CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Polyvinyl chloride - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f3a19019-fd02-4465-86aa-0f5c78d39f5c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Polyvinyl_chloride","wgTitle":"Polyvinyl chloride","wgCurRevisionId":1259842063,"wgRevisionId":1259842063,"wgArticleId":24458,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Webarchive template other archives","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2020","Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned","Chemicals without a PubChem CID","Articles without InChI source", "Articles without UNII source","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes","Chembox image size set","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Dielectrics","Nonwoven fabrics","Plastics","Thermoplastics","Vinyl polymers","Commodity chemicals","1872 in science","1872 in Germany","Food packaging"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Polyvinyl_chloride","wgRelevantArticleId":24458,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q146368","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready" ,"user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg/1200px-Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1629"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg/800px-Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1086"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg/640px-Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="869"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Polyvinyl chloride - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Polyvinyl_chloride rootpage-Polyvinyl_chloride skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polyvinyl+chloride" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polyvinyl+chloride" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polyvinyl+chloride" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polyvinyl+chloride" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microstructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microstructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Microstructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microstructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Additives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plasticizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasticizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Plasticizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasticizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phthalates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phthalates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Phthalates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phthalates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_stabilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_stabilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metal stabilizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_stabilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_stabilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_stabilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Heat stabilizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_stabilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thermal_and_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_and_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Thermal and fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_and_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pipes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pipes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Electric cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signage_and_graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signage_and_graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Signage and graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signage_and_graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Food packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wire_rope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire_rope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Wire rope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire_rope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chlorinated_PVC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chlorinated_PVC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chlorinated PVC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chlorinated_PVC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Health and safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plasticizers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasticizers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Plasticizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasticizers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Lead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinyl_chloride_monomer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinyl_chloride_monomer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Vinyl chloride monomer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinyl_chloride_monomer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Combustion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Dioxins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Industry initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinyl_gloves_in_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinyl_gloves_in_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Vinyl gloves in medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinyl_gloves_in_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyvinyl chloride</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC" title="PVC – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="PVC" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بولي كلوريد الفاينيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولي كلوريد الفاينيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policloruro_de_vinilu" title="Policloruro de vinilu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Policloruro de vinilu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_xlorid" title="Polivinil xlorid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polivinil xlorid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پولی وینیل کولوراید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پولی وینیل کولوراید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="পলিভিনাইল ক্লোরাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পলিভিনাইল ক্লোরাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_i%C3%A2m-ho%C3%A0_vinyl" title="Poly iâm-hoà vinyl – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Poly iâm-hoà vinyl" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Поливинилхлорид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поливинилхлорид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_hlorid" title="Polivinil hlorid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polivinil hlorid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorur_de_polivinil" title="Clorur de polivinil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clorur de polivinil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylchlorid" title="Polyvinylchlorid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polyvinylchlorid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylchlorid" title="Polyvinylchlorid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polyvinylchlorid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylchlorid" title="Polyvinylchlorid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polyvinylchlorid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCvin%C3%BC%C3%BClkloriid" title="Polüvinüülkloriid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüvinüülkloriid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πολυβινυλοχλωρίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυβινυλοχλωρίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policloruro_de_vinilo" title="Policloruro de vinilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Policloruro de vinilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil-klorido" title="Polivinil-klorido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polivinil-klorido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli(binil_kloruro)" title="Poli(binil kloruro) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poli(binil kloruro)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پلی‌وینیل کلراید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌وینیل کلراید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorure_de_vinyle" title="Polychlorure de vinyle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polychlorure de vinyle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3ir%C3%ADd_pholaivinile" title="Clóiríd pholaivinile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóiríd pholaivinile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC" title="PVC – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PVC" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%BC%ED%99%94_%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%90" title="폴리염화 비닐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리염화 비닐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Պոլիվինիլքլորիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլիվինիլքլորիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="पॉलीविनाइल क्लोराइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉलीविनाइल क्लोराइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli(vinil-klorid)" title="Poli(vinil-klorid) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poli(vinil-klorid)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_klorida" title="Polivinil klorida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polivinil klorida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lv%C3%ADn%C3%BDlkl%C3%B3r%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Fjölvínýlklóríð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjölvínýlklóríð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinilcloruro" title="Polivinilcloruro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polivinilcloruro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93" title="פוליוויניל כלוריד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליוויניל כלוריד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Поливинилхлорид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поливинилхлорид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Поливинилхлорид – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Поливинилхлорид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinilhlor%C4%ABds" title="Polivinilhlorīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polivinilhlorīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinilchloridas" title="Polivinilchloridas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polivinilchloridas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC" title="PVC – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="PVC" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC" title="PVC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PVC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Поливинил хлорид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Поливинил хлорид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളിവൈനൈൽ ക്ലോറൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളിവൈനൈൽ ക്ലോറൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_klorida" title="Polivinil klorida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polivinil klorida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylchloride" title="Polyvinylchloride – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polyvinylchloride" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E5%A1%A9%E5%8C%96%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AB" title="ポリ塩化ビニル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリ塩化ビニル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylchlorid" title="Polyvinylchlorid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Polyvinylchlorid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylklorid" title="Polyvinylklorid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polyvinylklorid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC" title="PVC – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="PVC" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinilxlorid" title="Polivinilxlorid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polivinilxlorid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1" title="ਪੌਲੀਵਿਨਾਇਲ ਕਲੋਰਾਈਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੌਲੀਵਿਨਾਇਲ ਕਲੋਰਾਈਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89" title="پولي وینايل کلورايډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولي وینايل کلورايډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli(chlorek_winylu)" title="Poli(chlorek winylu) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poli(chlorek winylu)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policloreto_de_vinila" title="Policloreto de vinila – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Policloreto de vinila" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policlorur%C4%83_de_vinil" title="Policlorură de vinil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Policlorură de vinil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Поливинилхлорид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поливинилхлорид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_Kloruri" title="Polivinil Kloruri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polivinil Kloruri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polyvinyl chloride" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylchlorid" title="Polyvinylchlorid – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polyvinylchlorid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinilklorid" title="Polivinilklorid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polivinilklorid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پۆلیڤینیل کلۆرید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆلیڤینیل کلۆرید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_hlorid" title="Polivinil hlorid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Polivinil hlorid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli(vinil-klorid)" title="Poli(vinil-klorid) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poli(vinil-klorid)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_klorida" title="Polivinil klorida – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polivinil klorida" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyylikloridi" title="Polyvinyylikloridi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polyvinyylikloridi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylklorid" title="Polyvinylklorid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polyvinylklorid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பாலிவைனைல் குளோரைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலிவைனைல் குளோரைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinilxlorid" title="Polivinilxlorid – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Polivinilxlorid" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పాలీ వినైల్ క్లోరైడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాలీ వినైల్ క్లోరైడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="พอลิไวนิลคลอไรด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอลิไวนิลคลอไรด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivinil_klor%C3%BCr" title="Polivinil klorür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polivinil klorür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Полівінілхлорид – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полівінілхлорид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AF" title="پولىۋىنىل خلورىد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پولىۋىنىل خلورىد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Polyvinyl chloride" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC" title="PVC – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="PVC" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚氯乙烯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聚氯乙烯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚氯乙烯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聚氯乙烯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Polyvinyl_chloride" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Polyvinyl_chloride" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&oldid=1259842063" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Polyvinyl_chloride&id=1259842063&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolyvinyl_chloride"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolyvinyl_chloride"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polyvinyl_chloride" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146368" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Common synthetic polymer </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PVC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/PVC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="PVC (disambiguation)">PVC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Polyvinyl chloride </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyvinylchlorid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Repeating unit of PVC polymer chain."