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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alloying_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloying_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alloying elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloying_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grey_cast_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grey_cast_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grey cast iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grey_cast_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_cast_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_cast_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>White cast iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_cast_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malleable_cast_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malleable_cast_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Malleable cast iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malleable_cast_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ductile_cast_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ductile_cast_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ductile cast iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ductile_cast_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_comparative_qualities_of_cast_irons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_comparative_qualities_of_cast_irons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Table of comparative qualities of cast irons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_comparative_qualities_of_cast_irons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cast-iron_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cast-iron_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cast-iron bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cast-iron_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textile_mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Textile mills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cast iron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1" title="حديد زهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديد زهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundici%C3%B3n_de_fierro" title="Fundición de fierro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fundición de fierro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87uqun" title="Çuqun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çuqun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чыгун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чыгун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чыгун – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чыгун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чугун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чугун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveno_gvo%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Liveno gvožđe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Liveno gvožđe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potin" title="Potin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Potin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro_colat" title="Ferro colat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferro colat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чукун – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чукун" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litina" title="Litina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Litina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haearn_bwrw" title="Haearn bwrw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haearn bwrw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8bejern" title="Støbejern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Støbejern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusseisen" title="Gusseisen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gusseisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm" title="Malm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Malm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χυτοσίδηρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χυτοσίδηρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundici%C3%B3n_de_hierro" title="Fundición de hierro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fundición de hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisfero" title="Gisfero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gisfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdinurtu" title="Burdinurtu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdinurtu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="چدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_(m%C3%A9tallurgie)" title="Fonte (métallurgie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fonte (métallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarann_teilgthe" title="Iarann teilgthe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarann teilgthe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro_fundido" title="Ferro fundido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferro fundido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%87%A0" title="무쇠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무쇠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BB" title="Թուջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="ढलवां लोहा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ढलवां लोहा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijevano_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Lijevano željezo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lijevano željezo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi_tuang" title="Besi tuang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Besi tuang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%BD%D0%B3%C3%A6%D1%82" title="Цæнгæт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæнгæт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghisa" title="Ghisa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghisa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A7" title="ברזל יצוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזל יצוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3" title="ಎರಕಹೊಯ್ದ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರಕಹೊಯ್ದ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="თუჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თუჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Шойын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шойын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чувин – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чувин" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuguns" title="Čuguns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čuguns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goss" title="Goss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Goss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketus" title="Ketus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ketus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghisa" title="Ghisa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ghisa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geetiezer" title="Geetiezer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geetiezer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghisa_(liga)" title="Ghisa (liga) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ghisa (liga)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nt%C3%B6ttvas" title="Öntöttvas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Öntöttvas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Леано железо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леано железо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy_anidina" title="Vy anidina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vy anidina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi_tuang" title="Besi tuang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Besi tuang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi_tuang" title="Basi tuang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Basi tuang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Валомкшни – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Валомкшни" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Ширэм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ширэм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gietijzer" title="Gietijzer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gietijzer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B3%E9%89%84" title="鋳鉄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鋳鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8pejern" title="Støpejern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Støpejern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8ypejern" title="Støypejern – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Støypejern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Чойн – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чойн" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%CA%BByan" title="Choʻyan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Choʻyan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86" title="کاسٹ آئرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاسٹ آئرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBeliwo" title="Żeliwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żeliwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro_fundido" title="Ferro fundido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferro fundido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font%C4%83" title="Fontă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fontă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чугун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чугун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92" title="චීනචට්ටි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීනචට්ටි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cast iron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liatina" title="Liatina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Liatina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezova_litina" title="Železova litina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železova litina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Ливено гвожђе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ливено гвожђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijevano_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Lijevano željezo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lijevano željezo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valurauta" title="Valurauta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valurauta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjutj%C3%A4rn" title="Gjutjärn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gjutjärn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வார்ப்பிரும்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வார்ப்பிரும்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="เหล็กหล่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล็กหล่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6kme_demir" title="Dökme demir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dökme demir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чавун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чавун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86" title="کاسٹ آئرن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاسٹ آئرن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroufier" title="Scroufier – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scroufier" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E9%93%81" title="铸铁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铸铁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%90%B5" title="鑄鐵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鑄鐵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E9%93%81" title="铸铁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铸铁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483269#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For cookware, see <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron_cookware" title="Cast-iron cookware">Cast-iron cookware</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_small_cast_iron_pan.jpg/392px-A_small_cast_iron_pan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="2428" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A painted cast iron decorative grate (l) and cast iron cooking skillet (r)</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steels</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg/150px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg/225px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg/300px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2574" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phases</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">Austenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">Cementite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martensite" title="Martensite">Martensite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Microstructure" title="Microstructure">Microstructures</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel#Heat_treatment" title="Carbon steel">Spheroidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearlite" title="Pearlite">Pearlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainite" title="Bainite">Bainite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledeburite" title="Ledeburite">Ledeburite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)#Physical_processes" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">Tempered martensite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" title="Widmanstätten pattern">Widmanstätten structures</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Classes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">Carbon steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_steel" title="Spring steel">Spring steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">Alloy steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraging_steel" title="Maraging steel">Maraging steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_steel" title="High-speed steel">High-speed steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_steel" title="Weathering steel">Weathering steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_steel" title="Tool steel">Tool steel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other iron-based materials</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cast iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_iron" title="Gray iron">Gray iron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#White_cast_iron">White iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">Ductile iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malleable_iron" title="Malleable iron">Malleable iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cast iron</b> is a class of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>–<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its carbon appears: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#White_cast_iron">white cast iron</a> has its carbon combined into an <a href="/wiki/Iron_carbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron carbide">iron carbide</a> named <a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">cementite</a>, which is very hard, but brittle, as it allows cracks to pass straight through; <a href="/wiki/Grey_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey iron">grey cast iron</a> has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">ductile cast iron</a> has spherical graphite "nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing. </p><p>Carbon (C), ranging from 1.8 to 4 wt%, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (Si), 1–3 wt%, are the main alloying elements of cast iron. Iron alloys with lower carbon content are known as <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. </p><p>Cast iron tends to be <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Malleable_iron" title="Malleable iron">malleable cast irons</a>. With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity, <a href="/wiki/Castability" title="Castability">castability</a>, excellent <a href="/wiki/Machinability" title="Machinability">machinability</a>, resistance to deformation and <a href="/wiki/Wear_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Wear resistance">wear resistance</a>, cast irons have become an <a href="/wiki/Engineering_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering material">engineering material</a> with a wide range of applications and are used in <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">pipes</a>, machines and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a> parts, such as <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder heads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder block">cylinder blocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gearbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearbox">gearbox</a> cases. Some alloys are resistant to damage by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>. In general, cast iron is notoriously difficult to <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">weld</a>. </p><p>The earliest cast-iron artifacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China. Cast iron was used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a> to mass-produce weaponry for warfare, as well as agriculture and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 15th century AD, cast iron became utilized for <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">shot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, France, and in England during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. The amounts of cast iron used for cannons required large-scale production.