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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino,_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/180px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/270px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/360px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="5488" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus essendi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Primum Movens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_sacramental_theology" title="Thomistic sacramental theology">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">Correspondence theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form"><span class="wrap">Substantial form</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect"><span class="wrap">Principle of double effect</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Aristotelian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">Concupiscence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_finality" title="Intrinsic finality">Intrinsic finality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of works by Thomas Aquinas">Works</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contra Errores Graecorum</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">Commentaries on Aristotle</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_Disputatae_de_Veritate" title="Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate">Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catena_aurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Catena aurea">Catena aurea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Hymns and prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoro_te_devote" title="Adoro te devote">Adoro te devote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_ineffabilis" title="Creator ineffabilis">Creator ineffabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauda_Sion" title="Lauda Sion">Lauda Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_sacrum_convivium" title="O sacrum convivium">O sacrum convivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_corporis_mysterium" title="Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium">Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo" title="Tantum ergo">Tantum ergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacris_solemniis" title="Sacris solemniis">Sacris solemniis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panis_angelicus" title="Panis angelicus">Panis angelicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbum_supernum_prodiens" title="Verbum supernum prodiens">Verbum supernum prodiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_salutaris_hostia" title="O salutaris hostia">O salutaris hostia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Influences</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">St. Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">St. Albertus Magnus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thomist_writers_(13th%E2%80%9318th_centuries)" title="List of Thomist writers (13th–18th centuries)">Classical Thomists</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantimpr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Cantimpré">Cantimpré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_St_Cher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh of St Cher">Saint-Cher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Penyafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_de_Lessines" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles de Lessines">Lessines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_de_Piperno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald de Piperno">Piperno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">Moerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Marti">Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Trilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Trilia">Trilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Hotun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard of Hotun">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_of_Apolda" title="Dietrich of Apolda">Apolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Sutton" title="Thomas of Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Auvergne" title="Peter of Auvergne">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Winterburn" title="Walter of Winterburn">Winterburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gidius_Colonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ægidius Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Paris_(inquisitor)" title="William of Paris (inquisitor)">Ymbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Bologna" title="Gerard of Bologna">di Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Lucca" title="Ptolemy of Lucca">Fiadoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Guidonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Guidonis">Guidonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalis_Hervieus" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalis Hervieus">Nédellec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Palude" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus de Palude">Paludanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bradwardin">Bradwardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holkott" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Holkott">Holkott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Naples_(14th_century)" title="John of Naples (14th century)">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bromyard" title="John Bromyard">Bromyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Kydones" title="Demetrios Kydones">Kydones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eymerich" title="Nicholas Eymerich">Eymerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Calecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Calecas">Calecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dominici" title="John Dominici">Dominici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Gorkum" title="Henry of Gorkum">Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sabunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Sabunde">Sabunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_of_Flanders" title="Dominic of Flanders">de Flandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_of_Florence" title="Antoninus of Florence">Pierozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Torquemada_(cardinal)" title="Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)">Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarion" title="Bessarion">Bessarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanus_de_Rupe" title="Alanus de Rupe">de Rupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bergamo" title="Peter of Bergamo">Almadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_de_Mirabilibus" title="Nicolaus de Mirabilibus">Mirabilibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Savonarola" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Savonarola">Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Faber">Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_of_Gostynin" title="Jakub of Gostynin">Gostynin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="John of Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tetzel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tetzel">Tetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Deza" title="Diego de Deza">Deza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mazzolini" title="Sylvester Mazzolini">Mazzolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Silvestro_di_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Silvestro di Ferrara">di Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Vio_Cajetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Vio Cajetan">Gaetanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Koellin" title="Conrad Koellin">Koellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santes_Pagnino" title="Santes Pagnino">Pagnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Catherinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosius Catherinus">Catherinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ory" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Ory">Ory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Cano" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Pelargus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Pelargus">Pelargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtus_of_Siena" title="Sixtus of Siena">Senensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Faber" title="Johann Faber">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldonatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldonatus">Maldonatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Granada" title="Louis of Granada">de Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Braga" title="Bartholomew of Braga">Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_B%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Domingo Báñez">Báñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafino_Porrecta" title="Serafino Porrecta">Porrecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Davy_Duperron" title="Jacques Davy Duperron">Duperron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Medices" title="Hieronymus Medices">Medices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lessius">Lessius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Becanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Becanus">Verbeeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvenda">Malvenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Lemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Lemos">Lemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Alvarez_(theologian)" title="Diego Alvarez (theologian)">Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Anthony of the Mother of God">Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthew_Rispoli" title="John Matthew Rispoli">Rispoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Riccardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Riccardi">Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Gravina" title="Dominic Gravina">Gravina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">Poinsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Ripalda" title="Juan Martínez de Ripalda">Ripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Molinier" title="Étienne de Molinier">Molinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Torres" title="Cristóbal de Torres">Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Vallgornera" title="Thomas de Vallgornera">Vallgornera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_Pallavicino" title="Francesco Sforza Pallavicino">Pallavicino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicola%C3%AF" title="Jean Nicolaï">Nicolaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lynch" title="Dominic Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Ferre" title="Vicente Ferre">Ferre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gonet" title="Jean Baptiste Gonet">Gonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bancel_(theologian)" title="Louis Bancel (theologian)">Bancel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9tif" class="mw-redirect" title="Quétif">Quétif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Massouli%C3%A9" title="Antoine Massoulié">Massoulié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalis_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalis Alexander">Alexandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacintha_Serry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacintha Serry">Serry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Plessis_d%27Argentr%C3%A9" title="Charles du Plessis d'Argentré">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Louis_Gotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Louis Gotti">Gotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Leocata" title="Jerome Leocata">Leocata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniello_Concina" title="Daniello Concina">Concina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rubeis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rubeis">De Rubeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Burgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Burgo">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Boxadors" title="Juan Tomás de Boxadors">de Boxadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamachi">Mamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maria_Gazzaniga" title="Pietro Maria Gazzaniga">Gazzaniga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_A._Aertsen" title="Jan A. Aertsen">Aertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimio_de_Anqu%C3%ADn" title="Nimio de Anquín">Anquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Arintero" title="Juan González Arintero">Arintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bouquillon" title="Thomas Bouquillon">Bouquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bourke" title="Vernon Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Canals_Vidal" title="Francisco Canals Vidal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coffey" title="Peter Coffey">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerich_Coreth" title="Emerich Coreth">Coreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Daujat" title="Jean Daujat">Daujat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_De_Wulf" title="Maurice De Wulf">De Wulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Fabro" title="Cornelio Fabro">Fabro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.R._Fairweather" title="E.R. 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Henle">Henle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Hugon" title="Édouard Hugon">Hugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ryosuke_Inagaki" title="Bernard Ryosuke Inagaki">Inagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Jolivet" title="Régis Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kleutgen" title="Joseph Kleutgen">Kleutgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._X._Knasas" title="John F. X. 