><img alt="Repeating unit of PVC polymer chain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Polyvinylchlorid.svg/100px-Polyvinylchlorid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Polyvinylchlorid.svg/150px-Polyvinylchlorid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Polyvinylchlorid.svg/200px-Polyvinylchlorid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="112" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PVC-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Space-filling model of a part of a PVC chain"><img alt="Space-filling model of a part of a PVC chain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PVC-3D-vdW.png/220px-PVC-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PVC-3D-vdW.png/330px-PVC-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PVC-3D-vdW.png/440px-PVC-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="398" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg/220px-Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg/330px-Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg/440px-Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="4076" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">Pure PVC powder, containing no plasticizer</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">poly(1-chloroethylene)<sup id="cite_ref-chebi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chebi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Polychloroethene</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=9002-86-2">9002-86-2</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abbreviations </td> <td>PVC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=53243">CHEBI:53243</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.120.191">100.120.191</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146368#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C19508">C19508</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Polyvinyl+Chloride">Polyvinyl+Chloride</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5025940">DTXSID5025940</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146368#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl)<sub>n</sub><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>white, brittle solid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>insoluble </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> </td> <td>insoluble </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a> </td> <td>slightly soluble </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−10.71×10<sup>−6</sup> (SI, 22 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_811dcee2cbfc5fb2" /></span><map name="ImageMap_811dcee2cbfc5fb2"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Threshold_limit_value" title="Threshold limit value">Threshold limit value</a> (TLV)</div> </td> <td>10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (inhalable), 3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (respirable) (TWA) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits):<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (inhalable), 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (respirable) (TWA) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; width: 22em; line-height: 1.5em"> <caption>Mechanical properties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Elongation at break </th> <td>20–40% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Notch test </th> <td>2–5 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a>/m<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">Glass Transition Temperature</a> </th> <td>82 °C (180 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-pvc_handbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvc_handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </th> <td>100 °C (212 °F) to 260 °C (500 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-pvc_handbook_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvc_handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Effective heat of combustion </th> <td>17.95 MJ/kg </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">Specific heat</a> (<i>c</i>) </th> <td>0.9 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_kilogram-kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule per kilogram-kelvin">kJ/(kg·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Water absorption (ASTM) </th> <td>0.04–0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dielectric Breakdown Voltage </th> <td>40 MV/m </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polyvinyl chloride</b> (alternatively: <b>poly(vinyl chloride)</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a>: <b>vinyl</b><sup id="cite_ref-pvc.org_about_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvc.org_about-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>polyvinyl</b>; abbreviated: <b>PVC</b><sup id="cite_ref-pvc.org_about_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvc.org_about-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PVC comes in rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible forms. Rigid PVC is used in <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> for pipes, doors and windows. It is also used in making plastic bottles, packaging, and bank or membership cards. Adding <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> makes PVC softer and more flexible. It is used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, flooring, signage, <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph records</a>, inflatable products, and in rubber substitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With cotton or linen, it is used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>. </p><p>Polyvinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is soluble in <a href="/wiki/Ketones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketones">ketones</a>, chlorinated solvents, <a href="/wiki/Dimethylformamide" title="Dimethylformamide">Dimethylformamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/THF" class="mw-redirect" title="THF">THF</a> and <a href="/wiki/DMAc" class="mw-redirect" title="DMAc">DMAc</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Baumann" title="Eugen Baumann">Eugen Baumann</a> after extended investigation and experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a> that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ostromislensky" title="Ivan Ostromislensky">Ivan Ostromislensky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klatte" title="Fritz Klatte">Fritz Klatte</a> of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer thwarted their efforts. <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Semon" title="Waldo Semon">Waldo Semon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goodrich_Corporation" title="Goodrich Corporation">B.F. Goodrich Company</a> developed a method in 1926 to <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plasticize</a> PVC by blending it with various additives,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the use of <a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">dibutyl phthalate</a> by 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyvinyl chloride is produced by <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a> <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> (VCM), as shown.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinyl_chloride_Polymerization_V1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The polymerisation of vinyl chloride"><img alt="The polymerisation of vinyl chloride" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vinyl_chloride_Polymerization_V1.svg/400px-Vinyl_chloride_Polymerization_V1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vinyl_chloride_Polymerization_V1.svg/600px-Vinyl_chloride_Polymerization_V1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vinyl_chloride_Polymerization_V1.svg/800px-Vinyl_chloride_Polymerization_V1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="136" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>About 80% of production involves <a href="/wiki/Suspension_polymerization" title="Suspension polymerization">suspension polymerization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emulsion_polymerization" title="Emulsion polymerization">Emulsion polymerization</a> accounts for about 12%, and <a href="/wiki/Bulk_polymerization" title="Bulk polymerization">bulk polymerization</a> accounts for 8%. Suspension polymerization produces particles with average diameters of 100–180 μm, whereas emulsion polymerization gives much smaller particles of average size around 0.2 μm. VCM and water are introduced into the reactor along with a polymerization initiator and other additives. The contents of the reaction vessel are pressurized and continually mixed to maintain the suspension and ensure a uniform particle size of the PVC resin. The reaction is <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> and thus requires cooling. As the volume is reduced during the reaction (PVC is denser than VCM), water is continually added to the mixture to maintain the suspension.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PVC may be manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, which can be produced from either <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> feedstock.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_Asian_Review_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei_Asian_Review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microstructure">Microstructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Microstructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> are linear and are strong. The <a href="/wiki/Monomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomers">monomers</a> are mainly arranged head-to-tail, meaning that <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> is located on alternating carbon centres. PVC has mainly an <a href="/wiki/Tacticity#Polymers" title="Tacticity">atactic stereochemistry</a>, which means that the relative <a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">stereochemistry</a> of the chloride centres are random. Some degree of <a href="/wiki/Syndiotactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndiotactic">syndiotacticity</a> of the chain gives a few percent crystallinity that is influential on the properties of the material. About 57% of the mass of PVC is <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. The presence of chloride groups gives the polymer very different properties from the structurally related material <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 1.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, PVC's density is also higher than structurally related plastics such as <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> (0.88–0.96 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymethylmethacrylate">polymethylmethacrylate</a> (1.18 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producers">Producers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About half of the world's PVC production capacity is in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, despite the closure of many Chinese PVC plants due to issues complying with environmental regulations and poor capacities of scale. The largest single producer of PVC as of 2018 is <a href="/wiki/Shin-Etsu_Chemical" title="Shin-Etsu Chemical">Shin-Etsu Chemical</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with a global share of around 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_Asian_Review_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei_Asian_Review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additives">Additives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Additives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The product of the polymerization process is unmodified PVC. Before PVC can be made into finished products, it always requires conversion into a compound by the incorporation of additives (but not necessarily all of the following) such as <a href="/wiki/Heat_stabilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stabilizer">heat stabilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/UV_stabilizers_in_plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="UV stabilizers in plastics">UV stabilizers</a>, plasticizers, processing aids, impact modifiers, thermal modifiers, fillers, <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biocides" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocides">biocides</a>, blowing agents and smoke suppressors, and, optionally, pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-UllmannPlasticizer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UllmannPlasticizer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of additives used for the PVC finished product is controlled by the cost performance requirements of the end use specification (underground pipe, window frames, intravenous tubing and flooring all have very different ingredients to suit their performance requirements). Previously, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCBs) were added to certain PVC products as flame retardants and stabilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plasticizers">Plasticizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plasticizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plasticizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasticizers">Plasticizers</a></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">common plastics</a>, PVC is unique in its acceptance of large amounts of plasticizer with gradual changes in physical properties from a rigid solid to a soft gel,<sup id="cite_ref-additives_handbook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additives_handbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and almost 90% of all plasticizer production is used in making flexible PVC.