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cast-iron bridge was built during the 1770s by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_III" title="Abraham Darby III">Abraham Darby III</a>, and is known as <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">the Iron Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, England. Cast iron was also used <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron_architecture" title="Cast-iron architecture">in the construction of buildings</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cast iron is made from <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>, which is the product of melting <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>. Cast iron can be made directly from the molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often along with substantial quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon (coke) and taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants. <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> may be burnt out of the molten iron, but this also burns out the carbon, which must be replaced. Depending on the application, carbon and silicon content are adjusted to the desired levels, which may be anywhere from 2–3.5% and 1–3%, respectively. If desired, other elements are then added to the melt before the final form is produced by <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In-stream_inoculation_addition_while_molten_cast_iron_is_poured_to_a_green_sand_mold_in_a_foundry_in_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/In-stream_inoculation_addition_while_molten_cast_iron_is_poured_to_a_green_sand_mold_in_a_foundry_in_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-In-stream_inoculation_addition_while_molten_cast_iron_is_poured_to_a_green_sand_mold_in_a_foundry_in_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/In-stream_inoculation_addition_while_molten_cast_iron_is_poured_to_a_green_sand_mold_in_a_foundry_in_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-In-stream_inoculation_addition_while_molten_cast_iron_is_poured_to_a_green_sand_mold_in_a_foundry_in_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/In-stream_inoculation_addition_while_molten_cast_iron_is_poured_to_a_green_sand_mold_in_a_foundry_in_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-In-stream_inoculation_addition_while_molten_cast_iron_is_poured_to_a_green_sand_mold_in_a_foundry_in_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3304" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>In-stream inoculation addition while molten cast iron is poured to a green sand mold in a foundry</figcaption></figure> <p>Cast iron is sometimes melted in a special type of blast furnace known as a <a href="/wiki/Cupola_furnace" title="Cupola furnace">cupola</a>, but in modern applications, it is more often melted in electric <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">induction furnaces</a> or electric arc furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After melting is complete, the molten cast iron is poured into a holding furnace or ladle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloying_elements">Alloying elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alloying elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FeC-phase-diagram--multilingual.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeC-phase-diagram--multilingual.svg/400px-FeC-phase-diagram--multilingual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeC-phase-diagram--multilingual.svg/600px-FeC-phase-diagram--multilingual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeC-phase-diagram--multilingual.svg/800px-FeC-phase-diagram--multilingual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><b>Iron-cementite</b> meta-stable diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>Cast iron's properties are changed by adding various alloying elements, or <a href="/wiki/Alloyant" title="Alloyant">alloyants</a>. Next to <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> is the most important alloyant because it forces carbon out of solution. A low percentage of silicon allows carbon to remain in solution, forming iron carbide and producing white cast iron. A high percentage of silicon forces carbon out of solution, forming graphite and producing grey cast iron. Other alloying agents, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> counteract silicon, and promote the retention of carbon and the formation of those carbides. Nickel and copper increase strength and machinability, but do not change the amount of graphite formed. Carbon as <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> produces a softer iron, reduces shrinkage, lowers strength, and decreases density. <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a>, largely a contaminant when present, forms <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">iron sulfide</a>, which prevents the formation of graphite and increases <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a>. Sulfur makes molten cast iron viscous, which causes defects. To counter the effects of sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> is added, because the two form into <a href="/wiki/Manganese_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese sulfide">manganese sulfide</a> instead of iron sulfide. The manganese sulfide is lighter than the melt, so it tends to float out of the melt and into the <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>. The amount of manganese required to neutralize sulfur is 1.7 × sulfur content + 0.3%. If more than this amount of manganese is added, then <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese carbide (page does not exist)">manganese carbide</a> forms, which increases hardness and <a href="/wiki/Chill_(foundry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chill (foundry)">chilling</a>, except in grey iron, where up to 1% of manganese increases strength and density.<sup id="cite_ref-gillespie_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillespie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> is one of the most common alloying elements, because it refines the <a href="/wiki/Pearlite" title="Pearlite">pearlite</a> and graphite structures, improves toughness, and evens out hardness differences between section thicknesses. <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> is added in small amounts to reduce free graphite, produce chill, and because it is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbide</a> stabilizer; nickel is often added in conjunction. A small amount of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> can be added as a substitute for 0.5% chromium. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> is added in the ladle or in the furnace, on the order of 0.5–2.5%, to decrease chill, refine graphite, and increase fluidity. <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> is added on the order of 0.3–1% to increase chill and refine the graphite and pearlite structure; it is often added in conjunction with nickel, copper, and chromium to form high strength irons. <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> is added as a degasser and deoxidizer, but it also increases fluidity. <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> at 0.15–0.5% is added to cast iron to stabilize cementite, increase hardness, and increase resistance to <a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">wear</a> and heat. <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> at 0.1–0.3% helps to form graphite, deoxidize, and increase fluidity.<sup id="cite_ref-gillespie_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillespie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In malleable iron melts, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> is added at 0.002–0.01% to increase how much silicon can be added. In white iron, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> is added to aid in the production of malleable iron; it also reduces the coarsening effect of bismuth.<sup id="cite_ref-gillespie_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillespie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grey_cast_iron">Grey cast iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grey cast iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Pair_of_firedogs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BLW_Pair_of_firedogs.jpg/220px-BLW_Pair_of_firedogs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BLW_Pair_of_firedogs.jpg/330px-BLW_Pair_of_firedogs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BLW_Pair_of_firedogs.jpg/440px-BLW_Pair_of_firedogs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Pair of English <a href="/wiki/Firedog" class="mw-redirect" title="Firedog">firedogs</a>, 1576. These, with <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_fireback" title="Fireplace fireback">firebacks</a>, were common early uses of cast iron, as little strength in the metal was needed.