of Cartesianism 1673–1712. A Study of Epistemological Issues in Late 17th Century Cartesianism</i> The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1966.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a 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title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism 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title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent dualism">Emergent dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Cartesian dualism">Non-Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate dualism">Predicate dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomistic dualism">Thomistic dualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Almeder" title="Robert F. Almeder">Robert F. Almeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Beauregard" title="Mario Beauregard">Mario Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Dilley" title="Frank B. Dilley">Frank B. Dilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beloff" title="John Beloff">John Beloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Egnor" title="Michael Egnor">Michael Egnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Stephen_Evans" title="C. Stephen Evans">C. Stephen Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fumerton" title="Richard Fumerton">Richard Fumerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brie_Gertler" title="Brie Gertler">Brie Gertler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Goetz" title="Stewart Goetz">Stewart Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hart" title="W. D. Hart">W. D. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hasker" title="William Hasker">William Hasker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Francis_Kelly" title="Edward Francis Kelly">Edward Francis Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Landesman" title="Charles Landesman">Charles Landesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._J._Lowe_(philosopher)" title="E. J. Lowe (philosopher)">E. J. Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David._H._Lund" title="David. H. Lund">David. H. Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Madell" title="Geoffrey Madell">Geoffrey Madell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Moreland" title="J. P. Moreland">J. P. Moreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denyse_O%27Leary" title="Denyse O'Leary">Denyse O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Nida-R%C3%BCmelin" title="Martine Nida-Rümelin">Martine Nida-Rümelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_B._Rae" title="Scott B. Rae">Scott B. Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_N._Robinson" title="Daniel N. Robinson">Daniel N. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_D._Roelofs" title="Howard D. Roelofs">Howard D. Roelofs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Robinson" title="Howard Robinson">Howard Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Schwartz" title="Jeffrey M. Schwartz">Jeffrey M. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taliaferro" title="Charles Taliaferro">Charles Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Unger" title="Peter Unger">Peter Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Yandell" title="Keith Yandell">Keith Yandell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Zimmerman_(philosopher)" title="Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)">Dean Zimmerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">Dualism (Indian philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Category:Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dualism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dualism">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379226#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="karteziánství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121486&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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