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plasticisers1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plasticisers1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority is used in films and cable sheathing.<sup id="cite_ref-ceresana_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceresana-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flexible PVC can consist of over 85% plasticizer by mass, however unplasticized PVC (UPVC) should not contain any.<sup id="cite_ref-table_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-table-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:71em"> <caption>PVC properties as a function of phthalate plasticizer level<sup id="cite_ref-table_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-table-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Plasticizer content (% <a href="/wiki/DINP" class="mw-redirect" title="DINP">DINP</a> by weight)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a> (20 °C)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shore_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore hardness">Shore hardness</a> <br /><small>(type A, 15 s)</small></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Flexural_rigidity" title="Flexural rigidity">Flexural stiffness</a> (<a href="/wiki/Megapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapascal">Mpa</a>)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Tensile strength</a> (Mpa)</th> <th>Elongation at break (%)</th> <th>Example applications </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rigid</td> <td>0</td> <td>1.4</td> <td></td> <td>900</td> <td>41</td> <td><15</td> <td>Unplasticized PVC (UPVC): window frames and sills, doors, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework#uPVC_(unplasticized_Polyvinyl_Chloride)" title="Plastic pipework">rigid pipe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semi-rigid</td> <td>25</td> <td>1.26</td> <td>94</td> <td>69</td> <td>31</td> <td>225</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheet_vinyl_flooring" title="Sheet vinyl flooring">Vinyl flooring</a>, flexible pipe, thin films (<a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">stretch wrap</a>), advertising banners </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexible</td> <td>33</td> <td>1.22</td> <td>84</td> <td>12</td> <td>21</td> <td>295</td> <td>Wire and cable insulation, flexible pipe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Very Flexible</td> <td>44</td> <td>1.17</td> <td>66</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>14</td> <td>400</td> <td>Boots and clothing, inflatables, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extremely Flexible</td> <td>86</td> <td>1.02</td> <td>< 10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Fishing lures (<a href="/wiki/Soft_plastic_bait" title="Soft plastic bait">soft plastic bait</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polymer_clay" title="Polymer clay">polymer clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastisol" title="Plastisol">plastisol</a> inks </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phthalates">Phthalates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phthalates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalate</a></div> <p>The most common class of plasticizers used in PVC is phthalates, which are diesters of <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_acid" title="Phthalic acid">phthalic acid</a>. Phthalates can be categorized as high and low, depending on their molecular weight. Low phthalates such as <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a> (DEHP) and <a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">Dibutyl phthalate</a> (DBP) have increased health risks and are generally being phased out. High-molecular-weight phthalates such as <a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">diisononyl phthalate</a> (DINP) and <a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">diisodecyl phthalate</a> (DIDP) are generally considered safer.<sup id="cite_ref-plasticisers1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plasticisers1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While DEHP has been medically approved for many years for use in medical devices, it was permanently banned for use in children's products in the US in 2008 by US Congress;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the PVC-DEHP combination had proved to be very suitable for making blood bags because DEHP stabilizes red blood cells, minimizing <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a> (red blood cell rupture). However, DEHP is coming under increasing pressure in Europe. The assessment of potential risks related to phthalates, and in particular the use of DEHP in PVC medical devices, was subject to scientific and policy review by the European Union authorities, and on 21 March 2010, a specific labeling requirement was introduced across the EU for all devices containing phthalates that are classified as CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label aims to enable healthcare professionals to use this equipment safely, and, where needed, take appropriate precautionary measures for patients at risk of over-exposure<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg/220px-Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg/330px-Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg/440px-Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a> was a common plasticizer for PVC but is being replaced by higher molecular weight phthalates.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_stabilizers">Metal stabilizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metal stabilizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BaZn stabilisers have successfully replaced cadmium-based stabilisers in Europe in many PVC semi-rigid and flexible applications.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, particularly Belgium, there has been a commitment to eliminate the use of cadmium (previously used as a part component of heat stabilizers in window profiles) and phase out lead-based heat stabilizers (as used in pipe and profile areas) such as liquid autodiachromate and calcium polyhydrocummate by 2015. According to the final report of <i>Vinyl 2010</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cadmium was eliminated across Europe by 2007. The progressive substitution of lead-based stabilizers is also confirmed in the same document showing a reduction of 75% since 2000 and ongoing. This is confirmed by the corresponding growth in calcium-based stabilizers, used as an alternative to lead-based stabilizers, more and more, also outside Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_stabilizers">Heat stabilizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heat stabilizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most crucial additives are heat stabilizers. These agents minimize <a href="/wiki/Dehydrochlorination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehydrochlorination">loss of HCl</a>, a degradation process that starts above 70 °C (158 °F) and is <a href="/wiki/Autocatalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocatalytic">autocatalytic</a>. Many diverse agents have been used including, traditionally, derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a> (lead, cadmium). Metallic soaps (metal "salts" of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_stearate" title="Calcium stearate">calcium stearate</a>) are common in flexible PVC applications.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PVC is a <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> polymer. Its properties are usually categorized based on rigid and flexible PVCs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Property </th> <th scope="col">Unit of measurement </th> <th scope="col">Rigid PVC </th> <th scope="col">Flexible PVC </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a><sup id="cite_ref-titow1186_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow1186-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">g/cm<sup>3</sup> </th> <td>1.3–1.45 </td> <td>1.1–1.35 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a><sup id="cite_ref-titow1191_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow1191-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">W/(m·<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) </th> <td>0.14–0.28 </td> <td>0.14–0.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yield_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Yield strength">Yield strength</a><sup id="cite_ref-titow1186_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow1186-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch"><abbr title="pounds per square inch">psi</abbr></a> </th> <td>4,500–8,700 </td> <td>1,450–3,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)"><abbr title="megapascal">MPa</abbr></a> </th> <td>31–60 </td> <td>10.0–24.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a><sup id="cite_ref-titow857_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow857-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">psi </th> <td>490,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)"><abbr title="gigapascal">GPa</abbr></a> </th> <td>3.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flexural_strength" title="Flexural strength">Flexural strength</a> (yield)<sup id="cite_ref-titow857_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow857-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">psi </th> <td>10,500 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">MPa </th> <td>72 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Compression_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression strength">Compression strength</a><sup id="cite_ref-titow857_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow857-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">psi </th> <td>9,500 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">MPa </th> <td>66 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Coefficient of thermal expansion</a> (linear)<sup id="cite_ref-titow857_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow857-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">mm/(mm °C) </th> <td>5×10<sup>−5</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vicat_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicat B">Vicat B</a><sup id="cite_ref-titow1191_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow1191-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">°C </th> <td>65–100 </td> <td>Not recommended </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">Resistivity</a><sup id="cite_ref-resistivity_note_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resistivity_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-titow1194_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow1194-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm"><abbr title="ohms">Ω</abbr></a> m </th> <td>10<sup>16</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>12</sup>–10<sup>15</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sheet_resistance" title="Sheet resistance">Surface resistivity</a><sup id="cite_ref-resistivity_note_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resistivity_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-titow1194_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow1194-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="row">Ω </th> <td>10<sup>13</sup>–10<sup>14</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>11</sup>–10<sup>12</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-resistivity_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resistivity_note_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resistivity_note_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">At 60% relative humidity and room temperature.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_and_fire">Thermal and fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thermal and fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heat_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stability">heat stability</a> of raw PVC is very poor, so the addition of a heat stabilizer during the process is necessary in order to ensure the product's properties. Traditional product PVC has a maximum operating temperature around 60 °C (140 °F) when heat distortion begins to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Joyce-2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyce-2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a thermoplastic, PVC has an inherent insulation that aids in reducing condensation formation and resisting internal temperature changes for hot and cold liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-Joyce-2004_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyce-2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laying_sewer_hi_res_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg/220px-Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg/330px-Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg/440px-Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption>PVC is used extensively in sewage pipes due to its low cost, chemical resistance and ease of jointing</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipes">Pipes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pipes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roughly half of the world's PVC resin manufactured annually is used for producing <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">pipes</a> for municipal and industrial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the private homeowner market, it accounts for 66% of the household market in the US, and in household sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buried PVC pipes in both water and sanitary sewer applications that are 100 mm (4 in) in diameter and larger are typically joined by means of a gasket-sealed joint. The most common type of gasket utilized in North America is a metal-reinforced elastomer, commonly referred to as a Rieber sealing system.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_cables">Electric cables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electric cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PVC is often used as the <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulating</a> sheath on <a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">electrical cables</a>. PVC is chosen because of its good electrical insulation, ease of <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a>, and resistance to burn.<sup id="cite_ref-titow717_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titow717-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a fire, PVC can form <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> fumes; the chlorine serves to scavenge <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radicals</a>, making PVC-coated wires <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a>. While hydrogen chloride fumes can also pose a <a href="/wiki/Health_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Health hazard">health hazard</a> in their own right, it dissolves in moisture and breaks down onto surfaces, particularly in areas where the air is cool enough to breathe, so would not be inhaled.