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grey_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey iron">Grey iron</a></div> <p>Grey cast iron is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance. It is the most commonly used cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight. Most cast irons have a chemical composition of 2.5–4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon, and the remainder iron. Grey cast iron has less <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shock_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock resistance">shock resistance</a> than steel, but its <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> is comparable to low- and medium-carbon steel. These mechanical properties are controlled by the size and shape of the graphite flakes present in the microstructure and can be characterised according to the guidelines given by the <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_cast_iron">White cast iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: White cast iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White cast iron displays white fractured surfaces due to the presence of an iron carbide precipitate called cementite. With a lower silicon content (graphitizing agent) and faster cooling rate, the carbon in white cast iron precipitates out of the melt as the <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> phase <a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">cementite</a>, Fe<sub>3</sub>C, rather than graphite. The cementite which precipitates from the melt forms as relatively large particles. As the iron carbide precipitates out, it withdraws carbon from the original melt, moving the mixture toward one that is closer to <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a>, and the remaining phase is the lower iron-carbon <a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">austenite</a> (which on cooling might transform to <a href="/wiki/Martensite" title="Martensite">martensite</a>). These eutectic carbides are much too large to provide the benefit of what is called precipitation hardening (as in some steels, where much smaller cementite precipitates might inhibit [plastic deformation] by impeding the movement of <a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocations</a> through the pure iron ferrite matrix). Rather, they increase the bulk hardness of the cast iron simply by virtue of their own very high hardness and their substantial volume fraction, such that the bulk hardness can be approximated by a rule of mixtures. In any case, they offer hardness at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>. Since carbide makes up a large fraction of the material, white cast iron could reasonably be classified as a <a href="/wiki/Cermet" title="Cermet">cermet</a>. White iron is too brittle for use in many structural components, but with good hardness and abrasion resistance and relatively low cost, it finds use in such applications as the wear surfaces (<a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">impeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volute_(pump)" title="Volute (pump)">volute</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Slurry_pump" title="Slurry pump">slurry pumps</a>, shell liners and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifter_bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lifter bar (page does not exist)">lifter bars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ball_mill" title="Ball mill">ball mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autogenous_grinding_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenous grinding mill">autogenous grinding mills</a>, balls and rings in <a href="/wiki/Coal_pulveriser" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal pulveriser">coal pulverisers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Querschnitt_Schalenhartguss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Querschnitt_Schalenhartguss.jpg/220px-Querschnitt_Schalenhartguss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Querschnitt_Schalenhartguss.jpg/330px-Querschnitt_Schalenhartguss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Querschnitt_Schalenhartguss.jpg/440px-Querschnitt_Schalenhartguss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of chilled cast-iron roll</figcaption></figure> <p>It is difficult to cool thick castings fast enough to solidify the melt as white cast iron all the way through. However, rapid cooling can be used to solidify a shell of white cast iron, after which the remainder cools more slowly to form a core of grey cast iron. The resulting casting, called a <i>chilled casting</i>, has the benefits of a hard surface with a somewhat tougher interior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>High-chromium white iron alloys allow massive castings (for example, a 10-tonne impeller) to be sand cast, as the chromium reduces cooling rate required to produce carbides through the greater thicknesses of material. Chromium also produces carbides with impressive abrasion resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These high-chromium alloys attribute their superior hardness to the presence of chromium carbides. The main form of these carbides are the eutectic or primary M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> carbides, where "M" represents iron or chromium and can vary depending on the alloy's composition. The eutectic carbides form as bundles of hollow hexagonal rods and grow perpendicular to the hexagonal basal plane. The hardness of these carbides are within the range of 1500-1800HV.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malleable_cast_iron">Malleable cast iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Malleable cast iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malleable_iron" title="Malleable iron">Malleable iron</a></div> <p>Malleable iron starts as a white iron casting that is then <a href="/wiki/Heat_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat treatment">heat treated</a> for a day or two at about 950 °C (1,740 °F) and then cooled over a day or two. As a result, the carbon in iron carbide transforms into graphite and ferrite plus carbon. The slow process allows the <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> to form the graphite into spheroidal particles rather than flakes. Due to their lower <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a>, the spheroids are relatively short and far from one another, and have a lower <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a> vis-a-vis a propagating crack or <a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">phonon</a>. They also have blunt boundaries, as opposed to flakes, which alleviates the stress concentration problems found in grey cast iron. In general, the properties of malleable cast iron are more like those of <a href="/wiki/Mild_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mild steel">mild steel</a>. There is a limit to how large a part can be cast in malleable iron, as it is made from white cast iron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ductile_cast_iron">Ductile cast iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ductile cast iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ductile_cast_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile cast iron">Ductile cast iron</a></div> <p>Developed in 1948, <i><b>nodular</b></i> or <i>ductile cast iron</i> has its graphite in the form of very tiny nodules with the graphite in the form of concentric layers forming the nodules. As a result, the properties of ductile cast iron are that of a spongy steel without the stress concentration effects that flakes of graphite would produce. The carbon percentage present is 3-4% and percentage of silicon is 1.8-2.8%.Tiny amounts of 0.02 to 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and only 0.02 to 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> added to these alloys slow the growth of graphite precipitates by bonding to the edges of the graphite planes. Along with careful control of other elements and timing, this allows the carbon to separate as spheroidal particles as the material solidifies. The properties are similar to malleable iron, but parts can be cast with larger sections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_comparative_qualities_of_cast_irons">Table of comparative qualities of cast irons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Table of comparative qualities of cast irons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparative qualities of cast irons<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Nominal composition [% by weight] </th> <th>Form and condition </th> <th>Yield strength [<a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">ksi</a> (0.2% offset)] </th> <th>Tensile strength [ksi] </th> <th>Elongation [%] </th> <th>Hardness [<a href="/wiki/Brinell_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell scale">Brinell scale</a>] </th> <th>Uses </th></tr> <tr> <th>Grey cast iron (<a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> A48) </th> <td>C 3.4, Si 1.8, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> 0.5 </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>— </td> <td>50 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>260 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Engine</a> cylinder