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mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas_(journal)" title="Aquinas (journal)">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciencia_Tomista" title="Ciencia Tomista">Ciencia Tomista</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_for_the_Study_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="European Journal for the Study of Thomas Aquinas">EJSTA</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Thomisticus" title="Index Thomisticus">Index Thomisticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_et_Vetera" title="Nova et Vetera">Nova et Vetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_thomiste" title="Revue thomiste">Revue thomiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Aquinas" title="The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas">The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Aquinas" title="The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas">The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas</a></li> <li><a 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portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomism" title="Template:Thomism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomism" title="Template talk:Thomism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Contra errores Graecorum</b>, ad Urbanum IV Pontificem Maximum</i> (<i>Against the Errors of the Greeks, to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Pope Urban IV</a></i>) is a short treatise (an "opusculum") written in 1263 by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> theologian Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> as a contribution to Pope Urban's efforts at reunion with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas wrote the treatise in 1263 while he was papal theologian and conventual lector in the Dominican <i>studium</i> at <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a> after his first regency as professor of theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> which ended in 1259 and before he took up his duties in 1265 reforming the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <i>studium</i> at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">Santa Sabina</a>, the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a>, in Rome. </p><p>Aquinas died on his way to participate in the 1274 <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Council of Lyons">Second Council of Lyons</a>, to which he had been invited, but this treatise, which he had written eleven years before and not for the use of this Council,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was influential at the Council. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_Errores_Graecorum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of the treatise was not given by Aquinas himself, and it contains nothing that is directed against the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, but only, in the view of theologian <a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a>, a defence of Catholic doctrine against Eastern misunderstandings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 72 chapters of the work are each of the length of a paragraph in a modern book. In it Aquinas presents the teaching of the Greek Church Fathers as in harmony with that of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is arranged in two parts, the first of 32 chapters and the second of 40, each part preceded by a prologue, and the work as a whole concluded with an epilogue. All the first part and 31 of the 40 chapters of the second concern <a href="/wiki/Pneumatology_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatology (Christianity)">pneumatology</a> (doctrine on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>). Of the final 9 chapters, 7 deal with the position of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Roman Pontiff</a>, and the last two with the use of leavened bread in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>. In all of these Aquinas quoted expressions by Fathers of the Greek Church in support of the teaching propounded by the Latin Church. </p><p>In his treatise, Aquinas "demonstrated that there was a theological harmony between the Greek Church Fathers and the Latin Church".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pointed out that one source of misunderstandings between Greeks and Latins was the difficulty of finding appropriate words in each language with which to translate technical theological terms used in the other: </p> <dl><dd><i>Many things which sound well enough in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> do not perhaps, sound well in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Hence, Latins and Greeks professing the same faith do so using different words. For among the Greeks it is said, correctly, and in a Catholic way, that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are three </i>hypostases<i>. But with the Latins it does not sound right to say that there are three </i>substantiae<i>, even though on a purely verbal basis the term </i>hypostasis<i> in Greek means the same as the term </i>substantia<i> in Latin. The fact is, </i>substantia<i> in Latin is more frequently used to signify essence. And both we and the Greeks hold that in God there is but one essence. So where the Greeks speak of three </i>hypostases<i>, we Latins speak of three </i>personae<i>, as Augustine in the seventh book on the Trinity also teaches. And, doubtless, there are many similar instances.</i></dd> <dd><i>It is, therefore, the task of the good translator, when translating material dealing with the Catholic faith, to preserve the meaning, but to adapt the mode of expression so that it is in harmony with the idiom of the language into which he is translating. For obviously, when anything spoken in a literary fashion in Latin is explained in common parlance, the explanation will be inept if it is simply word for word. All the more so, when anything expressed in one language is translated merely word for word into another, it will be no surprise if perplexity concerning the meaning of the original sometimes occurs.</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problem_of_the_sources">Problem of the sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_Errores_Graecorum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Problem of the sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The apologetic impact of the work is limited, due to the fact that Thomas bases himself on a collection of texts compiled by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Crotone" title="Nicholas of Crotone">Nicholas of Crotone</a>, which contains doubtful attributions and personal glosses of the compiler that bent the text in direction of the Latin theology. According to Jean-Pierre Torell, "on four specific questions concerning the procession <i>a filio</i>, the primacy of the pope, the Eucharistic celebration with unleavened bread, and purgatory, Thomas is clearly forced to rely more on the texts that are closer to Latin theology, when these are in fact glosses foreign to the Fathers."