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Builder%27s_tudorbethan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Builder%27s_tudorbethan.jpg/220px-Builder%27s_tudorbethan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Builder%27s_tudorbethan.jpg/330px-Builder%27s_tudorbethan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Builder%27s_tudorbethan.jpg/440px-Builder%27s_tudorbethan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>"A modern <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudorbethan</a>" house with uPVC gutters and <a href="/wiki/Downspout" title="Downspout">downspouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascia_(architecture)" title="Fascia (architecture)">fascia</a>, decorative imitation "<a href="/wiki/Half-timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-timber">half-timbering</a>", windows, and doors</figcaption></figure> <p>PVC is widely and heavily used in construction and building industry,<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_siding" title="Vinyl siding">vinyl siding</a> is extensively is a popular low-maintenance material, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. The material comes in a range of colors and finishes, including a photo-effect wood finish, and is used as a substitute for painted wood, mostly for window frames and <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sills</a> when installing <a href="/wiki/Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">insulated glazing</a> in new buildings; or to replace older single-glazed windows, as it does not decompose and is weather-resistant. Other uses include <a href="/wiki/Fascia_(architecture)" title="Fascia (architecture)">fascia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)" title="Siding (construction)">siding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weatherboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherboarding">weatherboarding</a>. This material has almost entirely replaced the use of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> for <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a>, being used for waste pipes, drainpipes, <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">gutters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downspout" title="Downspout">downspouts</a>. PVC is known as having strong resistance against chemicals, sunlight, and oxidation from water.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_glazed_Units.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Double_glazed_Units.JPG/220px-Double_glazed_Units.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Double_glazed_Units.JPG/330px-Double_glazed_Units.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Double_glazed_Units.JPG/440px-Double_glazed_Units.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Double glazed units</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signage_and_graphics">Signage and graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Signage and graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyvinyl chloride is formed in flat sheets in a variety of thicknesses and colors. As flat sheets, PVC is often expanded to create voids in the interior of the material, providing additional thickness without additional weight and minimal extra cost (see <a href="/wiki/Closed-cell_PVC_foamboard" title="Closed-cell PVC foamboard">closed-cell PVC foamboard</a>). Sheets are cut using saws and rotary cutting equipment. </p><p>Plasticized PVC is also used to produce thin, colored, or clear, <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a>-backed films referred to simply as "vinyl". These films are typically cut on a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">plotter</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cutter" title="Vinyl cutter">vinyl cutter</a>) or printed in a <a href="/wiki/Wide-format_printer" title="Wide-format printer">wide-format printer</a>. These sheets and films are used to produce a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_signage" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial signage">commercial signage</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Wrap_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrap advertising">vinyl wraps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Racing_stripe" title="Racing stripe">racing stripes</a> on vehicles for aesthetics or as <a href="/wiki/Wrap_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrap advertising">wrap advertising</a>, and general purpose <a href="/wiki/Sticker" title="Sticker">stickers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men%27s_black_PVC_pants_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Men%27s_black_PVC_pants_01.jpg/220px-Men%27s_black_PVC_pants_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Men%27s_black_PVC_pants_01.jpg/330px-Men%27s_black_PVC_pants_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Men%27s_black_PVC_pants_01.jpg/440px-Men%27s_black_PVC_pants_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Black PVC trousers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PVC_clothing" title="PVC clothing">PVC clothing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PVC_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC fabric">PVC fabric</a> is <a href="/wiki/Water-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-resistant">water-resistant</a>, used for its weather-resistant qualities in coats, skiing equipment, shoes, <a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">jackets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">aprons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two main application areas for <a href="/wiki/Disposable" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable">single-use</a> medically approved PVC compounds are flexible containers and tubing: containers used for blood and blood components, for urine collection or for ostomy products and tubing used for blood taking and blood giving sets, catheters, heart-lung bypass sets, hemodialysis sets etc. In Europe the consumption of PVC from medical devices is approximately 85,000 tons each year. Almost one third of plastic-based medical devices are made from PVC.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_packaging">Food packaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Food packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PVC has been applied to various items such as: bottles,<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a> films,<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">blister packs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cling_wrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Cling wrap">cling wraps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seals on metal lids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wire_rope">Wire rope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wire rope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PVC may be <a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">extruded</a> under pressure to encase <a href="/wiki/Wire_rope" title="Wire rope">wire rope</a> and aircraft cable used for general purpose applications. PVC coated wire rope is easier to handle, resists corrosion and abrasion, and may be color-coded for increased visibility. It is found in a variety of industries and environments both indoor and out.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12in-Vinyl-LP-Record-Angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/12in-Vinyl-LP-Record-Angle.jpg/220px-12in-Vinyl-LP-Record-Angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/12in-Vinyl-LP-Record-Angle.jpg/330px-12in-Vinyl-LP-Record-Angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/12in-Vinyl-LP-Record-Angle.jpg/440px-12in-Vinyl-LP-Record-Angle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl record</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Molded PVC is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph, or "vinyl," records</a>. PVC piping is a cheaper alternative to metal tubing used in musical instrument making; it is therefore a common alternative when making wind instruments, often for leisure or for rarer instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_flute" title="Contrabass flute">contrabass flute</a>. An instrument that is almost exclusively built from PVC tube is the <a href="/wiki/Thongophone" title="Thongophone">thongophone</a>, a percussion instrument that is played by slapping the open tubes with a <a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">flip-flop</a> or similar.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PVC is also used as a raw material in automotive underbody coating.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chlorinated_PVC">Chlorinated PVC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chlorinated PVC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride" title="Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride">Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride</a></div> <p>PVC can be usefully modified by chlorination, which increases its chlorine content to or above 67%. <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride" title="Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride">Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride</a>, (CPVC), as it is called, is produced by chlorination of aqueous solution of suspension PVC particles followed by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV light</a> which initiates the free-radical chlorination.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Health and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plasticizers_2">Plasticizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Plasticizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phthalates, which are incorporated into plastics as plasticizers, comprise approximately 70% of the US plasticizer market; phthalates are by design not covalently bound to the polymer matrix, which makes them highly susceptible to leaching. Phthalates are contained in plastics at high percentages. For example, they can contribute up to 40% by weight to intravenous medical bags and up to 80% by weight in medical tubing.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinyl products are pervasive—including toys,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> car interiors, shower curtains, and flooring—and initially release chemical gases into the air. Some studies indicate that this <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> of additives may contribute to health complications, and have resulted in a call for banning the use of DEHP on shower curtains, among other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004 a joint Swedish-Danish research team found a statistical association between allergies in children and indoor air levels of DEHP and BBzP (<a href="/wiki/Butyl_benzyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyl benzyl phthalate">butyl benzyl phthalate</a>), which is used in vinyl flooring.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2006, the <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Bureau" title="European Chemicals Bureau">European Chemicals Bureau</a> of the European Commission released a final draft risk assessment of BBzP which found "no concern" for consumer exposure including exposure to children.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead">Lead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> compounds had previously been widely added to PVC to improve workability and stability but have been shown to leach into drinking water from PVC pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe the use of lead-based stabilizers has been discontinued. The <a href="/wiki/VinylPlus" title="VinylPlus">VinylPlus</a> voluntary commitment which began in 2000, saw European Stabiliser Producers Association (ESPA) members complete the replacement of Pb-based stabilisers in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vinylplus.eu_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinylplus.eu-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinyl_chloride_monomer">Vinyl chloride monomer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vinyl chloride monomer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a></div> <p>In the early 1970s, the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride (usually called vinyl chloride monomer or VCM) was linked to cancers in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry. Specifically workers in polymerization section of a <a href="/wiki/Goodrich_Corporation" title="Goodrich Corporation">B.F. Goodrich</a> plant near <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, were diagnosed with liver <a href="/wiki/Angiosarcoma" title="Angiosarcoma">angiosarcoma</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma" title="Hemangiosarcoma">hemangiosarcoma</a>, a rare disease.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, studies of PVC workers in Australia, Italy, Germany, and the UK have all associated certain types of occupational cancers with exposure to vinyl chloride, and it has become accepted that VCM is a carcinogen.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion">Combustion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Combustion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PVC produces <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a> and carbon dioxide upon combustion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dioxins">Dioxins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dioxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins</a></div> <p>Studies of household waste burning indicate consistent increases in dioxin generation with increasing PVC concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-costner2005_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costner2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the U.S. EPA dioxin inventory, <a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">landfill fires</a> are likely to represent an even larger source of dioxin to the environment. A survey of international studies consistently identifies high dioxin concentrations in areas affected by open waste burning and a study that looked at the homologue pattern found the sample with the highest dioxin concentration was "typical for the pyrolysis of PVC". Other EU studies indicate that PVC likely "accounts for the overwhelming majority of chlorine that is available for dioxin formation during landfill fires."<sup id="cite_ref-costner2005_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costner2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next largest sources of dioxin in the U.S. EPA inventory are medical and municipal waste incinerators.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various studies have been conducted that reach contradictory results. For instance a study of commercial-scale incinerators showed no relationship between the PVC content of the waste and dioxin emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have shown a clear correlation between dioxin formation and chloride content and indicate that PVC is a significant contributor to the formation of both dioxin and PCB in incinerators.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2007, the Technical and Scientific Advisory Committee of the <a href="/wiki/US_Green_Building_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="US Green Building Council">US Green Building Council</a> (USGBC) released its report on a PVC avoidance related materials credit for the <a href="/wiki/LEED" title="LEED">LEED</a> Green Building Rating system. The report concludes that "no single material shows up as the best across all the human health and environmental impact categories, nor as the worst" but that the "risk of dioxin emissions puts PVC consistently among the worst materials for human health impacts."