blocks, <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheels</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gearbox_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gearbox case (page does not exist)">gearbox cases</a>, machine-tool bases </td></tr> <tr> <th>White cast iron </th> <td>C 3.4, Si 0.7, Mn 0.6 </td> <td>Cast (as cast) </td> <td>— </td> <td>25 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>450 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">Bearing</a> surfaces </td></tr> <tr> <th>Malleable iron (ASTM A47) </th> <td>C 2.5, Si 1.0, Mn 0.55 </td> <td>Cast (annealed) </td> <td>33 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>130 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a> bearings, track wheels, automotive <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshafts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ductile or nodular iron </th> <td>C 3.4, P 0.1, Mn 0.4, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> 1.0, Mg 0.06 </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>53 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>Gears, <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshafts</a>, crankshafts </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ductile or nodular iron (ASTM A339) </th> <td>— </td> <td>Cast (quench tempered) </td> <td>108 </td> <td>135 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>310 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ni-hard type 2 </th> <td>C 2.7, Si 0.6, Mn 0.5, Ni 4.5, Cr 2.0 </td> <td>Sand-cast </td> <td>— </td> <td>55 </td> <td>— </td> <td>550 </td> <td>High strength applications </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ni-resist type 2 </th> <td>C 3.0, Si 2.0, Mn 1.0, Ni 20.0, Cr 2.5 </td> <td>Cast </td> <td>— </td> <td>27 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>140 </td> <td>Resistance to heat and corrosion </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ferrous_metallurgy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengqiao_artifact_no._35_cast_iron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Chengqiao_artifact_no._35_cast_iron.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption>Cast-iron artifact dated from 5th century BC found in Jiangsu, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Han_Blast_Furnace_Blower_Model_(10340434095).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eastern_Han_Blast_Furnace_Blower_Model_%2810340434095%29.jpg/220px-Eastern_Han_Blast_Furnace_Blower_Model_%2810340434095%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eastern_Han_Blast_Furnace_Blower_Model_%2810340434095%29.jpg/330px-Eastern_Han_Blast_Furnace_Blower_Model_%2810340434095%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eastern_Han_Blast_Furnace_Blower_Model_%2810340434095%29.jpg/440px-Eastern_Han_Blast_Furnace_Blower_Model_%2810340434095%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Diorama model of a <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> blast furnace blower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou_2007.jpg/220px-Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou_2007.jpg/330px-Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou_2007.jpg/440px-Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Lion_of_Cangzhou" title="Iron Lion of Cangzhou">Iron Lion of Cangzhou</a>, the largest surviving cast-iron artwork from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 953 AD, <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a> period</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg/220px-Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg/330px-Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg/440px-Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption>Cast-iron "no hub" <a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">drain waste and vent</a> (DWV) piping</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg/170px-Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg/255px-Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg/340px-Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Cast iron "harp" of a <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand piano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cast iron and <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> can be produced unintentionally when smelting copper using iron ore as a flux.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–48">: 47–48 </span></sup> </p><p>The earliest cast-iron artifacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern <a href="/wiki/Luhe_County" title="Luhe County">Luhe County</a>, Jiangsu in China during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. This is based on an analysis of the artifact's microstructures.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because cast iron is comparatively brittle, it is not suitable for purposes where a sharp edge or flexibility is required. It is strong under compression, but not under tension. Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese developed a method of <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> cast iron by keeping hot castings in an oxidizing atmosphere for a week or longer in order to burn off some carbon near the surface in order to keep the surface layer from being too brittle.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p>Deep within the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo</a> region of the Central African forest, blacksmiths invented sophisticated furnaces capable of high temperatures over 1000 years ago. There are countless examples of welding, soldering, and cast iron created in crucibles and poured into molds. These techniques were employed for the use of composite tools and weapons with cast iron or steel blades and soft, flexible wrought iron interiors. Iron wire was also produced. Numerous testimonies were made by early European missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba people</a> pouring cast iron into molds to make hoes. These technological innovations were accomplished without the invention of the blast furnace which was the prerequisite for the deployment of such innovations in Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technology of cast iron was transferred to the West from China.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner_2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Al-Qazvini</a> in the 13th century and other travellers subsequently noted an iron industry in the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alburz</a> Mountains to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. This is close to the <a href="/wiki/Silk_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk route">silk route</a>, thus the use of cast-iron technology being derived from China is conceivable.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner_2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its introduction to the West in the 15th century it was used for <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">shot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (reigned 1509–1547) initiated the casting of cannon in England. Soon, English iron workers using <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a> developed the technique of producing cast-iron cannons, which, while heavier than the prevailing bronze cannons, were much cheaper and enabled England to arm her navy better. </p><p>Cast-iron pots were made at many English blast furnaces at the time. In 1707, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby</a> patented a new method of making pots (and kettles) thinner and hence cheaper than those made by traditional methods. This meant that his <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> furnaces became dominant as suppliers of pots, an activity in which they were joined in the 1720s and 1730s by a small number of other <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>-fired blast furnaces. </p><p>Application of the steam engine to power blast bellows (indirectly by pumping water to a waterwheel) in Britain, beginning in 1743 and increasing in the 1750s, was a key factor in increasing the production of cast iron, which surged in the following decades. In addition to overcoming the limitation on water power, the steam-pumped-water powered blast gave higher furnace temperatures which allowed the use of higher lime ratios, enabling the conversion from charcoal (supplies of wood for which were inadequate) to coke.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ironmaster" title="Ironmaster">ironmasters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> continued producing cast irons until the 1760s, and armament was one of the main uses of irons after the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cast-iron_bridges">Cast-iron bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cast-iron bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">The Iron Bridge</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cast_iron" title="Special:EditPage/Cast iron">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of cast iron for structural purposes began in the late 1770s, when <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_III" title="Abraham Darby III">Abraham Darby III</a> built <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">The Iron Bridge</a>, although short beams had already been used, such as in the blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale. Other inventions followed, including one patented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>. Cast-iron bridges became commonplace as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> gathered pace. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a> adopted the material for his bridge upstream at <a href="/wiki/Buildwas" title="Buildwas">Buildwas</a>, and then for <a href="/wiki/Longdon-on-Tern_Aqueduct" title="Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct">Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct</a>, a canal trough <a href="/wiki/Navigable_aqueduct" title="Navigable aqueduct">aqueduct</a> at <a href="/wiki/Longdon-on-Tern" title="Longdon-on-Tern">Longdon-on-Tern</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Canal" title="Shrewsbury Canal">Shrewsbury Canal</a>. It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Chirk_Aqueduct" title="Chirk Aqueduct">Chirk Aqueduct</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a>, both of which remain in use following the recent restorations. </p><p>The best way of using cast iron for bridge construction was by using <a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arches</a>, so that all the material is in compression. Cast iron, again like masonry, is very strong in compression. Wrought iron, like most other kinds of iron and indeed like most metals in general, is strong in tension, and also tough – resistant to fracturing. The relationship between wrought iron and cast iron, for structural purposes, may be thought of as analogous to the relationship between wood and stone. </p><p>Cast-iron beam bridges were used widely by the early railways, such as the Water Street Bridge in 1830 at the <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>, but problems with its use became all too apparent when a new bridge carrying the <a href="/wiki/Chester_and_Holyhead_Railway" title="Chester and Holyhead Railway">Chester and Holyhead Railway</a> across the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dee (United Kingdom)">River Dee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> collapsed killing five people in May 1847, less than a year after it was opened. The <a href="/wiki/Dee_bridge_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee bridge disaster">Dee bridge disaster</a> was caused by excessive loading at the centre of the beam by a passing train, and many similar bridges had to be demolished and rebuilt, often in <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>. The bridge had been badly designed, being trussed with wrought iron straps, which were wrongly thought to reinforce the structure. The centres of the beams were put into bending, with the lower edge in tension, where cast iron, like <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>, is very weak. </p><p>Nevertheless, cast iron continued to be used in inappropriate structural ways, until the <a href="/wiki/Tay_Rail_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay Rail Bridge">Tay Rail Bridge</a> disaster of 1879 cast serious doubt on the use of the material. Crucial lugs for holding tie bars and struts in the Tay Bridge had been cast integral with the columns, and they failed in the early stages of the accident. In addition, the bolt holes were also cast and not drilled. Thus, because of casting's draft angle, the tension from the tie bars was placed on the hole's edge rather than being spread over the length of the hole. The replacement bridge was built in wrought iron and steel. </p><p>Further bridge collapses occurred, however, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Norwood_Junction_rail_accident" title="Norwood Junction rail accident">Norwood Junction rail accident</a> of 1891. Thousands of cast-iron rail <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_terminology#U" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of rail terminology">underbridges</a> were eventually replaced by steel equivalents by 1900 owing to the widespread concern about cast iron under bridges on the rail network in Britain. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ironbridge_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Iron Bridge over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale, England (finished 1779)"><img alt="The Iron Bridge over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale, England (finished 1779)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ironbridge_6.jpg/242px-Ironbridge_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ironbridge_6.jpg/363px-Ironbridge_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ironbridge_6.jpg/484px-Ironbridge_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">The Iron Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> at Coalbrookdale, England (finished 1779)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglinton_Castle_%26_Tournament_Bridge_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Eglinton Tournament Bridge (completed c1845), North Ayrshire, Scotland, built from cast iron"><img alt="The Eglinton Tournament Bridge (completed c1845), North Ayrshire, Scotland, built from cast iron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Eglinton_Castle_%26_Tournament_Bridge_1884.jpg/300px-Eglinton_Castle_%26_Tournament_Bridge_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Eglinton_Castle_%26_Tournament_Bridge_1884.jpg/450px-Eglinton_Castle_%26_Tournament_Bridge_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Eglinton_Castle_%26_Tournament_Bridge_1884.jpg/599px-Eglinton_Castle_%26_Tournament_Bridge_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="3808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Tournament_Bridge" title="Eglinton Tournament Bridge">Eglinton Tournament Bridge</a> (completed c1845), <a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, built from cast iron</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Tay_Bridge_before_the_1879_collapse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original Tay Bridge from the north (finished 1878)"><img alt="Original Tay Bridge from the north (finished 1878)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Original_Tay_Bridge_before_the_1879_collapse.jpg/380px-Original_Tay_Bridge_before_the_1879_collapse.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Original_Tay_Bridge_before_the_1879_collapse.jpg/570px-Original_Tay_Bridge_before_the_1879_collapse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Original_Tay_Bridge_before_the_1879_collapse.jpg/760px-Original_Tay_Bridge_before_the_1879_collapse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original Tay Bridge from the north (finished 1878)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tay_bridge_down.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fallen Tay Bridge from the north"><img alt="Fallen Tay Bridge from the north" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tay_bridge_down.JPG/263px-Tay_bridge_down.JPG" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tay_bridge_down.JPG/395px-Tay_bridge_down.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tay_bridge_down.JPG/526px-Tay_bridge_down.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fallen Tay Bridge from the north</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings">Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron_architecture" title="Cast-iron architecture">Cast-iron architecture</a></div> <p>Cast-iron <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, pioneered in mill buildings, enabled architects to build multi-storey buildings without the enormously thick walls required for masonry buildings of any height. They also opened up floor spaces in factories, and sight lines in churches and auditoriums. By the mid 19th century, cast iron columns were common in warehouse and industrial buildings, combined with wrought or cast iron beams, eventually leading to the development of steel-framed skyscrapers. Cast iron was also used sometimes for decorative facades, especially in the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/SoHo,_Manhattan" title="SoHo, Manhattan">Soho</a> district of New York has numerous examples. It was also used occasionally for complete prefabricated buildings, such as the historic <a href="/wiki/Iron_Building_(Watervliet_Arsenal)" title="Iron Building (Watervliet Arsenal)">Iron Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Watervliet,_New_York" title="Watervliet, New York">Watervliet, New York</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_mills">Textile mills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Textile mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another important use was in <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">textile mills</a>. The air in the mills contained flammable fibres from the cotton, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> being spun. As a result, textile mills had an alarming propensity to burn down. The solution was to build them completely of non-combustible materials, and it was found convenient to provide the building with an iron frame, largely of cast iron, replacing flammable wood. The first such building was at <a href="/wiki/Ditherington" title="Ditherington">Ditherington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, Shropshire.