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_Errores_Graecorum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_%E2%80%93_Roman_Catholic_theological_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic theological differences">Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic theological differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_%E2%80%93_Roman_Catholic_ecclesiastical_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic ecclesiastical differences">Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic ecclesiastical differences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_Errores_Graecorum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWtarhaGxPUC&pg=PA167&dq=Aquinas+%22errores+graecorum%22&lr=">Aidan Nichols, Discovering Aquinas: An Introduction to His Life, Work, and Influence</a> (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0514-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0514-0">0-8028-0514-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0514-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0514-0">978-0-8028-0514-0</a>), p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6PYWPWWhrUC&pg=PA196&dq=Aquinas+%22errores+graecorum%22&lr=">Deno John Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West: essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches</a>(Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-11884-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-11884-3">0-299-11884-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6">978-0-299-11884-6</a>), p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CxucHPqvy5cC&pg=PA88&dq=Aquinas+%22errores+graecorum%22&lr=#PPA88,M1">Gabriel Flynn, Yves Congar: theologian of the church</a> (Peeters Publishers, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1668-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1668-0">90-429-1668-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1668-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1668-5">978-90-429-1668-5</a>), p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81vCJkNCb8kC&pg=PP1&dq=Davies+Aquinas#PPA5,M1">Brian Davies, Aquinas: an introduction</a> (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-7095-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-7095-5">0-8264-7095-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7095-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7095-9">978-0-8264-7095-9</a>), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_jLbHTM_zgC&pg=PA39&vq=contra+errores+graecorum&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1">Jana K. Schulman, The rise of the medieval world, 500-1300: a biographical dictionary</a> (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30817-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30817-9">0-313-30817-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30817-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30817-8">978-0-313-30817-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prologue to <i>Contra Errores Graecorum</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint Thomas Aquinas: the person and his work, Volume 1, p. 123</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_Errores_Graecorum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Full text according to the Leonine Edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/oce.html">Corpus Thomisticum website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny,_O.P." class="citation web cs1">Kenny, O.P., Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isidore.co/aquinas/english/ContraErrGraecorum.htm">"<i>Contra Errores Graecorum</i>"</a>. Translated by Fehlner, Damian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contra+Errores+Graecorum&rft.aulast=Kenny%2C+O.P.&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisidore.co%2Faquinas%2Fenglish%2FContraErrGraecorum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContra+Errores+Graecorum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A different English translation, of only of the first ten chapters: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054823/http://www.globalserve.net/~bumblebee/ecclesia/errorgre.htm">Ecclesia Triumphans Catholic Apologetics</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Aquinas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Aquinas" title="Template:Thomas Aquinas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Aquinas" title="Template talk:Thomas Aquinas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Aquinas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Aquinas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Aquinas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contra Errores Graecorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_Disputatae_de_Veritate" title="Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate">Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/60px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/90px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/120px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3144" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Hymns<br />and prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoro_te_devote" title="Adoro te devote">Adoro te devote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_ineffabilis" title="Creator ineffabilis">Creator ineffabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauda_Sion" title="Lauda Sion">Lauda Sion</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecce_panis_angelorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecce panis angelorum (page does not exist)">Ecce panis angelorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_sacrum_convivium" title="O sacrum convivium">O sacrum convivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_corporis_mysterium" title="Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium">Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo" title="Tantum ergo">Tantum ergo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacris_solemniis" title="Sacris solemniis">Sacris solemniis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panis_angelicus" title="Panis angelicus">Panis angelicus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbum_supernum_prodiens" title="Verbum supernum prodiens">Verbum supernum prodiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_salutaris_hostia" title="O salutaris hostia">O salutaris hostia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_Essendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Actus Essendi">Actus Essendi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_sacramental_theology" title="Thomistic sacramental theology">View on the Sacraments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Canonization of Thomas Aquinas">Canonization of Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editio_Leonina" title="Editio Leonina">Editio Leonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_Dictionary" title="Thomas Aquinas Dictionary">Thomas Aquinas Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of works by Thomas Aquinas">List of works by Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_named_after_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of institutions named after Thomas Aquinas">Institutional namesakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Universities_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas">International Council of Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas_(Lipo_Memmi)" title="Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Lipo Memmi)">Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i> (1323 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas">The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i> (1631 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_St._Thomas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Temptation of St. Thomas (Velázquez)">Temptation of St. Thomas</a></i> (1632 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" 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