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe the overwhelming importance of combustion conditions on dioxin formation has been established by numerous researchers. The single most important factor in forming dioxin-like compounds is the temperature of the combustion gases. Oxygen concentration also plays a major role on dioxin formation, but not the chlorine content.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several studies have also shown that removing PVC from waste would not significantly reduce the quantity of dioxins emitted. The EU Commission published in July 2000 a Green Paper on the Environmental Issues of PVC"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study commissioned by the European Commission on "Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials" states that "Recent studies show that the presence of PVC has no significant effect on the amount of dioxins released through incineration of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic waste</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industry_initiatives">Industry initiatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Industry initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, developments in PVC waste management have been monitored by Vinyl 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established in 2000. Vinyl 2010's objective was to recycle 200,000 tonnes of post-consumer PVC waste per year in Europe by the end of 2010, excluding waste streams already subject to other or more specific legislation (such as the European Directives on <a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">End-of-Life Vehicles</a>, Packaging and Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since June 2011, it is followed by VinylPlus, a new set of targets for sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main target is to recycle 800,000 tonnes per year of PVC by 2020 including 100,000 tonnes of "difficult to recycle" waste. One facilitator for collection and recycling of PVC waste is Recovinyl.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reported and audited mechanically recycled PVC tonnage in 2016 was 568,695 tonnes which in 2018 had increased to 739,525 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One approach to address the problem of waste PVC is also through the process called <a href="/wiki/Vinyloop" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyloop">Vinyloop</a>. It is a mechanical recycling process using a solvent to separate PVC from other materials. This solvent turns in a closed loop process in which the solvent is recycled. Recycled PVC is used in place of virgin PVC in various applications: coatings for swimming pools, shoe soles, hoses, diaphragms tunnel, coated fabrics, PVC sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recycled PVC's primary energy demand is 46 percent lower than conventional produced PVC. So the use of recycled material leads to a significant better <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> is 39 percent lower.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2005, one of the largest hospital networks in the US, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Healthcare_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Healthcare West">Catholic Healthcare West</a>, signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/B._Braun" title="B. Braun">B. Braun</a> Melsungen for vinyl-free intravenous bags and tubing.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2012, a major US West Coast healthcare provider, <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente" title="Kaiser Permanente">Kaiser Permanente</a>, announced that it will no longer buy intravenous (IV) medical equipment made with PVC and DEHP-type plasticizers.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" title="U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission">U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission</a> (CPSC) arrived at a voluntary agreement with manufacturers to remove phthalates from PVC rattles, teethers, baby bottle nipples and pacifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinyl_gloves_in_medicine">Vinyl gloves in medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Vinyl gloves in medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinyl_Einmalhandschuhe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vinyl_Einmalhandschuhe.JPG/220px-Vinyl_Einmalhandschuhe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vinyl_Einmalhandschuhe.JPG/330px-Vinyl_Einmalhandschuhe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vinyl_Einmalhandschuhe.JPG/440px-Vinyl_Einmalhandschuhe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Vinyl gloves</figcaption></figure> <p>Plasticized PVC is a common material for <a href="/wiki/Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">medical gloves</a>. Due to vinyl gloves having less flexibility and elasticity, several guidelines recommend either <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">latex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">nitrile</a> gloves for clinical care and procedures that require manual dexterity or that involve patient contact for more than a brief period. Vinyl gloves show poor resistance to many chemicals, including glutaraldehyde-based products and alcohols used in formulation of disinfectants for swabbing down work surfaces or in hand rubs. The additives in PVC are also known to cause skin reactions such as allergic contact dermatitis. These are for example the antioxidant <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, the biocide <a href="/wiki/Benzisothiazolinone" title="Benzisothiazolinone">benzisothiazolinone</a>, propylene glycol/adipate polyester and ethylhexylmaleate.<sup id="cite_ref-ansell_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ansell-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The life cycle, sustainability, and appropriateness of PVC are discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> In Europe, a 2021 VinylPlus Progress Report indicated that 731,461 tonnes PVC were recycled in 2020, a 5% reduction compared to 2019 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloropolymer" title="Chloropolymer">Chloropolymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pressure_pipe_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pressure pipe systems">Plastic pressure pipe systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_clay" title="Polymer clay">Polymer clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoride" title="Polyvinyl fluoride">Polyvinyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride" title="Polyvinylidene fluoride">Polyvinylidene fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVC_Bendit" title="PVC Bendit">PVC Bendit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVC_Clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC Clothing">PVC clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVC_decking" title="PVC decking">PVC decking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC fetishism">PVC fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_roof_membrane" title="Vinyl roof membrane">Vinyl roof membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyethylene" title="Chlorinated polyethylene">Chlorinated polyethylene</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTitow1984" class="citation book cs1">Titow, W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N79YwkVx4kwC"><i>PVC Technology</i></a>. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85334-249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85334-249-6"><bdi>978-0-85334-249-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PVC+Technology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Elsevier+Applied+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-85334-249-6&rft.aulast=Titow&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN79YwkVx4kwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chebi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chebi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=53243">"poly(vinyl chloride) (CHEBI:53243)"</a>. <i>CHEBI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213205919/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=53243">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CHEBI&rft.atitle=poly%28vinyl+chloride%29+%28CHEBI%3A53243%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebi.ac.uk%2Fchebi%2FsearchId.do%3FchebiId%3D53243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=9002-86-2&terms=Polyvinyl%20chloride">"Substance Details CAS Registry Number: 9002-86-2"</a>. <i>Commonchemistry</i>. CAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021336/http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=9002-86-2&terms=Polyvinyl">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonchemistry&rft.atitle=Substance+Details+CAS+Registry+Number%3A+9002-86-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonchemistry.org%2FChemicalDetail.aspx%3Fref%3D9002-86-2%26terms%3DPolyvinyl%2520chloride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaplerLeupoldDragonuvon_Elverfeldt2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond". <i>JMR</i>. <b>242</b>: 233–242. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4760">1403.4760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JMagR.242..233W">2014JMagR.242..233W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmr.2014.02.005">10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705364">24705364</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11545416">11545416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JMR&rft.atitle=Magnetic+properties+of+materials+for+MR+engineering%2C+micro-MR+and+beyond&rft.volume=242&rft.pages=233-242&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11545416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JMagR.242..233W&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1403.4760&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24705364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmr.2014.02.005&rft.aulast=Wapler&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Leupold%2C+J.&rft.au=Dragonu%2C+I.&rft.au=von+Elverfeldt%2C+D.&rft.au=Zaitsev%2C+M.&rft.au=Wallrabe%2C+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qubicaamf.com/msds-forms/forms/gutter-coverboard-capping-en.pdf">"Material Safety Data Sheet: PVC Compounds Pellet and Powder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Georgia Gulf Chemical and Vinyls LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817025904/https://www.qubicaamf.com/msds-forms/forms/gutter-coverboard-capping-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet%3A+PVC+Compounds+Pellet+and+Powder&rft.pub=Georgia+Gulf+Chemical+and+Vinyls+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qubicaamf.com%2Fmsds-forms%2Fforms%2Fgutter-coverboard-capping-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvc_handbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvc_handbook_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvc_handbook_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkesSummersDanielsBerard2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, Charles E.; Summers, James W.; Daniels, Charles Anthony; Berard, Mark T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUkJNI9QYsUC&pg=PA414"><i>PVC Handbook</i></a>. Hanser Verlag. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56990-379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56990-379-7"><bdi>978-1-56990-379-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117164947/https://books.google.com/books?id=YUkJNI9QYsUC&pg=PA414">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PVC+Handbook&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Hanser+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56990-379-7&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft.au=Summers%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Charles+Anthony&rft.au=Berard%2C+Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUkJNI9QYsUC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/substance/polyvinylchloride123459002862">"Poly(vinyl chloride)"</a>. MilliporeSigma. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011195123/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/substance/polyvinylchloride123459002862">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poly%28vinyl+chloride%29&rft.pub=MilliporeSigma&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FUS%2Fen%2Fsubstance%2Fpolyvinylchloride123459002862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pslc.ws/mactest/pvc.htm">"Poly(Vinyl Chloride)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poly%28Vinyl+Chloride%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pslc.ws%2Fmactest%2Fpvc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvc.org_about-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvc.org_about_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvc.org_about_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pvc.org/about-pvc/">"About PVC"</a>. <i>The European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205021409/https://pvc.org/about-pvc/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+European+Council+of+Vinyl+Manufacturers&rft.atitle=About+PVC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpvc.org%2Fabout-pvc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmannPVC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsoppVianello2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allsopp, M. W.; Vianello, G. (2012). "Poly(Vinyl Chloride)". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_717">10.1002/14356007.a21_717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poly%28Vinyl+Chloride%29&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a21_717&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Allsopp&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Vianello%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._V._Titow1984" class="citation book cs1">W. V. Titow (31 December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N79YwkVx4kwC&pg=PA6"><i>PVC technology</i></a>. Springer. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85334-249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85334-249-6"><bdi>978-0-85334-249-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526154902/http://books.google.com/books?id=N79YwkVx4kwC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PVC+technology&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1984-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-85334-249-6&rft.au=W.+V.