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other warehouses were built using cast-iron columns and beams, although faulty designs, flawed beams or overloading sometimes caused building collapses and structural failures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Industrial Revolution, cast iron was also widely used for frame and other fixed parts of machinery, including spinning and later weaving machines in textile mills. Cast iron became widely used, and many towns had <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundries</a> producing industrial and agricultural machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgian_waffles_cooked_in_a_Krampouz_cast-iron_waffle_iron.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Belgian_waffles_cooked_in_a_Krampouz_cast-iron_waffle_iron.JPG/220px-Belgian_waffles_cooked_in_a_Krampouz_cast-iron_waffle_iron.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Belgian_waffles_cooked_in_a_Krampouz_cast-iron_waffle_iron.JPG/330px-Belgian_waffles_cooked_in_a_Krampouz_cast-iron_waffle_iron.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Belgian_waffles_cooked_in_a_Krampouz_cast-iron_waffle_iron.JPG/440px-Belgian_waffles_cooked_in_a_Krampouz_cast-iron_waffle_iron.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Cast-iron waffle iron, an example of cast-iron cookware</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a> – artisan metalwork (for architectural elements, garden features, and ornamental objects)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a> – a place where iron is worked (including historical sites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meehanite" title="Meehanite">Meehanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_casting" title="Sand casting">Sand casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast-iron_cookware" title="Cast-iron cookware">Cast-iron cookware</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, F.C. (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsmetallur00fcam"><i>Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys</i></a></span>. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsmetallur00fcam/page/n449">453</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-867-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-867-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-867-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Metallurgy+and+Engineering+Alloys&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-867-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=F.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsmetallur00fcam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Donald_B.1993" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Donald B. (1993). <i>Iron and Steel in Ancient China</i>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09632-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09632-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09632-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Steel+in+Ancient+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09632-5&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krause-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krause_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause,_Keith1995" class="citation book cs1">Krause, Keith (August 1995). <i>Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55866-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55866-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55866-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+the+State%3A+Patterns+of+Military+Production+and+Trade&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-08&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55866-2&rft.au=Krause%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nw2AQAAMAAJ&q=cast+iron+made+by+remelting+pig+iron&pg=RA3-PA52"><i>Electrical Record and Buyer's Reference</i></a>. Buyers' Reference Company. 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Record+and+Buyer%27s+Reference&rft.pub=Buyers%27+Reference+Company&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nw2AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcast%2Biron%2Bmade%2Bby%2Bremelting%2Bpig%2Biron%26pg%3DRA3-PA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Chandler1998" class="citation book cs1">Harry Chandler (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arupok8PTBEC"><i>Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist</i></a> (illustrated ed.). ASM International. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-652-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-652-2"><bdi>978-0-87170-652-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metallurgy+for+the+Non-Metallurgist&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-652-2&rft.au=Harry+Chandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Darupok8PTBEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arupok8PTBEC&pg=PA54">Extract of page 54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gillespie-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gillespie_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gillespie_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gillespie_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1988" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, LaRoux K. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SX_SO_CkiUIC&pg=PT195"><i>Troubleshooting manufacturing processes</i></a> (4th ed.). SME. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87263-326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87263-326-1"><bdi>978-0-87263-326-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubleshooting+manufacturing+processes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=SME&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87263-326-1&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=LaRoux+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSX_SO_CkiUIC%26pg%3DPT195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee" class="citation web cs1">Committee, A04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?A247-10">"Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fa0247-10">10.1520/a0247-10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Test+Method+for+Evaluating+the+Microstructure+of+Graphite+in+Iron+Castings&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1520%2Fa0247-10&rft.aulast=Committee&rft.aufirst=A04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresolver.cgi%3FA247-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobernikPankratov2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kobernik; Pankratov (11 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S1068798X20120084">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Chromium Carbides in Abrasion-Resistant Coatings"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Russian Engineering Research</i>. <b>40</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1013–</span>1016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3103%2FS1068798X20120084">10.3103/S1068798X20120084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234545510">234545510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Engineering+Research&rft.atitle=%22Chromium+Carbides+in+Abrasion-Resistant+Coatings%22&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1013-%3C%2Fspan%3E1016&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3103%2FS1068798X20120084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234545510%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kobernik&rft.au=Pankratov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.3103%2FS1068798X20120084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeytin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zeytin, Havva (2011). "Effect of Boron and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of White Cast Iron for Mining Application". <i>Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International</i>. <b>18</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1006-706X%2811%2960114-3">10.1016/S1006-706X(11)60114-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137453839">137453839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Iron+and+Steel+Research%2C+International&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Boron+and+Heat+Treatment+on+Mechanical+Properties+of+White+Cast+Iron+for+Mining+Application&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1006-706X%2811%2960114-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137453839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zeytin&rft.aufirst=Havva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.) <i>Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering</i>, Elsevier, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylecote1992" class="citation book cs1">Tylecote, R. F. (1992). <i>A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition</i>. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901462886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901462886"><bdi>978-0901462886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Metallurgy%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Maney+Publishing%2C+for+the+Institute+of+Materials&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0901462886&rft.aulast=Tylecote&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Donald_B.2008" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Donald B. (May 2008). <i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 11, Ferrous Metallurgy</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87566-0"><bdi>978-0-521-87566-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+11%2C+Ferrous+Metallurgy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87566-0&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple1986" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Robert (1986). <i>The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genius+of+China%3A+3000+years+of+science%2C+discovery+and+invention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span> Based on the works of Joseph Needham></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBocoum2004" class="citation cs2">Bocoum, Hamady, ed. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000133843/PDF/133843eng.pdf.multi"><i>The Origins of Iron Metallurgy in Africa</i></a>, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>131, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103807-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-103807-9"><bdi>92-3-103807-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Iron+Metallurgy+in+Africa&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=92-3-103807-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000133843%2FPDF%2F133843eng.pdf.multi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner_2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_2008_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_2008_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner, Donald B. (2008). <i>Science and Civilisation in China: 5. Chemistry and Chemical Technology: part 11 Ferrous Metallurgy</i>. Cambridge University Press, pp. 349–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylecote1992" class="citation book cs1">Tylecote, R. F. (1992). <i>A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition</i>. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901462886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901462886"><bdi>978-0901462886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Metallurgy%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Maney+Publishing%2C+for+the+Institute+of+Materials&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0901462886&rft.aulast=Tylecote&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historic_England-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historic_England_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1270576">"Ditherington Flax Mill: Spinning Mill, Shrewsbury – 1270576"</a>. <i>Historic England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+England&rft.atitle=Ditherington+Flax+Mill%3A+Spinning+Mill%2C+Shrewsbury+%E2%80%93+1270576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1270576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACast+iron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Harold T. Angus, <i>Cast Iron: Physical and Engineering Properties</i>, Butterworths, London (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0408706880" title="Special:BookSources/0408706880">0408706880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gloag" title="John Gloag">John Gloag</a> and Derek Bridgwater, <i>A History of Cast Iron in Architecture</i>, Allen and Unwin, London (1948)</li> <li>Peter R Lewis, <i>Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879</i>, Tempus (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3160-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3160-9">0-7524-3160-9</a></li> <li>Peter R Lewis, <i>Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847</i>, Tempus (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2">978-0-7524-4266-2</a></li> <li>George Laird, Richard Gundlach and Klaus Röhrig, <i>Abrasion-Resistant Cast Iron Handbook</i>, ASM International (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87433-224-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87433-224-9">0-87433-224-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_and_steel_production289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron production<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">Bloomery</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">sponge iron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_blast" title="Cold blast">Cold blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_iron" title="Anthracite iron">Anthracite iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct reduced iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">Finery forge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">Puddling</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">Furnace</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cast iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Cupola_furnace" title="Cupola furnace">Cupola furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">Induction furnace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel mill</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Pre-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(furnace)" title="Tatara (furnace)">Tatara furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">Cementation process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Post-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">Open hearth furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking" title="Basic oxygen steelmaking">Basic oxygen process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-slag_remelting" title="Electro-slag remelting">Electro-slag remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_oxygen_decarburization" title="Argon oxygen decarburization">Argon oxygen decarburization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treatment</a> methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_hydrogen_annealing" title="Low hydrogen annealing">Low hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_by_short_circuit" title="Annealing by short circuit">Short circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardening_(metallurgy)" title="Hardening (metallurgy)">Hardening</a> / <br /><a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">Case-hardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausforming" title="Ausforming">Ausforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boriding" title="Boriding">Boriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonitriding" title="Carbonitriding">Carbonitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">Carburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Cryogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritic_nitrocarburizing" title="Ferritic nitrocarburizing">Ferritic nitrocarburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_hardening" title="Induction hardening">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">Nitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quench_polish_quench" title="Quench polish quench">Quench polish quench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">Tempering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austempering" title="Austempering">Austempering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martempering" title="Martempering">Martempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_treatment" title="Cryogenic treatment">Cryogenic treatment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deburring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic deburring">Deburring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashing" title="Cryogenic deflashing">Deflashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Hardening</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_heat_treatment" title="Differential heat treatment">Differential heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">Decarburization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_weld_heat_treatment" title="Post weld heat treatment">Post weld heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">Quenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superplastic_forming" title="Superplastic forming">Superplastic forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">Production by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy" title="Steel industry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Steel industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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