+Titow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN79YwkVx4kwC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrauseHirahashiToyodaKameda2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grause, Guido; Hirahashi, Suguru; Toyoda, Hiroshi; Kameda, Tomohito; Yoshioka, Toshiaki (2017). "Solubility parameters for determining optimal solvents for separating PVC from PVC-coated PET fibers". <i>Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management</i>. <b>19</b>: 612–622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10163-015-0457-9">10.1007/s10163-015-0457-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Material+Cycles+and+Waste+Management&rft.atitle=Solubility+parameters+for+determining+optimal+solvents+for+separating+PVC+from+PVC-coated+PET+fibers&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=612-622&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10163-015-0457-9&rft.aulast=Grause&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft.au=Hirahashi%2C+Suguru&rft.au=Toyoda%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Kameda%2C+Tomohito&rft.au=Yoshioka%2C+Toshiaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumann, E. (1872) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNXyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308">"Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117121728/https://books.google.com/books?id=HNXyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308">Archived</a> 17 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (On some vinyl compounds), <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i>, <b>163</b> : 308–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemonStahl1981" class="citation journal cs1">Semon, Waldo L.; Stahl, G. Allan (April 1981). "History of Vinyl Chloride Polymers". <i>Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry</i>. <b>15</b> (6): 1263–1278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222338108066464">10.1080/00222338108066464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Macromolecular+Science%3A+Part+A+-+Chemistry&rft.atitle=History+of+Vinyl+Chloride+Polymers&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1263-1278&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00222338108066464&rft.aulast=Semon&rft.aufirst=Waldo+L.&rft.au=Stahl%2C+G.+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFWaldo_Semon1933"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/024540689/publication/US1929453A?q=pn%3DUS1929453A">US 1929453</a>, Waldo Semon, "Synthetic rubber-like composition and method of making same", published 1933-10-10,  assigned to B.F. Goodrich</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1929453&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Synthetic+rubber-like+composition+and+method+of+making+same&rft.inventor=Waldo+Semon&rft.assignee=B.F.+Goodrich&rft.pubdate=1933-10-10"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426112331/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/024540689/publication/US1929453A?q=pn%3DUS1929453A">Archived</a> 26 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandaRoy2006" class="citation book cs1">Chanda, Manas; Roy, Salil K. (2006). <i>Plastics technology handbook</i>. CRC Press. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-7039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-7039-7"><bdi>978-0-8493-7039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastics+technology+handbook&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-7039-7&rft.aulast=Chanda&rft.aufirst=Manas&rft.au=Roy%2C+Salil+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikkei_Asian_Review-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nikkei_Asian_Review_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nikkei_Asian_Review_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Shin-Etsu-Chemical-to-build-1.4bn-polyvinyl-chloride-plant-in-US">"Shin-Etsu Chemical to build $1.4bn polyvinyl chloride plant in US"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asian Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724123305/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Shin-Etsu-Chemical-to-build-1.4bn-polyvinyl-chloride-plant-in-US">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Shin-Etsu+Chemical+to+build+%241.4bn+polyvinyl+chloride+plant+in+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FCompanies%2FShin-Etsu-Chemical-to-build-1.4bn-polyvinyl-chloride-plant-in-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers, and Composites, Fourth Edition, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill, Charles A. Harper Editor-in-Chief. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-138476-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-138476-6">0-07-138476-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UllmannPlasticizer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UllmannPlasticizer_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Cadogan and Christopher J. Howick "Plasticizers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a20_439">10.1002/14356007.a20_439</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlen" class="citation web cs1">Karlen, Kaley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/publications/Documents/GreenBuilding%5C43106016.pdf">"Health Concerns and Environmental Issues with PVC-Containing Building Materials in Green Buildings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Integrated Waste Management Board</i>. California Environmental Protection Agency, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205053614/http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/publications/Documents/GreenBuilding%5C43106016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integrated+Waste+Management+Board&rft.atitle=Health+Concerns+and+Environmental+Issues+with+PVC-Containing+Building+Materials+in+Green+Buildings&rft.aulast=Karlen&rft.aufirst=Kaley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calrecycle.ca.gov%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2FGreenBuilding%255C43106016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-additives_handbook-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-additives_handbook_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauskopf2009" class="citation book cs1">Krauskopf, Leonard G. (2009). "3.13 Plasticizers". <i>Plastics additives handbook</i> (6. ed.). Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. pp. 485–511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-40801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-446-40801-2"><bdi>978-3-446-40801-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.13+Plasticizers&rft.btitle=Plastics+additives+handbook&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=485-511&rft.edition=6.&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-446-40801-2&rft.aulast=Krauskopf&rft.aufirst=Leonard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Cadogan and Christopher J. Howick "Plasticizers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a20_439">10.1002/14356007.a20_439</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plasticisers1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plasticisers1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plasticisers1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plasticisers.org/factsheet/plasticisers-factsheets">"factsheets - Plasticisers - Information Center"</a>. Plasticisers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209124924/https://www.plasticisers.org/factsheet/plasticisers-factsheets/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=factsheets+-+Plasticisers+-+Information+Center&rft.pub=Plasticisers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plasticisers.org%2Ffactsheet%2Fplasticisers-factsheets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ceresana-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ceresana_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceresana.com/en/market-studies/chemicals/plasticizers/">"Plasticizers Market Report"</a>. <i>Ceresana</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ceresana&rft.atitle=Plasticizers+Market+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceresana.com%2Fen%2Fmarket-studies%2Fchemicals%2Fplasticizers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-table-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-table_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-table_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauskopf2009" class="citation book cs1">Krauskopf, L. G. (2009). <i>Plastics additives handbook</i> (6. ed.). Munich: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hanser_Verlag" title="Carl Hanser Verlag">Carl Hanser Verlag</a>. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-40801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-446-40801-2"><bdi>978-3-446-40801-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastics+additives+handbook&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=495&rft.edition=6.&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-446-40801-2&rft.aulast=Krauskopf&rft.aufirst=L.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noharm-uscanada.org/issues/us-canada/phthalates-and-dehp">"Phthalates and DEHP"</a>. Health Care Without Harm. 29 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phthalates+and+DEHP&rft.pub=Health+Care+Without+Harm&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoharm-uscanada.org%2Fissues%2Fus-canada%2Fphthalates-and-dehp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_047.pdf">Opinion on The safety of medical devices containing DEHP plasticized PVC or other plasticizers on neonates and other groups possibly at risk (2015 update)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203200221/http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_047.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks (25 June 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plasticisers.org/?s=DEHP">"You searched for DEHP - Plasticisers - Information Center"</a>. Plasticisers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209114052/https://www.plasticisers.org/?s=DEHP">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+searched+for+DEHP+-+Plasticisers+-+Information+Center&rft.pub=Plasticisers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plasticisers.org%2F%3Fs%3DDEHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150726001713/http://www.stabilisers.eu/stabilisers-types/liquid-stabilisers">Liquid stabilisers</a>. Seuropean Stabiliser Producers Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519042304/http://www.vinylplus.eu/uploads/Progress_Report_2011/Vinyl2010-ProgressReport2011_English.pdf">Vinyl 2010</a>. The European PVC Industry's Sustainable Development Programme</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greenpvc.com.vn/differences-between-flexible-and-rigid-pvc-compounds">"DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PVC COMPOUNDS"</a>. Green PVC. 12 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216065231/https://greenpvc.com.vn/differences-between-flexible-and-rigid-pvc-compounds">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIFFERENCES+BETWEEN+FLEXIBLE+AND+RIGID+PVC+COMPOUNDS&rft.pub=Green+PVC&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreenpvc.com.vn%2Fdifferences-between-flexible-and-rigid-pvc-compounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titow1186-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titow1186_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titow1186_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitow1984">Titow 1984</a>, p. 1186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titow1191-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titow1191_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titow1191_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitow1984">Titow 1984</a>, p. 1191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titow857-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titow857_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titow857_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titow857_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titow857_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitow1984">Titow 1984</a>, p. 857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titow1194-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titow1194_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titow1194_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitow1984">Titow 1984</a>, p. 1194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyce-2004-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joyce-2004_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joyce-2004_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Joyce,_Michael_D._Joyce2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Joyce, Michael D. Joyce (2004). <i>Residential Construction Academy: Plumbing</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 63–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Residential+Construction+Academy%3A+Plumbing&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Michael+A.+Joyce%2C+Michael+D.+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman,_Shah2007" class="citation conference cs1">Rahman, Shah (19–20 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709034844/http://www.institutodopvc.org/congresso2/ShahRahman.pdf"><i>PVC Pipe & Fittings: Underground Solutions for Water and Sewer Systems in North America</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2nd Brazilian PVC Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutodopvc.org/congresso2/ShahRahman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=PVC+Pipe+%26+Fittings%3A+Underground+Solutions+for+Water+and+Sewer+Systems+in+North+America&rft.date=2007-06-19%2F2007-06-20&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Shah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutodopvc.org%2Fcongresso2%2FShahRahman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822041842/http://vinylbydesign.com/site/page.asp?CID=14&DID=15">Uses for vinyl: pipe</a>. vinylbydesign.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman,_Shah2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Shah (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/398987949/Thermoplastics-At-Work-Comprehensive-Review-of-Municipal-PVC-Pipe-Products">"Thermoplastics at Work: A Comprehensive Review of Municipal PVC Piping Products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Underground Construction</i>: 56–61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807004043/https://www.scribd.com/document/398987949/Thermoplastics-At-Work-Comprehensive-Review-of-Municipal-PVC-Pipe-Products">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Underground+Construction&rft.atitle=Thermoplastics+at+Work%3A+A+Comprehensive+Review+of+Municipal+PVC+Piping+Products&rft.pages=56-61&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F398987949%2FThermoplastics-At-Work-Comprehensive-Review-of-Municipal-PVC-Pipe-Products&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah_Rahman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shah Rahman (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hultec.co.za/downloads/Buried_lifelines.pdf">"Sealing Our Buried Lifelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Opflow</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 12–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Opflo..33d..12R">2007Opflo..33d..12R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x">10.1002/j.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008190036/http://www.hultec.co.za/downloads/buried_lifelines.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opflow&rft.atitle=Sealing+Our+Buried+Lifelines&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=12-17&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Opflo..33d..12R&rft.au=Shah+Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hultec.co.za%2Fdownloads%2FBuried_lifelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titow717-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-titow717_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitow1984">Titow 1984</a>, p. 717 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N79YwkVx4kwC&dq=%3D%22PVC+coating+of+wire%22&pg=PA717">PVC coating of wire and cable</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallowayHirschlerSmith1992" class="citation journal cs1">Galloway FM, Hirschler MM, Smith GF (1992). "Surface parameters from small-scale experiments used for measuring HCl transport and decay in fire atmospheres". <i>Fire Mater</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 181–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ffam.810150405">10.1002/fam.810150405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Mater&rft.atitle=Surface+parameters+from+small-scale+experiments+used+for+measuring+HCl+transport+and+decay+in+fire+atmospheres&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=181-189&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ffam.810150405&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=FM&rft.au=Hirschler%2C+MM&rft.au=Smith%2C+GF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, A. Brent (2005) <i>Plastics: Materials and Processing</i>. Prentice Hall. pp. 36–37, 68–72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131145584" title="Special:BookSources/0131145584">0131145584</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greendotsign.com/gdsnews/vinyl-an-honest-conversation/">"Vinyl: an Honest Conversation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128063425/https://www.greendotsign.com/gdsnews/vinyl-an-honest-conversation/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinyl%3A+an+Honest+Conversation&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greendotsign.com%2Fgdsnews%2Fvinyl-an-honest-conversation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607064149/http://www.pvcmed.org/learning-centre/pvc-medical-applications/">PVC Healthcare Applications</a>. pvcmed.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh2007-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2007_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshBigusu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marsh, Kenneth; Bigusu, Betty (31 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00301.x">"Food Packaging – Roles, Materials, and Environmental Issues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Science" title="Journal of Food Science">Journal of Food Science</a></i>. <b>72</b> (3): R43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-3841.2007.00301.x">10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00301.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1750-3841">1750-3841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17995809">17995809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Food+Packaging+%E2%80%93+Roles%2C+Materials%2C+and+Environmental+Issues&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=R43&rft.date=2007-03-31&rft.issn=1750-3841&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17995809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-3841.2007.00301.x&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Bigusu%2C+Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-3841.2007.00301.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexcocable.com/vinyl-and-nylon-coated-cables.html">"Coated Aircraft Cable & Wire Rope"</a>. Lexco Cable. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826032003/http://www.lexcocable.com/vinyl-and-nylon-coated-cables.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coated+Aircraft+Cable+%26+Wire+Rope&rft.pub=Lexco+Cable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexcocable.com%2Fvinyl-and-nylon-coated-cables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704042228/http://devices.natetrue.com/pvc/pvc.htm">Building a PVC Instrument</a>. natetrue.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakataOhashi2002" class="citation book cs1">Takata, Ayumi; Ohashi, Yutaka (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2002-01-0293/">"Post PVC Sound Insulating Underbody coating"</a>. <i>SAE Technical Paper Series</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4271%2F2002-01-0293">10.4271/2002-01-0293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post+PVC+Sound+Insulating+Underbody+coating&rft.btitle=SAE+Technical+Paper+Series&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4271%2F2002-01-0293&rft.aulast=Takata&rft.aufirst=Ayumi&rft.au=Ohashi%2C+Yutaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fpublications%2Ftechnical-papers%2Fcontent%2F2002-01-0293%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalden2010" class="citation journal cs1">Halden, Rolf U. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714">"Plastics and Health Risks"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Public Health</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 179–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714">10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20070188">20070188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Plastics+and+Health+Risks&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-194&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20070188&rft.aulast=Halden&rft.aufirst=Rolf+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_344/l_34420051227en00400043.pdf">Directive 2005/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 14 December 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504104216/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_344/l_34420051227en00400043.pdf">Archived</a> 4 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Official Journal of the European Union. 27 December 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/cityguides/winnipeg/info/story.html?id=dfe49cb3-b104-4d4a-a449-14e4faf17e2b">Vinyl shower curtains a 'volatile' hazard, study says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904012142/http://www.canada.com/cityguides/winnipeg/info/story.html?id=dfe49cb3-b104-4d4a-a449-14e4faf17e2b">Archived</a> 4 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Canada.com (12 June 2008). Retrieved on 6 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornehag,_Carl-GustafSundellWeschlerSigsgaard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bornehag, Carl-Gustaf; Sundell, Jan; Weschler, Charles J.; Sigsgaard, Torben; Lundgren, Björn; Hasselgren, Mikael; Hägerhed-Engman, Linda; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1247566">"The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case–Control Study"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>112</b> (14): 1393–1397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.7187">10.1289/ehp.7187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1247566">1247566</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15471731">15471731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Association+between+Asthma+and+Allergic+Symptoms+in+Children+and+Phthalates+in+House+Dust%3A+A+Nested+Case%E2%80%93Control+Study&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1393-1397&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1247566%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15471731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.7187&rft.au=Bornehag%2C+Carl-Gustaf&rft.au=Sundell%2C+Jan&rft.au=Weschler%2C+Charles+J.&rft.au=Sigsgaard%2C+Torben&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Hasselgren%2C+Mikael&rft.au=H%C3%A4gerhed-Engman%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1247566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602175817/http://blog.phthalates.org/archives/2007/01/more_good_news.html">Phthalate Information Center Blog: More good news from Europe</a>. phthalates.org (3 January 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20130906/NEWS/130909958/chinas-pvc-pipe-makers-under-pressure-to-give-up-lead-stabilizers">"China's PVC pipe makers under pressure to give up lead stabilizers"</a>. 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+PVC+pipe+makers+under+pressure+to+give+up+lead+stabilizers&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plasticsnews.com%2Farticle%2F20130906%2FNEWS%2F130909958%2Fchinas-pvc-pipe-makers-under-pressure-to-give-up-lead-stabilizers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stabilisers.eu/lead-replacement/">"Lead replacement"</a>. <i>European Stabiliser Producers Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205030017/https://www.stabilisers.eu/lead-replacement/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Stabiliser+Producers+Association&rft.atitle=Lead+replacement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stabilisers.eu%2Flead-replacement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vinylplus.eu-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vinylplus.eu_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vinylplus.eu/uploads/downloads/VinylPlus_Progress_Report_2016.pdf">"VinylPlus Progress Report 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/VinylPlus" title="VinylPlus">VinylPlus</a>. 30 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220164127/https://www.vinylplus.eu/uploads/downloads/VinylPlus_Progress_Report_2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VinylPlus+Progress+Report+2016&rft.pub=VinylPlus&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinylplus.eu%2Fuploads%2Fdownloads%2FVinylPlus_Progress_Report_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreechJohnson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Creech, J. L. Jr.; Johnson, M. N. (March 1974). "Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride". <i>Journal of Occupational Medicine</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 150–1. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4856325">4856325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Angiosarcoma+of+liver+in+the+manufacture+of+polyvinyl+chloride&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=150-1&rft.date=1974-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4856325&rft.aulast=Creech&rft.aufirst=J.+L.+Jr.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+M.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-costner2005-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-costner2005_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-costner2005_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Costner, Pat (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/cop_2/followup/toolkit/submissions/IPEN%20Comments/Estimating%20Dioxin%20Releases%20English.pdf">"Estimating Releases and Prioritizing Sources in the Context of the Stockholm Convention"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024749/http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/cop_2/followup/toolkit/submissions/IPEN%20Comments/Estimating%20Dioxin%20Releases%20English.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International POPs Elimination Network, Mexico.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok,_M.R.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Beychok, M.R. (1987). "A data base of dioxin and furan emissions from municipal refuse incinerators". <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 29–36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AtmEn..21...29B">1987AtmEn..21...29B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0004-6981%2887%2990267-8">10.1016/0004-6981(87)90267-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=A+data+base+of+dioxin+and+furan+emissions+from+municipal+refuse+incinerators&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-36&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0004-6981%2887%2990267-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987AtmEn..21...29B&rft.au=Beychok%2C+M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Renewable Energy Laboratory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5518.pdf">Polyvinyl Chloride Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste Combustion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215043431/http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5518.pdf">Archived</a> 15 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NREL/TP-430- 5518, Golden CO, April 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigoChandlerLanier1995" class="citation book cs1">Rigo, H. G.; Chandler, A. J.; Lanier, W.S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407153408/http://www.pvcinfo.be/bestanden/ASME%20abstract1.pdf"><i>The Relationship between Chlorine in Waste Streams and Dioxin Emissions from Waste Combustor Stacks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 36. New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7918-1222-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7918-1222-8"><bdi>978-0-7918-1222-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pvcinfo.be/bestanden/ASME%20abstract1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+between+Chlorine+in+Waste+Streams+and+Dioxin+Emissions+from+Waste+Combustor+Stacks&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7918-1222-8&rft.aulast=Rigo&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft.au=Chandler%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Lanier%2C+W.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pvcinfo.be%2Fbestanden%2FASME%2520abstract1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatami,_TakeoYasuharaOkudaShibamoto2002" class="citation journal cs1">Katami, Takeo; Yasuhara, Akio; Okuda, Toshikazu; Shibamoto, Takayuki; et al. (2002). "Formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and Coplanar PCBs from Polyvinyl Chloride during Combustion in an Incinerator". <i>Environ. Sci. Technol</i>. <b>36</b> (6): 1320–1324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EnST...36.1320K">2002EnST...36.1320K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes0109904">10.1021/es0109904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11944687">11944687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Sci.+Technol.&rft.atitle=Formation+of+PCDDs%2C+PCDFs%2C+and+Coplanar+PCBs+from+Polyvinyl+Chloride+during+Combustion+in+an+Incinerator&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1320-1324&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11944687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes0109904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EnST...36.1320K&rft.au=Katami%2C+Takeo&rft.au=Yasuhara%2C+Akio&rft.au=Okuda%2C+Toshikazu&rft.au=Shibamoto%2C+Takayuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_J.Green,_A.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, J.; Green, A. (1993). "Correlation of chlorinated organic compound emissions from incineration with chlorinated organic input". <i>Chemosphere</i>. <b>26</b> (11): 2039–2054. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Chmsp..26.2039W">1993Chmsp..26.2039W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0045-6535%2893%2990030-9">10.1016/0045-6535(93)90030-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Correlation+of+chlorinated+organic+compound+emissions+from+incineration+with+chlorinated+organic+input&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2039-2054&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0045-6535%2893%2990030-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Chmsp..26.2039W&rft.au=Wagner%2C+J.&rft.au=Green%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton,_Joe2002" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Joe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920032531/http://healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_Impacts_of_PVC.pdf"><i>Environmental Impacts of polyvinyl Chloride Building Materials</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Healthy_Building_Network" title="Healthy Building Network">Healthy Building Network</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9724632-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9724632-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9724632-0-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_Impacts_of_PVC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Impacts+of+polyvinyl+Chloride+Building+Materials&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Healthy+Building+Network&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9724632-0-1&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthybuilding.net%2Fpvc%2FThornton_Enviro_Impacts_of_PVC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2372">The USGBC document</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713170713/https://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2372">Archived</a> 13 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharosproject.net/wiki/index.php?title=USGBC_TSAC_PVC">An analysis by the Healthy Building NEtwork</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602205050/http://www.pharosproject.net/wiki/index.php?title=USGBC_TSAC_PVC">Archived</a> 2 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikstromG._LofveniusC._RappeS._Marklund1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wikstrom, Evalena; G. Lofvenius; C. Rappe; S. Marklund (1996). "Influence of Level and Form of Chlorine on the Formation of Chlorinated Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Benzenes during Combustion of an Artificial Fuel in a Laboratory Reactor". <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>30</b> (5): 1637–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EnST...30.1637W">1996EnST...30.1637W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes9506364">10.1021/es9506364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Level+and+Form+of+Chlorine+on+the+Formation+of+Chlorinated+Dioxins%2C+Dibenzofurans%2C+and+Benzenes+during+Combustion+of+an+Artificial+Fuel+in+a+Laboratory+Reactor&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1637-1644&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes9506364&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996EnST...30.1637W&rft.aulast=Wikstrom&rft.aufirst=Evalena&rft.au=G.+Lofvenius&rft.au=C.+Rappe&rft.au=S.+Marklund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pvc/pdf/en.pdf">Environmental issues of PVC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512144023/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pvc/pdf/en.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. European Commission. Brussels, 26 July 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327075103/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/files/sustdev/pvc-final_report_lca_en.pdf">Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials Commissioned by the European Commission</a>. European Commission (July 2004), p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinyl2010.org">Home – Vinyl 2010 The European PVC industry commitment to Sustainability</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725200810/http://www.vinyl2010.org/">Archived</a> 25 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vinyl2010.org (22 June 2011). Retrieved on 6 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141120080145/http://www.vinylplus.eu/en_GB/about-vinylplus/our-voluntary-commitment">Our Voluntary Commitment</a>. vinylplus.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recovinyl.com">Incentives to collect and recycle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119005124/https://www.recovinyl.com/">Archived</a> 19 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Recovinyl.com. Retrieved on 28 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vinylplus.eu/uploads/images/ProgressReport2019/VinylPlus%20Progress%20Report%202019_sp.pdf">"VinylPlus Progress Report 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214043955/https://vinylplus.eu/uploads/images/ProgressReport2019/VinylPlus%20Progress%20Report%202019_sp.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VinylPlus+Progress+Report+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvinylplus.eu%2Fuploads%2Fimages%2FProgressReport2019%2FVinylPlus%2520Progress%2520Report%25202019_sp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/EN/vinyls/vinyloop/Pages/VinyloopHome.aspx">Solvay, asking more from chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101172817/http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/EN/vinyls/vinyloop/Pages/VinyloopHome.aspx">Archived</a> 1 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Solvayplastics.com (15 July 2013). Retrieved on 28 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/SiteCollectionDocuments/VinyLoop/The%20VinyLoop%20Eco-Footprint%20Study.pdf">Solvay, asking more from chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516130930/http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/SiteCollectionDocuments/VinyLoop/The%20VinyLoop%20Eco-Footprint%20Study.pdf">Archived</a> 16 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Solvayplastics.com (15 July 2013). Retrieved on 28 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20051121005624/en/CHW-Switches-PVCDEHP-Free-Products-Improve-Patient-Safety">"CHW Switches to PVC/DEHP-Free Products to Improve Patient Safety and Protect the Environment"</a>. <i>Business Wire</i>. 21 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409063746/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20051121005624/en/CHW-Switches-PVCDEHP-Free-Products-Improve-Patient-Safety">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Wire&rft.atitle=CHW+Switches+to+PVC%2FDEHP-Free+Products+to+Improve+Patient+Safety+and+Protect+the+Environment&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20051121005624%2Fen%2FCHW-Switches-PVCDEHP-Free-Products-Improve-Patient-Safety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smock, Doug (19 January 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110104103/http://www.plasticstoday.com/articles/kaiser-permanente-bans-pvc-tubing-and-bags0119201201">Kaiser Permanente bans PVC tubing and bags</a>. plasticstoday.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chej.org/pvcfactsheets/PVC_Policies_Around_The_World.html">"PVC Policies Across the World"</a>. <i>chej.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810185527/http://www.chej.org/pvcfactsheets/PVC_Policies_Around_The_World.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chej.org&rft.atitle=PVC+Policies+Across+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchej.org%2Fpvcfactsheets%2FPVC_Policies_Around_The_World.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ansell-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ansell_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922064819/http://www.anselleurope.com/medical/pdf/Position%20Paper_EN.pdf">"Vinyl Gloves: Causes For Concern"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ansell" title="Ansell">Ansell</a> (glove manufacturer). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anselleurope.com/medical/pdf/Position%20Paper_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinyl+Gloves%3A+Causes+For+Concern&rft.pub=Ansell+%28glove+manufacturer%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anselleurope.com%2Fmedical%2Fpdf%2FPosition%2520Paper_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/cp-london-2012-use-of-pvc-policy.pdf">London 2012 Use of PVC Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201074938/http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/cp-london-2012-use-of-pvc-policy.pdf">Archived</a> 1 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. independent.gov.uk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vinylplus.eu/resources/vinylplus-at-a-glance-2021/">"VinylPlus at a Glance 2021 - VinylPlus"</a>. Vinylplus.eu. 17 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207144311/https://www.vinylplus.eu/resources/vinylplus-at-a-glance-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VinylPlus+at+a+Glance+2021+-+VinylPlus&rft.pub=Vinylplus.eu&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinylplus.eu%2Fresources%2Fvinylplus-at-a-glance-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyvinyl+chloride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polyvinyl_chloride" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004023754/http://www.pvc.org/en/">The European PVC Portal (European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers)</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1487.html">Polyvinyl Chloride International Chemical Safety Cards—CDC/NIOSH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plastics.ca/">The Vinyl Council of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323211843/http://vinylinfo.org/vinyl-info/about-vinyl/">US Vinyl Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plastics" title="Template:Plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plastics" title="Template talk:Plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plastics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/126px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/189px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/252px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/126px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/189px-Plastic_objects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/252px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br />processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146368#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076253-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104742">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12134839f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12134839f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561986">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="polyvinylchlorid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124316&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563140505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&oldid=1259842063">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&oldid=1259842063</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dielectrics" title="Category:Dielectrics">Dielectrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonwoven_fabrics" title="Category:Nonwoven fabrics">Nonwoven fabrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics" title="Category:Plastics">Plastics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thermoplastics" title="Category:Thermoplastics">Thermoplastics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vinyl_polymers" title="Category:Vinyl polymers">Vinyl polymers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commodity_chemicals" title="Category:Commodity chemicals">Commodity chemicals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1872_in_science" title="Category:1872 in science">1872 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1872_in_Germany" title="Category:1872 in Germany">1872 in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_packaging" title="Category:Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_other_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template other archives">Webarchive template other archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2020">Use dmy dates from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals_that_do_not_have_a_ChemSpider_ID_assigned" title="Category:Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned">Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals_without_a_PubChem_CID" title="Category:Chemicals without a PubChem CID">Chemicals without a PubChem CID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_InChI_source" title="Category:Articles without InChI source">Articles without InChI source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_UNII_source" title="Category:Articles without UNII source">Articles without UNII source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_unverified_chemical_infoboxes" title="Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes">Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_image_size_set" title="Category:Chembox image size set">Chembox image size set</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 10:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyvinyl_chloride&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-757b8f897d-frmkx","wgBackendResponseTime":190,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.791","walltime":"2.138","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11490,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":239649,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22436,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":254125,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1820.898 1 -total"," 30.75% 559.984 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.34% 534.255 1 Template:Chembox"," 16.44% 299.381 1 Template:Chembox_Identifiers"," 8.81% 160.457 13 Template:Trim"," 8.79% 160.060 10 Template:Cite_book"," 8.78% 159.824 4 Template:Chembox_headerbar"," 7.52% 136.947 4 Template:Navbox"," 6.79% 123.565 1 Template:HealthIssuesOfPlastics"," 5.99% 109.123 15 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.922","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12924958,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeychok,_M.R.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBornehag,_Carl-GustafSundellWeschlerSigsgaard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandaRoy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreechJohnson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallowayHirschlerSmith1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrauseHirahashiToyodaKameda2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatami,_TakeoYasuharaOkudaShibamoto2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauskopf2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarshBigusu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_A._Joyce,_Michael_D._Joyce2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman,_Shah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman,_Shah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigoChandlerLanier1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemonStahl1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah_Rahman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakataOhashi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton,_Joe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitow1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._V._Titow1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner,_J.Green,_A.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldo_Semon1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaplerLeupoldDragonuvon_Elverfeldt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikstromG._LofveniusC._RappeS._Marklund1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkesSummersDanielsBerard2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Hazards\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Identifiers\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Properties\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Related\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Polyvinyl Chloride\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"HealthIssuesOfPlastics\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plastics\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ullmann\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-h456p","timestamp":"20241203065250","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Polyvinyl chloride","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polyvinyl_chloride","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q146368","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q146368","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-24T23:55:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T10:42:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/83\/Pure_Polyvinyl_Chloride_powder.jpg","headline":"synthetic plastic polymer - A thermoplastic resin produced by the polymerization of vinyl chloride gas."}</script> </body> </html>